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Brown K, Flores MJ, Haonga B, Chokotho LC, O'Marr JM, Rodarte P, Shearer D, Morshed S. Best Practices for Developing International Academic Partnerships in Orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024; 106:924-930. [PMID: 37851955 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Traumatic and nontraumatic orthopaedic conditions are major contributors to global morbidity and account for the majority of life-years lived with disability worldwide. Additionally, the burden of musculoskeletal injuries has increased substantially over the past 3 decades. Unfortunately, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), access to orthopaedic care is limited, leading to a disproportionate burden of disease. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery has emphasized the urgent need for unified international commitment and research collaboration to achieve universal access to safe and affordable surgical care. However, conducting high-quality orthopaedic research in LMICs remains challenging as a result of disparities in training, access to resources, infrastructure, and equipment availability. Partnerships between high-income countries (HICs) and LMICs have emerged in recent decades as an effective approach to combatting some of these challenges. These partnerships aim to bridge the gaps by facilitating collaborative research and knowledge exchange. The establishment of successful partnerships requires a collaborative and reciprocal approach that starts with a clear understanding of mutual research aims and the availability of resources. Despite the potential benefits, various factors can make establishing such partnerships difficult. However, these partnerships can have a substantial impact in delivering quality orthopaedic education and research training, thus improving access to care in resource-limited environments. This paper represents the collaborative effort of multiple international academic orthopaedic surgeons with extensive experience in HIC-LMIC partnerships. Our aims were to outline the best practices for conducting orthopaedic research within these relationships and to provide guidance for future successful collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Brown
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael J Flores
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Billy Haonga
- Muhimbili Orthopedic Institute, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Jamieson M O'Marr
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Patricia Rodarte
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David Shearer
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Saam Morshed
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Community based sociotherapy for depressive symptomatology of Congolese refugees in Rwanda and Uganda (CoSTAR): a protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2151281. [PMID: 37052106 PMCID: PMC9869985 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2151281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo has led to large numbers of refugees fleeing to Uganda and Rwanda. Refugees experience elevated levels of adverse events and daily stressors, which are associated with common mental health difficulties such as depression. The current cluster randomised controlled trial aims to investigate whether an adapted form of Community-based Sociotherapy (aCBS) is effective and cost-effective in reducing depressive symptomatology experienced by Congolese refugees in Uganda and Rwanda.Methods: A two-arm, single-blind cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) will be conducted in Kyangwali settlement, Uganda and Gihembe camp, Rwanda. Sixty-four clusters will be recruited and randomly assigned to either aCBS or Enhanced Care As Usual (ECAU). aCBS, a 15-session group-based intervention, will be facilitated by two people drawn from the refugee communities. The primary outcome measure will be self-reported levels of depressive symptomatology (PHQ-9) at 18-weeks post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes will include levels of mental health difficulties, subjective wellbeing, post-displacement stress, perceived social support, social capital, quality of life, and PTSD symptoms at 18-week and 32-week post-randomisation. Cost effectiveness of aCBS will be measured in terms of health care costs (cost per Disability Adjusted Life Year, DALY) compared to ECAU. A process evaluation will be undertaken to investigate the implementation of aCBS.Conclusion: This cRCT will be the first investigating aCBS for mental health difficulties experienced by refugees and will contribute to knowledge about the use of psychosocial interventions for refugees at a time when levels of forced migration are at a record high.Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN20474555.
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Rose-Clarke K. Gender (in)equity in global mental health research: A call to action. Transcult Psychiatry 2023; 60:400-411. [PMID: 37427441 PMCID: PMC10566205 DOI: 10.1177/13634615231180376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
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Evaluation of Low- and Middle-Income Country Authorship in the Global Orthopaedic Literature. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2023; 7:01979360-202302000-00010. [PMID: 36800438 PMCID: PMC9972905 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-22-00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extensive research collaborations exist between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), although prior work has raised concerns regarding equitable representation among LMIC authors. The goal of this bibliometric analysis was to characterize LMIC authorship among indexed orthopaedic journals and identify factors contributing to disparities in representation. METHODS We identified all articles appearing in orthopaedic journals indexed in MEDLINE and Journal Citation Reports with a focus on LMICs or cohorts between 2009 and 2018. All articles describing research conducted in LMICs or research focused on applications to cohorts in LMIC(s) were included. Author affiliation, article characteristics, and impact factor were assessed for 1,573 articles. Logistic regression models created to identify predictors of LMIC authorship. RESULTS We identified few studies published in indexed journals focused exclusively on LICs. Funded studies were less likely to have LMIC last authors. Compared with articles published in lower impact factor journals, those in journals with a higher impact factor were less likely to have a LMIC first or last author. The greater the number of countries represented per study, the less likely it had a LMIC first or last author. CONCLUSION Our study highlights persistent disparities in authorship from LMICs in indexed orthopaedic journals.
