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Serrano-Garcia W, Cruz-Maya I, Melendez-Zambrana A, Ramos-Colon I, Pinto NJ, Thomas SW, Guarino V. Optimization of PVDF-TrFE Based Electro-Conductive Nanofibers: Morphology and In Vitro Response. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3106. [PMID: 37109942 PMCID: PMC10145551 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, morphology and in vitro response of electroconductive composite nanofibers were explored for biomedical use. The composite nanofibers were prepared by blending the piezoelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) and electroconductive materials with different physical and chemical properties such as copper oxide (CuO), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), and methylene blue (MB) resulting in unique combinations of electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and other desirable properties. Morphological investigation via SEM analysis has remarked some differences in fiber size as a function of the electroconductive phase used, with a reduction of fiber diameters for the composite fibers of 12.43% for CuO, 32.87% for CuPc, 36.46% for P3HT, and 63% for MB. This effect is related to the peculiar electroconductive behavior of fibers: measurements of electrical properties showed the highest ability to transport charges of methylene blue, in accordance with the lowest fibers diameters, while P3HT poorly conducts in air but improves charge transfer during the fiber formation. In vitro assays showed a tunable response of fibers in terms of viability, underlining a preferential interaction of fibroblast cells to P3HT-loaded fibers that can be considered the most suitable for use in biomedical applications. These results provide valuable information for future studies to be addressed at optimizing the properties of composite nanofibers for potential applications in bioengineering and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Serrano-Garcia
- Advanced Materials Bio & Integration Research (AMBIR) Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Iriczalli Cruz-Maya
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad.20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Idalia Ramos-Colon
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Humacao 00791, Puerto Rico
| | - Nicholas J. Pinto
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Humacao 00791, Puerto Rico
| | - Sylvia W. Thomas
- Advanced Materials Bio & Integration Research (AMBIR) Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d’Oltremare, Pad.20, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Influence of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Molecular Interaction and Comparative Binding of Azure Dye with Chymotrypsin: Novel Nano-Conjugate for Cancer Phototherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010074. [PMID: 36678703 PMCID: PMC9863556 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Till date, different types of conventional drugs have been used to fight tumors. However, they have significant flaws, including their usage being constrained because of their low bioavailability, poor supply, and serious side effects. The modern combination therapy has been viewed as a potent strategy for treating serious illnesses, including cancer-type feared diseases. The nanoparticles are a promising choice for cancer therapeutic and diagnostic applications because of their fascinating optoelectronic and physicochemical features. Among the metallic nanoparticles, Zinc oxide nanoparticles possess interesting physicochemical and anti-cancer characteristics, such as ROS generation, high retention, enhanced permeability etc., making them attractive candidates for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer. Zinc oxide nanoparticles showed anti-cancer property via excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and by the destruction of mitochondrial membrane. Here, we have synthesized organic/inorganic hybrid nanosystem composed of chymotrypsin protein (Chymo) with AzureC (AzC) conjugated with Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). The conjugation of AzureC with ZnONPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiment. The interaction of Chymo with AzC alone and AzC-ZnONPs was investigated, and it was observed that the interaction was enhanced in the presence of ZnONPs, which was concluded by the results obtained from different spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism in combination with molecular docking. UV-Visible spectroscopic studies and the corresponding binding parameters showed that the binding of AzC-ZnONPs complex with Chymo is much higher than that of AzC alone. Moreover, the fluorescence measurement showed enhancement in static quenching during titration of Chymo with AzC-ZnONPs as compared to dye alone. In addition to this, circular dichroism results show that the dye and dye-NPs conjugate do not cause much structural change in α-Chymo. The molecular docking and thermodynamic studies showed the predominance of hydrogen bonding, Van der Waal force, and hydrophobic forces during the interactions. After correlation of all the data, interaction of Chymo with AzC-ZnONPs complex showed strong interaction as compared to dye alone. The moderate binding with chymo without any alteration in the structure makes it desirable for the distribution and pharmacokinetics. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the AzC-ZnONPs was demonstrated on A-549 adenocarcinoma cell line. Our findings from physiochemical investigations suggested that the chymotrypsin coated AzC conjugated ZnONPs could be used as the novel nanoconjugates for various cancer phototherapies.
