Why isn't evidence based practice improving health care for minorities in the United States?

Engaging Patients with Headache in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA): ACTIvated Veterans Engagement Group (ACTIVE) to Improve Delivery of Patient-Centered Headache Services

In 2018, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) established the original 19 Headache Centers of Excellence (HCoE) program, and an evaluation center. This study utilized a Veteran engagement group method to elicit input from Veteran patients living with chronic headache on daily needs, social determinants of health, and preferences and suggestions for headache programs, services, and research priorities. Four engagement groups were conducted between July 13th and August 22nd of 2022 with Veterans who experience headache and received care at a VHA HCoE. Engagement groups were audio-recorded, de-identified, transcribed, and analyzed using rapid qualitative content matrix analysis. Participants also completed a baseline survey on demographics, technology use, headache history, and health. Patients perceived care coordination, social support, gender specific preferences and access to complementary and integrative therapies to be important aspects of headache care delivered by HCoEs. Participants expressed strong interest in effective, interactive peer support groups to share and learn from each other's experiences with headaches and treatments. Findings underscore the demand for coordinated, interdisciplinary headache care integrating complementary health approaches and addressing gender-specific needs.

Disparities in colorectal cancer screening among South Asians in New York City: a cross-sectional study

Despite improvements in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in New York City (NYC) since the early 2000s, the degree to which disparities persist for specific Asian American subgroups has yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study is to examine disparities in rates of timely colonoscopy screening among five racial/ethnic groups in NYC. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of combined 2014-2018 NYC Community Health Survey data. Prevalence estimates of timely colonoscopy screening (within the past 10 years) among individuals ≥ 50 years of age were calculated and presented overall (n = 24,288) and by socio-demographic variables. Racial/ethnic categories included White, Black, Hispanic, East Asian, and South Asian. Multivariable models examined socio-demographic and racial/ethnic predictors of timely colonoscopy screening. A trend analysis examined colonoscopy screening by race/ethnicity and year from 2012 to 2018 (n = 33,130). Age-adjusted prevalence of timely colonoscopy screening was lowest among Asian Americans (South Asian 61.1% and East Asian 65.9%) compared to Hispanics (71.3%), Blacks (70.2%), and Whites (68.6%). Adjustment by socio-demographics, including insurance status, further explained disparities for South Asians (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73-0.97) compared to Hispanics; additionally, Whites (adjusted RR=0.88, 95% CI = 0.84-0.92) were less likely to have received a timely colonoscopy compared to Hispanics. Age, health insurance, poverty group, and education were significant predictors in adjusted regression. Results indicate that South Asians have not equally benefited from campaigns to increase colonoscopy screening in NYC. Our findings support the development of targeted, and linguistically and culturally adapted campaigns that facilitate access to health systems and leverage existing community assets and social support systems among South Asian populations.

Ethnicity, Social, and Clinical Risk Factors to Tooth Loss among Older Adults in the U.S., NHANES 2011-2018

BACKGROUND

Many older adults suffer from poor oral health, including tooth loss, and disparities among racial/ethnic and socially disadvantaged populations continue to exist.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey among the adult population in the U.S. The prevalence of edentulism and multiple regression models were conducted on 15,821 adults, including Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, Whites, and others to assess the relationships between tooth loss and their predictors.

RESULTS

The prevalence of complete tooth loss increased with age from 0.7% for ages 20-44 to 20.2% for ages 65 and over. There are disparities in complete tooth loss regarding race/ethnicity, with the highest percentages (9%) among Whites and Blacks and the lowest percentages among Asians (3%) and Hispanics (4%). After adjusting for predictors, their impact on tooth loss was not consistent within racial/ethnic groups, as Asians had more tooth loss from Model 1 (β = -1.974, p < 0.0001) to Model 5 (β = -1.1705, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Tooth loss was significantly higher among older adults and racial/ethnic groups even after controlling for other predictors among a nationally representative sample. The findings point to the fact that subgroup-tailored preventions are necessary.

