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Sorvillo TE, Karaaslan E, Scholte FEM, Welch SR, Coleman-McCray JD, Genzer SC, Ritter JM, Hayes HM, Jain S, Pegan SD, Bergeron É, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Replicon particle vaccination induces non-neutralizing anti-nucleoprotein antibody-mediated control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38782933 PMCID: PMC11116556 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) can cause severe human disease and is considered a WHO priority pathogen due to the lack of efficacious vaccines and antivirals. A CCHF virus replicon particle (VRP) has previously shown protective efficacy in a lethal Ifnar-/- mouse model when administered as a single dose at least 3 days prior to challenge. Here, we determine that non-specific immune responses are not sufficient to confer short-term protection, since Lassa virus VRP vaccination 3 days prior to CCHFV challenge was not protective. We also investigate how CCHF VRP vaccination confers protective efficacy by examining viral kinetics, histopathology, clinical analytes and immunity early after challenge (3 and 6 days post infection) and compare to unvaccinated controls. We characterize how these effects differ based on vaccination period and correspond to previously reported CCHF VRP-mediated protection. Vaccinating Ifnar-/- mice with CCHF VRP 28, 14, 7, or 3 days prior to challenge, all known to confer complete protection, significantly reduced CCHFV viral load, mucosal shedding, and markers of clinical disease, with greater reductions associated with longer vaccination periods. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in innate immune responses, T cell activation, or antibody titers after challenge between groups of mice vaccinated a week or more before challenge, but higher anti-NP antibody avidity and effector function (ADCD) were positively associated with longer vaccination periods. These findings support the importance of antibody-mediated responses in VRP vaccine-mediated protection against CCHFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Infectious Disease Department, CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah C Genzer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather M Hayes
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shilpi Jain
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians-Virology, Pathogenesis, and Pathology. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:847-853. [PMID: 38666566 PMCID: PMC11060449 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by CCHF virus, is a tickborne disease that can cause a range of illness outcomes, from asymptomatic infection to fatal viral hemorrhagic fever; the disease has been described in >30 countries. We conducted a literature review to provide an overview of the virology, pathogenesis, and pathology of CCHF for clinicians. The virus life cycle and molecular interactions are complex and not fully described. Although pathogenesis and immunobiology are not yet fully understood, it is clear that multiple processes contribute to viral entry, replication, and pathological damage. Limited autopsy reports describe multiorgan involvement with extravasation and hemorrhages. Advanced understanding of CCHF virus pathogenesis and immunology will improve patient care and accelerate the development of medical countermeasures for CCHF.
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Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians-Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:854-863. [PMID: 38666548 PMCID: PMC11060446 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tickborne infection that can range from asymptomatic to fatal and has been described in >30 countries. Early identification and isolation of patients with suspected or confirmed CCHF and the use of appropriate prevention and control measures are essential for preventing human-to-human transmission. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention and control of CCHF. CCHF poses a continued public health threat given its wide geographic distribution, potential to spread to new regions, propensity for genetic variability, and potential for severe and fatal illness, in addition to the limited medical countermeasures for prophylaxis and treatment. A high index of suspicion, comprehensive travel and epidemiologic history, and clinical evaluation are essential for prompt diagnosis. Infection control measures can be effective in reducing the risk for transmission but require correct and consistent application.
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Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians-Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Therapeutics. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:864-873. [PMID: 38666553 PMCID: PMC11060459 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most geographically widespread tickborne viral infection worldwide and has a fatality rate of up to 62%. Despite its widespread range and high fatality rate, no vaccines or treatments are currently approved by regulatory agencies in the United States or Europe. Supportive treatment remains the standard of care, but the use of antiviral medications developed for other viral infections have been considered. We reviewed published literature to summarize the main aspects of CCHFV infection in humans. We provide an overview of diagnostic testing and management and medical countermeasures, including investigational vaccines and limited therapeutics. CCHFV continues to pose a public health threat because of its wide geographic distribution, potential to spread to new regions, propensity for genetic variability, potential for severe and fatal illness, and limited medical countermeasures for prophylaxis and treatment. Clinicians should become familiar with available diagnostic and management tools for CCHFV infections in humans.
