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He W, Fu Y, Yao S, Huang L. Programmed cell death of periodontal ligament cells. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1768-1787. [PMID: 37566596 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The periodontal ligament is a crucial tissue that provides support to the periodontium. Situated between the alveolar bone and the tooth root, it consists primarily of fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are functionally differentiated cells, whereas PDLSCs are undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. The dynamic development of these cells is intricately linked to periodontal changes and homeostasis. Notably, the regulation of programmed cell death facilitates the clearance of necrotic tissue and plays a pivotal role in immune response. However, it also potentially contributes to the loss of periodontal supporting tissues and root resorption. These findings have significant implications for understanding the occurrence and progression of periodontitis, as well as the mechanisms underlying orthodontic root resorption. Further, the regulation of periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) death is influenced by both systemic and local factors. This comprehensive review focuses on recent studies reporting the mechanisms of PDLC death and related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Xu L, Tan X, Bai S, Wu H, Luo H, Ye Y, Fang L, Dai H, Huang L. L-arginine protects cementoblasts against hypoxia-induced apoptosis through Sirt1-enhanced autophagy. J Periodontol 2022; 93:1961-1973. [PMID: 34957557 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-arginine (L-arg) can reduce apoptosis in a variety of cells. Cementoblast apoptosis is related to root resorption during orthodontic treatment. In the present study, we aimed to study the regulatory effect and potential mechanism of L-arg on cementoblast apoptosis and root resorption. METHODS The apoptosis-related mRNA and protein expression of murine cementoblast (OCCM-30) was assessed after L-arg treatment. To investigate the role of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and autophagy in L-arg resistance to cementoblast apoptosis and root absorption, resveratrol, and EX527 were used to activate or inhibit Sirt1, and chloroquine (CQ) was used to inhibit autophagy. RESULTS In vitro, L-arg inhibited hypoxia-induced apoptosis in OCCM-30. Further, L-arg increased Sirt1 expression whereas Sirt1 suppression by EX527 reversed the inhibitory effect of L-arg on cell apoptosis. Sirt1 activator resveratrol increased the ratio of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II/I and decreased the expression of SQSTM1/p62 (p62), suggesting autophagy activation. Autophagy enhancement could reduce apoptosis. Caspase-3 and Bax expression was decreased, and Bcl-2 expression was increased. When autophagy was inhibited by CQ, the positive effects of Sirt1 were attenuated. In vivo, L-arg application reduced root resorption in rats, as demonstrated by decreased root absorption volume. Similarly, L-arg upregulated Sirt1, which activated autophagy in the root resorption model, and less root resorption was observed in the Sirt1 activation group. CONCLUSION L-arg reduced cementoblast apoptosis in hypoxia and reduced root resorption induced by loading force in rats, which may be partly mediated by Sirt1-enhanced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Tan
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyu Bai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Luo
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yusi Ye
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingli Fang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Dai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Huang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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3
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Wang H, Wang X, Ma L, Huang X, Peng Y, Huang H, Gao X, Chen Y, Cao Z. PGC-1 alpha regulates mitochondrial biogenesis to ameliorate hypoxia-inhibited cementoblast mineralization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:300-311. [PMID: 35917205 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia often occurs in inflammatory tissues, such as tissues affected by periodontitis and apical periodontitis lesions. Mitochondrial biogenesis can be disrupted in hypoxia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is a core factor required for mitochondrial biogenesis. Cementoblasts are root surface lining cells that play an integral role in cementum formation. There is a dearth of research on the effect of hypoxia on cementoblasts and underlying mechanisms, particularly in relation to mitochondrial biogenesis during the hypoxic process. In this study, we found that the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α was elevated in apical periodontitis tissues in vivo. In contrast, periapical lesions exhibited a reduction of PGC-1α expression. For in vitro experiments, cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ) was used to induce hypoxia. We observed that CoCl2 -induced hypoxia suppressed the mineralization ability and mitochondrial biogenesis of cementoblasts, accompanied by abnormal mitochondria morphology. Furthermore, we found that CoCl2 blocked the p38 pathway, while it activated the Erk1/2 pathway, with the former upregulating the expression of PGC-1α, while the latter reversed the