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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Liu Y. Olfactory Dysfunction in Allergic Rhinitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 68:3. [PMID: 39752065 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-09016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) can have serious consequences as it hinders individuals from detecting important warning signals like smoke, spoiled food, and gas leaks. This can significantly impact their nutritional status, eating satisfaction, and overall quality of life. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease that greatly affects the quality of life and can lead to a decrease, distortion, or complete loss of olfactory ability. There are various tools available for diagnosing OD, ranging from simple screening tests to more detailed and complex methods such as electrophysiological and imaging procedures not available in everyday practice but reserved for experimental studies. The underlying mechanisms by which AR impacts olfactory ability are still not fully understood and are likely to be multifactorial. Current therapeutic options for OD resulting from AR are limited and only provide partial or temporary relief from olfactory impairment. However, there are promising treatments investigated such as biologics, olfactory training, neural stem cell transplantation, and various novel target therapies that might help improve OD in AR in the future. This review aims to evaluate the epidemiology, mechanisms, and detection of OD in AR, as well as provide an overview of the management strategies for OD secondary to AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yian Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China.
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China.
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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2
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He Y, Chen Y, Xu S, Luo Y, Qin F, Hu W. Pathogenesis and Key Cells in Allergic Rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024; 186:418-429. [PMID: 39561729 DOI: 10.1159/000541666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, with prevalence rates as high as 50% in high-income countries. Patients with AR often have symptoms such as runny nose, itchy nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and signs of edema and pallor of the nasal mucosa, and these pathologies have a major impact on the patient's learning, sleep, and quality of life, often resulting in significant pain and a huge economic burden for the patient. SUMMARY Among the current treatments for AR, immunotherapy is able to achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. This shows the importance of immune cells in AR. However, current therapies do not provide a complete cure for AR. The reason for this is that current research on AR focuses on the mechanism of Th1 and Th2 immune cells in AR, ignoring the role of other key cells in AR. KEY MESSAGES Group 2 innate lymphoid cells, B cells, T cells, and macrophages can play a role in the pathogenesis of AR by producing appropriate cytokines and mediating the inflammatory response. M2 macrophages can promote Th2 cells and eosinophils in AR to enhance the type 2 inflammatory response and further promote AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu He
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fengfeng Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenjian Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immunology: the missing piece in airway and CNS defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:381-398. [PMID: 38097777 PMCID: PMC11560121 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa is a component of the nasal airway that mediates the sense of smell. Recent studies point to an important role for the olfactory mucosa as a barrier to both respiratory pathogens and to neuroinvasive pathogens that hijack the olfactory nerve and invade the CNS. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the olfactory mucosa is an integral part of a heterogeneous nasal mucosal barrier critical to upper airway immunity. However, our insufficient knowledge of olfactory mucosal immunity hinders attempts to protect this tissue from infection and other diseases. This Review summarizes the state of olfactory immunology by highlighting the unique immunologically relevant anatomy of the olfactory mucosa, describing what is known of olfactory immune cells, and considering the impact of common infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders at this site. We will offer our perspective on the future of the field and the many unresolved questions pertaining to olfactory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Chen Y, Li M, Lu J. Apoptosis and turnover disruption of olfactory sensory neurons in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1371587. [PMID: 38481633 PMCID: PMC10933016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1371587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the important and difficult-to-treat symptoms of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which is typically associated with type 2 inflammation where eosinophils (EOSs) function as both effectors and initiators. Eosinophilic infiltration in the olfactory mucosa (OM) is associated with severe OD, mucosal erosion, and more loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Active EOS-derived cytokines, chemokines, and eosinophil granule proteins may lead to aggravation of inflammation, tissue damage, and impairment of the survival and regeneration of OSNs. Recent studies show that EOSs can lead to apoptosis of OSNs through axonal and neural body damage, turnover disorder of OSNs through the loss of immature OSNs and globose basal cells (GBCs), changed proliferative activity of horizontal basal cells (HBCs), and dysfunction of OSNs through the breakdown of neuroepithelial integrity and alteration of ion concentration in OSNs and mucin. In this review, we outline the current progress on the role of EOSs on OD in patients with eosinophilic CRS and the mechanism of EOS-associated injury of the OM and OSNs in experimental animal models with sinonasal inflammation. Further investigations on the molecular mechanisms of tissue eosinophilia-induced injury of OSNs are warranted to obtain new therapeutic targets and achieve better restoration of olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetong Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Ke X, Chen Z, Wang X, Kang H, Hong S. Quercetin improves the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells and Treg/Th17 cells to attenuate allergic rhinitis. Autoimmunity 2023; 56:2189133. [PMID: 36938614 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2023.2189133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common inflammation that affects many people globally. Quercetin has anti-allergic biological activity in AR. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of quercetin on type 1 helper T (Th1)/Th2 and regulatory T cells (Treg)/Th17 balance. We established an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model and orally administered 20, 35, and 50 mg/kg/day quercetin. The nasal symptoms of mice were observed. The immunoglobulin levels, Treg/Th17-related factors, and pro-inflammatory factors were examined by ELISA. The differentiated inflammation cells were visualized using the diff-quick staining assay. The nasal histopathology was evaluated using H&E, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and Giemsa staining assay. The results showed that quercetin attenuated OVA-induced rubbing and sneezing. Quercetin reduced IgE, IgG1, histamine, and increased IgG2 in serum. The number of differentiated inflammation cells and goblet cells in tissues that elevated by OVA was reduced by quercetin. Moreover, OVA increased the Treg cell percentage, the levels of IL-17, TGF-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and decreased Th17 cell percentage, IL-10 and FOXP3 levels, while quercetin abrogated their levels induced by OVA. Additionally, quercetin inactivated the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, quercetin attenuated AR symptoms by balancing the Th1/Th2, Treg/Th17 ratios, and inactivating the NF-κB pathway. The results suggested that quercetin may use for AR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Houyong Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suling Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Dehdar K, Raoufy MR. Brain structural and functional alterations related to anxiety in allergic asthma. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110727. [PMID: 37562517 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are common in patients with allergic asthma, and they can have a significant impact on their quality of life and disease control. Recent studies have suggested that there may be potential immune-brain communication mechanisms in asthma, which can activate inflammatory responses in different brain areas, leading to structural and functional alterations and behavioral changes. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unclear. In this paper, we comprehensively review the relevant research on asthma-induced brain structural and functional alterations that lead to the initiation and promotion of anxiety. We summarize the possible pathways for peripheral inflammation to affect the brain's structure and function. Our review highlights the importance of addressing neuropsychiatric disorders in the clinical guidelines of asthma, to improve the quality of life of these patients. We suggest that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying psychiatric comorbidities in asthma could lead to the development of more effective treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolsoum Dehdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Wang Y, Song XY, Wei SZ, Wang HR, Zhang WB, Li YM, Mou YK, Ren C, Song XC. Brain response in allergic rhinitis: Profile and proposal. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:480-491. [PMID: 36564932 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to typical nasal symptoms, patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) will further lead to symptoms related to brain function such as hyposmia, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment, memory loss, etc., which seriously affect the quality of life of patients and bring a heavy burden to the patient's family and society. Some scholars have speculated that there may be potential "nose-brain communication" mechanism in AR that rely on neuro-immunity. This mechanism plays an important role in AR-associated brain response process. However, no study has directly demonstrated which neural circuits will change in the connection between the nose and brain during the onset of AR, and the mechanism which underlines this question is also lack. Focusing on the topic of "nose-brain communication", this paper systematically summarizes the latest research progress between AR and related brain responses and discusses the mechanism of AR-related neurological phenotypes. Hope new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to ameliorate the brain function-related symptoms and improve the quality of life of AR patients will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shi-Zhuang Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Han-Rui Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ya-Kui Mou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China.,Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xi-Cheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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8
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Saraswathula A, Liu MM, Kulaga H, Lane AP. Chronic interleukin-13 expression in mouse olfactory mucosa results in regional aneuronal epithelium. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:230-241. [PMID: 35950767 PMCID: PMC9918612 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is highly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and the severity of loss has been linked with biomarkers of type 2 inflammation. The ability of dupilumab to rapidly improve the sense of smell prior to improvement in polyp size suggests a direct role of IL-4/IL-13 receptor signaling in the olfactory epithelium (OE). METHODS We created a transgenic mouse model in which IL-13 is inducibly expressed specifically within the OE. Gene expression analysis and immunohistology were utilized to characterize the effect of IL-13 on the structure of the OE. RESULTS After induction of olfactory IL-13 expression, there is a time-dependent loss of neurons from OE regions, accompanied by a modest inflammatory infiltrate. Horizontal basal cells undergo morphologic changes consistent with activation and demonstrate proliferation. Mucus production and increased expression of eotaxins is observed, with marked expression of Ym2 by sustentacular cells. DISCUSSION Chronic IL-13 exposure has several effects on the OE that are likely to affect function. The neuronal loss is in keeping with other models of allergic type 2 nasal inflammation. Future studies are needed to correlate cellular and molecular alterations in olfactory cell populations with findings in human CRSwNP, as well as to assess olfactory function in behavioral model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Saraswathula
