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Żuber-Łaskawiec K, Wilańska J, Karska-Basta I, Pociej-Marciak W, Romanowska-Dixon B, Sanak M, Kubicka-Trząska A. Circulating Anti-Endothelial Cell Antibodies in Patients with Geographic Atrophy Related to Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:810. [PMID: 38792993 PMCID: PMC11122982 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of central vision loss among elderly patients, and its dry form accounts for the majority of cases. Although several causes and mechanisms for the development and progression of AMD have previously been identified, the pathogenesis of this complex disease is still not entirely understood. As inflammation and immune system involvement are strongly suggested to play a central role in promoting the degenerative process and stimulating the onset of complications, we aimed to analyze the frequency of serum anti-retinal (ARAs) and anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in patients with dry AMD and to determine their relationship with the clinical features of the disease, notably the area of geographic atrophy (GA). Materials and Methods: This study included 41 patients with advanced-stage dry AMD and 50 healthy controls without AMD, matched for gender and age. ARAs were detected by indirect immunofluorescence using monkey retina as an antigen substrate, and the presence of AECAs was determined using cultivated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and primate skeletal muscle. Results: ARAs were detected in 36 (87.8%) AMD patients (titers ranged from 1:20 to 1:320) and in 16 (39.0%) (titers ranged from 1:10 to 1:40) controls (p = 0.0000). Twenty of the forty-one patients (48.8%) were positive for AECAs, while in the control group, AECAs were present only in five sera (10.0%). The titers of AECAs in AMD patients ranged from 1:100 to 1:1000, and in the control group, the AECA titers were 1:100 (p = 0.0001). There were no significant correlations between the presence of AECAs and disease activity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a higher prevalence of circulating AECAs in patients with dry AMD; however, no correlation was found between the serum levels of these autoantibodies and the area of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Żuber-Łaskawiec
- Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (K.Ż.-Ł.)
- Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Wilańska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, II Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Skawińska Str. 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabella Karska-Basta
- Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (K.Ż.-Ł.)
- Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Pociej-Marciak
- Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (K.Ż.-Ł.)
- Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bożena Romanowska-Dixon
- Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (K.Ż.-Ł.)
- Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, II Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Skawińska Str. 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kubicka-Trząska
- Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; (K.Ż.-Ł.)
- Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
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Yang TM, Huang WL, Yang CH, Yang CM, Ho TC, Chen TC, Lai TT, Hsieh YT. Association between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and development of age-related macular degeneration-A 10-year retrospective cohort study. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:467-477. [PMID: 37858375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the associations between development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and regular use of aspirin or non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NA-NSAIDs). METHODS We retrospectively recruited individuals who received ≥28-day prescriptions of aspirin or NA-NSAIDs exclusively between 2008 and 2017 in one tertiary center as regular users. Non-regular users were free from regular use of any anti-inflammatory drugs and were matched to regular users in terms of age, sex, and visit date at a ratio of 1-4:1. The aspirin cohort included 36,771 regular users and 110,808 matched non-regular users, while the NA-NSAID cohort included 59,569 regular users and 179,732 matched non-regular users. Stratified multivariate Cox regression analyses with adjustment for systemic confounding factors were performed for the development of AMD and neovascular AMD. RESULTS In the aspirin cohort, the adjusted hazard ratios of aspirin use for AMD in the whole cohort, individuals without cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and those with CVDs were 0.664, 0.618, and 0.702, respectively (P < 0.0001 for all), while those of aspirin use for neovascular AMD were 0.486, 0.313, and 0.584 (P < 0.05 for all), respectively. In the NA-NSAID cohort, regular use of NA-NSAIDs was associated with a decreased risk of AMD (hazard ratio = 0.823, P < 0.0001) and neovascular AMD (hazard ratio = 0.720, P = 0.040) only in people without arthritis. CONCLUSIONS Regular use of aspirin or NA-NSAIDs had protective effects on AMD and neovascular AMD. The effect of aspirin was observed in all patients, while the effect of NA-NSAIDs was observed only in people without arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Mu Yang