Red, Yellow, and Green Light Changes: Adaptations to Extension Health Promotion Programs

Extension professionals have high autonomy to adapt the programs they deliver. However, fidelity is typically not reported, so it is unknown what adaptations are made. It is also unknown whether agents have the necessary training to adapt programs while maintaining fidelity to the core components. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) adaptations that Extension agents and specialists are making to programs they deliver, (2) the reasons for making these adaptations, (3) timing of adaptations, and (4) Extension agents' and specialists' understanding of the adaptation process. Extension agents and specialists nationwide were invited to complete a survey which queried about adaptations based on the traffic light model, adaptome, and adaptation taxonomy. Specifically, the traffic light model assigns a color for adaptations: tailoring language or pictures (green), adding/substituting activities or session sequence (yellow), or deleting lessons and decreasing timeline or session length (red). Responses were received from 98 agents and 24 specialists. Most agents and specialists reported making green (85% and 79%, respectively), yellow (89% and 75%), and red light changes (81% and 58%). Agents were significantly more likely than specialists to change the age appropriateness of lessons or activities, respond to individual client needs, substitute activities, delete lessons or activities, decrease the length and/or number of sessions, and shorten the program timeline. Within green light changes, each of those that could increase cultural appropriateness (tailoring language, scenarios, and pictures) were reported by less than 50% of agents and specialists. Of the most common adaptations reported, the primary reasons for these decisions were difficulty retaining or engaging participants and lack of time/competing demands on time. Most adaptations were made before the program was delivered. Agents rated their confidence level in the program adaptation process as somewhat confident to confident. Dissemination and implementation strategies to improve program adaptation within Extension are needed, including participatory approaches, training on the adaptation process, bi-directional evidence-based program repositories, and organizational-level changes.

Mujeres Fuertes y Corazones Saludables, a Culturally Tailored Physical Activity and Nutrition Program for Rural Latinas: Findings from a Pilot Study

In the United States, Latino adults, compared with non-Hispanic white adults, are less likely to meet physical activity and dietary recommendations, and have higher rates of obesity. There is an urgent need for culturally adapted health promotion programs that meet the needs of the growing Latino population in the United States. We systematically adapted StrongWomen-Healthy Hearts, an evidence-based physical activity and nutrition program, for rural Latinas. This paper reports results from a pilot study of the adapted program. We used mixed methods to assess the feasibility and efficacy of the adapted program, Mujeres Fuertes y Corazones Saludables, in a nonprofit community organization serving rural Latinos. The intervention consisted of sixty-minute classes held twice weekly for 12 weeks and included 30 minutes of physical activity and 30 minutes of nutrition education. To assess efficacy, we used a one-group, pre⁻post design with overweight/obese, sedentary, middle-aged or older, Spanish-speaking rural Latinas (n = 15). Outcome measures included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, dietary behavior, and self-efficacy for diet and physical activity. Process outcomes included attendance, end of class surveys, mid-program evaluation survey, and a post-program focus group. We calculated means and standard deviations, paproired t-tests, and Cohen's D effect size. Qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative description. Significant changes pre- to post-program included weight (-1.5 kg; p = 0.009), BMI (-0.6; p = 0.005), waist circumference (-3.0 cm; p = 0.008), 6-minute walk test (69.7 m; p < 0.001), frequency of sugar-added drink consumption (-0.7 servings; p = 0.008), fruit and vegetable intake (1.3 servings; p = 0.035), and physical activity self-efficacy (0.9 points; p = 0.022). Participants found the program motivating and enjoyable, and on average participants attended 62% of classes and fidelity was maintained. This pilot study suggests that this culturally adapted physical activity and nutrition program for rural Latinas shows promise in improving physical activity, diet, and obesity.