effects. Overall, our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial biogenesis, especially via PGC-1α, is impaired during cementogenesis in the context of CoCl2 -induced hypoxia, dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hantao Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xudong Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Yong J, Gröger S, von Bremen J, Meyle J, Ruf S. Immunorthodontics: PD-L1, a Novel Immunomodulator in Cementoblasts, Is Regulated by HIF-1α under Hypoxia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152350. [PMID: 35954195 PMCID: PMC9367578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that hypoxia alters the PD-L1 expression in periodontal cells. HIF-1α is a key regulator for PD-L1. As hypoxia presents a hallmark of an orthodontically induced microenvironment, hypoxic stimulation of PD-L1 expression may play vital roles in immunorthodontics and orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). This study aims to investigate the hypoxic regulation of PD-L1 in cementoblasts, and its interaction with hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression. The cementoblast (OCCM-30) cells (M. Somerman, NIH, NIDCR, Bethesda, Maryland) were cultured in the presence and absence of cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2). Protein expression of PD-L1 and HIF-1α as well as their gene expression were evaluated by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Immunofluorescence was applied to visualize the localization of the proteins within cells. The HIF-1α inhibitor (HY-111387, MedChemExpress) was added, and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid targeting HIF-1α was transferred for further investigation by flow cytometry analysis. Under hypoxic conditions, cementoblasts undergo an up-regulation of PD-L1 expression at protein and mRNA levels. Silencing of HIF-1α using CRISPR/Cas9 indicated a major positive correlation with HIF-1α in regulating PD-L1 expression. Taken together, these findings show the influence of hypoxia on PD-L1 expression is modulated in a HIF-1α dependent manner. The HIF-1α/PD-L1 pathway may play a role in the immune response of cementoblasts. Thus, combined HIF-1α/PD-L1 inhibition could be of possible therapeutic relevance for OIIRR prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-641-99-46131
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
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Yong J, von Bremen J, Groeger S, Ruiz-Heiland G, Ruf S. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha acts as a bridge factor for crosstalk between ERK1/2 and caspases in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of cementoblasts. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9710-9723. [PMID: 34523215 PMCID: PMC8505834 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia‐induced apoptosis of cementoblasts (OCCM‐30) may be harmful to orthodontic treatment. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (HIF‐1α) mediates the biological effects during hypoxia. Little is known about the survival mechanism capable to counteract cementoblast apoptosis. We aimed to investigate the potential roles of HIF‐1α, as well as the protein‐protein interactions with ERK1/2, using an in‐vitro model of chemical‐mimicked hypoxia and adipokines. Here, OCCM‐30 were co‐stimulated with resistin, visfatin or ghrelin under CoCl2‐mimicked hypoxia. In‐vitro investigations revealed that CoCl2‐induced hypoxia triggered activation of caspases, resulting in apoptosis dysfunction in cementoblasts. Resistin, visfatin and ghrelin promoted the phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression in OCCM‐30 cells. Furthermore, these adipokines inhibited hypoxia‐induced apoptosis at different degrees. These effects were reversed by pre‐treatment with ERK inhibitor (FR180204). In cells treated with FR180204, HIF‐1α expression was inhibited despite the presence of three adipokines. Using dominant‐negative mutants of HIF‐1α, we found that siHIF‐1α negatively regulated the caspase‐8, caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 gene expression. We concluded that HIF‐1α acts as a bridge factor in lengthy hypoxia‐induced apoptosis in an ERK1/2‐dependent pathway. Gene expressions of the caspases‐3, caspase‐8 and caspase‐9 were shown to be differentially regulated by adipokines (resistin, visfatin and ghrelin). Our study, therefore, provides evidence for the role of ERK1/2 and HIF‐1α in the apoptotic response of OCCM‐30 cells exposed to CoCl2‐mimicked hypoxia, providing potential new possibilities for molecular intervention in obese patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gisela Ruiz-Heiland
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Morimoto C, Takedachi M, Kawasaki K, Shimomura J, Murata M, Hirai A, Kawakami K, Sawada K, Iwayama T, Murakami S. Hypoxia stimulates collagen hydroxylation in gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1635-1645. [PMID: 33660864 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular responses to hypoxia regulate various biological events, including angiogenesis and extracellular matrix metabolism. Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix in periodontal tissues and its coordinated production is essential for tissue homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on collagen production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLs). METHODS HGFs and HPDLs were cultured under either normoxic (20% O2 ) or hypoxic (1% O2 ) conditions. Nuclear expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was determined by western blotting. Peri-cellular expression of type I collagen was examined by immunocytochemistry analysis. Synthesis of type I collagen was evaluated by measuring the concentration of procollagen type I C-peptide (PIP) in culture supernatant using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of collagen hydroxylase enzymes prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha polypeptide 1 (P4HA1) and 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) was determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The roles of these enzymes were analyzed using siRNA transfection. RESULTS Cultivation under hypoxic conditions stimulated type I collagen production via HIF-1α in both cell types. Interestingly, hypoxic conditions did not affect collagen 1a1 or 1a2 gene expression but upregulated that of P4HA1 and PLOD2. Additionally, suppressing P4HA1 significantly decreased the levels of hypoxia-induced procollagen type I C-peptide, a product of stable triple helical collagen, in the supernatant. In contrast, PLOD2 suppression decreased cross-linked collagen expression in the pericellular region. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that hypoxia activates collagen synthesis in HGFs and HPDLs by upregulating hydroxylases P4HA1 and PLOD2 in an HIF-1α-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Morimoto
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kawasaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junpei Shimomura
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Murata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asae Hirai
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kawakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Sawada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Niederau C, Craveiro RB, Azraq I, Brockhaus J, Bastian A, Kirschneck C, Wolf M. Selection and validation of reference genes by RT-qPCR for murine cementoblasts in mechanical loading experiments simulating orthodontic forces in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10893. [PMID: 32616794 PMCID: PMC7331740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Different structures and cell types of the periodontium respond to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) individually. Cementoblasts (OC/CM) located in the immediate vicinity of the fibroblasts on the cement have found way to the centre of actual research. Here, we identify and validate possible reference genes for OC/CM cells by RT-qPCR with and without static compressive loading. We investigated the suitability of 3 reference genes in an in vitro model of cementoblast cells using four different algorithms (Normfinder, geNorm, comparative delta-Ct method and BestKeeper) under different confluences and time. Comparable to our previous publications about reference genes in OTM in rats and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF), Rpl22 in murine OC/CM cells appears as the least regulated gene so that it represents the most appropriate reference gene. Furthermore, unlike to the expression of our recommended reference genes, the expression of additionally investigated target genes changes with confluence and under loading compression. Based on our findings for future RT-qPCR analyses in OC/CM cells, Rpl22 or the combination Rpl22/Tbp should be favored as reference gene. According to our results, although many publications propose the use of Gapdh, it does not seem to be the most suitable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Niederau
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Irma Azraq
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Brockhaus
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Asisa Bastian
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Liu H, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, Zhang Y, Jia L, Zheng Y, Li W. Long noncoding RNA expression profile of mouse cementoblasts under compressive force. Angle Orthod 2019; 89:455-463. [PMID: 30605018 DOI: 10.2319/061118-438.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression profile of cementoblasts under compressive force. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse cementoblasts were exposed to compression (1.5 g/cm2) for 8 hours. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to compare the transcriptomes of the compressed and control cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate five of the differentially expressed lncRNAs of interest. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were also performed. RESULTS A total of 70 lncRNAs and 521 mRNAs were differentially regulated in cementoblasts subjected to compressive loading. Among the differentially expressed lncRNAs, 57 were upregulated and 13 downregulated. The expression levels of the five selected lncRNAs (Prkcz2, Hklos, Trp53cor1, Gdap10, and Ak312-ps) were validated by qRT-PCR and consistent with the RNA-seq results. GO functional annotation demonstrated upregulation of genes associated with cellular response to hypoxia and apoptotic processes during compressive loading. KEGG analysis identified the crucial pathways involving the hypoxia-inducing factor-1α, forkhead box O, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical compression changes the lncRNA expression profile of cementoblasts, providing important references for further investigation into the role and regulation of lncRNAs in compressed cementoblasts and root resorption during orthodontic treatment.
