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Méndez-Rivera M, Mena F, Pinnock-Branford M, Ruepert C, Barquero MD, Jiménez RR, Alvarado G. Effects of the insecticide β-endosulfan on tadpoles of Isthmohyla pseudopuma (Anura: Hylidae). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 250:106231. [PMID: 35939882 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional agriculture uses pesticides intensively. Once pesticides are released into the environment, they can be toxic to non-target organisms. Exposure of amphibians to pesticides can be lethal and affect their growth, development and behavior. β-endosulfan is a persistent organochlorine that has been detected in environmental samples within protected sites in Costa Rica, far from agricultural areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects, as well as changes in three biomarkers (Cholinesterase activity [ChE], glutathione S-transferase activity [GST] and lipid peroxidation [LPO]) in tadpoles of Isthmohyla pseudopuma exposed to β-endosulfan. A 96-h acute test (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 200 µg/L) was performed in order to calculate the median lethal concentration (LC50), while effects on growth and development were assessed during a 4-weeks chronic test (10, 20, 30 and 50 µg/L). In addition, we measured the aforementioned biomarkers in tadpoles exposed to concentrations below the LC50. The 96-h LC50 for this species was 123.6 µg/L. We found no evidence of β-endosulfan influencing any of the three biomarkers evaluated. At 50 µg/L, both length and total weight of tadpoles decreased with respect to the control. Also, at 30 and 50 µg/L we observed that individuals showed a slower development. Therefore, we demonstrated that at sublethal concentrations, β-endosulfan negatively affects I. pseudopuma at early stages causing tadpoles to develop slower and smaller than normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Méndez-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Freylan Mena
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Margaret Pinnock-Branford
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Clemens Ruepert
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Marco D Barquero
- Sede del Caribe, Universidad de Costa Rica, Limón 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Randall R Jiménez
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gilbert Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental y Comparada (LAPECOM), Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
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Zhao Q, Huang M, Yin J, Wan Y, Liu Y, Duan R, Luo Y, Xu X, Cao X, Yi M. Atrazine exposure and recovery alter the intestinal structure, bacterial composition and intestinal metabolites of male Pelophylax nigromaculatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151701. [PMID: 34798088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide atrazine poses a potential threat to the health of frogs living in farmland areas. The exposure concentration in traditional pesticide experiments is usually constant, while pesticide pollution in actual water may fluctuate due to periodic or seasonal application. We examined the effects of different concentrations of atrazine (50, 100 and 500 μg/L) over a 14-day exposure and a 7-day recovery on intestinal histology, bacterial composition and intestinal metabolites of male Pelophylax nigromaculatus. HE staining revealed that after a 14-day atrazine exposure, the 100 μg/L and 500 μg/L groups showed obvious cysts and significantly decreased intestinal crypt depth and villus height. After a 7-day recovery, the damaged intestine in the 100 μg/L group was partially recovered, while in the 500 μg/L exposure group there was no improvement. 16S rRNA gene analysis of intestinal bacteria showed that 500 μg/L atrazine exposure significantly caused a persistent decrease in bacterial α diversity. Compared to the control and other atrazine exposure groups, the 500 μg/L group showed significant changes in the relative abundance of predominant bacteria. In addition, most dominant bacteria in the 500 μg/L recovery group showed significant differences with the 50 μg/L and 100 μg/L recovery groups. Nontargeted metabolomics profiling based on UPLC/MS analysis showed that atrazine exposure and recovery induced changes in the intestinal metabolic profile. The changes in metabolites were mainly related to purine/pyrimidine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. In general, these pathways were closely related to energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. These results suggest that the short-term exposure to 500 μg/L atrazine causes persistent harm to intestinal health. This study is an important step toward a better understanding of the toxic effects of atrazine exposure and recovery in frog intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Minyi Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China.