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Hepburn J, Williams-Lockhart S, Bensadoun RJ, Hanna R. A Novel Approach of Combining Methylene Blue Photodynamic Inactivation, Photobiomodulation and Oral Ingested Methylene Blue in COVID-19 Management: A Pilot Clinical Study with 12-Month Follow-Up. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2211. [PMID: 36358582 PMCID: PMC9686966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus was first recognized in late 2019 and remains a significant threat. We therefore assessed the use of local methylene blue photodynamic viral inactivation (MB-PDI) in the oral and nasal cavities, in combination with the systemic anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of orally ingested methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM) for COVID-19 disease. The proposed protocol leverages the separate and combined effects of MB and 660nm red light emitted diode (LED) to comprehensively address the pathophysiological sequelae of COVID-19. A total of eight pilot subjects with COVID-19 disease were treated in the Bahamas over the period June 2021-August 2021, using a remote care program that was developed for this purpose. Although not a pre-requisite for inclusion, none of the subjects had received any COVID-19 vaccination prior to commencing the study. Clinical outcome assessment tools included serial cycle threshold measurements as a surrogate estimate of viral load; serial online questionnaires to document symptom response and adverse effects; and a one-year follow-up survey to assess long-term outcomes. All subjects received MB-PDI to target the main sites of viral entry in the nose and mouth. This was the central component of the treatment protocol with the addition of orally ingested MB and/or PBM based on clinical requirements. The mucosal surfaces were irradiated with 660 nm LED in a continuous emission mode at energy density of 49 J/cm2 for PDI and 4.9 J/cm2 for PBM. Although our pilot subjects had significant co-morbidities, extremely high viral loads and moderately severe symptoms during the Delta phase of the pandemic, the response to treatment was highly encouraging. Rapid reductions in viral loads were observed and negative PCR tests were documented within a median of 4 days. These laboratory findings occurred in parallel with significant clinical improvement, mostly within 12-24 h of commencing the treatment protocol. There were no significant adverse effects and none of the subjects who completed the protocol required in-patient hospitalization. The outcomes were similarly encouraging at one-year follow-up with virtual absence of "long COVID" symptoms or of COVID-19 re-infection. Our results indicate that the protocols may be a safe and promising approach to challenging COVID-19 disease. Moreover, due its broad spectrum of activity, this approach has the potential to address the prevailing and future COVID-19 variants and other infections transmitted via the upper respiratory tract. Extensive studies with a large cohort are warranted to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hepburn
- Luminnova Health, 34 Harbour Bay Plaza, East Bay Street, Nassau P.O. Box N-1081, Bahamas
| | | | - René Jean Bensadoun
- Centre De Haute Energie, Department of Oncology Radiology, 10 Boulevard Pasteur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Vaile Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rockefeller Building, London WC1E 6DE, UK
- Department of Oral Surgery, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Giménez-Richarte Á, Ortiz de Salazar MI, Giménez-Richarte MP, Collado M, Fernández PL, Clavijo C, Navarro L, Arbona C, Marco P, Ramos-Rincon JM. Transfusion-transmitted arboviruses: Update and systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010843. [PMID: 36201547 PMCID: PMC9578600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The detection of the first cases of transfusion-transmitted West Nile virus in 2002 posed a new challenge for transfusion safety. Institutions like the World Health Organization have stated that blood transfusion centers need to know the epidemiology of the different emerging infectious agents and their impact on blood transfusion. The aim of the study is to review the published cases of arbovirus transmission through transfusion of blood or blood components and to analyze their main clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Material and methods Systematic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus. Pairs of review authors selected a variety of scientific publications reporting cases of transfusion-transmitted arboviruses. Main clinical and epidemiological characteristics were reviewed of the cases described. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO CRD42021270355. Results A total of 74 cases of transfusion-transmitted infections were identified from 10 arboviruses: West Nile virus (n = 42), dengue virus (n = 18), Zika virus (n = 3), yellow fever vaccine virus (n = 3), tick-borne encephalitis virus (n = 2), Japanese encephalitis virus (n = 2), Powassan virus (n = 1), St. Louis encephalitis virus (n = 1), Ross River virus (n = 1) and Colorado tick fever virus (n = 1). The blood component most commonly involved was red blood cells (N = 35, 47.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 35.9% to 58.7%). In 54.1% (N = 40; 95% CI: 42.7%-65.47%) of the cases, the recipient was immunosuppressed. Transmission resulted in death in 18.9% (N = 14; 95% CI: 10.0%-27.8%) of the recipients. In addition, 18 additional arboviruses were identified with a potential threat to transfusion safety. Discussion In the last 20 years, the number of published cases of transfusion-transmitted arboviruses increased notably, implicating new arboviruses. In addition, a significant number of arboviruses that may pose a threat to transfusion safety were detected. In the coming years, it is expected that transmission of arboviruses will continue to expand globally. It is therefore essential that all responsible agencies prepare for this potential threat to transfusion safety. The transfusion of blood and blood components entails some risks and potential complications, chief among them the transmission of infectious agents. Organizations like the American Association of Blood Banks have warned of the risks posed by emerging and re-emerging viruses for transfusion safety and have classified transmission of several arboviruses as a high or very high risk to the transfusion of blood and blood components. Following recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO), this study aims to enable safe blood transfusion services, by making available the latest updated information of transfusion-transmitted arboviruses and comprehensive knowledge of the current epidemiology of reported cases. Research revealed case reports of transfusion transmission of 10 arboviruses, with West Nile virus and dengue virus as the most prevalent. Main clinical characteristics of reported cases were collected, including the type of blood component transfused and the state of immunosuppression of the recipient. Research also revealed 18 additional arboviruses with potential risk of transmission through other direct transmission routes. This systematic review provides an updated overview of the clinical characteristics of reported cases of transfusion-transmitted arboviruses. It is the most complete record published to date that assesses the risk posed by arboviruses to blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miriam Collado