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Song ZC, Li S, Dong JC, Sun MJ, Zhang XL, Shu R. Enamel matrix proteins regulate hypoxia-induced cellular biobehavior and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:606-618. [PMID: 29205072 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1370131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a crucial microenvironment for inflamed periodontal tissue and periodontal wound healing. Enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) potentially can promote the formation of new periodontium. The effects of EMPs on periodontal ligament cells under hypoxia, however, remain unclear. We investigated the effects of EMPs on cellular biobehavior and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under hypoxia. Under cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxia, cellular biobehavior of hPDLCs, including proliferation, attachment, spreading, and migration with or without EMPs, was evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), cell counting, spreading area measurement and wound scratch assay. The osteogenic activity of hPDLCs was assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S staining (ARS). The expressions of osteogenic genes including runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), ALP, osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen type I (Col-I) were detected using real time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry assays. The biobehavior and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs were inhibited significantly under hypoxia. EMPs have no effect on cell proliferation under mimicked hypoxia. EMPs partly reversed the inhibitory effects of hypoxia, however, for other cellular biobehavior including attachment, spreading and migration, and markedly up-regulated osteogenic differentiation activities including ALP, mineralization ability and the expressions of osteogenic genes such as Runx2, ALP, osteocalcin, and collagen type I in hPDLCs under hypoxia. EMPs attenuate the hypoxic injury to cellular biobehavior and osteogenic differentiation in hPDLCs under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Song
- a Department of Periodontology , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology , Shanghai , 200011 , China
| | - S Li
- a Department of Periodontology , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology , Shanghai , 200011 , China
| | - J C Dong
- a Department of Periodontology , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology , Shanghai , 200011 , China
| | - M J Sun
- a Department of Periodontology , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology , Shanghai , 200011 , China
| | - X L Zhang
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology , Shanghai , 200011 , China
| | - R Shu
- a Department of Periodontology , Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology , Shanghai , 200011 , China
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for skeletal disorders. Bone 2015; 81:7-15. [PMID: 26123594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for maintaining the homeostasis of the skeletal and renal systems (the bone-renal-vascular axis regulates bone metabolism). The two cytokines contribute to bone remodeling, dental healing, kidney function, and the adjustment to microgravity. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. In bone remodeling, OPN and VEGF are regulated under the influence of growth factors and hormones, hypoxia and inflammation, the micro-environment, and various physical forces. Their abundance can be affected by drug treatment. OPN and VEGF are variably associated with kidney disease. Their balanced levels are critical for restoring endothelial cell function and ameliorating the adverse effects of microgravity. Here, we review the relevant 83 papers of 257 articles published, and listed in PubMed under the key words OPN and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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Chen YJ, Lee SS, Huang FM, Yu HC, Tsai CC, Chang YC. Effects of arecoline on cell growth, migration, and differentiation in cementoblasts. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Vrtačnik P, Marc J, Ostanek B. Hypoxia mimetic deferoxamine influences the expression of histone acetylation- and DNA methylation-associated genes in osteoblasts. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:228-35. [PMID: 25674819 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1017573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Sufficient oxygen supply to bone tissue is essential for normal bone development and efficient bone repair. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) signaling pathway have been shown to exhibit profound effects on proliferation, differentiation as well as gene and protein expression in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and mesenchymal stem cells; however, as epigenetic mechanisms also perform an important regulatory role in these cells, our aim was to elucidate whether hypoxia mimetic deferoxamine could influence epigenetic mechanisms in bone cells by modulating the gene expression levels of chromatin-modifying enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoblast cell line HOS was exposed to deferoxamine, a widely used hypoxia mimetic, and expression profile of 40 genes associated with histone acetylation, deacetylation and DNA methylation was determined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array followed by individual qPCR analyses. In addition, genes associated with hypoxia response, RANK/RANKL/OPG system, WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and oxidative stress were also analyzed. RESULTS We observed induced expression of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) and suppressed expression of K(lysine) acetyltransferase 5 (KAT5) and DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) demonstrating for the first time that expression of genes encoding chromatin-modifying enzymes could be influenced by hypoxia mimetic in HOS cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results we can conclude that hypoxia mimetic deferoxamine influences expression of histone acetylation- and DNA methylation-associated genes in osteoblasts and that further studies of hypoxia-induced epigenetic changes in bone cells should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vrtačnik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:202-22. [PMID: 25732057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For this comprehensive review, 257 publications with the keywords "osteopontin" or "OPN" and "vascular endothelial growth factor" or "VEGF" in PubMed were screened (time frame from year 1996 to year 2014). 37 articles were excluded because they were not focused on the interactions between these molecules, and papers relevant for transformation-related phenomena were selected. Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for regulating cell motility and angiogenesis, the response to hypoxia, and apoptosis. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. Their relationships affect the pathogenesis in cancer, where they contribute to progression and angiogenesis and serve as markers for poor prognosis. The inhibition of OPN may reduce VEGF levels and suppress tumor progression. In vascular pathologies, these two cytokines mediate remodeling, but may also perpetuate inflammation and narrowing of the arteries. OPN and VEGF are elevated and contribute to vascularization in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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