| | - Jiawei Yin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Yuyue Wan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Renyan Duan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Yucai Luo
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohong Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
| | - Minghui Yi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
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Acquaroni M, Svartz G, Pérez Coll C. Acute, chronic and neurotoxic effects of dimethoate pesticide on Rhinella arenarum throughout the development. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:142-152. [PMID: 35132945 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2034459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Among the factors implicated in amphibian global decline, agrochemicals have been gaining increasing attention. In order to evaluate the toxicity of a dimethoate-based insecticide on the early development of an autochthonous amphibian, Rhinella arenarum, continuous and 24 h pulse exposure bioassays were carried out. Lethal and sublethal effects, neurotoxicity and the ecological risk were assessed. Results demonstrate that larvae were more sensitive than embryos with 504 h-LC50 of 12.82 and 16.38 mg L-1, respectively. 24 h pulse experiments showed a high toxicity increment at early embryonic stages, while the sensitivity at later stages was high and constant. Dimethoate caused teratogenesis and several sublethal effects as morphological and behavioral alterations but also disruption in the metamorphic process. About neurotoxicity, dimethoate inhibited the activity of butyrylcholinesterase at 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 exposed larvae. The results obtained in this study as the risk assessment revealed that dimethoate represents a hazard on Rhinella arenarum survival and development but also a potential risk for the continuity of the populations of this species in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Acquaroni
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Svartz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental-IIIA, UNSAM, CONICET, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Viriato C, França FM, Santos DS, Marcantonio AS, Badaró-Pedroso C, Ferreira CM. Evaluation of the potential teratogenic and toxic effect of the herbicide 2,4-D (DMA® 806) in bullfrog embryos and tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129018. [PMID: 33250224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential teratogenic and toxic effect of the herbicide 2,4-D (DMA® 806) on bullfrog embryos and tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus). We used the FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus) assay for embryos, and for tadpoles, we used acute (96 h) and chronic (49 days) toxicity tests and evaluated aspects of healthiness, hematology, and histopathology. The LC50-144h (Median Lethal Concentration), EC50-144h (Median Effective Concentration), MCIG (Minimum Concentration to Inhibit Growth) and TI (Teratogenic Index) for embryos were 792 mg/L, 593 mg/L, 150 mg/L of 2,4-D (DMA) and 1.34, respectively. For tadpoles, the LC50-96h was 700 mg/L of 2,4-D (DMA) and chronic test indicated an inflammatory process and erythrocytosis (with possible polycythemia), with consequent reduction of the spleen. This demonstrates physiological stress probably due to dehydration, which can be proven by the gill tufts widening intercellular space and gill tuft fusions. We also found injuries to the kidneys and skin of the animals even in the lowest concentration tested. Our results indicated that this pesticide is minimally teratogenic and has a low toxicity on L. catesbeianus embryos and tadpoles, but it can inhibit embryo growth in concentrations lower than those tested in this study. We hypothesized that the herbicide 2,4-D (DMA® 806) may be a respiratory allergen for L. catesbeianus tadpoles and recommend precautionary measures for prolonged exposure of aquatic organisms to this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Viriato
- Fisheries Institute - APTA - SAA, 455 Francisco Matarazzo Ave., 05001-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Menezes França
- Fisheries Institute - APTA - SAA, 455 Francisco Matarazzo Ave., 05001-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Sales Santos
- Fisheries Institute - APTA - SAA, 455 Francisco Matarazzo Ave., 05001-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sacioto Marcantonio
- APTA Regional - APTA - SAA, 1920 Professor Manoel César Ribeiro Ave., 12411-010, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cintia Badaró-Pedroso
- Fisheries Institute - APTA - SAA, 455 Francisco Matarazzo Ave., 05001-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maris Ferreira
- Fisheries Institute - APTA - SAA, 455 Francisco Matarazzo Ave., 05001-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Srivastava A, Mistri A, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Alterations in the epidermis of the carp, Labeo rohita (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes), infected by the bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila: A scanning electron microscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:941-953. [PMID: 32618004 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to comprehend the pathogenicity of the bacteria in the epidermis of Labeo rohita inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Alterations in the histopathology of the epidermis were examined using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and the localization of iNOS and caspase 3 + ve cells by means of immunohistochemical methods. Skin samples obtained from infected fish at different intervals 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days showed significant changes in the cellular components of the epidermis. Epithelial cells often appeared hypertrophied with fragmented and loosely arranged microridges, and in the process of exfoliation. Mucous goblet cells increased significantly in density. Club cells showed degenerative changes, often with simultaneous confluence of adjacent cells and release of their contents. Increase in density of iNOS and caspase 3 + ve cells indicates inflammatory response and apoptosis. This study could provide valuable information on the pathogenesis of the disease, and disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Further, it could provide useful guidelines for fish farmers to take preventive measures for the control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Srivastava
