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Auld SC, Sheshadri A, Alexander-Brett J, Aschner Y, Barczak AK, Basil MC, Cohen KA, Dela Cruz C, McGroder C, Restrepo MI, Ridge KM, Schnapp LM, Traber K, Wunderink RG, Zhang D, Ziady A, Attia EF, Carter J, Chalmers JD, Crothers K, Feldman C, Jones BE, Kaminski N, Keane J, Lewinsohn D, Metersky M, Mizgerd JP, Morris A, Ramirez J, Samarasinghe AE, Staitieh BS, Stek C, Sun J, Evans SE. Postinfectious Pulmonary Complications: Establishing Research Priorities to Advance the Field: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:1219-1237. [PMID: 39051991 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202406-651st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Continued improvements in the treatment of pulmonary infections have paradoxically resulted in a growing challenge of individuals with postinfectious pulmonary complications (PIPCs). PIPCs have been long recognized after tuberculosis, but recent experiences such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have underscored the importance of PIPCs following other lower respiratory tract infections. Independent of the causative pathogen, most available studies of pulmonary infections focus on short-term outcomes rather than long-term morbidity among survivors. In this document, we establish a conceptual scope for PIPCs with discussion of globally significant pulmonary pathogens and an examination of how these pathogens can damage different components of the lung, resulting in a spectrum of PIPCs. We also review potential mechanisms for the transition from acute infection to PIPC, including the interplay between pathogen-mediated injury and aberrant host responses, which together result in PIPCs. Finally, we identify cross-cutting research priorities for the field to facilitate future studies to establish the incidence of PIPCs, define common mechanisms, identify therapeutic strategies, and ultimately reduce the burden of morbidity in survivors of pulmonary infections.
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Cianciosi D, Diaz YA, Gaddi AV, Capello F, Savo MT, Palí Casanova RDJ, Martínez Espinosa JC, Pascual Barrera AE, Navarro‐Hortal M, Tian L, Bai W, Giampieri F, Battino M. Can alpha‐linolenic acid be a modulator of “cytokine storm,” oxidative stress and immune response in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection? FOOD FRONTIERS 2024; 5:73-93. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) is a long‐chain polyunsaturated essential fatty acid of the Ω3 series found mainly in vegetables, especially in the fatty part of oilseeds, dried fruit, berries, and legumes. It is very popular for its preventive use in several diseases: It seems to reduce the risk of the onset or decrease some phenomena related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and conditions of dysregulation of the immune response. Recent studies have confirmed these unhealthy situations also in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Different findings (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical ones), summarized and analyzed in this review, have showed an important role of ALA in other various non‐COVID physiological and pathological situations against “cytokines storm,” chemokines secretion, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of immune cells that are also involved in the infection of the 2019 novel coronavirus. According to the effects of ALA against all the aforementioned situations (also present in patients with a severe clinical picture of severe acute respiratory syndrome‐(CoV‐2) infection), there may be the biologic plausibility of a prophylactic effect of this compound against COVID‐19 symptoms and fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Cianciosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche, Facoltà di Medicina Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Yasmany Armas Diaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche, Facoltà di Medicina Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
| | | | - Fabio Capello
- International Study Center of Society of Telemedicine and Digital Health Bologna Italy
| | | | - Ramón del Jesús Palí Casanova
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico Santander Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Campeche México México
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Arecibo Puerto Rico USA
| | - Julio César Martínez Espinosa
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico Santander Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Campeche México México
- Fundación Universitaria Internacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia
| | - Alina Eugenia Pascual Barrera
- Universidad Europea del Atlántico Santander Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Campeche México México
- Fundación Universitaria Internacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia
| | - Maria‐Dolores Navarro‐Hortal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre University of Granada Armilla Spain
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche, Facoltà di Medicina Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health Universidad Europea del Atlántico Santander Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche, Facoltà di Medicina Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health Universidad Europea del Atlántico Santander Spain
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri‐Products Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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Oscullo G, Gómez-Olivas JD, Beauperthuy T, Bekki A, Garcia-Ortega A, Matera MG, Cazzola M, Martinez-Garcia MA. Bronchiectasis and COVID-19 infection: a two-way street. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2398-2404. [PMID: 36476558 PMCID: PMC9945180 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bronchiectasis (BE) has been linked to past viral infections such as influenza, measles, or adenovirus. Two years ago, a new pandemic viral infection severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) broke out and it still persists today, and a significant proportion of surviving patients have radiological and clinical sequelae, including BE. Our aim was to thoroughly review the information available in the literature on the bidirectional relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of BE, as well as the impact of this infection on patients already suffering from BE. Available information indicates that only a small percentage of patients in the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia develop BE, although the latter is recognized as one of the radiological sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia, especially when it is caused by traction. The severity of the initial pneumonia is the main risk factor for the development of future BE, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbations in BE patients were reduced by approximately 50%. Finally, the impact of BE on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Oscullo