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa M Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Kulaga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Kamimura S, Masaoka Y, Yoshikawa A, Kamijo S, Ohtaki H, Koiwa N, Honma M, Sakikawa K, Kobayashi H, Izumizaki M. New granule cells in the olfactory bulb are associated with high respiratory input in an enriched odor environment. Neurosci Res 2022; 182:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Ueha R, Ueha S, Kondo K, Nishijima H, Yamasoba T. Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Nasal Respiratory and Olfactory Mucosa in Allergic Rhinitis Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:126. [PMID: 32132898 PMCID: PMC7040099 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure reportedly enhances allergic airway inflammation. However, some studies have shown an association between current cigarette smoke exposure and a low risk for allergic rhinitis. Thus, the impact of CS exposure on allergic rhinitis remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CS on the respiratory mucosa (RM) and the olfactory epithelium (OE) of mice with allergic rhinitis, as the effects may differ depending on the nasal histological compartments. Methods Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were used for this study. We developed a mouse model of smoking by intranasally administering 10 doses of a CS solution (CSS), and a mouse model of allergic rhinitis by sensitization with intraperitoneal ovalbumin (OVA) injection and intranasal challenge with OVA. We examined the effects of CS on the nasal RM and OE in mice with or without allergic rhinitis using histological, serum, and genetic analyses. First, we examine whether CSS exposure induces allergic responses and then, examined allergic responses in the OVA-sensitized allergic rhinitis mice with or without CSS exposure. Results Short-term CSS administration intensified allergic responses including increased infiltration of eosinophils and inflammatory cells and upregulation of interleukin-5 expression in the nasal RM of OVA-immunized mice, although only CSS induced neither allergic responses nor impairment of the RM and OE. Notably, repetitive OVA-immunization partially impaired the OE in the upper-lateral area, but CSS administration did not reinforce this impairment in OVA-induced allergic mice. Conclusion Short-term CSS exposure strengthened allergic responses in the nasal RM and did not change the structure of the OE. These results suggest that patients with allergic rhinitis could experience exacerbation of allergic symptoms after CS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Mei J, Kong H, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Yang J. Shufengjiedu capsules protect against neuronal loss in olfactory epithelium and lung injury by enhancing autophagy in rats with allergic rhinitis. Biosci Trends 2019; 13:530-538. [PMID: 31866616 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Shufengjiedu capsules (SFJDCs), a traditional Chinese medicine, have been widely used as an antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory drug. However, the roles of SFJDCs in allergic rhinitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SFJDCs in olfaction and lung injury in rats with allergic rhinitis. An animal model of allergic rhinitis was created by intraperitoneal injection and intranasal administration of ovalbumin to rats. All rats were divided into seven groups: a model group, a low-dose SFJDC group, a medium-dose SFJDC group, a high-dose SFJDC group, a cetirizine group, and a control group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe pathological changes in rat lung and olfactory epithelium (OE) tissue, and peripheral blood was collected and subjected to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect IgE, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1ꞵ levels. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry staining, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect inflammatory cytokines and levels of the autophagy biomarker beclin1 and the apoptosis biomarker cleaeved-caspased3 in lung and OE tissue. ELISA indicated that SFJDCs significantly decreased IgE, TNF-α, and IL-1ꞵ levels in peripheral blood, the lungs, and OE tissue. In addition, Western blotting and staining indicated that SFJDCs repair lung injury, protect against neuronal apoptosis in OE, and rescue impaired autophagy in the lungs and OE tissue. In conclusion, results indicated that SFJDCs might protect against neuronal loss in the OE and lung injury by enhancing autophagy and decreasing apoptosis in rats with allergic rhinitis. Therefore, SFJDCs might serve as an alternative treatment for allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhentao Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yatang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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13
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The effects of resection of the peripheral branches of the posterior nasal nerves in the inferior turbinate, with special focus on olfactory dysfunction. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2019; 133:1046-1049. [PMID: 31679530 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215119002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few detailed studies about peripheral branch resection of the posterior nasal nerves in the inferior turbinate; thus, this study aimed to investigate this. METHODS Patients who underwent submucosal turbinoplasty with or without resection of the peripheral branches of posterior nasal nerves in the inferior turbinate were included. RESULTS The resection of the posterior nasal nerves with turbinoplasty significantly reduced detection and recognition thresholds on olfactory testing. The rhinorrhoea severity, detection threshold and recognition threshold were significantly lower after resection of the posterior nasal nerves with turbinoplasty than after turbinoplasty alone, although there were no significant differences between the two groups before surgery. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that the resection of the peripheral branches of the posterior nasal nerves in the inferior turbinate with turbinoplasty more effectively inhibits allergic symptoms compared with turbinoplasty alone. It also showed that the resection of the peripheral branches of the posterior nasal nerves can inhibit olfactory dysfunction.
