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Koushki K, Shahbaz SK, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Zayeri ZD, Taba MY, Banach M, Al-Rasadi K, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Anti-inflammatory Action of Statins in Cardiovascular Disease: the Role of Inflammasome and Toll-Like Receptor Pathways. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 60:175-199. [PMID: 32378144 PMCID: PMC7985098 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in which activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways is implicated. One of the most effective treatments for atherosclerosis is the use of statin medications. Recent studies have indicated that statins, in addition to their lipid-lowering effects, exert inhibitory and/or stimulatory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLRs. Some of the statins lead to activation of the inflammasome and subsequently cause secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Thus, these actions may further aggravate the disease. On the other hand, some statins cause inhibition of the inflammasome or TLRs and along with lipid-lowering, help to improve the disease by reducing inflammation. In this article, we discuss these contradictory studies and the mechanisms of action of statins on the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR pathways. The dose-dependent effects of statins on the NLRP3 complex are related to their chemistry, pharmacokinetic properties, and danger signals. Lipophilic statins have more pleiotropic effects on the NLRP3 complex in comparison to hydrophilic statins. Statins can suppress TLR4/MyD88/NF-ĸB signaling and cause an immune response shift to an anti-inflammatory response. Furthermore, statins inhibit the NF-ĸB pathway by decreasing the expression of TLRs 2 and 4. Statins are cost-effective drugs, which should have a continued future in the treatment of atherosclerosis due to both their immune-modulating and lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Koushki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Mashayekhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Deris Zayeri
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Medical Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zaki H, Gasmelseed N, Abdalla B, Yip S. Association of toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Sudanese. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Role of toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism in the development of cardiovascular diseases in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2018; 32:1035-1041. [PMID: 29547441 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the main causes of morbimortality in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CVDs occurrence in HIV-infected patients. Additionally, the functional consequences of carrying these SNPs were analyzed. METHODS The association of TLR4 SNPs, Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile with CVDs occurrence was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. Clinical, immunological, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were used as covariates. The monocyte phenotype and response were assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry comparing carriers with noncarriers of this SNP. RESULTS Asp299Gly SNP, assayed in 253 HIV-infected patients, was independently associated with the occurrence of CVDs after adjusting for CD4+ T-cell nadir, HCV-coinfection, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors [odds ratio (confidence interval 95%) = 3.672 (1.061-12.712), P = 0.04). Carriers of Asp299Gly SNP showed higher percentage of patrolling and intermediate monocytes producing a proinflammatory combination of cytokines compared with noncarriers (P = 0.037 and P = 0.046, respectively). Intermediate monocyte subset levels correlated with soluble interleukin-6 levels only in carriers (r = 0.89; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism is independently associated with the occurrence of CVDs in HIV-infected patients. The proinflammatory profile associated to this variant could be involved in the development of atherosclerotic pathologies.