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe de Valencia, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Jose Daniel Gómez-Olivas
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe de Valencia, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Thais Beauperthuy
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe de Valencia, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Amina Bekki
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe de Valencia, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Alberto Garcia-Ortega
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe de Valencia, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80121, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Miguel Angel Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe de Valencia, Valencia 46012, Spain
- CIBERES de enfermedades respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 41263, Spain
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Bekki A, Beauperthuy T, Martínez-García MÁ. Traction bronchiectasis: is it as benign as we think? J Bras Pneumol 2022; 48:e20220220. [PMID: 35894416 PMCID: PMC9496464 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Bekki
- . Departamento de Neumología. Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Thais Beauperthuy
- . Departamento de Neumología. Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-García
- . Departamento de Neumología. Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España
- . Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias - CIBERES - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
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Chiner-Vives E, Cordovilla-Pérez R, de la Rosa-Carrillo D, García-Clemente M, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, Otero-Candelera R, Pérez-de Llano L, Sellares-Torres J, de Granda-Orive JI. Short and Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Previous Respiratory Diseases. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58 Suppl 1:39-50. [PMID: 35501222 PMCID: PMC9012323 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. Till now, it affected 452.4 million (Spain, 11.18 million) persons all over the world with a total of 6.04 million of deaths (Spain, 100,992). It is observed that 75% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have at least one COVID-19 associated comorbidity. It was shown that people with underlying chronic illnesses are more likely to get it and grow seriously ill. Individuals with COVID-19 who have a past medical history of cardiovascular disorder, cancer, obesity, chronic lung disease, diabetes, or neurological disease had the worst prognosis and are more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia. COVID-19 can affect the respiratory system in a variety of ways and across a spectrum of levels of disease severity, depending on a person's immune system, age and comorbidities. Symptoms can range from mild, such as cough, shortness of breath and fever, to critical disease, including respiratory failure, shock and multi-organ system failure. So, COVID-19 infection can cause overall worsening of these previous respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, etc. This review aims to provide information on the impact of the COVID-19 disease on pre-existing lung comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebi Chiner-Vives
- Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Respiratory Department, Sant Joan University Hospital, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa Cordovilla-Pérez
- Respiratory Department, Salamanca University Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Marta García-Clemente
- Lung Management Area, HUCA, Institute for Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Luis Izquierdo-Alonso
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | | | - Luis Pérez-de Llano
- Respiratory Department, Lucus Augusti University Hospital, EOXI Lugo, Monforte, CERVO, Lugo, Spain
| | - Jacobo Sellares-Torres
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Working Group, Respiratory Department, Clinic-University Hospital-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Gao Y, Liang WQ, Li YR, He JX, Guan WJ. The Short- and Long-Term Clinical, Radiological and Functional Consequences of COVID-19. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58:32-38. [PMID: 35431398 PMCID: PMC9005221 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As with the rapid increase of the number of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 globally, there needs to be a major shift of the focus from rapid pathogen detection, treatment and prevention to the promotion of better recovery. Notwithstanding the scarcity of our understandings, recent studies have unraveled a plethora of pulmonary and systemic consequences which require medical attention. These consequences remained as of the end of follow-up which ranged from 1 month to 1 year. Here, we review the consequences of COVID-19 in terms of the residual symptoms, radiological and functional manifestations, and identify the potential risk factors that contribute to a prolonged recovery. We also summarize the benefits of clinical interventions (particularly the pulmonary rehabilitation program), and address several undetermined concerns and key future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Quan Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Foshan Second People's Hospital, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ran Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Foshan Second People's Hospital, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Foshan Second People's Hospital, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China.