- Valencian Community Blood Transfusion Center, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Clavijo
- Valencian Community Blood Transfusion Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Navarro
- Valencian Community Blood Transfusion Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Arbona
- Valencian Community Blood Transfusion Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascual Marco
- Service of Hematology, General- University Hospital of Alicante-ISABIAL. Alicante, Spain
- Clinical Medicine Department, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose-Manuel Ramos-Rincon
- Clinical Medicine Department, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (AG-R); (J-MR-R)
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Valančiūtė A, Mathieson L, O’Connor RA, Scott JI, Vendrell M, Dorward DA, Akram AR, Dhaliwal K. Phototherapeutic Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death and CD8+ T Cell-Granzyme B Mediated Cytolysis in Human Lung Cancer Cells and Organoids. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4119. [PMID: 36077656 PMCID: PMC9454585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmenting T cell mediated tumor killing via immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) is the cornerstone of emerging immunotherapeutic approaches. We investigated the potential of methylene blue photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) to induce ICD in human lung cancer. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and primary human lung cancer organoids were evaluated in co-culture killing assays with MB-PDT and light emitting diodes (LEDs). ICD was characterised using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Phototherapy with MB treatment and low energy LEDs decreased the proliferation of NSCLC cell lines inducing early necrosis associated with reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl2 and increased expression of ICD markers, calreticulin (CRT), intercellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) in NSCLC cells. MB-PDT also potentiated CD8+ T cell-mediated cytolysis of lung cancer via granzyme B in lung cancer cells and primary human lung cancer organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Valančiūtė
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Layla Mathieson
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jamie I. Scott
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A. Dorward
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Ahsan R. Akram
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Exploring inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Lassa, and Nipah viruses on N95 and KN95 respirator material using photoactivated methylene blue to enable reuse. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:863-870. [PMID: 35908824 PMCID: PMC9329093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a worldwide shortage of N95 respirators, prompting the development of decontamination methods to enable limited reuse. Countries lacking reliable supply chains would also benefit from the ability to safely reuse PPE. Methylene blue (MB) is a light-activated dye with demonstrated antimicrobial activity used to sterilize blood plasma. Decontamination of respirators using photoactivated MB requires no specialized equipment, making it attractive for use in the field during outbreaks. Methods We examined decontamination of N95 and KN95 respirators using photoactivated MB and 3 variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19; and 4 World Health Organization priority pathogens: Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Lassa virus. Virus inactivation by pretreating respirator material was also tested. Results Photoactivated MB inactivated all tested viruses on respirator material, albeit with varying efficiency. Virus applied to respirator material pre-treated with MB was also inactivated, thus MB pretreatment may potentially protect respirator wearers from virus exposure in real-time. Conclusions These results demonstrate that photoactivated MB represents a cost-effective, rapid, and widely deployable method to decontaminate N95 respirators for reuse during supply shortages.
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Kabra KB, Lendvay TS, Chen J, Rolley P, Dawson T, Mores CN. Inactivation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 on surgical masks using light-activated chemical dyes. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:844-848. [PMID: 35908821 PMCID: PMC9329073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Methylene blue (MB) and riboflavin (RB) are light-activated dyes with demonstrated antimicrobial activity. They require no specialized equipment, making them attractive for widespread use. Due to COVID-19-related worldwide shortages of surgical masks, simple, safe, and effective decontamination methods for reusing masks have become desirable in clinical and public settings. Material and methods We examined the decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant on surgical masks and Revolution-Zero Environmentally Sustainable (RZES) reusable masks using these photoactivated dyes. We pre-treated surgical masks with 2 MB concentrations, 2 RB concentrations, and 2 combinations of MB and RB. We also tested 7 MB concentrations on RZES masks. Results Photoactivated MB consistently inactivated SARS-CoV-2 at >99.9% for concentrations of 2.6 µM or higher within 30 min on RZES masks and 5 µM or higher within 5 min on disposable surgical masks. RB alone showed a lower, yet still significant inactivation (∼93-99%) in these conditions. Discussion MB represents a cost-effective, rapid, and widely deployable decontamination method for SARS-CoV-2. The simplicity of MB formulation makes it ideal for mask pre-treatment in low-resource settings. Conclusions The results demonstrate that MB effectively decontaminates SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations above 5 µM on surgical masks and above 10 µM on RZES masks.
