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Liu T, Wang L, Ji L, Mu L, Wang K, Xu G, Wang S, Ma Q. Plantaginis Semen Ameliorates Hyperuricemia Induced by Potassium Oxonate. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8548. [PMID: 39126116 PMCID: PMC11313179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plantaginis semen is the dried ripe seed of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Willd., which has a long history in alleviating hyperuricemia (HUA) and chronic kidney diseases. While the major chemical ingredients and mechanism remained to be illustrated. Therefore, this work aimed to elucidate the chemicals and working mechanisms of PS for HUA. UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS was applied to identify the main components of PS in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted to explore the gene expression profile, and the genes involved were further confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 39 components were identified from PS, and 13 of them were detected in the rat serum after treating the rat with PS. The kidney tissue injury and serum uric acid (UA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), and cytokine levels were reversed by PS. Meanwhile, renal urate anion transporter 1 (Urat1) and glucose transporter 9 (Glut9) levels were reversed with PS treatment. RNA-seq analysis showed that the PPAR signaling pathway; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism signaling pathway; and fatty acid metabolism signaling pathway were significantly modified by PS treatment. Further, the gene expression of Slc7a8, Pck1, Mgll, and Bhmt were significantly elevated, and Fkbp5 was downregulated, consistent with RNA-seq results. The PPAR signaling pathway involved Pparα, Pparγ, Lpl, Plin5, Atgl, and Hsl were elevated by PS treatment. URAT1 and PPARα proteins levels were confirmed by Western blotting. In conclusion, this study elucidates the chemical profile and working mechanisms of PS for prevention and therapy of HUA and provides a promising traditional Chinese medicine agency for HUA prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (T.L.); (L.W.); (L.J.); (L.M.); (K.W.); (G.X.)
| | - Qun Ma
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (T.L.); (L.W.); (L.J.); (L.M.); (K.W.); (G.X.)
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Es-Haghi A, Soltani M, Tabrizi MH, Noghondar MK, Khatamian N, Naeeni NB, Kharaghani M. The effect of EGCG/tyrosol-loaded chitosan/lecithin nanoparticles on hyperglycemia and hepatic function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131496. [PMID: 38626839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to study the potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate/tyrosol-loaded chitosan/lecithin nanoparticles (EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs) in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. The EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs were created using the self-assembly method. Dynamic light scattering, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the nanoparticle. Furthermore, in streptozotocin-induced T2DM mice, treatment with EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs on fasting blood sugar levels, the expression of PCK1 and G6Pase, and IL-1β in the liver, liver glutathione content, nanoparticle toxicity on liver cells, and liver reactive oxygen species were measured. Our findings showed that EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs had a uniform size distribution, and encapsulation efficiencies of 84 % and 89.1 % for tyrosol and EGCG, respectively. The nanoparticles inhibited PANC-1 cells without affecting normal HFF cells. Furthermore, EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NP treatment reduced fasting blood sugar levels, elevated hepatic glutathione levels, enhanced liver cell viability, and decreased reactive oxygen species levels in diabetic mice. The expression of gluconeogenesis-related genes (PCK1 and G6 Pase) and the inflammatory gene IL-1β was downregulated by EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs. In conclusion, the EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs reduced hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in diabetic mice. These findings suggest that EGCG/tyrosol-loaded C/L NPs could be a promising therapeutic option for type 2 diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Es-Haghi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Soltani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Karimi Noghondar
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloufar Khatamian
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Matin Kharaghani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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Yang H, You L, Wang Z, Yang L, Wang X, Wu W, Zhi H, Rong G, Sheng Y, Liu X, Liu L. Bile duct ligation elevates 5-HT levels in cerebral cortex of rats partly due to impairment of brain UGT1A6 expression and activity via ammonia accumulation. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103019. [PMID: 38163420 PMCID: PMC10794929 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is often associated with endogenous serotonin (5-HT) disorders. However, the reason for elevated brain 5-HT levels due to liver failure remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which liver failure increases brain 5-HT levels and the role in behavioral abnormalities in HE. Using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats as a HE model, we verified the elevated 5-HT levels in the cortex but not in the hippocampus and striatum, and found that this cortical 5-HT overload may be caused by BDL-mediated inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) expression and activity in the cortex. The intraventricular injection of the UGT1A6 inhibitor diclofenac into rats demonstrated that the inhibition of brain UGT1A6 activity significantly increased cerebral 5-HT levels and induced HE-like behaviors. Co-immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that UGT1A6 is primarily expressed in astrocytes. In vitro studies confirmed that NH4Cl activates the ROS-ERK pathway to downregulate UGT1A6 activity and expression in U251 cells, which can be reversed by the oxidative stress antagonist N-acetyl-l-cysteine and the ERK inhibitor U0126. Silencing Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) suppressed UGT1A6 expression whilst overexpressing HNF4α increased Ugt1a6 promotor activity. Meanwhile, both NH4Cl and the ERK activator TBHQ downregulated HNF4α and UGT1A6 expression. In the cortex of hyperammonemic rats, we also found activation of the ROS-ERK pathway, decreases in HNF4α and UGT1A6 expression, and increases in brain 5-HT content. These results prove that the ammonia-mediated ROS-ERK pathway activation inhibits HNF4α expression to downregulate UGT1A6 expression and activity, thereby increasing cerebral 5-HT content and inducing manic-like HE symptoms. This is the first study to reveal the mechanism of elevated cortical 5-HT concentration in a state of liver failure and elucidate its association with manic-like behaviors in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Linjun You
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenhan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guangmei Rong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yun Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Zhi H, Dai Y, Su L, Yang L, Wu W, Wang Z, Zhu X, Liu L, Aa J, Yang H. Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Injury Increases Metformin Plasma Exposure by Downregulating Renal OCT2 and MATE1 Expression and Function. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3314. [PMID: 38137535 PMCID: PMC10741527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin plasma exposure is increased in rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver failure. The absorption, distribution, and excretion process of metformin is mainly mediated by organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATEs). To investigate the mechanisms of the increase in TAA-induced metformin plasma exposure, we employed intestinal perfusion and urinary excretion assays to evaluate the changes in the absorption and excretion of metformin and used Western blotting to investigate the metformin-related transport proteins' expression changes and mechanisms. The results showed that neither intestinal OCT2 expression nor metformin intestinal absorption were significantly altered by TAA-induced liver failure, while significantly decreased expression and function of renal OCT2 and MATE1 as well as impaired metformin excretion were observed in TAA rats. HK-2 cells were used as an in vitro model to explore the mechanism of liver-failure-mediated downregulation in renal OCT2 and MATE1. The results demonstrated that among numerous abnormal substances that changed in acute liver failure, elevated estrogen levels and tumor necrosis factor-α were the main factors mediating the downregulation of OCT2 and MATE1. In conclusion, this study highlights the downregulation of renal OCT2 and MATE1 in liver injury and its regulatory mechanism and reveals its roles in the increase in TAA-mediated metformin plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhi
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Yidong Dai
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Su
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenhan Wu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Zehua Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Jiye Aa
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (Y.D.); (L.S.); (L.Y.); (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.)
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