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arup Mistri
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Pinelli C, Santillo A, Chieffi Baccari G, Falvo S, Di Fiore MM. Effects of chemical pollutants on reproductive and developmental processes in Italian amphibians. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1324-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie AmbientaliBiologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
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7
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Brunelli E. Histological and ultrastructural alterations of the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus) skin after exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:17-27. [PMID: 29653385 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are well known endocrine disruptors. Widespread environmental contamination from NPEs is an issue of great concern. Despite amphibians are often exposed to such contaminants, very little attention has been dedicated to this vertebrate group. No information is available on the effects of NPEs onto the amphibian skin and only few reports have been conducted on fish. Here, histological and ultrastructural modifications of the skin have been evaluated in the Italian newt Lissotriton italicus. After a short-term exposure to two ecologically relevant concentrations of NP, severe pathological alterations, both dose and time-dependent, have been observed. The main effects were an increased mucous secretion, the dilation of the endomembrane, the wrinkling of the epidermal surface, the appearance of tubercles, the increased cellular turnover, continuous shedding processes. Some of the described skin alterations can easily interfere with physiological functions, such as osmoregulation and body protection, with detrimental consequences for the amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy.
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Terry AI, Benitez-Kruidenier S, DeKrey GK. Effects of endosulfan isomers on cytokine and nitric oxide production by differentially activated RAW 264.7 cells. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:396-400. [PMID: 29765866 PMCID: PMC5949890 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-cytotoxic concentrations of endosulfan suppressed NO production. Suppression of NO was a more sensitive endpoint than suppression of TNF. Endosulfan alpha had greater cytotoxic potency than endosulfan beta.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide comprised of two isomers: endosulfan-α and endosulfan-β. Endosulfan exposure has been shown to elevate some inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in animals or cultures of animal cells. Because the two endosulfan isomers can vary in their biological activities, the goal of this study was to determine if individual endosulfan isomers differentially impact production of NO or TNF by the mouse macrophage cell RAW 264.7 at non-cytotoxic levels. We found elevated TNF with exposure to endosulfan-α (not endosulfan-β), but only at concentrations that were cytotoxic (≥100 μM), whereas neither endosulfan isomer altered baseline levels of NO at any concentration up to 300 μM. In interferon (IFN)-γ-activated cultures, NO levels were significantly suppressed by either endosulfan isomer at 10 μM (the lowest concentration examined), whereas only endosulfan-β significantly lowered TNF levels at non-cytotoxic concentrations. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated cultures, both endosulfan isomers significantly reduced NO, but not TNF, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These results suggest that the endosulfan isomers have some capacity to alter inflammatory responses differentially, particularly with IFN-γ stimulation.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Endosulfan
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Macrophage
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2, nitric oxide synthase type 2
- Nitric oxide
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TNF
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Sandra Benitez-Kruidenier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Gregory K DeKrey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
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Yan Z, Yan K, He X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Lopez Torres O, Guo R, Chen J. The impact assessment of anticancer drug imatinib on the feeding behavior of rotifers with an integrated perspective: Exposure, post-exposure and re-exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:423-430. [PMID: 28710991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer drugs are getting increasing attention as an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environments. In the present study, feeding behavior of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under the impact of anticancer drug imatinib was evaluated. Traditional toxicological studies usually focus on dose-effect relationship at a given exposure time, while ignore the possible impact after the exposure. Thus, how the impact varied in the post-exposure and re-exposure was also considered in the present study. The feeding depression of the rotifers was attributed to the increased concentration of imatinib. Although the filtration and ingestion rate of the rotifers recovered to a certain extent after the exposure, the significant feeding inhibition still persisted even if the exposure was ended. In the re-exposure period, the feeding behavior was less depressed than those of the exposure period, which implied that rotifers might develop a tolerance to the same toxics. The activities of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rotifers were also detected. Imatinib inhibited the activities of AchE in the exposure and re-exposure while ROS levels increased significantly in the re-exposure period. Our present study provided an integrated assessment the potential environmental risks of imatinib at a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xingliang He