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de Jager SCA, Meeuwsen JAL, van Pijpen FM, Zoet GA, Barendrecht AD, Franx A, Pasterkamp G, van Rijn BB, Goumans MJ, den Ruijter HM. Preeclampsia and coronary plaque erosion: Manifestations of endothelial dysfunction resulting in cardiovascular events in women. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:129-137. [PMID: 28899695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The risk for CVD is increased in women with a history of preeclampsia. Multiple studies have indicated that accelerated atherosclerosis underlies this increased CVD risk. Furthermore, it has been suggested that endothelial dysfunction and inflammation play an important role in the increased CVD risk of women with preeclampsia. Rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaques can induce the formation of thrombi that underlie the onset of acute clinical CVD such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In relatively young women, cardiovascular events are mainly due to plaque erosions. Eroded plaques have a distinct morphology compared to ruptured plaques, but have been understudied as a substrate for CVD. The currently available evidence points towards lesions with features of stability such as high collagen content and smooth muscle cells and with distinct mechanisms that further promote the pro-thrombotic environment such as Toll Like Receptor (TLR) signaling and endothelial apoptosis. These suggested mechanisms, that point to endothelial dysfunction and intimal thickening, may also play a role in preeclampsia. Pregnancy is considered a stress test for the cardiovascular system with preeclampsia as an additional pathological substrate for earlier manifestation of vascular disease. This review provides a summary of the possible common mechanisms involved in preeclampsia and accelerated atherosclerosis in young females and highlights plaque erosion as a likely substrate for CVD events in women with a history of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - John A L Meeuwsen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freeke M van Pijpen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand A Zoet
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Centre, Division of Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan D Barendrecht
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Franx
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Centre, Division of Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas B van Rijn
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Centre, Division of Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sharma S, Garg I, Ashraf MZ. TLR signalling and association of TLR polymorphism with cardiovascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kutikhin AG, Ponasenko AV, Khutornaya MV, Yuzhalin AE, Zhidkova II, Salakhov RR, Golovkin AS, Barbarash OL, Barbarash LS. Association of TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms with atherosclerosis severity in a Russian population. Meta Gene 2016; 9:76-89. [PMID: 27200266 PMCID: PMC4864274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local vascular immune response is primarily initiated via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1). We previously showed that certain TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we hypothesized that these gene polymorphisms are associated with atherosclerosis severity. This study included 292 consecutive patients with CAD who were admitted to the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases (Kemerovo, Russian Federation) during 2011–2012. Sample genotyping was performed in 96-well format using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. We found that C/C genotype of the rs3804099 polymorphism within TLR2 gene and T/T genotype of the rs4711668 polymorphism within TREM-1 gene were significantly associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis while C allele of the rs5743551 polymorphism within TLR1 gene, A/G genotype of the rs4986790 polymorphism and C/T genotype of the rs4986791 polymorphism within TLR4 gene, and C allele of the rs3775073 polymorphism within TLR6 gene were significantly associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis. However, A/A genotype of the rs5743810 polymorphism within TLR6 gene was significantly associated with mild noncoronary atherosclerosis. We conclude that certain TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with atherosclerosis severity in a Russian population. Rs3804099 polymorphism of TLR2 gene is associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis. Rs4711668 polymorphism of TREM-1 gene is associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis. Rs5743551 polymorphism of TLR1 gene is associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis. Rs4986790 and rs4986791 polymorphisms of TLR4 gene are associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis. Rs3775073 polymorphism of TLR6 gene is associated with severe noncoronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Ponasenko
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Khutornaya
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina I Zhidkova
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Ramil R Salakhov
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey S Golovkin
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Olga L Barbarash
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid S Barbarash
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovy Boulevard 6, 650002, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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Candidate Gene Analysis of Mortality in Dialysis Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143079. [PMID: 26587841 PMCID: PMC4654483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dialysis patients have high cardiovascular mortality risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between SNPs of genes involved in vascular processes and mortality in dialysis patients. Methods Forty two SNPs in 25 genes involved in endothelial function, vascular remodeling, cell proliferation, inflammation, coagulation and calcium/phosphate metabolism were genotyped in 1330 incident dialysis patients. The effect of SNPs on 5-years cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality was investigated. Results The mortality rate was 114/1000 person-years and 49.4% of total mortality was cardiovascular. After correction for multiple testing, VEGF rs699947 was associated with all-cause mortality (HR1.48, 95% CI 1.14–1.92). The other SNPs were not associated with mortality. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that a SNP in the VEGF gene may contribute to the comorbid conditions of dialysis patients. Future studies should unravel the underlying mechanisms responsible for the increase in mortality in these patients.