- Department of General Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Chang Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Ting Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang M, Li H, Wu Y, Wang B, Xi Y, Hu K. Bioinformatics and Network Pharmacology Explore the Role of Immune Cells in the Occurrence of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Resistance in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration(nAMD) and the Application of Complementary Medicine Treatment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38252904 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explores the immune cells' role in anti-VEGF resistance in nAMD patients, and the potential of Zi-Yin-Jiang-Huo-Tang (ZYJHT), a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, as complementary therapy. METHODS Aqueous humor proteomics data from 10 nAMD patients with anti-VEGF resistance and 10 nAMD patients without anti-VEGF resistance were analyzed, investigating immune cells's role in anti-VEGF resistance and its underlying mechanism. Network pharmacology methods are employed to analyze the active ingredients in ZYJHT that contribute to therapeutic effects and their mechanisms. Real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was used to detect changes in the expression of SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) after treatment with compounds targeting SOD1 in ARPE-19 cells. RESULTS nAMD patients with anti-VEGF resistance showed enhancement of biological processes linked to the positive regulation of immune function, along with decreased cellular resistance to oxidative stress. Infiltration of B cells memory, plasma cells, CD8+and γδ-T cells were higher in nAMD patients with anti-VEGF resistance. SOD1 was identified as a hub gene in the occurrence of anti-VEGF resistance and a core therapeutic target of ZYJHT, negatively correlated with B and T cell infiltration. Compounds diosgenin, naringenin, and liquiritin in ZYJHT can bind to SOD1 and upregulating SOD1 expression in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Wang
- School of Eye, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Bingqi Wang
- School of International Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ya Xi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ahmed CM, Patel AP, Johnson HM, Ildefonso CJ, Lewin AS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3-derived peptide as a therapeutic for inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced damage to the retina. Mol Vis 2023; 29:338-356. [PMID: 38264613 PMCID: PMC10805335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinal diseases. We tested a cell-penetrating peptide from the kinase inhibitory region of an intracellular checkpoint inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (R9-SOCS3-KIR) peptide for its ability to blunt the inflammatory or oxidative pathways leading to AMD. Methods We used anaphylatoxin C5a to mimic the effect of activated complement, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) to stimulate inflammation and paraquat to induce mitochondrial oxidative stress. We used a human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line (ARPE-19) as proliferating cells and a mouse macrophage cell line (J774A.1) to follow cell propagation using microscopy or cell titer assays. We evaluated inflammatory pathways by monitoring the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to evaluate the induction of inflammatory markers. In differentiated ARPE-19 monolayers, we evaluated the integrity of tight junction proteins through microscopy and the measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). We used intraperitoneal injection of sodium iodate in mice to test the ability of R9-SOC3-KIR to prevent RPE and retinal injury, as assessed by fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and histology. Results R9-SOCS3-KIR treatment suppressed C5a-induced nuclear translocation of the NF-kB activation domain p65 in undifferentiated ARPE-19 cells. TNF-mediated damage to tight junction proteins in RPE, and the loss of TEER was prevented in the presence of R9-SOCS3-KIR. Treatment with the R9-SOCS3-KIR peptide blocked the C5a-induced expression of inflammatory genes. The R9-SOCS3-KIR treatment also blocked the LPS-induced expression of interleukin-6, MCP1, cyclooxygenase 2, and interleukin-1 beta. R9-SOCS3-KIR prevented paraquat-mediated cell death and enhanced the levels of antioxidant effectors. Daily eye drop treatment with R9-SOCS3-KIR protected against retinal injury caused by i.p. administration of sodium iodate. Conclusions R9-SOCS3-KIR blocks the induction of inflammatory signaling in cell culture and reduces retinal damage in a widely used RPE/retinal oxidative injury model. As this peptide can be administered through corneal instillation, this treatment may offer a convenient way to slow down the progression of ocular diseases arising from inflammation and chronic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL
| | - Anil P Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL
| | - Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Alfred S Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL