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5
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Vasmehjani AA, Pouriayevali MH, Shahmahmoodi S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever survivors. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29581. [PMID: 38572939 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) as a high-priority infectious disease and emphasized the performance of research studies and product development against it. Little information is available about the immune response due to natural CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection in humans. Here, we investigated the persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum samples collected from 61 Iranian CCHF survivors with various time points after recovery (<12, 12-60, and >60 months after disease). The ELISA results showed IgG seropositivity in all samples while a pseudotyped based neutralization assay findings revealed the presence of neutralizing antibody in 29 samples (46.77%). For both IgG and neutralizing antibodies, a decreasing trend of titer was observed with the increase in the time after recovery. Not only the mean titer of IgG (772.80 U/mL) was higher than mean neutralizing antibody (25.64) but also the IgG persistence was longer. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable information about the long-term persistence of humoral immune response in CCHF survivors indicating that IgG antibody can be detected at least 8 years after recovery and low titers of neutralizing antibody can be detected in CCHF survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Bolat S, Büyüktuna SA, İpekten F, Doğan K, Zararsız G, Doğan HO. Analysis of liver fibrosis equations as a potential role of predictive models in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107121. [PMID: 38218391 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a formidable global health concern, characterized by its rapid onset and high fatality rate. Distinguishing between patients at different stages remains challenging because of overlapping clinical features. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of 14 hepatic fibrosis indices for distinguishing fatal cases and intensive care unit requirement (ICU) in CCHF. This study enrolled 194 patients with confirmed CCHF. Laboratory measurements were performed using auto analyzers. Indirect indicators of fibrosis were calculated for each patient based on previously described formulas. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (tdROC) curve analyses were employed to evaluate the predictive effects of hepatic fibrosis indices on both intensive care unit requirement and overall survival among patients. Regarding the tdROC analyses results, the highest area under the curve statistics were obtained for the baseline S-INDEX, KING, and GPRI scores (0.920, 0.913, and 0.909 respectively) in the estimation of ten-day survival, and the baseline KING, Goteborg University cirrhosis index (GUCI), and gamma-glutamyl transferase to platelet ratio index (GPRI) scores (0.783, 0.773, and 0.769 respectively) in the estimation of intensive care requirements for up to ten days. S-index and KING index emerged as early predictors of ten-day survival, while KING, GUCI, and GPRI indices demonstrated predictive capabilities for ICU admission on the first day. The identified indices have the potential to assist healthcare providers in making timely and informed decisions regarding patient management and treatment strategies. Further research and validation are warranted to solidify the role of these hepatic fibrosis indices in the clinical setting and enhance their broader applicability in the management of CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Bolat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey.
| | - Seyit Ali Büyüktuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Funda İpekten
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Kübra Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Gökmen Zararsız
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Halef Okan Doğan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
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Chen T, Ding Z, Li X, Li Y, Lan J, Wong G. A mRNA Vaccine for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Expressing Non-Fusion GnGc Using NSm Linker Elicits Unexpected Immune Responses in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:378. [PMID: 38543744 PMCID: PMC10975845 DOI: 10.3390/v16030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic virus (CCHFV), is listed in the World Health Organization's list of priority diseases. The high fatality rate in humans, the widespread distribution of CCHFV, and the lack of approved specific vaccines are the primary concerns regarding this disease. We used microfluidic technology to optimize the mRNA vaccine delivery system and demonstrated that vaccination with nucleoside-modified CCHFV mRNA vaccines encoding GnNSmGc (vLMs), Gn (vLMn), or Gc (vLMc) induced different immune responses. We found that both T-cell and B-cell immune responses induced by vLMc were better than those induced by vLMn. Interestingly, immune responses were found to be lower for vLMs, which employed NSm to link Gn and Gc for non-fusion expression, compared to those for vLMc. In conclusion, our results indicated that NSm could be a factor that leads to decreased specific immune responses in the host and should be avoided in the development of CCHFV vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingwen Li
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (X.L.)
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China (X.L.)