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Gargiulo S, Gamba P, Testa G, Rossin D, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Relation between TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation by 27-hydroxycholesterol and 4-hydroxynonenal, and atherosclerotic plaque instability. Aging Cell 2015; 14:569-81. [PMID: 25757594 PMCID: PMC4531071 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now thought that atherosclerosis, although due to increased plasma lipids, is mainly the consequence of a complicated inflammatory process, with immune responses at the different stages of plaque development. Increasing evidence points to a significant role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key player in innate immunity, in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the effects on TLR4 activation of two reactive oxidized lipids carried by oxidized low-density lipoproteins, the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) and the aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), both of which accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques and play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Secondarily, it examined their potential involvement in mediating inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation, the hallmarks of high-risk atherosclerotic unstable plaques. In human promonocytic U937 cells, both 27-OH and HNE were found to enhance cell release of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α and to upregulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) via TLR4/NF-κB-dependent pathway; these actions may sustain the inflammatory response and matrix degradation that lead to atherosclerotic plaque instability and to their rupture. Using specific antibodies, it was also demonstrated that these inflammatory cytokines increase MMP-9 upregulation, thus enhancing the release of this matrix-degrading enzyme by macrophage cells and contributing to plaque instability. These innovative results suggest that, by accumulating in atherosclerotic plaques, the two oxidized lipids may contribute to plaque instability and rupture. They appear to do so by sustaining the release of inflammatory molecules and MMP-9 by inflammatory and immune cells, for example, macrophages, through activation of TLR4 and its NF-κB downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences School of Medicine University of Turin, Orbassano Turin Italy
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Schneider S, Koch W, Hoppmann P, Ubrich R, Kemmner S, Steinlechner E, Heemann U, Laugwitz KL, Kastrati A, Baumann M. Association of Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with age-dependent systolic blood pressure increase in patients with coronary artery disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:4. [PMID: 26015800 PMCID: PMC4443624 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases steadily with age and bears an independent continuous relationship with the incidence of cardiovascular events. Low-grade inflammation is a suspected pathomechanism causing vascular aging and promote coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent animal studies give evidence that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) modulate inflammation and contribute to age-dependent SBP increase. However, there are no data about TLR4 and age-dependent blood pressure increase in human. Methods and results We therefor investigate a human cohort of 2679 patients with CAD aged between 50–80 years. Genotypes were determined for the TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphism rs4986790 (TLR4 896A/G). Patients were stratified according to tertiles of age and the upper tertile was compared to lower tertiles. In this cohort we show that older patients with the TLR4 896 G allele had significantly lower SBP (TLR4 G allele carriers: 148.2 ± 30.4 mmHg versus A/A allele carrier: 154.9 ± 27.2 mmHg; P < 0.05) and lower pulse pressure (TLR4 G allele carriers: 69.1 ± 29.7 mmHg versus A/A allele carrier: 75.5 ± 26.4 mmHg; P < 0.05) as compared to TLR4 896A/A allele carrier. Conclusion We demonstrate an association between the TLR4 SNP rs4986790 genotype and age-dependant blood pressure increase in patients with coronary artery disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-015-0031-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Koch
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Hoppmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Romy Ubrich
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kemmner
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Steinlechner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Munich, Germany
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Oudenarder Straße 16, 13347 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str.22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Hernanz R, Martínez-Revelles S, Palacios R, Martín A, Cachofeiro V, Aguado A, García-Redondo L, Barrús MT, de Batista PR, Briones AM, Salaices M, Alonso MJ. Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3159-76. [PMID: 25712370 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling contributes to inflammatory cardiovascular diseases, but its role in hypertension and the associated vascular damage is not known. We investigated whether TLR4 activation contributed to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension and the associated vascular structural, mechanical and functional alterations. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AngII was infused (1.44 mg · kg(-1) · day(-1), s.c.) for 2 weeks in C57BL6 mice, treated with a neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibody or IgG (1 μg · day(-1); systolic BP (SBP) and aortic cytokine levels were measured. Structural, mechanical and contractile properties of aortic and mesenteric arterial segments were measured with myography and histology. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to analyse these tissues and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from hypertensive rats (SHR). KEY RESULTS Aortic TLR4 mRNA levels were raised by AngII infusion. Anti-TLR4 antibody treatment of AngII-treated mice normalised: (i) increased SBP and TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL2 levels; (ii) vascular structural and mechanical changes; (iii) altered aortic phenylephrine- and ACh-induced responses; (iv) increased NOX-1 mRNA levels, superoxide anion production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity and effects of catalase, apocynin, ML-171 and Mito-TEMPO on vascular responses; and (v) reduced NO release and effects of L-NAME on phenylephrine-induced contraction. In VSMC, the MyD88 inhibitor ST-2825 reduced AngII-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activity. The TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 reduced AngII-induced increased phospho-JNK1/2 and p65 NF-κB subunit nuclear protein expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TLR4 up-regulation by AngII contributed to the inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling and stiffness associated with hypertension by mechanisms involving oxidative stress. MyD88-dependent activation and JNK/NF-κB signalling pathways participated in these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hernanz