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Xu X, Wu H, Yang Y, Liu B, Tian J, Bao H, Liu T. PLGA-coated methylene blue nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photodynamic/photothermal cascaded precisely synergistic therapy of tumor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1543-1549. [PMID: 35425187 PMCID: PMC8978873 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07689b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are synergetic treatment strategies in antitumor treatment to achieve the best anticancer efficacy. Although traditional photosensitizer materials such as methylene blue (MB) have been widely studied for PDT, the photothermal effect is rarely reported. Herein, mono-component nanoparticles lactic-co-glycolic acid-coated methylene blue (MBNPs) based on methylene blue (MB) and lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) were prepared by a facile solution-based emulsification method at room temperature. The resulting nanoparticles possess high photothermal conversion efficiency and excellent photodynamic effect. For the first time, the in vitro and in vivo tests indicated an enhanced antitumor efficacy for MBNPs with combined PDT and PTT. This study provides an efficient approach to fabricate nano-MB and also demonstrates the great potential of lactic-co-glycolic acid-coated MB for biomedical applications. Most importantly, the strong tumor growth inhibition by synergistic PTT and PDT demonstrates an excellent cascaded synergistic effect of MBNPs for the tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan Beijing 100193 P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue Guangzhou Guangdong 510632 China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Jijing Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Huihui Bao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100022 P. R. China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University No. 2 West Road Yuanmingyuan Beijing 100193 P. R. China
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Priyamvada L, Burgado J, Baker-Wagner M, Kitaygorodskyy A, Olson V, Lingappa VR, Satheshkumar PS. New methylene blue derivatives suggest novel anti-orthopoxviral strategies. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105086. [PMID: 33992710 PMCID: PMC9629033 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decades after the eradication of smallpox and the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination, over half of the world's population is immunologically naïve to variola virus and other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs). Even in those previously vaccinated against smallpox, protective immunity wanes over time. As such, there is a concomitant increase in the incidence of human OPXV infections worldwide. To identify novel antiviral compounds with potent anti-OPXV potential, we characterized the inhibitory activity of PAV-866 and other methylene blue derivatives against the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV). These compounds inactivated virions prior to infection and consequently inhibited viral binding, fusion and entry. The compounds exhibited strong virucidal activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations, and inhibited VACV infection when added before, during or after viral adsorption. The compounds were effective against other OPXVs including monkeypox virus, cowpox virus and the newly identified Akhmeta virus. Altogether, these findings reveal a novel mode of inhibition that has not previously been demonstrated for small molecule compounds against VACV. Additional studies are in progress to determine the in vivo efficacy of these compounds against OPXVs and further characterize the anti-viral effects of these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | | | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Li Z, Lang Y, Sakamuru S, Samrat S, Trudeau N, Kuo L, Rugenstein N, Tharappel A, D'Brant L, Koetzner CA, Hu S, Zhang J, Huang R, Kramer LD, Butler D, Xia M, Li H. Methylene blue is a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against Zika virus in vitro and in vivo. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2404-2416. [PMID: 33078696 PMCID: PMC7646565 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1838954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many flaviviruses including the Dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus, Yellow Fever virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus are significant human pathogens, unfortunately without any specific therapy. Here, we demonstrate that methylene blue, an FDA-approved drug, is a broad-spectrum and potent antiviral against Zika virus and Dengue virus both in vitro and in vivo. We found that methylene blue can considerably inhibit the interactions between viral protease NS3 and its NS2B co-factor, inhibit viral protease activity, inhibit viral growth, protect 3D mini-brain organoids from ZIKV infection, and reduce viremia in a mouse model. Mechanistic studies confirmed that methylene blue works in both entry and post entry steps, reduces virus production in replicon cells and inhibited production of processed NS3 protein. Overall, we have shown that methylene blue is a potent antiviral for management of flavivirus infections, particularly for Zika virus. As an FDA-approved drug, methylene blue is well-tolerated for human use. Therefore, methylene blue represents a promising and easily developed therapy for management of infections by ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yuekun Lang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Subodh Samrat
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Lili Kuo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Anil Tharappel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David Butler
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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Unicorn Poo and Blessed Waters: COVID-19 Quackery and FDA Warning Letters. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 55:239-244. [PMID: 33001378 PMCID: PMC7528445 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global setting of clinical crisis and human anxiety. Without available safe and effective vaccines and cures, an unscrupulous marketplace has emerged selling COVID-19 quackery (fraudulent misrepresentation of preventions and treatments). METHODS US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Warning Letters issued from March 2020 to July 2020 were analyzed for themes pertaining to unapproved, adulterated, and misbranded COVID-19 products. RESULTS During this period, the FDA issued 3,139 Warning Letters of which 98 (3.14%) of these were focused on COVID-19-related drugs, devices, biologics, and dietary supplements (products and ingredients). Specifically, these Warning Letters revealed regulatory nonconformities involving 40 identified herbs, 22 minerals/compounds, 6 devices and biologicals, and 3 vitamins. Products included hand sanitizers; COVID-19 antibody test kits; herbal teas and tinctures; nasal gel; toothpaste; and 1 vaccine. Nine Warning Letters were issued for products being sold via the Amazon online shopping platform. CONCLUSION A small percentage of FDA Warning Letters recently have been focused on COVID-19. These Letters expose the blatant and potentially harmful quackery of vendors across the world who prioritize financial gain over clinical beneficence. Patient history-taking should include queries about non-traditional and unapproved products to identify, document, and report potentially harmful quackery. FDA Warning Letters are a component of meaningful corrective action; however, greater effort in spreading awareness of such misrepresented, unapproved, and adulterated products is needed to deter purchases of such products.
