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Sinclair GM, Jones OAH, Singh N, Long SM. Exposure to PFAS contaminated urban wetland water causes similar metabolic alterations to laboratory-based exposures in the freshwater amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 109:104494. [PMID: 38925282 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the harm caused by pollutants in urban ecosystems remains a significant challenge. Traditional ecotoxicological endpoints are often not sensitive enough to detect the effects of toxicants at environmentally relevant concentrations (≤ng/L). A potential solution is using molecular biology methods to look at small biochemical changes caused by exposure to ng/L concentrations of contaminants. This has been tested in the lab but not conclusively demonstrated in the field. We exposed the freshwater amphipod (Austrochiltonia subtenuis) to water from an urban wetland containing known concentrations of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (as well as very low concentrations of pesticides) for 14 days and analyzed their metabolite profiles. Mannose, Myo-inositol, and Isopropyl propionate were found to change in PFAS exposed amphipods, a similar response to that previously observed in laboratory exposures to the same PFAS, but not pesticides. The results give a better understanding of PFAS toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia M Sinclair
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Navneet Singh
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; ADE Consulting Group, Williamstown North, Victoria 3016, Australia
| | - Sara M Long
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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2
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Rackliffe DR, Hoverman JT. Population-level variation in pesticide tolerance predicts survival under field conditions in mayflies. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1477-1484. [PMID: 36352273 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have found tolerance variation in populations consistently exposed to contaminants, but few studies have examined whether these laboratory-derived estimates of tolerance have survival implications in field conditions. We examined four populations of the mayfly Stenacron interpunctatum for variation in tolerance to the common agricultural insecticide clothianidin. Using laboratory bioassays, we found a 2.3× range in 96 h EC50 tolerance values to clothianidin between our four populations. We then conducted a common-garden experiment with nymphs from each population placed into the collection stream most heavily impacted by upstream agricultural activities to assess whether our laboratory tolerance estimates predict survival under field conditions. We monitored survival and growth in situ for three weeks during the spring planting season, when clothianidin is applied to croplands upstream of our study site. While growth was similar across all groups, the most tolerant population, which was native to the impacted stream, had higher survival than the more sensitive populations. This suggests that population-level variation in contaminant tolerance as measured in laboratory bioassays could have real-world survival implications for sensitive aquatic macroinvertebrates in contaminated streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Riley Rackliffe
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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3
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Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Zooplankton Communities as Ecological Indicators in Urban Wetlands of Argentina. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Urban aquatic ecosystems are important sources of fresh water for multiple uses, but often receive a point or diffuse anthropic contamination. Benthic and zooplankton invertebrates are sensitive to water quality, being good indicators of ecosystem health. In this study, the composition and structure of benthic and zooplankton communities and environmental variables were analyzed seasonally in six urban wetlands of Santa Fe City (Argentina). We present the effect of water quality on both communities as bioindicators of ecological conditions, using different community attributes, functional feeding groups, and biotic indices. For the benthic community, the Macroinvertebrate Index for Pampean Rivers (IMRP) and the Benthic Community Index (BCI) were selected. For the zooplankton community, abundance of rotifers/abundance of total zooplankters, microcrustaceans/total zooplankters, cladocerans/total zooplankters, and macrozooplankton/microzooplankton ratios were applied. A functional feeding groups (FFGs) classification, adapted from the literature, is proposed for zooplankters. The urban wetlands showed a gradient from the most to the least disturbed sites. Some benthic and zooplankton species were identified as excellent bioindicators of pollution, and the FFGs and biotic indices revealed the ecological condition of each urban wetland. The present study contributes to the enhancement of management practices in urban landscapes aiming to maintain ecosystem services in sustainable cities.