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Revelles
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Palacios
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martín
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Cachofeiro
- Dept. of Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Aguado
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L García-Redondo
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Barrús
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - P R de Batista
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - A M Briones
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Salaices
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Alonso
- Dept. of Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
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C-reactive protein gene and Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms can relate to the development of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 34:301-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Martínez-Ríos MA, Vargas-Alarcón G, Vallejo M, Cruz-Martínez E, Pérez-Méndez O, Medina-Andrade Á, De la Torre-García M, Peña-Duque MA, Fragoso JM. Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms and acute coronary syndrome: no association in a Mexican population. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2013; 83:257-62. [PMID: 24239012 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to establish the role of the TLR-4 gene polymorphisms in individuals in risk of developing ACS. METHODS The study included 457 Mexican patients with ACS and 283 control individuals. The TLR-4 Asp299Gly and TLR-4 Thr399Ile single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using 5' exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays on an 7900HT Fast real-time PCR system according to manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). RESULTS The results obtained in this study showed that the frequency of the two polymorphisms (TLR-4 Asp299Gly and TLR-4 Thr399Ile) studied were similar between patients with ACS and healthy controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the largest risk factor for ACS development was given by smoking (11.88-fold increased risk), hypertension (4.32-fold increased risk), type II diabetes (3.44-fold increased risk), gender (2.32-fold increased risk), and dyslipidemia (1.52-fold increased risk). CONCLUSION The Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to ACS in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Martínez-Ríos
- Interventional Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology and Interventional Genetic Study Group in Cardiovascular Disease's, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maite Vallejo
- Department of Sociomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erick Cruz-Martínez
- Interventional Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Interventional Genetic Study Group in Cardiovascular Disease's, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ángel Medina-Andrade
- Department of Molecular Biology and Interventional Genetic Study Group in Cardiovascular Disease's, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica De la Torre-García
- Department of Molecular Biology and Interventional Genetic Study Group in Cardiovascular Disease's, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco A Peña-Duque
- Interventional Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Interventional Genetic Study Group in Cardiovascular Disease's, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Cipolli JAA, Ferreira-Sae MC, Martins RP, Pio-Magalhães JA, Bellinazzi VR, Matos-Souza JR, Junior WN. Relationship between serum uric acid and internal carotid resistive index in hypertensive women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012; 12:52. [PMID: 22800461 PMCID: PMC3418193 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-12-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of serum uric acid (SUA) on arteries of hypertensive subjects remains to be fully established. This study investigated the relationship between SUA and carotid structural and hemodynamic parameters in hypertensive men and women. Methods Three hundred and thirty eight patients (207 women and 131 men) were cross-sectionally evaluated by clinical, laboratory, hemodynamic and carotid ultrasound analysis. Common carotid diameters, circumferential wall tensions, Young’s Elastic Modulus, Stiffness Index, Arterial Compliance and intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined. Internal carotid artery resistive index (ICRI), a hemodynamic measure that reflects local vascular impedance and microangiopathy, was also assessed. Results Univariate analysis showed no significant correlation of SUA with carotid diameters, elasticity/stiffness indexes, IMT and circumferential wall tensions in both genders. Conversely, SUA correlated with ICRI (r = 0.34; p < 0.001) in women, but not in men, and hyperuricemic women presented higher ICRI than normouricemic ones (0.684 ± 0.007 vs. 0.649 ± 0.004; p < 0.001). Stepwise and logistic regression analyses adjusted for potential confounding factors showed that ICRI was independently associated with SUA and hyperuricemia in women. Conclusions This study demonstrated that SUA was associated with ICRI in hypertensive women, suggesting that there might gender-related differences in the relationship between SUA and vascular damage in subjects with systemic hypertension.