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S. Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics That Target the Post-Entry Stages of the Viral Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32993173 PMCID: PMC7600245 DOI: 10.3390/v12101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to challenge health care systems around the world. Scientists and pharmaceutical companies have promptly responded by advancing potential therapeutics into clinical trials at an exponential rate. Initial encouraging results have been realized using remdesivir and dexamethasone. Yet, the research continues so as to identify better clinically relevant therapeutics that act either as prophylactics to prevent the infection or as treatments to limit the severity of COVID-19 and substantially decrease the mortality rate. Previously, we reviewed the potential therapeutics in clinical trials that block the early stage of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics that block/inhibit the post-entry stages of the viral life cycle. The review presents not only the chemical structures and mechanisms of the potential therapeutics under clinical investigation, i.e., listed in clinicaltrials.gov, but it also describes the relevant results of clinical trials. Their anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory effects are also described. The reviewed therapeutics include small molecules, polypeptides, and monoclonal antibodies. At the molecular level, the therapeutics target viral proteins or processes that facilitate the post-entry stages of the viral infection. Frequent targets are the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the viral proteases such as papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro). Overall, we aim at presenting up-to-date details of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics so as to catalyze their potential effective use in fighting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
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13
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Generation and characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus expressing GFP reporter gene for high throughput drug screening. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104884. [PMID: 32750466 PMCID: PMC7395821 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a major cause of Japanese encephalitisis, is an arbovirus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Currently, there is no effective drugs available for the treatment of JEV infection. Therefore, it is important to establish efficient antiviral screening system for the development of antiviral drugs. In this study, we constructed a full-length infectious clone of eGFP-JEV reporter virus by inserting the eGFP gene into the capsid-coding region of the viral genome. The reporter virus RNA transfected-BHK-21 cells generated robust eGFP fluorescence signals that were correlated well with viral replication. The reporter virus displayed growth kinetics similar to wild type (WT) virus although replicated a little slower. Using a known JEV inhibitor, NITD008, we demonstrated that the reporter virus could be used to identify inhibitors against JEV. Furthermore, an eGFP-JEV-based high throughput screening (HTS) assay was established in a 96-well format and used for screening of 1443 FDA-approved drugs. Sixteen hit drugs were identified to be active against JEV. Among them, five compounds which are lonafarnib, cetylpyridinium chlorid, cetrimonium bromide, nitroxoline and hexachlorophene, are newly discovered inhibitors of JEV, providing potential new therapies for treatment of JEV infection.
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Nanographene oxide-methylene blue as phototherapies platform for breast tumor ablation and metastasis prevention in a syngeneic orthotopic murine model. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 29382332 PMCID: PMC5789561 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the photodynamic therapy (PDT), the photosensitizer absorbs light and transfers the energy of the excited state to the oxygen in the cell environment producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), that in its turn, may cause cell damage. In the photothermal therapy (PTT), light also is responsible for activating the photothermal agent, which converts the absorbed energy in heat. Graphene oxide is a carbon-based material that presents photothermal activity. Its physical properties allow the association with the photosensitizer methylene blue and consequently the production of ROS when submitted to light irradiation. Therefore, the association between nanographene oxide and methylene blue could represent a strategy to enhance therapeutic actions. In this work, we report the nanographene oxide-methylene blue platform (NanoGO-MB) used to promote tumor ablation in combination with photodynamic and photothermal therapies against a syngeneic orthotopic murine breast cancer model. RESULTS In vitro, NanoGO-MB presented 50% of the reactive oxygen species production compared to the free MB after LED light irradiation, and a temperature increase of ~ 40 °C followed by laser irradiation. On cells, the ROS production by the nanoplatform displayed higher values in tumor than normal cells. In vivo assays demonstrated a synergistic effect obtained by the combined PDT/PTT therapies using NanoGO-MB, which promoted complete tumor ablation in 5/5 animals. Up to 30 days after the last treatment, there was no tumor regrowth compared with only PDT or PTT groups, which displayed tumoral bioluminescence 63-fold higher than the combined treatment group. Histological studies confirmed that the combined therapies were able to prevent tumor regrowth and liver, lung and spleen metastasis. In addition, low systemic toxicity was observed in pathologic examinations of liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The treatment with combined PDT/PTT therapies using NanoGO-MB induced more toxicity on breast carcinoma cells than on normal cells. In vivo, the combined therapies promoted complete tumor ablation and metastasis prevention while only PDT or PTT were unable to stop tumor development. The results show the potential of NanoGO-MB in combination with the phototherapies in the treatment of the breast cancer and metastasis prevention.