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14
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Salimi M, Ghazvineh S, Zare M, Parsazadegan T, Dehdar K, Nazari M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Jamaati H, Raoufy MR. Distraction of olfactory bulb-medial prefrontal cortex circuit may induce anxiety-like behavior in allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221978. [PMID: 31509547 PMCID: PMC6738655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, which is associated with high incidence of anxiety symptom. There is evidence that medial prefrontal cortex modulates anxiety-related behaviors and receives projections from olfactory bulb. Since olfactory dysfunction has been reported in allergic rhinitis, we aimed to evaluate anxiety-like behavior and oscillations of olfactory bulb-medial prefrontal cortex circuit in an animal model of allergic rhinitis. The number of open arm entries in elevated zero maze was significantly reduced in sensitized rats exposed to intranasal ovalbumin compared to the control group, which was indicating the enhancement of anxiety-like behavior in allergic rhinitis animals. Analysis of local field potentials in olfactory bulb and medial prefrontal cortex during immobility and exploration state showed that anxiety-like behavior induced by allergic rhinitis was in association with increased activity of medial prefrontal cortex and enhancement of olfactory bulb-medial prefrontal cortex coupling in delta and theta bands. Moreover, in allergic rhinitis animals, theta strongly coordinates local gamma activity in olfactory bulb and medial prefrontal cortex, which means to have a strong local theta/gamma coupling. We suggested that disruption of olfactory bulb-medial prefrontal cortex circuit due to allergic reactions might have a governing role for inducing anxiety-like behavior in the allergic rhinitis experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Salimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ghazvineh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Parsazadegan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kolsum Dehdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nazari
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Miwa T, Ikeda K, Ishibashi T, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Matsuwaki Y, Ogawa T, Shiga H, Suzuki M, Tsuzuki K, Furuta A, Motoo Y, Fujieda S, Kurono Y. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of olfactory dysfunction - Secondary publication. Auris Nasus Larynx 2019; 46:653-662. [PMID: 31076272 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an evidence-based recommendation for the management of olfactory dysfunction in accordance with the consensus reached by the Subcommittee of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for olfactory dysfunction in the Japanese Rhinologic Society. METHODS Seven clinical questions (CQs) regarding the management of olfactory dysfunction were formulated by the subcommittee of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for olfactory dysfunction. We searched the literature published between April 1990 and September 2014 using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Ichushi Web databases. The main search terms were "smell disorder," "olfactory dysfunction," "olfactory loss," "olfactory disturbance," "olfactory impairments," "olfaction disorder," "smell disorder," "anosmia," "cacosmia," and "dysosmia." Based on the results of the literature review and the expert opinion of the Subcommittee, 4 levels of recommendation, from A-strongly recommended to D-not recommended, were adopted for the management of olfactory dysfunction. RESULTS Both oral and locally administered corticosteroids have been strongly recommended for patients with olfactory dysfunction due to chronic rhinosinusitis. Nasal steroid spray and antihistamine drugs have been moderately recommended for patients with allergic rhinitis. Although no drugs have been deemed to be truly effective for post-viral olfactory dysfunction by randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) or placebo-controlled trials, olfactory training using odorants has been reported to be effective for improving olfactory function. There is considerable evidence that olfactory testing is useful for differential diagnosis, prediction of disease progression, and early detection of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION The Clinical Practice Guideline has developed recommendations for the management of various aspects of olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan.