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García-Bermúdez M, López-Mejías R, González-Juanatey C, Castañeda S, Miranda-Filloy JA, Blanco R, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Balsa A, González-Alvaro I, Gómez-Vaquero C, Llorca J, Martín J, González-Gay MA. Lack of association between TLR4 rs4986790 polymorphism and risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1214-20. [PMID: 22360682 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) activates the innate immune response via NF-kB pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, leading to expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The G allele of TLR4 rs4986790 (+896A>G, Asp299Gly) gene polymorphism has been implicated in reduction of risk of atherosclerosis. In this study, 1481 RA patients fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were genotyped for the rs4986790 TLR4 variant to determine the influence of this variant in the risk of CV events in these patients. Also, HLA-DRB1 status was determined using molecular based methods. Moreover, potential influence of rs4986790 variant in the development of subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed in a subgroup of RA patients with no history of CV events by the measurement of surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. No statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies for the rs4986790 variant between RA patients who experienced CV events or not were found. Likewise, no significant association between this gene variant and any of the surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis was found. In summary, results in our study do not support the hypothesis that the rs4986790 (+896A>G, Asp299Gly) TLR4 variant may influence predisposition for subclinical atherosclerosis and clinically evident CV disease in RA patients.
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Jin J, Samuvel DJ, Zhang X, Li Y, Lu Z, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. Coactivation of TLR4 and TLR2/6 coordinates an additive augmentation on IL-6 gene transcription via p38MAPK pathway in U937 mononuclear cells. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:423-32. [PMID: 22030478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that TLR4 and TLR2 expression by monocytes and the blood levels of TLR4 and TLR2 ligand in diabetic patients are significantly incased compared to nondiabetic patients, indicating that more monocytes in diabetic patients may have coactivation of TLR4 and TLR2. Although it has been shown that either TLR4 or TLR2 activation leads to increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the effect of coactivation of TLR2 and TLR4 in mononuclear cells on proinflammatory cytokine expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that while TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 were expressed by U937 mononuclear cells, TLR4 was expressed at the highest level. Interestingly, results showed that while activation of either TLR4 or TLR2/6 (TLR2dimerized with TLR6), but not TLR2/1 (TLR2dimerized with TLR1), significantly increased IL-6 expression by U937 mononuclear cells, coactivation of TLR4 and TLR2/6, but not TLR4 and TLR2/1, led to a further augmentation on IL-6 expression by increasing IL-6 transcriptional activity, but not mRNA stability. To explore the signaling mechanisms involved in the augmentation, we found that p38MAPK and NFκB pathways, but not ERK and JNK pathways, were required for the augmentation of IL-6 expression by coactivation of TLR4 and TLR2/6. Furthermore, we found that coactivation of TLR4 and TLR2/6 increased p38 phosphorylation, but not NFkB activity, as compared to activation of TLR4or TLR2/6 alone. Taken together, this study showed that coactivation of TLR4 and TLR2/6 coordinates an additive augmentation of IL-6 gene transcription via p38MAPK pathway in U937 mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Jin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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16
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Ferreira-Sae MCS, Cipolli JAA, Cornélio ME, Matos-Souza JR, Fernandes MN, Schreiber R, Costa FO, Franchini KG, Rodrigues RC, Gallani MC, Nadruz W. Sodium intake is associated with carotid artery structure alterations and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation in hypertensive adults. J Nutr 2011; 141:877-82. [PMID: 21430243 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.135921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which dietary sodium modulates cardiovascular risk are not fully understood. This study investigated whether sodium intake is related to carotid structure and hemodynamics and to plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in hypertensive adults. One hundred thirty-four participants were cross-sectionally evaluated by clinical history, anthropometry, carotid ultrasound, and analysis of hemodynamic, inflammatory, and metabolic variables. Daily sodium intake (DSI) was estimated by 24-h recall, discretionary sodium, and a FFQ. In 42 patients, plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were also analyzed. The mean DSI was 5.52 ± 0.29 