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Kirilovsky ER, Anguiano OL, Bongiovanni GA, Ferrari A. Effects of acute arsenic exposure in two different populations of Hyalella curvispina amphipods from North Patagonia Argentina. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:71-88. [PMID: 34496719 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1975589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid present in high levels in diverse regions of Argentina. The aim of this study was to determine acute As-mediated toxicity in two different populations of autochthonous Hyalella curvispina amphipods from a reference site (LB) and an agricultural one (FO) within North Patagonia Argentina. Previously, both populations exhibited significant differences in pesticide susceptibility. Lab assays were performed to determine acute lethal concentrations, as well as some biochemical parameters. Lethal concentration (LC50) values obtained after 48 and 96 hr As exposure were not significantly different between these populations, although FO amphipods appeared slightly less susceptible. LC50-48 hr values were 3.33 and 3.92 mg/L As, while LC50-96 hr values were 1.76 and 2.14 mg/L As for LB and FO amphipods. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values were 0.5 mg/L As. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was significantly diminished by As acute exposure (0.5-1.5 mg/L As), indicative of a significant neurotoxic action for this metalloid in both amphipod populations. Activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were differentially altered following As exposure. CAT activity was increased after 96 hr As exposure. GST activity and GSH levels were significantly elevated followed by either a decrease or a return to control values after 96 hr treatment. However, additional studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the As-mediated oxidative effects in H. curvispina. Our findings suggest that measurement of ChE activity in H. curvispina amphipods might serve as a useful biomarker of As exposure and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kirilovsky
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Olga L Anguiano
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Guillermina A Bongiovanni
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Ana Ferrari
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas, PROBIEN, (CONICET- UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina
- Facultad De Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue (UNCo), Río Negro, Argentina
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5
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Mishra S, Pang S, Zhang W, Lin Z, Bhatt P, Chen S. Insights into the microbial degradation and biochemical mechanisms of carbamates. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130500. [PMID: 33892453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbamate compounds are commonly applied in agricultural sectors as alternative options to the recalcitrant organochlorine pesticides due to their easier breakdown and less persistent nature. However, the large-scale use of carbamates also leads to toxic environmental residues, causing severe toxicity in various living systems. The toxic effects of carbamates are due to their inhibitor activity against the acetylchlolinesterase enzyme. This enzyme is crucial for neurotransmission signaling in living beings. Hence, from the environmental point of view, the elimination of carbamates is a worldwide concern and priority. Microbial technology can be deliberated as a potential tool that can work efficiently and as an ecofriendly option for the dissipation of carbamate insecticides from contaminated environments by improving biodegradation processes via metabolic activities of microorganisms. A variety of bacterial and fungal species have been isolated and characterized and are capable of degrading a broad range of carbamates in soil and water environments. In addition, microbial carbamate hydrolase genes (mcd, cehA, cahA, cfdJ, and mcbA) were strongly implicated in the evolution of new metabolic functions and carbamate hydrolase enzymes. However, the accurate localization and appropriate functions of carbamate hydrolase enzymes/genes are very limited. To explore the information on the degradation routes of carbamates and promote the application of biodegradation, a study of molecular techniques is required to unlock insights regarding the degradation specific genes and enzymes. Hence, this review discusses the deep understanding of carbamate degradation mechanisms with microbial strains, metabolic pathways, molecular mechanisms, and their genetic basis in degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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6
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Talhaferro JT, Pires MM, Stenert C, Maltchik L, Bueno AADP, Kotzian CB. Diversity and distribution of the genus Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) in temporary wetlands from the southern Brazilian Coastal Plain, with a taxonomic key to the species in the region. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2021.1964902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Tuparai Talhaferro
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mateus Marques Pires
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Stenert
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Graduate Program in Biology of Continental Aquatic Environments, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Rio Grande, University Campus, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Bender Kotzian
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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7