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7
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Martinez-Garcia MÁ, Oscullo G, Garcia-Ortega A. Towards a new definition of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. J Bras Pneumol 2022; 48:e20220023. [PMID: 35137878 PMCID: PMC8836633 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20220023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Martinez-Garcia
- . Área Enfermedades Respiratorias. Hospital Universitari i Polytècnic La Fe, Valencia, España
- . Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - CIBERES - Enfermedades Respiratorias. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Grace Oscullo
- . Área Enfermedades Respiratorias. Hospital Universitari i Polytècnic La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Alberto Garcia-Ortega
- . Área Enfermedades Respiratorias. Hospital Universitari i Polytècnic La Fe, Valencia, España
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Hussein AARM, Shaddad AM, Hashem MK, Okasha MA. Prevalence and early outcome of bronchiectasis as an atypical presentation in COVID-19 patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2022; 16:59. [PMCID: PMC9673222 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-022-00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bronchiectasis was considered as an uncommon radiological feature of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 bronchiectasis overlap is still a point for research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, course, and outcome of bronchiectasis as an atypical presentation of COVID-19 infection. Methods A cross-sectional study has been conducted from July 2021 to February 2022 and included 425 COVID-19 swab-positive patients who were examined by high resolution computed tomography of the chest during acute phase (4 weeks) of the infection. Results Fourteen (3.3%) patients newly developed bronchiectasis-de novo. Patients with de novo bronchiectasis had significantly higher cough score, frequency of colored sputum and mMRC score, respiratory distress (p < 0.001) and respiratory failure (p = 0.02) than patients with no bronchiectasis. They also had the higher frequency of ICU’s admission (p = 0.02), need to non-invasive (p = 0.01), and invasive mechanical ventilation (p = < 0.001), duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU’s stay and overall hospital stay (p < 0.001). As for the outcome, death rate was also statistically significantly higher among those with De novo bronchiectasis than those without bronchiectasis (p = 0.04). Conclusion Bronchiectasis is an uncommon presentation among COVID-19 patients. However, bronchiectasis increases disease burden in COVID-19 patients. It may have a negative impact on the outcome. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04910113. Registered June 2, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad M. Shaddad
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XChest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maiada K. Hashem
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XChest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Martínez-García MÁ. [Bronchiectasis: The disease that was never orphan]. Med Clin (Barc) 2021; 157:580-582. [PMID: 34598795 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Safont B, Tarraso J, Rodriguez-Borja E, Fernández-Fabrellas E, Sancho-Chust JN, Molina V, Lopez-Ramirez C, Lope-Martinez A, Cabanes L, Andreu AL, Herrera S, Lahosa C, Ros JA, Rodriguez-Hermosa JL, Soriano JB, Moret-Tatay I, Carbonell-Asins JA, Mulet A, Signes-Costa J. Lung Function, Radiological Findings and Biomarkers of Fibrogenesis in a Cohort of COVID-19 Patients Six Months After Hospital Discharge. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 58:142-149. [PMID: 34497426 PMCID: PMC8414844 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Impairment in pulmonary function tests and radiological abnormalities are a major concern in COVID-19 survivors. Our aim is to evaluate functional respiratory parameters, changes in chest CT, and correlation with peripheral blood biomarkers involved in lung fibrosis at two and six months after SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Methods COVID-FIBROTIC (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04409275) is a multicenter prospective observational cohort study aimed to evaluate discharged patients. Pulmonary function tests, circulating serum biomarkers, chest radiography and chest CT were performed at outpatient visits. Results In total, 313, aged 61.12 ± 12.26 years, out of 481 included patients were available. The proportion of patients with DLCO < 80% was 54.6% and 47% at 60 and 180 days. Associated factors with diffusion impairment at 6 months were female sex (OR: 2.97, 95%CI 1.74–5.06, p = 0.001), age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05, p = 0.005), and peak RALE score (OR: 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.40, p = 0.005). Patients with altered lung diffusion showed higher levels of MMP-7 (11.54 ± 8.96 vs 6.71 ± 4.25, p = 0.001), and periostin (1.11 ± 0.07 vs 0.84 ± 0.40, p = 0.001). 226 patients underwent CT scan, of whom 149 (66%) had radiological sequelae of COVID-19. In severe patients, 68.35% had ground glass opacities and 38.46% had parenchymal bands. Early fibrotic changes were associated with higher levels of MMP7 (13.20 ± 9.20 vs 7.92 ± 6.32, p = 0.001), MMP1 (10.40 ± 8.21 vs 6.97 ± 8.89, p = 0.023), and periostin (1.36 ± 0.93 vs 0.87 ± 0.39, p = 0.001). Conclusion Almost half of patients with moderate or severe COVID-19 pneumonia had impaired pulmonary diffusion six months after discharge. Severe patients showed fibrotic lesions in CT scan and elevated serum biomarkers involved in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Key Words
- 6-MWT, 6 minute-walk test
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- BMI, body mass index
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- COVID-19 sequelae
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CT, computed tomography
- Chest CT
- DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
- Fibrotic changes
- GGO, ground-glass opacity
- HFNC, high flow nasal cannula oxygen
- ILD, interstitial lung disease
- IMV, mechanical ventilation
- Interstitial lung disease
- Lung diffusion
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NIV, non-invasive ventilation
- RALE, radiographic assessment of lung edema
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- Serum biomarkers
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- mMRC, modified British Medical Research Council
- sEGFR, soluble epidermal growth factor receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Safont
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Clinico, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Tarraso
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Clinico, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Borja
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Virginia Molina
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Vinalopo de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Amaia Lope-Martinez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Cabanes
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital La Ribera, Alzira, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Susana Herrera
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Lahosa
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Ros
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Virgen de la Arraixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Rodriguez-Hermosa
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Medical Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan B Soriano
- COVID-19 Clinical Management Team, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Moret-Tatay
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group/Multiplex Analysis Unit, IIS Hospital la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alba Mulet
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Clinico, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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