- Nanjing Police Dog Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Nanjing 210012, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Oscar Lopez Torres
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
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Bernabò I, Guardia A, Macirella R, Tripepi S, Brunelli E. Chronic exposures to fungicide pyrimethanil: multi-organ effects on Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia). Sci Rep 2017; 7:6869. [PMID: 28761072 PMCID: PMC5537256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian habitats are easily contaminated by several pollutants, and in agricultural landscapes the likely exposure scenario is represented by pesticides. Many of these substances are known or suspected to act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of pyrimethanil, a common-used but also overlooked fungicide, on liver, kidney and gonadal differentiation of Hyla intermedia. Through a multi-organ evaluation, we demonstrated that a long term exposure to two environmentally relevant concentrations of pyrimethanil (5 and 50 µg/L) elicits a range of toxic responses. First we showed that pyrimethanil induces underdevelopment of ovaries and interferes with normal sexual differentiation, thus revealing the endocrine disruption potential of this fungicide. Moreover we revealed that all considered organs are seriously affected by this fungicide and both necrosis and apoptosis contribute to the histological response. This is the first report on the effects of pyrimethanil on gonads, liver and kidney histology of a non-model species and it demonstrates that the hazardous properties of this fungicide can result from several pathological processes affecting different key compartments of amphibian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabò
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonello Guardia
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sandro Tripepi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036, Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Méndez M, Obando P, Pinnock-Branford M, Ruepert C, Castillo LE, Mena F, Alvarado G. Acute, chronic and biochemical effects of chlorothalonil on Agalychnis callidryas, Isthmohyla pseudopuma and Smilisca baudinii tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21238-21248. [PMID: 27495920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Declines of amphibian populations have been a worldwide issue of concern for the scientific community during the last several decades. Efforts are being carried out to elucidate factors related to this phenomenon. Among these factors, pathogens, climate change, and environmental pollution have been suggested as possible causes. Regarding environmental pollutants, some pesticides are persistent in the environment and capable of being transported long distances from their release point. In Costa Rica, some pesticides have been detected in protected areas, at locations where amphibian populations have declined. Information about toxicity of pesticides used in Costa Rican agriculture to amphibians is still scarce, particularly for native species.Toxicity tests with chlorothalonil, a fungicide intensively used in Costa Rica, were carried out exposing tadpoles of three Costa Rican native species: Agalychnis callidryas, Isthmohyla pseudopuma, and Smilisca baudinii in order to evaluate acute and chronic toxicity as well as the biomarkers cholinesterase activity (ChE), glutathione-S transferase activity (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO).96-h LC50: 26.6 (18.9-35.8) μg/L to A. callidryas, 25.5 (21.3-29.7) μg/L to I pseudopuma and 32.3 (26.3-39.7) μg/L to S. baudinii were determined for chlorothalonil. These three species of anurans are among the most sensitive to chlorothalonil according to the literature. Besides, GST was induced in S. baudinii after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorothalonil while evisceration occurred in S. baudinii and A. callidryas tadpoles exposed to lethal concentrations of the fungicide. Chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentrations accelerated development in S. baudinii and caused lesions in tail of S. baudinii and I. pseudopuma tadpoles. Our results demonstrate that chlorothalonil is highly toxic to native amphibian species and that low concentrations can cause biochemical responses related to phase II of biotransformation and effects on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Méndez
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Toxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Priscilla Obando
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Toxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Margaret Pinnock-Branford
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Toxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Clemens Ruepert
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Toxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Luisa E Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Toxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Freylan Mena
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Toxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Gilbert Alvarado