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Global mental health: the role of collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2021; 8:e20. [PMID: 34192003 PMCID: PMC8193189 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Van't Hof E, Sangraula M, Luitel NP, Turner EL, Marahatta K, van Ommeren M, Shrestha P, Bryant R, Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD. Effectiveness of Group Problem Management Plus (Group-PM+) for adults affected by humanitarian crises in Nepal: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:343. [PMID: 32307009 PMCID: PMC7168994 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, the lack of availability of psychological services for people exposed to adversities has led to the development of a range of scalable psychological interventions with features that enable better scale-up. Problem Management Plus (PM+) is a brief intervention of five sessions that can be delivered by non-specialists. It is designed for people in communities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) affected by any kind of adversity. Two recent randomized controlled trials in Pakistan and Kenya demonstrated the effectiveness of individually delivered PM+. A group version of PM+ has been developed to make the intervention more scalable and acceptable. This paper describes the protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial (c-RCT) on locally adapted Group PM+ in Nepal. METHODS/DESIGN This c-RCT will compare Group PM+ to enhanced usual care (EUC) in participants with high levels of psychological distress recruited from the community. The study is designed as a two-arm, single-blind c-RCT that will be conducted in a community-based setting in Morang, a flood affected district in Eastern Nepal. Randomization will occur at ward level, the smallest administrative level in Nepal, with 72 enrolled wards allocated to Group PM+ or to EUC (ratio 1:1). Group PM+ consists of five approximately 2.5-h sessions, in which participants are taught techniques to manage their stressors and problems, and is delivered by trained and supervised community psychosocial workers (CPSWs). EUC consists of a family meeting with (a) basic information on adversity and mental health, (b) benefits of getting support, (c) information on seeking services from local health facilities with mhGAP-trained staff. The primary outcome measure is levels of individual psychological distress at endline (equivalent to 20 ± 1 weeks after baseline), measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Secondary outcome measures include levels of functioning, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, levels of social support, somatic symptoms, and ways of coping. We hypothesize that skills acquired will mediate any impact of the intervention. DISCUSSION This c-RCT will contribute to the growing evidence-base for transdiagnostic psychological interventions delivered by non-specialists for people in communities affected by adversity. If Group PM+ is proven effective, the intervention manual will be released for use, giving the opportunity for further adaptation and implementation of the intervention in diverse settings with communities that require better access to psychological interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03747055.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Van't Hof
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manaswi Sangraula
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nagendra P Luitel
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Elizabeth L Turner
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kedar Marahatta
- World Health Organization, Country Office for Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mark van Ommeren
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pragya Shrestha
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Brandon A Kohrt
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark J D Jordans
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Pham TV, Koirala R, Kohrt BA. Satisfaction in the Soul: Common Factors Theory Applied to Traditional Healers in Rural Nepal. ETHOS (BERKELEY, CALIF.) 2020; 48:93-128. [PMID: 33012879 PMCID: PMC7531438 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between traditional healers and conventional psychotherapy, we conducted a combined ethnographic study and structured observational rating of healers in the middle hill region of central Nepal. We conducted in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations of healing with 84 participants comprising 29 traditional healers and 55 other community members. Overall, our observations and participant responses yielded a range of interventions that improved health through belief, satisfaction in the soul, social support, transference, and symbolic narration. The findings from our overall ethnography suggest that healers offer a platform for their patients to accept a disease state, cope with it, and to experience palliation of distress. We additionally focused on one participant who saw multiple healers for a case study, during which we rated healing behavior using an observational measure of empathy, emotional validation, and therapeutic alliance. Using this measure, healers who were perceived as successful, scored high on alliance, empathy, promoting expectations of recovery, and use of cultural models of distress. The results of our structured observation suggest healers draw upon processes also observed in psychotherapy. Further research is needed to explore if these practices can be generalized to healers in other parts of Nepal and other settings. [spirituality, mental health, ethnopsychology, shamanism, mind-body relations].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony V Pham
- Duke Global Health and Fogarty Fellow with Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal) in Kathmandu
| | - Rishav Koirala
- Technical Advisor and Consultant Psychiatrist at Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal) and Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, and PhD Fellow at University of Oslo
| | - Brandon A Kohrt
- Charles and Sonia Akman Professor in Global Psychiatry and Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Global Health, and Anthropology at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Adjunct Associate Professor in the Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University