Systematic Review: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Among Hmong Adults in the USA

Although disparities in the burden of disease and illness experienced across major racial and ethnic groups in the USA is well known, little is known about subgroups, including the Hmong population. This review sought to determine the current state of health disparities related to health promotion and disease prevention among Hmong adults from 1975 to 2015. Seventy-one descriptive (qualitative, mixed methods, and quantitative) studies were reviewed. Most focused on two areas: (1) health status (mainly breast and cervical cancers) and (2) health-related behaviors. This literature review confirms the existence of health disparities related to health promotion and disease prevention in the Hmong adult population. Effective intervention relies on identifying these disparities. A possible explanation for these disparities is the lack of health data collected on subgroup populations, which include the Hmong adult population. More research and more comprehensive health policies at the organizational level are needed to allow data to be collected on subgroup populations in order to better understand the social determinants that place the Hmong people at risk.

The Framing of Women and Health Disparities: A Critical Look at Race, Gender, and Class from the Perspectives of Grassroots Health Communicators

As women's health has received significant political and media attention recently, I proposed an expanded structural theory of women's communication about health. Women's health communication and critical race and systemic racism research framed this study. I interviewed 15 communicators and community health workers from grass-roots organizations focused on women's health to learn of their challenges of communicating with women from communities experiencing health disparities. Findings suggest that communicators face difficulties in developing meaningful messaging for publics because of disjunctures between medical and community frames, issues in searching for health among women's many priorities, Whiteness discourses imposed on publics' experiences, and practices of correcting for power differentials. A structural theory of women's health communication, then, consists of tenets around geographic, research/funding, academic/industry, and social hierarchies. Six frames suggesting racial biases about women and health disparities are also defined. This study also includes practical solutions in education, publishing, and policy change for addressing structural challenges.

Moving the dial to advance population health equity in New York City Asian American populations

The shift toward a health equity framework for eliminating the health disparities burden of racial/ethnic minority populations has moved away from a disease-focused model to a social determinants framework that aims to achieve the highest attainment of health for all. The New York University Center for the Study of Asian American Health (CSAAH) has identified core themes and strategies for advancing population health equity for Asian American populations in New York City that are rooted in the following: social determinants of health; multisectoral, community-engaged approaches; leveraging community assets; improved disaggregated data collection and access to care; and building sustainability through community leadership and infrastructure-building activities. We describe the strategies CSAAH employed to move the dial on population health equity.

Weighing in on the hidden Asian American obesity epidemic

According to national estimates, obesity prevalence is lower in Asian Americans compared to other racial/ethnic groups, but this low prevalence may be misleading for three reasons. First, a lower body mass index (BMI) cutoff as proposed by the World Health Organization may be more appropriate to use in Asian populations. However, evidence is limited to substantiate the potential costs and burden of adopting these cutoffs. Increasing BMI in Asians (as in other racial/ethnic groups) should be considered across the spectrum of BMI, with a minimum awareness of these lower cutoffs among healthcare researchers. Second, the need for disaggregated data across Asian American subgroups is illustrated by the higher obesity (and diabetes) prevalence estimates observed in South Asian Americans. Third, prevalence of obesity should be placed in the larger context of immigration and globalization through cross-national comparisons and examination of acculturation-related factors. However these types of studies and collection of salient variables are not routinely performed. Data from a metropolitan area where many Asian Americans settle is presented as a case study to illustrate these points. Clear evidence that incorporates these three considerations is necessary for program planning and resource allocation for obesity-related disparities in this rapidly growing and diverse population.

Debunking the myth: low knowledge levels of HBV infection among Asian American college students

OBJECTIVE

To examine the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related knowledge among Asian American college students and to determine whether there are significant differences in the level of HBV knowledge among Asian American subgroups.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was self-administered to assess a sample of 258 Asian American students' knowledge about HBV at the campus of the research site.

RESULTS

Knowledge regarding transmission and consequences of HBV infection was poor. Of a possible knowledge score of 14, the median number of correct answers was eight. There were no significant differences between the subgroups of Asian American college students in total knowledge of HBV infection.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study point to the fact that the lack of knowledge and awareness is not limited to community settings only but also includes higher education environment. This finding brings to the forefront the importance of HBV education for Asian American college students.