- School of Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Comparative Wildlife Pathology (LAPCOM), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Strong RJ, Halsall CJ, Ferenčík M, Jones KC, Shore RF, Martin FL. Biospectroscopy reveals the effect of varying water quality on tadpole tissues of the common frog (Rana temporaria). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:322-337. [PMID: 26925755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are undergoing large population declines in many regions around the world. As environmental pollution from both agricultural and urban sources has been implicated in such declines, there is a need for a biomonitoring approach to study potential impacts on this vulnerable class of organism. This study assessed the use of infrared (IR) spectroscopy as a tool to detect changes in several tissues (liver, muscle, kidney, heart and skin) of late-stage common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles collected from ponds with differing water quality. Small differences in spectral signatures were revealed between a rural agricultural pond and an urban pond receiving wastewater and landfill run-off; these were limited to the liver and heart, although large differences in body size were apparent, surprisingly with tadpoles from the urban site larger than those from the rural site. Large differences in liver spectra were found between tadpoles from the pesticide and nutrient impacted pond compared to the rural agricultural pond, particularly in regions associated with lipids. Liver mass and hepatosomatic indices were found to be significantly increased in tadpoles from the site impacted by pesticides and trace organic chemicals, suggestive of exposure to environmental contamination. Significant alterations were also found in muscle tissue between tadpoles from these two ponds in regions associated with glycogen, potentially indicative of a stress response. This study highlights the use of IR spectroscopy, a low-cost, rapid and reagent-free technique in the biomonitoring of a class of organisms susceptible to environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Strong
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Crispin J Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Martin Ferenčík
- Povodí Labe, státní podnik, Odbor vodohospodářských Laboratory (OVHL), Víta Nejedlého 951, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Richard F Shore
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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13
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Simoncelli F, Belia S, Di Rosa I, Paracucchi R, Rossi R, La Porta G, Lucentini L, Fagotti A. Short-term cadmium exposure induces stress responses in frog (Pelophylax bergeri) skin organ culture. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:221-229. [PMID: 26277541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There have been a few studies on the negative effects of pollutants on amphibian skin, the first structural barrier that interacts with the environment and its potential contaminants. In this study an ex vivo skin organ culture from the amphibian Pelophylax bergeri was used to evaluate cell stress responses induced by short-term exposure to cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal known to be an environmental hazard to both humans and wildlife. Histopathological studies were carried out on skin explants using light microscopy and changes in the expression of stress proteins, such as Metallothionein (MT) and Heat shock proteins (HSPs), were investigated by Real-time RT-PCR. Results revealed that amphibian skin reacts to Cd-induced stress by activating biological responses such as morphological alterations and dose- and time-dependent induction of Mt and Hsp70 mRNA expression, suggesting their potential role as biomarkers of exposure to Cd. This work provides a basis for a better understanding of the tissue-specific responses of amphibian skin as a target organ to Cd exposure and its in vitro use for testing potentially harmful substances present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Simoncelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Belia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ines Di Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Romina Paracucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gianandrea La Porta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Livia Lucentini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Fagotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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14
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Wagner N, Lötters S, Veith M, Viertel B. Effects of an environmentally relevant temporal application scheme of low herbicide concentrations on larvae of two anuran species. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:175-181. [PMID: 25950411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of herbicide-tolerant crops involves repeated applications of the complementary herbicide throughout the growing season, while in conventional corn production, herbicide application is restricted to the beginning of cultivation. Repeated application of herbicides increases both the likelihood an organism will be exposed to the herbicide and the concentration it may be exposed to. We examined effects of short and pulsed exposure of the cycloxydim-based herbicide formulation Focus® Ultra at doses close to the calculated LC5 (0.01 and 0.5 mg a.i. L(-1)) and LC10 values (0.05 and 1.0 mg a.i. L(-1)) on early premetamorphic and prometamorphice larvae of two anuran model organisms, Xenopus laevis and Discoglossus scovazzi. In addition, larvae were repeatedly exposed, i.e. at all considered developmental stages. The herbicide did not induce effects on body size at and time to metamorphosis or increase deformation rates in both species. Exposure to calculated LC5 values did not increase mortality or cause clinical signs in both species. At calculated LC10 values, narcotic effects were seen in all developmental stages. There was no clear evidence of developmental-specific mortality. Metamorphic success was independent of time point and duration of application in X. laevis. Only repeated exposure significantly increased mortality at metamorphosis in D. scovazzi. Narcosis may result in increased mortality under field conditions due to rise of predation risk. Different sensitivity of the test species to the compound was attributed to their physiological properties. Different filtering rates were understood as an accompanying factor influencing exposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Wagner
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Michael Veith
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Bruno Viertel
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
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