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Plancikova D, Duric P, O’May F. High-income countries remain overrepresented in highly ranked public health journals: a descriptive analysis of research settings and authorship affiliations. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2020.1722313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Plancikova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Predrag Duric
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona O’May
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
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Kohrt BA, Mistry AS, Anand N, Beecroft B, Nuwayhid I. Health research in humanitarian crises: an urgent global imperative. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001870. [PMID: 31798999 PMCID: PMC6861060 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, humanitarian crises—such as armed conflict, forced displacement, natural disasters and major disease outbreaks—affect more people today than at any point in recorded history. These crises have immense acute and long-term health impacts on hundreds of millions of people, predominantly in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), yet the evidence base that informs how humanitarian organisations respond to them is weak. Humanitarian crises are often treated as an outlier in global health. However, they are an increasingly common and widespread driver of health that should be integrated into comprehensive approaches and strategies, especially if we hope to achieve ambitious global health targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals. The academic research community can play an important role in addressing the evidence gap in humanitarian health. There are important scientific questions of high public health relevance that can only be addressed by conducting research in humanitarian settings. While working in these settings is uniquely challenging, there are effective strategies that can be employed, such as using flexible and adaptive research methodologies, partnering with non-governmental organisations and other humanitarian actors, and devoting greater attention to issues of research ethics, community engagement, local LMIC-based partners, building humanitarian research capacity and collaborating across disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kohrt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amit S Mistry
- Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nalini Anand
- Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Iman Nuwayhid
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Chase LE, Sapkota RP, Crafa D, Kirmayer LJ. Culture and mental health in Nepal: an interdisciplinary scoping review. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2018; 5:e36. [PMID: 30455971 PMCID: PMC6236213 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to address global mental health disparities have given new urgency to longstanding debates on the relevance of cultural variations in the experience and expression of distress for the design and delivery of effective services. This scoping review examines available information on culture and mental health in Nepal, a low-income country with a four-decade history of humanitarian mental health intervention. Structured searches were performed using PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Proquest Dissertation for relevant book chapters, doctoral theses, and journal articles published up to May 2017. A total of 38 publications met inclusion criteria (nine published since 2015). Publications represented a range of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, cultural psychiatry, and psychology and explored culture in relation to mental health in four broad areas: (1) cultural determinants of mental illness; (2) beliefs and values that shape illness experience, including symptom experience and expression and help-seeking; (3) cultural knowledge of mental health and healing practices; and (4) culturally informed mental health research and service design. The review identified divergent approaches to understanding and addressing mental health problems. Results can inform the development of mental health systems and services in Nepal as well as international efforts to integrate attention to culture in global mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Chase
- McGill University - Global Mental Health Program, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - R. P. Sapkota
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - D. Crafa
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - L. J. Kirmayer
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Citrin D, Mehanni S, Acharya B, Wong L, Nirola I, Sherchan R, Gauchan B, Karki KB, Singh DR, Shamasunder S, Le P, Schwarz D, Schwarz R, Dangal B, Dhungana SK, Maru S, Mahar R, Thapa P, Raut A, Adhikari M, Basnett I, Kaluanee SP, Deukmedjian G, Halliday S, Maru D. Power, potential, and pitfalls in global health academic partnerships: review and reflections on an approach in Nepal. Glob Health Action 2018; 10:1367161. [PMID: 28914185 PMCID: PMC5645653 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1367161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Global health academic partnerships are centered around a core tension: they often mirror or reproduce the very cross-national inequities they seek to alleviate. On the one hand, they risk worsening power dynamics that perpetuate health disparities; on the other, they form an essential response to the need for healthcare resources to reach marginalized populations across the globe. Objectives: This study characterizes the broader landscape of global health academic partnerships, including challenges to developing ethical, equitable, and sustainable models. It then lays out guiding principles of the specific partnership approach, and considers how lessons learned might be applied in other resource-limited settings. Methods: The experience of a partnership between the Ministry of Health in Nepal, the non-profit healthcare provider Possible, and the Health Equity Action and Leadership Initiative at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine was reviewed. The quality and effectiveness of the partnership was assessed using the Tropical Health and Education Trust Principles of Partnership framework. Results: Various strategies can be taken by partnerships to better align the perspectives of patients and public sector providers with those of expatriate physicians. Actions can also be taken to bring greater equity to the wealth and power gaps inherent within global health academic partnerships. Conclusions: This study provides recommendations gleaned from the analysis, with an aim towards both future refinement of the partnership and broader applications of its lessons and principles. It specifically highlights the importance of targeted engagements with academic medical centers and the need for efficient organizational work-flow practices. It considers how to both prioritize national and host institution goals, and meet the career development needs of global health clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Citrin