| | - Katsuhisa Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishibashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takao Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shiga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Motohiko Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya City University, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tsuzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsuko Furuta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Motoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Liang C, Yang Z, Zou Q, Zhou M, Liu H, Fan J. Construction of an irreversible allergic rhinitis-induced olfactory loss mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:635-641. [PMID: 30981508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data show that part of patients with sinonasal diseases suffered from olfactory dysfunction, especially with allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the mechanisms responsible for AR-induced olfactory loss are still largely unknown. Because of the difficulty to obtain human olfactory mucosa, an AR-induced olfactory loss animal model needs to be constructed to clarify the mechanism. The AR mouse model was induced by intraperitoneal sensitizing with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by intranasal challenge lasted from 1 to 12 weeks. For groups with recovery, mice were housed for another 4-week long without any treatment after the last intranasal challenge. Olfactory function, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) density and leukocytes infiltration were examined at different time points. Olfactory loss occurs immediately after 1-week intranasal challenge and deteriorates almost to anosmia after 8th week, and after that olfactory loss become irreversible. Nasal inflammation induces significant infiltration of leukocytes into olfactory epithelium (OE), which negatively correlated with the density of ORNs and mouse olfaction in a time dependent manner. The neutrophilic subtype dominates in number amongst the total infiltrated leukocytes, indicating its pivotal role in nasal inflammation-induced olfactory dysfunction. In this study, we constructed a persistent AR-induced olfactory loss mouse model, losing the ability to recover from dysfunction if the disease duration more than eight weeks, which implies that timely treatments are necessary. Meanwhile, this mouse model could provide an easy and reliable system to clarify the mechanisms of AR-induced irreversible olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiquan Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zixuan Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Qingyun Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Mengxia Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Huanhai Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Jingping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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17
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Rouyar A, Classe M, Gorski R, Bock M, Le‐Guern J, Roche S, Fourgous V, Remaury A, Paul P, Ponsolles C, Françon D, Rocheteau‐Beaujouan L, Clément M, Haddad E, Guillemot J, Didier M, Biton B, Orsini C, Mikol V, Leonetti M. Type 2/Th2-driven inflammation impairs olfactory sensory neurogenesis in mouse chronic rhinosinusitis model. Allergy 2019; 74:549-559. [PMID: 29987849 PMCID: PMC6590422 DOI: 10.1111/all.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory disease often accompanied by impairment of sense of smell. This symptom has been somewhat overlooked, and its relationship to inflammatory cytokines, tissue compression, neuronal loss, and neurogenesis is still unclear. METHODS In order to elucidate potential mechanisms leading to CRS in humans, we have established a type 2/T helper type 2 cell (Th2)-mediated allergic CRS mouse model, based on house dust mite (HDM) and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) sensitization. The inflammatory status of the olfactory epithelium (OE) was assessed using histology, biochemistry, and transcriptomics. The sense of smell was evaluated by studying olfactory behavior and recording electro-olfactograms (EOGs). RESULTS After 22 weeks, a typical type 2/Th2-mediated inflammatory profile was obtained, as demonstrated by increased interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the OE. The number of mast cells and eosinophils was increased, and infiltration of these cells into the olfactory mucosa was also observed. In parallel, transcriptomic and histology analyses indicated a decreased number of immature olfactory neurons, possibly due to decreased renewal. However, the number of mature sensory neurons was not affected and neither the EOG nor olfactory behavior was impaired. CONCLUSION Our mouse model of CRS displayed an allergic response to HDM + SEB administration, including the type 2/Th2 inflammatory profile characteristic of human eosinophilic CRSwNP. Although the sense of smell did not appear to be altered in these conditions, the data reveal the influence of chronic inflammation on olfactory neurogenesis, suggesting that factors unique to humans may be involved in CRSwNP-associated anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Remaury
- Translational SciencesSanofiChilly‐MazarinFrance
| | - Pascal Paul
- Translational SciencesSanofiChilly‐MazarinFrance
| | | | | | | | | | - El‐Bdaoui Haddad
- Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic AreaSanofiCambridgeMassachusetts
| | | | | | - Bruno Biton
- Translational SciencesSanofiChilly‐MazarinFrance
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18