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Riccò M, Baldassarre A, Corrado S, Bottazzoli M, Marchesi F. Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Occupational Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:452. [PMID: 37755913 PMCID: PMC10538165 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus can cause a serious human disease, with the case fatality ratio previously estimated to be 30-40%. Our study summarized seroprevalence data from occupational settings, focusing on the following occupational groups: animal handlers, abattoir workers, farmers, healthcare workers, veterinarians, rangers, and hunters. Systematic research was performed on three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MedRxiv), and all studies reporting seroprevalence rates (IgG-positive status) for CCHF virus were retrieved and their results were reported, summarized, and compared. We identified a total of 33 articles, including a total of 20,195 samples, i.e., 13,197 workers from index occupational groups and 6998 individuals from the general population. Pooled seroprevalence rates ranged from 4.751% (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.834 to 11.702) among animal handlers, to 3.403% (95% CI 2.44 to 3.932) for farmers, 2.737% (95% CI 0.896 to 8.054) among rangers and hunters, 1.900% (95% CI 0.738 to 4.808) for abattoir workers, and 0.644% (95% CI 0.223-1.849) for healthcare workers, with the lowest estimate found in veterinarians (0.283%, 95% CI 0.040-1.977). Seroprevalence rates for abattoir workers (odds ratio (OR) 4.198, 95% CI 1.060-16.464), animal handlers (OR 2.399, 95% CI 1.318-4.369), and farmers (OR 2.280, 95% CI 1.419 to 3.662) largely exceeded the official notification rates for CCHF in the general population. CCHF is reasonably underreported, and pooled estimates stress the importance of improving the adherence to personal protective equipment use and appropriate preventive habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- AUSL–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Local Health Unit of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonio Baldassarre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Silvia Corrado
- ASST Rhodense, Dipartimento della donna e Area Materno-Infantile, UOC Pediatria, 20024 Garbagnate Milanese, Italy;
| | - Marco Bottazzoli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, APSS Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy;
| | - Federico Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
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Ozdarendeli A. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: Progress in Vaccine Development. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2708. [PMID: 37627967 PMCID: PMC10453274 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the Nairoviridae family and Bunyavirales order, is transmitted to humans via tick bites or contact with the blood of infected animals. It can cause severe symptoms, including hemorrhagic fever, with a mortality rate between 5 to 30%. CCHFV is classified as a high-priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its high fatality rate and the absence of effective medical countermeasures. CCHFV is endemic in several regions across the world, including Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and has the potential for global spread. The emergence of the disease in new areas, as well as the presence of the tick vector in countries without reported cases, emphasizes the need for preventive measures to be taken. In the past, the lack of a suitable animal model susceptible to CCHFV infection has been a major obstacle in the development of vaccines and treatments. However, recent advances in biotechnology and the availability of suitable animal models have significantly expedited the development of vaccines against CCHF. These advancements have not only contributed to an enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of CCHF but have also facilitated the evaluation of potential vaccine candidates. This review outlines the immune response to CCHFV and animal models utilized for the study of CCHFV and highlights the progress made in CCHFV vaccine studies. Despite remarkable advancements in vaccine development for CCHFV, it remains crucial to prioritize continued research, collaboration, and investment in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye;
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Centre (ERAGEM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye
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11
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Chen T, Ding Z, Lan J, Wong G. Advances and perspectives in the development of vaccines against highly pathogenic bunyaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1174030. [PMID: 37274315 PMCID: PMC10234439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1174030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased human activities around the globe and the rapid development of once rural regions have increased the probability of contact between humans and wild animals. A majority of bunyaviruses are of zoonotic origin, and outbreaks may result in the substantial loss of lives, economy contraction, and social instability. Many bunyaviruses require manipulation in the highest levels of biocontainment, such as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, and the scarcity of this resource has limited the development speed of vaccines for these pathogens. Meanwhile, new technologies have been created, and used to innovate vaccines, like the mRNA vaccine platform and bioinformatics-based antigen design. Here, we summarize current vaccine developments for three different bunyaviruses requiring work in the highest levels of biocontainment: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), and Hantaan virus (HTNV), and provide perspectives and potential future directions that can be further explored to advance specific vaccines for humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
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12