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Jalali HM. Kinetic study of photodegradation of methylene blue over P25-graphene and P25-CNT nanocomposites using Monte Carlo simulation. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Broce S, Hensley L, Sato T, Lehrer-Graiwer J, Essrich C, Edwards KJ, Pajda J, Davis CJ, Bhadresh R, Hurt CR, Freeman B, Lingappa VR, Kelleher CA, Karpuj MV. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of cell-free synthesized Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein capsids enables in vitro screening to identify novel antivirals. Biol Direct 2016; 11:25. [PMID: 27179769 PMCID: PMC4867995 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral capsid assembly involves the oligomerization of the capsid nucleoprotein (NP), which is an essential step in viral replication and may represent a potential antiviral target. An in vitro transcription-translation reaction using a wheat germ (WG) extract in combination with a sandwich ELISA assay has recently been used to identify small molecules with antiviral activity against the rabies virus. Results Here, we examined the application of this system to viruses with capsids with a different structure, such as the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), the etiological agent of a severe emerging infectious disease. The biochemical and immunological characterization of the in vitro-generated RVFV NP assembly products enabled the distinction between intermediately and highly ordered capsid structures. This distinction was used to establish a screening method for the identification of potential antiviral drugs for RVFV countermeasures. Conclusions These results indicated that this unique analytical system, which combines nucleoprotein oligomerization with the specific immune recognition of a highly ordered capsid structure, can be extended to various viral families and used both to study the early stages of NP assembly and to assist in the identification of potential antiviral drugs in a cost-efficient manner. Reviewers Reviewed by Jeffry Skolnick and Noah Isakov. For the full reviews please go to the Reviewers’ comments section. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0126-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Broce
- Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tomoharu Sato
- Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA.,DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Lehrer-Graiwer
- Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher J Davis
- Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness & Response, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rami Bhadresh
- Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Colm A Kelleher
- Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Marcela V Karpuj
- Prosetta Antiviral Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,CUBRC, Inc, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,BioA2Z, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold, Safed, 1311502, Israel.
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Mundt JM, Rouse L, Van den Bossche J, Goodrich RP. Chemical and biological mechanisms of pathogen reduction technologies. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:957-64. [PMID: 25041351 PMCID: PMC4277684 DOI: 10.1111/php.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade new technologies have been developed and implemented which employ light, often in the presence of a photosensitizer, to inactivate pathogens that reside in human blood products for the purpose of transfusion. These pathogen reduction technologies attempt to find the proper balance between pathogen kill and cell quality. Each system utilizes various chemistries that not only impact which pathogens they can inactivate and how, but also how the treatments affect the plasma and cellular proteins and to what degree. This paper aims to present the various chemical mechanisms for pathogen reduction in transfusion medicine that are currently practiced or in development.
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Chugh PE, Damania BA, Dittmer DP. Toll-like receptor-3 is dispensable for the innate microRNA response to West Nile virus (WNV). PLoS One 2014; 9:e104770. [PMID: 25127040 PMCID: PMC4134228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to West Nile virus (WNV) infection involves recognition through toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), leading to establishment of an antiviral state. MiRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be reliable biomarkers of TLR activation. Here, we sought to evaluate the contribution of TLR3 and miRNAs to the host response to WNV infection. We first analyzed HEK293-NULL and HEK293-TLR3 cells for changes in the innate immune response to infection. The presence of TLR3 did not seem to affect WNV load, infectivity or phosphorylation of IRF3. Analysis of experimentally validated NFκB-responsive genes revealed a WNV-induced signature largely independent of TLR3. Since miRNAs are involved in viral pathogenesis and the innate response to infection, we sought to identify changes in miRNA expression upon infection in the presence or absence of TLR3. MiRNA profiling revealed 70 miRNAs induced following WNV infection in a TLR3-independent manner. Further analysis of predicted gene targets of WNV signature miRNAs revealed genes highly associated with pathways regulating cell death, viral pathogenesis and immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline E. Chugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Blossom A. Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Toxicity of imine-iminium dyes and pigments: electron transfer, radicals, oxidative stress and other physiological effects. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
| | - Ratnasamy Somanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apdo; postal 1166 Tijuana B.C., Mexico
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Squillace DM, Zhao Z, Call GM, Gao J, Yao JQ. Viral Inactivation of Human Osteochondral Grafts with Methylene Blue and Light. Cartilage 2014; 5:28-36. [PMID: 26069682 PMCID: PMC4297095 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513509650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage injury is one of the most common disorders of synovial joints. Fresh osteochondral allografts are becoming a standard treatment; however, they are supply constrained with a potential risk of disease transmission. There are no known virucidal processes available for osteochondral allografts and most methods presently available are detrimental to cartilage. Methylene blue light treatment has been shown to be successful in the literature for viral inactivation of fresh frozen plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of methylene blue light treatment to inactivate a panel of clinically relevant viruses inoculated onto osteochondral allografts. DESIGN Osteochondral grafts recovered from human cadaveric knees were inoculated with one of the following viruses: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), porcine parvovirus (PPV), and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The samples were processed through a methylene blue light treatment, which consisted of an initial soak in nonilluminated circulating methylene blue at ambient temperature, followed by light exposure with circulating methylene blue at cool temperatures. The final titer was compared with the recovery control for the viral log reduction. RESULTS HIV-1, BVDV, and PrV were reduced to nondetectable levels while HAV and PPV were reduced by 3.1 and 5.6 logs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The methylene blue light treatment was effective in reducing (a) enveloped DNA and RNA viruses to nondetectable levels and (b) nonenveloped DNA and RNA viruses of inoculated human osteochondral grafts by 3.1 to 5.6 logs. This study demonstrates the first practical method for significantly reducing viral load in osteochondral implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixing Zhao
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gazell M Call
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jizong Gao
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jian Q Yao
- Research and Development, Asia Pacific Region, Zimmer, Inc., Shanghai, China