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Aksoy C, Elsürer Ç, Artaç H, Bozkurt MK. Evaluation of olfactory function in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis and its correlation with acoustic rhinometry. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 113:188-191. [PMID: 30173982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is common in children and hyposmia is a major symptom affecting the quality of life. The aim of the present study is to assess olfactory dysfunction in pediatric patients with SAR and correlate the results with acoustic rhinometry measurements. METHODS Forty children, diagnosed as moderate and severe SAR based on clinical findings, ARIA (Allergic rhinitis and it's impact on asthma) classification and prick test results were enrolled in the study. Endoscopic nasal examination, acoustic rhinometry, total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) tests were performed 'in season' (May-August) and 'out season' (November-February). Three patients who did not show up in 'out season' examinations were excluded from the study. RESULTS The ages of the children ranged between 8 and 18 years with a hyposmia increased and odor identification decreased (p < 0.005, p = 0.003, respectively), whereas no differences were found between odor thresholds and the discrimination values (p > 0.05). Mean CCCRC value was obstruction score (r =-0.340, p = 0.04), subjective hyposmia (r = -0.44, p = 0.007) and TNSS (r = -0.494, p = 0.02). Although some of the acustic rhinometry parameters were lower during allergy season, there were no correlations between acoustic rhinometry parameters and CCCRS values. CONCLUSION Nearly half of the children with AR reported a mild to moderate hyposmia during pollen season and there was a decrease in odor identification, which can be easily shown using a CCCRC test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Aksoy
- Boyabat State Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Elsürer
- Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Artaç
- Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Turkey
| | - Mete Kaan Bozkurt
- Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turkey.
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Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): the Derivatives and Triggers of Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 30267163 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergen is an umbrella term for irritants of diverse origin. Along with other offenders such as pathogens, mutagens, xenobiotics, and pollutants, allergens can be grouped as inflammatory agents. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are altered metabolism products of necrotic or stressed cells, which are deemed as alarm signals by the innate immune system. Like inflammation, DAMPs play a role in correcting the altered physiological state, but in excess, they can be lethal due to their signal transduction roles. In a vicious loop, inflammatory agents are DAMP generators and DAMPs create a pro-inflammatory state. Only a handful of DAMPs such as uric acid, mtDNA, extracellular ATP, HSPs, amyloid β, S100, HMGB1, and ECM proteins have been studied till now. A large number of DAMPs are still obscure, in need to be unveiled. The identification and functional characterization of those DAMPs in inflammation pathways can be insightful. RECENT FINDINGS As inflammation and immune activation have been implicated in almost all pathologies, studies on them have been intensified in recent times. Consequently, the pathologic mechanisms of various DAMPs have emerged. Following PRR ligation, the activation of inflammasome, MAPK, and NF-kB is some of the common pathways. The limited number of recognized DAMPs are only a fraction of the vast array of other DAMPs. In fact, any misplaced or abnormal level of metabolite can be a DAMP. Sophisticated analysis studies can reveal the full profile of the DAMPs. Lowering the level of DAMPs is useful therapeutic intervention but certainly not as effective as avoiding the DAMP generators, i.e., the inflammatory agents. So, rather than mitigating DAMPs, efforts should be focused on the elimination of inflammatory agents.
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Cognitive disorders in allergic rhinitis may be induced by decline of respiration entrained rhythm in the brain. Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:89-90. [PMID: 30396502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Suzuki M, Yokota M, Ozaki S, Nakamura Y. Olfactory dysfunction out of season in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:377-378. [PMID: 29883745 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Suzuki
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyNagoya City UniversityNagoya, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yokota
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyNagoya City UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Ozaki
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyNagoya City UniversityNagoya, Japan
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22