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Herbert LT, Cossi PF, Painefilú JC, Mengoni Goñalons C, Luquet CM, Kristoff G. Acute neurotoxicity evaluation of two anticholinesterasic insecticides, independently and in mixtures, and a neonicotinoid on a freshwater gastropod. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129107. [PMID: 33288284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic insecticides are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, frequently as part of complex mixtures. Freshwater gastropods are generally underrepresented in neurotoxicity evaluations and cumulative toxicity testing. This study investigates the behavioural and biochemical effects of acute exposures to the carbamate carbaryl, the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, and the neonicotinoid acetamiprid on the freshwater gastropod Chilina gibbosa. First, we evaluated behavioural neurotoxicity and cholinesterase (ChE), carboxylesterase (CE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in acute (48h) single-chemical exposures to increasing concentrations of carbaryl (0.5-500 μg L-1), chlorpyrifos (10-7500 μg L-1), and acetamiprid (1-10000 μg L-1). We then studied the effects of acute (48h) exposures to binary mixtures of carbaryl and chlorpyrifos equivalent to 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ChE 48h-IC50. None of the insecticides caused severe behavioural neurotoxicity, except for a significant lack of adherence by 5000 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos. Carbaryl caused concentration-dependent inhibition of ChEs (NOEC 5 μg L-1; 48h-IC50 45 μg L-1) and CEs with p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate (NOEC 5 μg L-1; 48h-IC50 37 μg L-1). Chlorpyrifos caused concentration-dependent inhibition of ChEs (NOEC 50 μg L-1; 48h-IC50 946 μg L-1) but did not affect CEs (NOEC ≥7500 μg L-1). Carbaryl-chlorpyrifos mixtures inhibited ChEs additively, inhibited CEs with p-nitrophenyl butyrate, and did not affect behaviour. GST activity was not affected by single or mixture exposures. Acute exposure to acetamiprid did not affect any of the endpoints evaluated. This study provides new information on carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and acetamiprid toxicity on C. gibbosa, relevant to improve gastropod representation in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Thomsett Herbert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Fanny Cossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Julio César Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática (INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET)-CEAN, Junín de Los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | | | - Carlos Marcelo Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática (INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET)-CEAN, Junín de Los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Saquib Q, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Alwathnani HA, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of methomyl, carbaryl, metalaxyl, and pendimethalin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:832-846. [PMID: 33427323 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have adverse effects on the cellular functionality, which may trigger myriad of health consequences. However, pesticides-mediated toxicity in the endothelial cells (ECs) is still elusive. Hence, in this study, we have used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a model to quantify the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of four pesticides (methomyl, carbaryl, metalaxyl, and pendimethalin). In the MTT assay, HUVECs exposed to methomyl, carbaryl, metalaxyl, and pendimethalin demonstrated significant proliferation inhibition only at higher concentrations (500 and 1000 μM). Likewise, neutral red uptake (NRU) assay also showed proliferation inhibition of HUVECs at 500 and 1000 μM by the four pesticides, confirming lysosomal fragility. HUVECs exposed to the four pesticides significantly increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Comet assay and flow cytometric data exhibited DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in HUVECs after 24 h of exposure with methomyl, metalaxyl, carbaryl, and pendimethalin. This is a first study on HUVECs signifying the cytotoxic-genotoxic and apoptotic potential of carbamate insecticides (methomyl and carbaryl), fungicide (metalaxyl), and herbicide (pendimethalin). Overall, these pesticides may affect ECs functions and angiogenesis; nonetheless, mechanistic studies are warranted from the perspective of vascular biology using in vivo test models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- DNA Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend A Alwathnani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Musarrat
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rackliffe DR, Hoverman JT. Population-level variation in neonicotinoid tolerance in nymphs of the Heptageniidae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114803. [PMID: 32454363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities can have significant ecological and evolutionary consequences on populations and communities. In the United States, neonicotinoid insecticides are widespread across the agricultural Midwest and frequently detected in stream systems. Their effect on Heptageniidae mayflies is a major concern because they are highly sensitive to neonicotinoids and have some of the lowest reported tolerance values of any organism. Our objective was to evaluate population-level variation in neonicotinoid sensitivity. We did so by conducting 96 h half maximal effective concentration (EC5096-h) tests for the neonicotinoids clothianidin and thiamethoxam on populations of Stenacron, Stenonema, and Maccaffertium mayflies and testing for associations with agricultural landcover. Additionally, we collected water samples to assess temporal patterns of neonicotinoid presence in stream habitats. We found variation in neonicotinoid tolerance with EC50 values ranging from 4.9 μg/L to 32 μg/L and 19.8 μg/L to 86.5 μg/L for clothianidin and thiamethoxam, respectively. Agricultural landcover was associated with neonicotinoid tolerance for Stenacron and thiamethoxam but not for other comparisons. Moreover, water samples demonstrated that the amount of agricultural landcover was not a strong predictor of neonicotinoids presence in streams. Our data suggest that populations of Heptageniidae mayflies can vary substantially in neonicotinoid tolerance. Population-level variation should be considered in toxicity assessments and presents the potential for evolved tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Riley Rackliffe