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Doğan K, Bolat S, Öksüz C, Büyüktuna SA. Leukotriene metabolism and proiflammatory cytokines in Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28199. [PMID: 36207793 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging acute viral infection disease, yet its pathophysiology remains largely uncharacterized. Lipid mediators are molecules that play numerous roles in the physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions in certain viral diseases. No previous study evaluated the status of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CYSLT) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and their relationship with proinflammatory cytokines in CCHF. A total of 90 subjects including 60 CCHF patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled the study. Serum CYSLT, 5-LO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and ferritin levels were determined in the study population. Lower median 5-LO level was determined in patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0004). Higher ferritin (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels in patients than healthy controls. No statistically significant difference was observed between patients and controls in terms of CYSLT levels. No statistically significant differences were observed between mild, moderate, and severe groups in terms of both 5-LO and CYSLT levels. IL-6 and ferritin levels were higher in severe group compared mild and moderate groups. In conclusion, changes in 5-LO enzyme and increased inflammation are related with the disease molecular mechanism. Higher inflammatory status contributes to the impaired hemostatic balance in CCHF. Thus, treatment strategies to reduce inflammation may help to prevent bleeding and DIC in patients. IL-6 and ferritin can be used to as an additional biomarker in the estmation of the prognosis and diagnosis of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Doğan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bolat
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Sivas Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Caner Öksüz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sivas Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Seyit Ali Büyüktuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sivas Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turkey
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Golden JW, Zeng X, Cline CR, Smith JM, Daye SP, Carey BD, Blancett CD, Shoemaker CJ, Liu J, Fitzpatrick CJ, Stefan CP, Garrison AR. The host inflammatory response contributes to disease severity in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infected mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010485. [PMID: 35587473 PMCID: PMC9119488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important human pathogen. In cell culture, CCHFV is sensed by the cytoplasmic RNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) molecule and its adaptor molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. MAVS initiates both type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory responses. Here, we studied the role MAVS plays in CCHFV infection in mice in both the presence and absence of IFN-I activity. MAVS-deficient mice were not susceptible to CCHFV infection when IFN-I signaling was active and showed no signs of disease. When IFN-I signaling was blocked by antibody, MAVS-deficient mice lost significant weight, but were uniformly protected from lethal disease, whereas all control mice succumbed to infection. Cytokine activity in the infected MAVS-deficient mice was markedly blunted. Subsequent investigation revealed that CCHFV infected mice lacking TNF-α receptor signaling (TNFA-R-deficient), but not IL-6 or IL-1 activity, had more limited liver injury and were largely protected from lethal outcomes. Treatment of mice with an anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody also conferred partial protection in a post-virus exposure setting. Additionally, we found that a disease causing, but non-lethal strain of CCHFV produced more blunted inflammatory cytokine responses compared to a lethal strain in mice. Our work reveals that MAVS activation and cytokine production both contribute to CCHFV pathogenesis, potentially identifying new therapeutic targets to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Curtis R. Cline
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon P. Daye
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Carey
- Diagnostic Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candace D. Blancett
- Diagnostic Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Shoemaker
- Diagnostic Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Collin J. Fitzpatrick
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Stefan
- Diagnostic Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aura R. Garrison
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
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Mears MC, Bente DA. In silico Design of a Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Glycoprotein Multi-Epitope Antigen for Vaccine Development. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2022; 2:34. [PMID: 37206318 PMCID: PMC10195060 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective There is no licensed vaccine available to prevent the severe tick-borne disease Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV). This study sought to show that a combination of computational methods and data from published literature can inform the design of a multi-epitope antigen for CCHFV that has the potential to be immunogenic. Methods Cytotoxic and helper T-cell epitopes were evaluated on the CCHFV GPC using bioinformatic servers, and this data was combined with work from previous studies to identify potentially immunodominant regions of the GPC. Regions of the GPC were selected for generation of a model multi-epitope antigen in silico, and the percent residue identity and similarity of each region was compared across sequences representing the widespread geographical and ecological distribution of CCHFV. Results Eleven multi-epitope regions were joined together with flexible linkers in silico to generate a model multi-epitope antigen, termed EPIC, which included 812 (75.7%) of all predicted epitopes. EPIC was predicted to be antigenic by two independent bioinformatic servers, suggesting that multi-epitope antigens should be explored further for CCHFV vaccine development. Conclusion The results presented within this manuscript provide information for potential targets within the CCHFV GPC for guiding future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Mears
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Correspondent: , 301 University Blvd., Route 0610, Galveston, Texas 77550
| | - Dennis A. Bente
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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