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Sahu A, Choi WI, Lee JH, Tae G. Graphene oxide mediated delivery of methylene blue for combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6239-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tacal O, Li B, Lockridge O, Schopfer LM. Resistance of human butyrylcholinesterase to methylene blue-catalyzed photoinactivation; mass spectrometry analysis of oxidation products. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:336-48. [PMID: 23136924 DOI: 10.1111/php.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue, 3, 7-bis(dimethylamino)-phenothiazin-5-ium chloride, is a reversible inhibitor of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the absence of light. In the presence of light and oxygen, methylene blue promotes irreversible inhibition of human BChE as a function of time, requiring 3 h irradiation to inhibit 95% activity. Inactivation was accompanied by a progressive loss of Coomassie-stained protein bands on native and denaturing polyacrylamide gels, suggesting backbone fragmentation. Aggregation was not detected. MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry identified oxidized tryptophan (W52, 56, 231, 376, 412, 490, 522), oxidized methionine (M81, 144, 302, 532, 554, 555), oxidized histidine (H214), oxidized proline (P230), oxidized cysteine (C519) and oxidized serine (S215). A 20 min irradiation in the presence of methylene blue resulted in 17% loss of BChE activity, suggesting that BChE is relatively resistant to methylene blue-catalyzed photoinactivation and that therefore this process could be used to sterilize BChE preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozden Tacal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Wainwright M, Baptista MS. The application of photosensitisers to tropical pathogens in the blood supply. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:240-8. [PMID: 21864797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The onset of the HIV pandemic led both to significant alterations in blood collection and screening practice and to the development of more sophisticated methods of inactivation of infectious agents from the blood supply. Photodynamic (i.e. light activated) pathogen inactivation is one such method currently in limited use in various European states. The approach is based on the generation of a burst of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in the activation of several cell death mechanisms. However, its application to tropical pathogens is perhaps less appreciated, despite the fact that the efficacies of photoantimicrobial agents such as methylene blue were originally reported following screening against organisms such as Trypanosoma cruzi and viruses such as those responsible for dengue and yellow fever. Since the objective of pathogen inactivation is to remove both established and emerging infective agents, it is necessary for photoantimicrobial agents to be broad-spectrum in activity. While this is demonstrable in plasma and platelet fractions, the application to red blood cells is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom. mark
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Papin JF, Vahrson W, Larson L, Dittmer DP. Genome-wide real-time PCR for West Nile virus reduces the false-negative rate and facilitates new strain discovery. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:103-11. [PMID: 20637239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Transplant and transfusion recipients as well as the elderly are particularly at risk. WNV shows strain variation from season to season and from locale to locale. This poses a significant problem for diagnosis. Most assays use a single primer pair to detect WNV by QPCR, and can fail to detect novel stains. To overcome this limitation, a genome-wide, multiple primer-based real-time QPCR assay was developed for WNV. The same assay can be used for quantitation, viral variant discovery as well as for amplification of the entire viral genome using a single annealing temperature. It improves upon routine diagnosis as well as facilitates laboratory investigations of the pathology of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Papin
- Department of Pathology, U. Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 N. Lindsay, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
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Hossain M, Suresh Kumar G. DNA intercalation of methylene blue and quinacrine: new insights into base and sequence specificity from structural and thermodynamic studies with polynucleotides. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1311-22. [PMID: 19823747 DOI: 10.1039/b909563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the known DNA intercalators methylene blue and quinacrine with four sequence specific polynucleotides, viz. poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dG).poly(dC), poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA).poly(dT), have been compared using absorbance, fluorescence, competition dialysis and thermal melting and the thermodynamic aspects of the interaction studied. In all the cases, non-cooperative binding phenomena obeying neighbor exclusion principle was observed though the affinity was remarkably higher for quinacrine and the nature of the binding was characterized to be true intercalation. The data on the salt dependence of binding derived from the plot of log Kvs. log[Na(+)] revealed a slope of around 1.0, consistent with the values predicted by the theories for the binding of monovalent cations, and contained contributions from polyelectrolytic and non-polyelectrolytic forces. The bindings were characterized by strong stabilization of the polynucleotides against thermal strand separation in both optical melting as well as differential scanning calorimetry studies. The data analyzed from the thermal melting and isothermal titration calorimetry studies were in close proximity to those obtained from absorption spectral titration data. Isothermal titration calorimetry results revealed the bindings to poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dG).poly(dC) and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) to be exothermic and favoured by both negative enthalpy and large favourable positive entropy changes, while that to poly(dA).poly(dT) was endothermic and entropy driven. The heat capacity changes obtained from temperature dependence of enthalpy gave negative values to all polynucleotides. New insights on the molecular aspects of interaction of these molecules to DNA have emerged from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidul Hossain
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Floyd RA. Serendipitous findings while researching oxygen free radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1004-13. [PMID: 19439210 PMCID: PMC2683184 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review is based on the honor of receiving the Discovery Award from the Society of Free Radical Biology and Medicine. The review is reflective and presents our thinking that led to experiments that yielded novel observations. Critical questioning of our understanding of oxygen free radicals in biomedical problems led us to use and develop more direct and extremely sensitive methods. This included nitrone free radical spin trapping and HPLC-electrochemical detection. This technology led to the pioneering use of salicylate to trap hydroxyl free radicals and show increased flux in ischemia/reperfused brain regions and also to first sensitively detect 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine in oxidatively damaged DNA and help assess its role in cancer development. We demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) photoinduces formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA and RNA and discovered that MB sensitively photoinactivates RNA viruses, including HIV and the West Nile virus. Studies in experimental stroke led us serendipitously to discover that alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) was neuroprotective if given after the stroke. This led to extensive commercial development of NXY-059, a PBN derivative, for the treatment of stroke. More recently we discovered that PBN nitrones have potent anti-cancer activity and are active in preventing hearing loss caused by acute acoustical trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73170, USA.