g/d. Univariate analysis showed that DSI correlated with common carotid artery systolic and diastolic diameter (r = 0.36 and 0.34; both P < 0.001), peak and mean circumferential tension (r = 0.44 and 0.39; both P < 0.001), Young's Elastic Modulus (r = 0.40; P < 0.001), intima-media thickness (r = 0.19; P < 0.05), and internal carotid artery resistive index (r = 0.20; P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed that only artery diameter, circumferential wall tension, and Young's Elastic Modulus were independently associated with DSI. Conversely, plasma MMP-9 activity was associated with DSI (r = 0.53; P < 0.001) as well as with common carotid systolic diameter (r = 0.33; P < 0.05) and Young's Elastic Modulus (r = 0.38; P < 0.01). In conclusion, sodium intake is associated with carotid alterations in hypertensive adults independently of systemic hemodynamic variables. The present findings also suggest that increased MMP-9 activity might play a role in sodium-induced vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C S Ferreira-Sae
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
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17
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Gardener H, Beecham A, Cabral D, Yanuck D, Slifer S, Wang L, Blanton SH, Sacco RL, Juo SHH, Rundek T. Carotid plaque and candidate genes related to inflammation and endothelial function in Hispanics from northern Manhattan. Stroke 2011; 42:889-96. [PMID: 21393601 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.591065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The genetic influence on carotid atherosclerotic plaque is mostly unknown. This study examines the association between carotid plaque and single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected genes implicated in inflammation and endothelial function. METHODS A total of 43 genes (197 single nucleotide polymorphisms) involved in inflammation and endothelial function were interrogated in 287 Dominicans from the Northern Manhattan Study (mean age, 64±7 years; 58% women) who had undergone high-resolution B-mode ultrasound for examination of carotid plaque. Using an additive genetic model, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted, a within-gene haplotype analysis was performed, and interactions between genes were examined. Results were validated in an independent set of 301 Dominicans. RESULTS Carotid plaque was present in 143 (47%) participants. Nine genes had at least 1 single nucleotide polymorphism associated (P≤0.01) with carotid plaque phenotypes: TNF, NOS2A, IL6R, TNFSF4, PPARA, IL1A, TLR4, ITGA2, and HABP2. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TNFSF4, PPARA, TLR4, ITGA2, and HABP2 were also implicated with the same carotid phenotype in the validation analysis. Haplotype analysis revealed an additional gene of interest, VCAM1. CONCLUSIONS We report novel associations between variations in 10 genes involved in inflammation and endothelial function and carotid plaque phenotypes in a Dominican sample, with replication for 5 genes in an independent Dominican sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gardener
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, PO Box 016960 (M-877), Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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18
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Bielinski SJ, Hall JL, Pankow JS, Boerwinkle E, Matijevic-Aleksic N, He M, Chambless L, Folsom AR. Genetic variants in TLR2 and TLR4 are associated with markers of monocyte activation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities MRI Study. Hum Genet 2011; 129:655-62. [PMID: 21298446 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Markers of monocyte activation play a critical role in atherosclerosis, but little is known about the genetic influences on cellular levels. Therefore, we investigated the influence of genetic variants in monocyte differentiation antigen (CD14), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) on monocyte surface receptor levels. The study sample consisted of 1,817 members of a biracial cohort of adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. Monocyte receptors were measured using flow cytometry on fasting whole blood samples. TLR2 rs1816702 genotype was significantly associated with CD14+/TLR2+ percent of positive cells (%) and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) in whites but not in blacks (p < 0.001). Specifically, the presence of the minor T-allele was associated with increased receptor levels. In blacks, TLR4 rs5030719 was significantly associated with CD14+/TLR4+ monocytes (MFI) with mean ± SE intensities of 16.7 ± 0.05 and 16.0 ± 0.14 for GG and GT/TT genotypes, respectively (p < 0.001). Variants in TLR2 and TLR4 were associated with monocyte receptor levels of TLR2 and TLR4, respectively, in a biracial cohort of adults. To our knowledge, this is the first study to look at associations between variants in the toll-like receptor family and toll-like receptor levels on monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette J Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Harwick Building 6-56, Rochester, MN 55909, USA.