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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10
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Cao Y, Herrero-Nogareda L, Cedergreen N. A comparative study of acetylcholinesterase and general-esterase activity assays using different substrates, in vitro and in vivo exposures and model organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109954. [PMID: 31759743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and general-esterase (GE) activities are important to understand detoxification processes of xenobiotics. The assays to quantify them have employed different substrates, inhibitors, types of experiments (in vitro and in vivo) and model organisms. The aim of this work was to give a systematic overview of the effect of the above factors on the outcome of AChE and GE activity measurements. We showed that AChE activity could be measured with the substrate acetylthiocholine iodide (AChI) but not with acetylcholine bromide (AChB) and only in in vitro assays. For GE activity, Michaelis-Menten kinetics differed between the substrates 4-methylumbellifery butyrate (4-MUB) and 1-naphtyl acetate (1-NA) in the measurements of in vitro activity, but their inhibition curves and IC50 values for the general inhibitor tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) were similar, confirming that both substrates targeted the same group of enzymes. The GE substrate 4-MUB was applicable both in vitro and in vivo, while 1-NA was only applicable in vitro due to its high acute toxicity. When comparing the zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna and the sediment dwelling Chironomus riparius, the latter had a four-fold higher maximal AChE activity (Vmax) and a higher susceptibility to the AChE inhibitor BW284c51 (four-fold lower 50% inhibitory concentration, IC50), but a lower maximal GE activity and lower susceptibility to iso-OMPA (higher IC50), indicating significant species differences between in C. riparius and D. magna. We conclude that both choice of substrate and exposure method matters for the outcome of esterase assays and that esterase compositions between species may vary significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Laia Herrero-Nogareda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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11
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Abstract
The phototransformation of carbaryl was investigated upon solar light exposure on three surfaces, silica, kaolin and sand, as soil models. By excitation with a Suntest set up at the surface of the three solid supports, the degradation of carbaryl followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.10 h−1. By using the Kubelka Munk model, the quantum yield disappearance at the surface of kaolin was evaluated to 2.4 × 10−3. Such a value is roughly one order of magnitude higher than that obtained in aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the particle size and the specific surface area of the various models have significant effects. The photo-oxidative properties as well as the byproduct elucidation by liquid chromatography combined with diode arrays (LC-DAD) and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses allowed us to propose the degradation mechanism pathways. The main products were 1-naphtol and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, which arise from a photo-oxidation process together with products from photo-Fries, photo-ejection and methyl carbamate hydrolysis. The toxicity tests clearly showed a significant decrease of the toxicity in the early stages of the irradiation. This clearly shows that the generated products are less toxic than the parent compound.
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12
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Pustiglione Marinsek G, Moledo de Souza Abessa D, Gusso-Choueri PK, Brasil Choueri R, Nascimento Gonçalves AR, D'angelo Barroso BV, Souza Santos G, Margarete Cestari M, Galvão de Campos B, de Britto Mari R. Enteric nervous system analyses: New biomarkers for environmental quality assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:711-722. [PMID: 30503489 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of fish is a target of contaminants since it can absorb these substances. We evaluated the morphophysiological alterations in the GIT of Sphoeroides testudineus collected in two estuaries presenting differences in their environmental quality (NIA and IA). The intestine was analyzed for histological and neuronal changes; liver and gills for biochemical markers; muscle tissues for neurotoxicity and peripheral blood for genotoxic damage. The results showed alterations in the GIT of the animals collected in the IA, such as muscle tunica and goblet cell density reduction, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes density and changes in neuronal density. Furthermore, changes were observed in MTs and LPO in the gills. Thus, we suggest that TGI is functioning as a barrier that responds to ingested contaminants, in order to reduce their absorption and translocation. Thus, alterations in morphophysiological and enteric neurons in S. testudineus can be used as biomarkers of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pustiglione Marinsek
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, Brazil..
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos Campus (UNIFESP - Santos), Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 89, CP 11030-490 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Vivian D'angelo Barroso
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Genetics Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Galvão de Campos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata de Britto Mari
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, São Vicente, SP, Brazil
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