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Zhiburt EB. Inactivation of virus in a single unit of plasma for transfusion. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10527-008-9035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wilson B, Fernández MJ, Lorente A, Grant KB. Synthesis and DNA interactions of a bis-phenothiazinium photosensitizer. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4026-35. [PMID: 18931811 DOI: 10.1039/b810015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of N,N-bis[(7-dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium-3-yl]-4,4-ethylenedipiperidine diiodide (3), consisting of two photosensitizing phenothiazinium rings attached to a central ethylenedipiperidine linker. At all time points (10, 30, 60 min) and all wavelengths (676, 700, 710 nm) tested, photocleavage of pUC19 plasmid DNA (22 degrees C and pH 7.0) was markedly enhanced by 1 microM of 3 in comparison to 1 microM of the parent phenothiazine methylene blue (MB). At concentrations of phenothiazine ranging from 5 to 0.5 microM, the photocleavage levels produced by compound 3 were consistently higher than the cleavage produced using approximately twice the amount of MB (e.g., 710 nm irradiation of 5 microM of 3 and 10 microM of MB cleaved the plasmid DNA in 93% and 71% yields, respectively). Scavenger assays provided evidence for the involvement of singlet oxygen and, to a lesser extent, hydroxyl radicals in DNA damage. Analysis of photocleavage products at nucleotide resolution revealed that direct strand breaks and alkaline-labile lesions occurred predominantly at guanine bases. While compound 3 and MB were both shown to stabilize duplex DNA, the DeltaTm values of calf thymus (CT) and C. perfringens DNAs were approximately three fold higher in the presence of compound 3. Finally, viscometric data indicated that CT DNA interacts with compound 3 and MB by a combination of groove binding and monofunctional intercalation, and with compound 3 by a third, bisintercalative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
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Present perspectives on flaviviral chemotherapy. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:619-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wainwright M, Mohr H, Walker WH. Phenothiazinium derivatives for pathogen inactivation in blood products. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 86:45-58. [PMID: 16979899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine-based photosensitisers have been employed in photoantimicrobial research for nearly 80 years, both as lead and novel compounds. However, the main structural variations have mainly involved the auxochromic side chains and little has been reported concerning either peripheral substitution or structures with chromophores other than those of the phenothiazinium or annelated benzo[a]phenothiazinium type. In terms of application, the phenothiazinium series has featured commonly in cytology and cytopathology, as well as in haematological staining. The current work covers the evolution of improved photosensitisers based on the phenothiazine ring system, with particular reference to the field of pathogen inactivation, and the structural alteration of lead compounds such as methylene blue and Nile blue to yield improved photosensitisers for this important aspect of blood product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, James Parsons Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Wolf RF, Papin JF, Hines-Boykin R, Chavez-Suarez M, White GL, Sakalian M, Dittmer DP. Baboon model for West Nile virus infection and vaccine evaluation. Virology 2006; 355:44-51. [PMID: 16904151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that closely mimic the human condition are of paramount significance to study pathogenic mechanisms, vaccine and therapy scenarios. This is particularly true for investigations that involve emerging infectious diseases. Nonhuman primate species represent an alternative to the more intensively investigated rodent animal models and in a number of instances have been shown to represent a more reliable predictor of the human response to infection. West Nile virus (WNV) has emerged as a new pathogen in the Americas. It has a 5% fatality rate, predominantly in the elderly and immune compromised. Typically, infections are cleared by neutralizing antibodies, which suggests that a vaccine would be efficacious. Previously, only macaques had been evaluated as a primate model for WNV vaccine design. The macaques did not develop WNV disease nor express the full complement of IgG subclasses that is found in humans. We therefore explored baboons, which exhibit the similar four IgG subclasses observed in humans as a new model for WNV infection and vaccine evaluation. In this present report, we describe the experimental infection of baboons with WNV and test the efficacy of an inactivated WNV vaccination strategy. All experimentally infected animals developed transient viremia and subsequent neutralizing antibodies. Anti-WNV IgM antibodies peaked at 20 days post-infection. Anti-WNV IgG antibodies appeared later and persisted past 60 days. Prior vaccination with chemically inactivated virus induced neutralizing titers and a fast, high titer IgG recall response, which resulted in lower viremia upon challenge. This report is the first to describe the development of the baboon model for WNV experimental infection and the utility of this model to characterize the immunologic response against WNV and a candidate WNV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman F Wolf
- Department of Comparative Medicine Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA
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