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A comprehensive genotype-phenotype interaction of different Toll-like receptor variations in a renal transplant cohort. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 119:535-44. [PMID: 20604744 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, the impact of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) system on early and late kidney transplantation outcome, such as ARE (acute rejection episodes) or cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, has still not been elucidated conclusively. Genetically determined alterations in TLR expression exhibit a possibility to evaluate their role in transplantation. In the present study, we sought to determine a comprehensive genotype-phenotype association with early and late allograft outcomes. We studied 11 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9 and within a co-molecule CD14 in 265 patients receiving their first kidney transplant and the association of these with the occurrence of DGF (delayed graft function), ARE or MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events). ARE were significantly more frequent in patients carrying the TLR3 TT/CT allele (43.8 compared with 25.8%; P=0.001) as were rates of DGF (21.4 compared with 12.0%; P=0.030). Furthermore, TLR9 was significantly involved in the occurrence of MACE (TLR9 -1237; P=0.030). Interestingly, there was no significant effect of any TLR polymorphism on graft survival or renal function and the incidence of any infection, including CMV (cytomegalovirus) infection. In conclusion, our present study in renal transplant recipients suggests that the TLR system may be involved in both acute rejection and MACE. Modulation of the TLR system may be a promising target in future therapeutic strategies.
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Seo D, Goldschmidt-Clermont P, Goldschidt-Clermont P, Velazquez O, Beecham G. Genomics of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010; 12:187-93. [PMID: 20425258 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-010-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease is a systemic process with a common pathophysiology but with different disease manifestations depending on the vascular site. Over the past two decades, significant efforts have gone toward determining the genomic factors contributing to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Substantial information has been generated regarding the genomics of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, and recently, several genomic analyses have looked at the cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular beds. This article reviews genomic investigations of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arteries. In this review, we have tried to restrict the discussion to studies of premature atherosclerosis, particularly those using non-biased genomic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, 809 Biomedical Research Building, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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21
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The functional Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with lower left ventricular mass in hypertensive women. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:744-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hernesniemi JA, Heikkilä A, Raitakari OT, Kähönen M, Juonala M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Marniemi J, Viikari J, Lehtimäki T. Interleukin-18 gene polymorphism and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Ann Med 2010; 42:223-30. [PMID: 20350254 DOI: 10.3109/07853891003769940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-atherosclerotic cytokine. We wanted to evaluate whether IL-18 gene polymorphism associates independently of risk factors, with early subclinical markers of atherosclerosis (intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary artery compliance (CAC), and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)) in a population of young healthy Caucasian adults. METHODS This study was based on the on-going Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study consisting of 2260 young adults, mean age being 31.7 (range 24-39 years) (1247 women and 1013 men). RESULTS Five studied tagSNPs formed six major haplotypes, which accounted for 99.9% of all variation of the IL-18 gene. According to adjusted analysis of variance, the IL-18 gene polymorphism did not associate with subclinical atherosclerosis in the whole study population. However, one major haplotype associated differently among men and women with IMT (P = 0.011). Male carriers of a major CCTgT haplotype (n = 441) seemed to have a lower IMT when compared to the non-carriers (-0.016 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.028 to -0.004, P = 0.014). Among women no significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Among all study subjects, the polymorphism of the IL-18 gene is not associated with subclinical markers of atherosclerosis. However, among men one major IL-18 haplotype seemed to associate with substantially lower IMT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi A Hernesniemi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