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Victores AJ, Chen M, Smith A, Lane AP. Olfactory loss in chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with neuronal activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 8:415-420. [PMID: 29193850 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with cytokines that may result in the death of olfactory sensory neurons. The principal signaling molecules involved in the apoptotic pathway are c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Although the JNK pathway has emerged as a key player in programmed cell death in neuroinflammation, its specific role in CRS-associated olfactory loss has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS JNK activation was studied in human tissue samples from 9 control and 11 CRS patients by immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated c-Jun. A mouse model of inducible olfactory cytokine expression was used to experimentally control inflammation and assess JNK activation over time. RESULTS In patients with CRS, activation of c-Jun is significantly increased relative to non-CRS control subjects, and there is an associated loss of sensory neurons. In the olfactory inflammation mouse model, prolonged induction of inflammation results in elevation of c-Jun expression and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION Activation of neuronal JNK is a feature of chronic olfactory inflammation that is associated with neuronal apoptosis. Given that inhibition of JNK activity is neuroprotective in other settings, antagonism of this pathway may have therapeutic potential in the management of inflammatory olfactory loss or other disorders linked to olfactory neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Victores
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Modina SC, Veronesi MC, Moioli M, Meloni T, Lodi G, Bronzo V, Di Giancamillo M. Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:175. [PMID: 28615055 PMCID: PMC5471892 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about neonatal skeletal development in small-sized purebred dogs. In order to improve this knowledge, 27 spontaneously dead puppies belonging to small-sized breeds were enrolled in this study for radiologic, histological and morphometric investigations. RESULTS The appearance of the limb secondary ossification centers and the onset of their formation were clearly observed by x rays and confirmed by histological evidences. Radiographic and anatomic measurements of limb bones length and skull length and width were positively correlated with body weight and age of the subjects and the body weight was positively correlated with radius bone mineral density, as demonstrated by dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry. CONCLUSIONS These data provided original information on the growth of newborn small-sized breed dogs, and suggest that cadavers may be useful to study skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Modina
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - T Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - G Lodi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy
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Sousa Garcia D, Chen M, Smith AK, Lazarini PR, Lane AP. Role of the type I tumor necrosis factor receptor in inflammation-associated olfactory dysfunction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 7:160-168. [PMID: 27671548 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand mechanisms of human olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis, an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) model has been utilized to chronically express inflammatory cytokines locally, resulting in neuronal loss, diminished odorant responses, and repressed olfactory regeneration. Knockout of the minor tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 (TNFR2) was previously shown to partially rescue these olfactory changes. The purpose of current study was to investigate the role of the major TNF receptor, TNFR1, in chronic olfactory inflammation. METHODS Two experimental groups of mice were studied: TNFR1 knockout in IOI background and TNFR1 knockout with allergen-induced inflammation. Olfactory function was assayed by electro-olfactogram (EOG), and olfactory tissue was processed for histology and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS TNF-α was dramatically induced in IOI-TNFR1 knockout mice, but the olfactory epithelium did not show inflammation. EOG responses were normal after either 2 or 8 weeks of TNF-α expression. Ovalbumin-sensitized TNFR1 knockout mice developed markedly diminished eosinophilic inflammatory infiltration. CONCLUSION Genetic deletion of TNFR1 completely blocks TNF-α-induced inflammation and reduces allergen-induced inflammation. Preserved EOG responses suggest a TNFR1-dependent mechanism of TNF-α-induced olfactory neuron dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Sousa Garcia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Otolaryngology, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy K Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paulo Roberto Lazarini
- Department of Otolaryngology, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Di Giancamillo A, Andreis ME, Taini P, Veronesi MC, Di Giancamillo M, Modina SC. Cartilage canals in newborn dogs: histochemical and immunohistochemical findings. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2701. [PMID: 27734993 PMCID: PMC5062639 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage canals (CCs) are microscopic structures involved in secondary ossification centers (SOCs) development. The features of CCs were investigated in the humeral and femoral proximal epiphyses of small-sized newborn dogs (from premature to 28 days after birth) with histochemical and immunohistochemical approaches. Masson's Trichrome revealed a ring-shaped area around CCs, which changes in colour from green (immature collagen) to red (mature collagen) as ossification progresses; perichondrium staining always matched the ring colour. Safranin-O was always negative. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed immunopositivity for both collagen type I and V around the CCs; collagen type II was negative. CCs count showed a tendency to be higher in the humerus than in the femur. This work enlightened for the first time changes in composition of CCs surrounding matrix during SOCs development in dogs, paving the way to further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Giancamillo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan.