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,b Department of Anthropology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,c Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,d Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Stephen Mehanni
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Division of Hospital Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,g Gallup Indian Medical Center , Gallup , NM , USA
| | - Bibhav Acharya
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Division of Hospital Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,h Department of Psychiatry , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,i Shared Minds , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Lena Wong
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Division of Hospital Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,j Tuba City Regional Health Care , Tuba City , AZ , USA
| | - Isha Nirola
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Rekha Sherchan
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Bikash Gauchan
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Khem Bahadur Karki
- k Nepal Health Research Council , Ministry of Health , Kathmandu , Nepal
| | - Dipendra Raman Singh
- l Public Health Monitoring & Evaluation Division , Ministry of Health , Kathmandu , Nepal
| | - Sriram Shamasunder
- e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Division of Hospital Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Phuoc Le
- e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Division of Hospital Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Dan Schwarz
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,m Department of Medicine, Division of Global Health Equity , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,n Department of Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ryan Schwarz
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,m Department of Medicine, Division of Global Health Equity , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,o Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,p Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | | | - Sheela Maru
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,q Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Boston Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA.,r Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,s Department Medicine, Division of Women's Health , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | | | | | - Mukesh Adhikari
- t District Health Office, Department of Health Services , Ministry of Health , Mangalsen , Achham , Nepal
| | | | - Shankar Prasad Kaluanee
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,u School of Leadership and Development , Eastern University , St. Davids , PA , USA
| | - Grace Deukmedjian
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,e Health Equity Action Leadership Initiative , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Division of Hospital Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,v Tséhootsooí Medical Center , Fort Defiance , AZ , USA
| | - Scott Halliday
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,d Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Duncan Maru
- a Possible , Kathmandu , Nepal.,m Department of Medicine, Division of Global Health Equity , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,n Department of Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,p Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,w Department of Global Health and Social Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Sangraula M, Van't Hof E, Luitel NP, Turner EL, Marahatta K, Nakao JH, van Ommeren M, Jordans MJD, Kohrt BA. Protocol for a feasibility study of group-based focused psychosocial support to improve the psychosocial well-being and functioning of adults affected by humanitarian crises in Nepal: Group Problem Management Plus (PM+). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018; 4:126. [PMID: 30038793 PMCID: PMC6052626 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of common mental disorders increases in humanitarian emergencies while access to services to address them decreases. Problem Management Plus (PM+) is a brief five-session trans-diagnostic psychological WHO intervention employing empirically supported strategies that can be delivered by non-specialist lay-providers under specialist supervision to adults impaired by distress. Two recent randomized controlled trials in Pakistan and Kenya demonstrated the efficacy of individually delivered PM+. To make PM+ more scalable and acceptable in different contexts, it is important to develop a group version as well, with 6–8 participants in session. A study is needed to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of both the intervention in a new cultural context and the procedures to evaluate Group PM+ in a cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods This protocol describes a feasibility trial to Group PM+ in Sindhuli, Nepal. This study will evaluate procedures for a cluster randomized controlled trial (c-RCT) with Village Development Committees (VDCs), which are the second smallest unit of government administration, as the unit of randomization. Adults with high levels of psychological distress and functional impairment will receive either Group PM+ (n = 60) or enhanced usual care (EUC; n = 60). Psychological distress, functional impairment, depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceived problems will be measured during screening, pre-treatment baseline, and 7–10 days after the intervention. Qualitative data will be collected from beneficiaries, their families, local stakeholders, and staff to support quantitative data and to identify themes reporting that those involved and/or effected by Group PM+ perceived it as being acceptable, feasible, and useful. The primary objective of this trial is to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention; to identify issues around implementation of local adaptation methods, training, supervision, and outcomes measures; and to assure that procedures are adequate for a subsequent effectiveness c-RCT. Discussion Outcomes from this trial will contribute to optimizing feasibility and acceptability through cultural adaptation and contextualization of the intervention as well as refining the design for a c-RCT, which will evaluate the effectiveness of Group PM+ in Nepal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03359486