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den Dekker WK, Cheng C, Pasterkamp G, Duckers HJ. Toll like receptor 4 in atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization. Atherosclerosis 2009; 209:314-20. [PMID: 19900676 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a pivotal role in initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Monocytes and T-lymphocytes are the first cells to enter the damaged endothelium. Differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and ingestion of lipids by these macrophages turning them into foam cells is a crucial step in the development of a fatty streak, the first sign of atherosclerosis. In recent years there has been accumulating evidence for the involvement of Toll like receptor 4, a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system, in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Different cell types present in the atherosclerotic plaque express TLR4 and several pro-atherogenic ligands have been shown to activate TLR4. The innate immune system and the TLR signaling cascade may play an important role not only in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but also in plaque destabilization. In this review, we discuss the role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand K den Dekker
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Balistreri CR, Colonna-Romano G, Lio D, Candore G, Caruso C. TLR4 polymorphisms and ageing: implications for the pathophysiology of age-related diseases. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:406-15. [PMID: 19459036 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immunity provides a first line of host defense against infection by recognizing and killing microbes while simultaneously activating an instructive immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are principal mediators of rapid microbial recognition and function mainly by detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns that do not exist in the host. Recognition of their ligands leads to a series of signaling events resulting in acute host responses, involved in killing pathogens. DISCUSSION We describe the involvement of TLR4 polymorphisms in ageing, and in particular in age-related diseases, suggesting the crucial role of molecules of innate immunity in pathophysiology of these diseases. Hence, we observed that pro-inflammatory alleles may be related to unsuccessful ageing, such as Alzheimer's disease, prostate cancer, and atherosclerosis; in contrast, the control of inflammation by anti-inflammatory alleles may result in increased longevity and successful ageing. Finally, a possible therapeutic approach to delay age-related diseases is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche dell'Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory, Palermo, Italy.
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25
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Giacconi R, Caruso C, Malavolta M, Lio D, Balistreri CR, Scola L, Candore G, Muti E, Mocchegiani E. Pro-inflammatory genetic background and zinc status in old atherosclerotic subjects. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:306-18. [PMID: 18611449 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and genetics are prominent mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AT) and its complications. In this review we discuss the possible impact on AT development of several genetic determinants involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and cytoprotection (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, CD14, TLR4, MT, HSP70). Genetic polymorphisms of these genes may affect a differential inflammatory response predisposing to AT. However, allelic polymorphisms of genes which increase the risk of AT frequently occur in the general population but, only adequate gene-environment-polymorphism interactions promote the onset of the disease. Zinc deficiency has been suggested as an environmental risk factor for AT. With advancing age, the incidence of zinc deficiency increases for several reasons. Among them, dietary intake, malabsorption and genetic background of inflammatory markers may be involved. A crucial contribution may also be played by increased oxidative stress which may lead to the appearance of dysfunctional proteins, including metallothioneins (MT) that are in turn involved in zinc homeostasis. The detection of candidate genes related to inflammation and promoting AT and their reciprocal influence/interaction with zinc status might allow earlier appropriate dietary interventions in genetically susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Giacconi
- Immunolgy Center, Laboratory of Nutrigenomic and Immunosenenscence, Research Department, INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
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Reismann P, Rácz K, Tulassay Z. [Polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptor 4 gene and their potential role in infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders]. Orv Hetil 2008; 149:1791-9. [PMID: 18805765 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2008.28452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 is a key mediator of the innate immune response. Besides its main ligand, the Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides, other molecules such as heat-shock protein 60, oxidized low density lipoprotein and fibronectin can also bind to the receptor. Activation of the Toll-like receptor induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines. There is increasing evidence showing that the Toll-like receptor 4 plays a role not only in the immune reaction against infectious agents but also in chronic non-infectious inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease. This review briefly summarizes recent knowledge on the Toll-like receptor 4, its common co-segregation polymorphisms and the impact of these polymorphisms on various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Reismann
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Szentkirályi u. 46. 1088.
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