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Daulatzai MA. Olfactory dysfunction: its early temporal relationship and neural correlates in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1475-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li P, Cui Y, Song G, Wang Z, Zhang Q. Phenotypic characteristics of nasal mast cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2014; 76:303-13. [PMID: 25531303 DOI: 10.1159/000369142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) in the nasal respiratory mucosa (NRM) play a triggering role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Recent research evidence in mouse models of AR suggests an underlying MC-related allergic response in mouse nasal olfactory mucosa (NOM). OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of nasal MCs in a mouse model of AR. METHODS By MC-specific staining and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the subset, protease and IgE-binding phenotypes of nasal MCs in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized unchallenged and challenged mice. RESULTS In OVA-sensitized challenged mice, increased serum OVA-specific IgE levels (p < 0.001) and eosinophil infiltration confirmed AR induction. In addition to constitutive connective tissue MCs, mucosal MCs were induced in NRM and NOM of OVA-sensitized challenged mice. Connective tissue MCs and mucosal MCs in mouse NRM and NOM were positive for mouse MC protease-1, -4, -5, -6, -7 and carboxypeptidase-A3. In line with MCs in NRM, there were increased numbers (p = 0.019) and proportions (p = 0.027) of MCs with surface-bound IgE in NOM of OVA-sensitized challenged mice. CONCLUSION In the setting of AR, MCs in mouse NOM exhibit the same subset, protease and IgE-binding phenotypes as MCs in mouse NRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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28
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Abstract
We describe a method for allergic rhinitis (AR) induction in mice. Methodology involves nasal infusions of small volumes of ovalbumin for both initial sensitization and challenges. The latter are frequent and carried out over several weeks. This methodology more closely resembles natural AR induction than does the common use of systemic sensitization, often with adjuvants, followed by nasal challenges with relatively large allergen volumes. Also described are methodologies for collection of cardiac blood and perfusion for preparation of histological samples, both essential in verifying AR induction in individual animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia McMillan Carr
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Becker S, Pflugbeil C, Gröger M, Canis M, Ledderose GJ, Kramer MF. Olfactory dysfunction in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2012; 132:763-8. [PMID: 22497546 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.656764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The limitation in olfactory function in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR) can be ascribed to an increase in eosinophilic and mast cell activity in the olfactory cleft. Therefore, the decrease in olfactory functions seems to be predominantly caused by the inflammation of the epithelium and not by the obstruction of the nose caused by the inflammation. OBJECTIVE Olfactory dysfunction is frequently seen in patients with AR; however, little is known about the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the olfactory function in patients with seasonal or perennial AR, and to correlate the results with data obtained by analysis of nasal secretion and obstruction. METHODS Olfactory function was tested using the Sniffin´Sticks test in patients with seasonal or perennial AR and in a control group. Nasal secretion analysis included eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and tryptase testing. Nasal obstruction was evaluated by rhinomanometry. RESULTS Patients with AR (seasonal and perennial) showed impaired olfactory functions in comparison with the control group. Nasal secretion analysis showed increased values of ECP and tryptase in the seasonal group in comparison with controls. Rhinomanometry showed no differences in nasal flow between the three groups.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Eosinophil Cationic Protein/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nasal Mucosa/metabolism
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- Nasal Mucosa/physiopathology
- Olfactory Perception/physiology
- Prospective Studies
- Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/complications
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/physiopathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/complications
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- Rhinomanometry
- Sensory Thresholds/physiology
- Smell/physiology
- Tryptases/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany.
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Carr VM, Robinson AM, Kern RC. Tissue-specific effects of allergic rhinitis in mouse nasal epithelia. Chem Senses 2012; 37:655-68. [PMID: 22490702 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) can cause significant olfactory loss, but few studies have specifically investigated AR effects on olfactory and nasal respiratory tissues per se. To address this, we used a murine AR protocol employing nasal allergen infusion for both sensitization and challenges. Seven- to 11-week BALB/c mice were bilaterally infused with 1% ovalbumin (OVA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS alone for 6 or 11 weeks, given single bilateral PBS or OVA infusions 24 h before sacrifice, or left untreated. High OVA-specific IgE serum levels and eosinophil infiltration confirmed AR induction. Olfactory (OE) and respiratory (RE) epithelia showed distinctly different responses, most conspicuously, massive eosinophil infiltration of immediately RE-subjacent lamina propria. In OE, such infiltration was minimal. Significant RE hypertrophy and hyperplasia also occurred, although OE organization was generally maintained and extensive disruption localized despite a 20% reduction in sensory neurons and globose basal cells after 11 weeks OVA. Pronounced Bowman's gland hypertrophy crowded both OE and olfactory nerve bundles. Cellular proliferation was widely distributed in RE but in OE was localized to normally thinner OE and RE-proximal OE, suggesting possible indirect RE influences. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT) nick end labeling was greater in OE than RE and, in contrast to other effects, occurred with acute infusions and chronic PBS alone, often unilaterally. Following chronic OVA, AR-related bilateral increases appeared superimposed on those. These findings indicate AR effects on olfactory function may be complex, reflecting various levels of RE/OE responses and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia McMillan Carr
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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