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaswi Sangraula
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Edith Van't Hof
- 2Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nagendra P Luitel
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Elizabeth L Turner
- 3Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Kedar Marahatta
- World Health Organization, Country Office for Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jolene H Nakao
- 5Emergency Response and Recovery Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA USA.,6Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC USA
| | - Mark van Ommeren
- 2Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark J D Jordans
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.,7Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Brandon A Kohrt
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.,8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
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Evaluating capacity-building for mental health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries for service users and caregivers, service planners and researchers. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2018; 27:3-10. [PMID: 28854998 PMCID: PMC6998880 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796017000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to support the scale-up of integrated mental health care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) need to focus on building human resource capacity in health system strengthening, as well as in the direct provision of mental health care. In a companion editorial, we describe a range of capacity-building activities that are being implemented by a multi-country research consortium (Emerald: Emerging mental health systems in low- and middle-income countries) for (1) service users and caregivers, (2) service planners and policy-makers and (3) researchers in six LMICs (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda). In this paper, we focus on the methodology being used to evaluate the impact of capacity-building in these three target groups. We first review the evidence base for approaches to evaluation of capacity-building, highlighting the gaps in this area. We then describe the adaptation of best practice for the Emerald capacity-building evaluation. The resulting mixed method evaluation framework was tailored to each target group and to each country context. We identified a need to expand the evidence base on indicators of successful capacity-building across the different target groups. To address this, we developed an evaluation plan to measure the adequacy and usefulness of quantitative capacity-building indicators when compared with qualitative evaluation. We argue that evaluation needs to be an integral part of capacity-building activities and that expertise needs to be built in methods of evaluation. The Emerald evaluation provides a potential model for capacity-building evaluation across key stakeholder groups and promises to extend understanding of useful indicators of success.
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Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD, Turner EL, Sikkema KJ, Luitel NP, Rai S, Singla DR, Lamichhane J, Lund C, Patel V. Reducing stigma among healthcare providers to improve mental health services (RESHAPE): protocol for a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of a stigma reduction intervention for training primary healthcare workers in Nepal. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018; 4:36. [PMID: 29403650 PMCID: PMC5781273 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-specialist healthcare providers, including primary and community healthcare workers, in low- and middle-income countries can effectively treat mental illness. However, scaling-up mental health services within existing health systems has been limited by barriers such as stigma against people with mental illness. Therefore, interventions are needed to address attitudes and behaviors among non-specialists. Aimed at addressing this gap, REducing Stigma among HealthcAre Providers to ImprovE mental health services (RESHAPE) is an intervention in which social contact with mental health service users is added to training for non-specialist healthcare workers integrating mental health services into primary healthcare. Methods This protocol describes a mixed methods pilot and feasibility study in primary care centers in Chitwan, Nepal. The qualitative component will include key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The quantitative component consists of a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (c-RCT), which will establish parameters for a future effectiveness study of RESHAPE compared to training as usual (TAU). Primary healthcare facilities (the cluster unit, k = 34) will be randomized to TAU or RESHAPE. The direct beneficiaries of the intervention are the primary healthcare workers in the facilities (n = 150); indirect beneficiaries are their patients (n = 100). The TAU condition is existing mental health training and supervision for primary healthcare workers delivered through the Programme for Improving Mental healthcarE (PRIME) implementing the mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). The primary objective is to evaluate acceptability and feasibility through qualitative interviews with primary healthcare workers, trainers, and mental health service users. The secondary objective is to collect quantitative information on health worker outcomes including mental health stigma (Social Distance Scale), clinical knowledge (mhGAP), clinical competency (ENhancing Assessment of Common Therapeutic factors, ENACT), and implicit attitudes (Implicit Association Test, IAT), and patient outcomes including stigma-related barriers to care, daily functioning, and symptoms. Discussion The pilot and feasibility study will contribute to refining recommendations for implementation of mhGAP and other mental health services in primary healthcare settings in low-resource health systems. The pilot c-RCT findings will inform an effectiveness trial of RESHAPE to advance the evidence-base for optimal approaches to training and supervision for non-specialist providers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT02793271
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kohrt
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA.,Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Nepal.,3Department of Psychiatry, George Washington University, 2120 L St NW, Suite #600, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Mark J D Jordans
- Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Nepal.,4King's College London, Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Turner
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA.,5Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA.,6Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | - Sauharda Rai
- 1Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA.,Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Nepal.,3Department of Psychiatry, George Washington University, 2120 L St NW, Suite #600, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | - Daisy R Singla
- 7Department of Psychiatry, Sinai Health System and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.,8Lunenfeld-Tanebaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Crick Lund
- 4King's College London, Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.,10Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vikram Patel
- 11Sangath, Porvorim, Goa India.,12Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA.,13Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Collins PY, Pringle BA. Building a Global Mental Health Research Workforce: Perspectives from the National Institute of Mental Health. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2016; 40:723-6. [PMID: 26586615 PMCID: PMC4873457 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-015-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Kohrt BA, Marienfeld CB, Panter-Brick C, Tsai AC, Wainberg ML. Global Mental Health: Five Areas for Value-Driven Training Innovation. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2016; 40:650-8. [PMID: 26983416 PMCID: PMC4938758 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-016-0504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the field of global mental health, there is a need for identifying core values and competencies to guide training programs in professional practice as well as in academia. This paper presents the results of interdisciplinary discussions fostered during an annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture to develop recommendations for value-driven innovation in global mental health training. METHODS Participants (n = 48), who registered for a dedicated workshop on global mental health training advertised in conference proceedings, included both established faculty and current students engaged in learning, practice, and research. They proffered recommendations in five areas of training curriculum: values, competencies, training experiences, resources, and evaluation. RESULTS Priority values included humility, ethical awareness of power differentials, collaborative action, and "deep accountability" when working in low-resource settings in low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Competencies included flexibility and tolerating ambiguity when working across diverse settings, the ability to systematically evaluate personal biases, historical and linguistic proficiency, and evaluation skills across a range of stakeholders. Training experiences included didactics, language training, self-awareness, and supervision in immersive activities related to professional or academic work. Resources included connections with diverse faculty such as social scientists and mentors in addition to medical practitioners, institutional commitment through protected time and funding, and sustainable collaborations with partners in low resource settings. Finally, evaluation skills built upon community-based participatory methods, 360-degree feedback from partners in low-resource settings, and observed structured clinical evaluations (OSCEs) with people of different cultural backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Global mental health training, as envisioned in this workshop, exemplifies an ethos of working through power differentials across clinical, professional, and social contexts in order to form longstanding collaborations. If incorporated into the ACGME/ABPN Psychiatry Milestone Project, such recommendations will improve training gained through international experiences as well as the everyday training of mental health professionals, global health practitioners, and social scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kohrt
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Alexander C Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milton L Wainberg
- Global Mental Health Program, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Most mental and substance use disorders begin during childhood and adolescence and are the leading cause of disability in this population. Prenatal and postnatal genetic, familial, social, and environmental exposures interact to influence risk for mental disorders and trajectories of cognitive development. Efforts to advance prevention and implement early interventions to reduce the burden of mental disorders require a global research workforce, intersectoral cooperation, attention to environmental contexts, and the development and testing of evidence-based interventions. The authors describe challenges and resources for building mental health research capacity that stands to influence children's mental health outcomes around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Ordóñez
- Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Pamela Y. Collins
- Office for Research on Disparities and Global Mental Health, NIMH, NIH, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Suite 6217, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Corresponding author.
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Kieling C. Global mental health: development and collaboration. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:1246. [PMID: 25606600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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