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Korb CA, Lackner KJ, Wolters D, Schuster AK, Nickels S, Beutgen VM, Münzel T, Wild PS, Beutel ME, Schmidtmann I, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Association of autoantibody levels with different stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Results from the population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2763-2773. [PMID: 37160502 PMCID: PMC10543519 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-retinal autoantibodies are assumed to be associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of autoantibodies in human sera of participants with different stages of AMD in a large population-based, observational cohort study in Germany. METHODS The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, observational cohort study in Germany, including 15,010 participants aged between 35 and 74. Amongst others, non-mydriatic fundus photography (Visucam PRO NM™, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) was performed. Fundus images of the first 5000 participants were graded based on the Rotterdam Eye Study classification. Sera of participants with AMD (n=541) and sera of age-matched participants without AMD (n=490) were analyzed by antigen-microarrays. Besides descriptive statistics, autoantibody-levels were compared by Mann-Whitney-U test and the associations of level of autoantibodies with AMD were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Likewise, possible associations of the autoantibodies and both clinical and laboratory parameters on AMD subjects were analyzed. RESULTS Autoantibodies against transferrin (p<0.001) were significantly downregulated in participants with early AMD and soft, distinct drusen (≥63 μm) or pigmentary abnormalities only compared to Controls. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (p=0.041), glutathione peroxidase 4 (p=0.048), clusterin (p=0.045), lysozyme (p=0.19), protein kinase C substrate 80K-H (p=0.02), heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A (p=0.04) and insulin (p=0.018) show a trend between Control and participants with early AMD and soft, distinct drusen (≥63 μm) or pigmentary abnormalities only. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to a growing knowledge of autoantibodies in association with different AMD stages compared to controls in the context of a large population-based study in Germany. Especially autoantibodies against inflammatory proteins were downregulated in participants with early AMD and soft, distinct drusen (≥63 μm) or pigmentary abnormalities only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Korb
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Karl J Lackner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Wolters
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanessa M Beutgen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp S Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine Main, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Li W, Chen L, Gu Z, Chen Z, Li H, Cheng Z, Li H, Zou L. Co-delivery of microRNA-150 and quercetin by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the targeted treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). J Control Release 2023; 355:358-370. [PMID: 36738972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which leads to severe vision loss in middle-aged and elderly patients. Current treatments for CNV show weak, transient efficacy, and they can cause several adverse effects. A potential new treatment is to use microRNA-150 (mR150), which regulates physiological and pathological angiogenesis by modulating the expression of CXCR4 at the post-transcriptional level. Here, we developed solid lipid nanoparticles that we modified with an Asp-Gly-Arg peptide to target endothelial cells during abnormal angiogenesis, then we co-loaded them with mR150 and the anti-angiogenic drug quercetin. The resulting nanoparticles had an average size around 200 nm and showed strong ability to target the fundus and inhibit CNV for up to two weeks in a mouse model without causing retinal toxicity. They significantly enhanced the uptake of mR150 in vitro compared to free mR150 or nanoparticles without peptide. Our study suggests that co-administration of mR150 and quercetin has potential for treating age-related macular degeneration and that nanoparticles modified with Asp-Gly-Arg peptide are an effective platform for the co-delivery of small-molecule and nucleic acid drugs via intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoujiang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Affiliated Hospital & Clnical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxia Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital & Clnical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, People's Republic of China.
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Serum Autoantibodies in Patients with Dry and Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041590. [PMID: 36836125 PMCID: PMC9960765 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the serum autoantibody profile in patients with dry and exudative age-related macular degeneration compared with healthy volunteers to detect potential biomarkers, e.g., markers for progression of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS IgG Immunoreactivities were compared in patients suffering from dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (n = 20), patients with treatment-naive exudative AMD (n = 29) and healthy volunteers (n = 21). Serum was analysed by customized antigen microarrays containing 61 antigens. The statistical analysis was performed by univariate and multivariate analysis of variance, predictive data-mining methods and artificial neuronal networks were used to detect specific autoantibody patterns. RESULTS The immunoreactivities of dry and wet AMD patients were significantly different from each other and from controls. One of the most prominently changed reactivity was against alpha-synuclein (p ≤ 0.0034), which is known from other neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, reactivities against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphat-dehydrogenase (p ≤ 0.031) and Annexin V (p ≤ 0.034), which performs a major role in apoptotic processes, were significantly changed. Some immunoreacitvities were antithetic regulated in wet and dry-AMD, such as Vesicle transport-related protein (VTI-B). CONCLUSIONS Comparison of autoantibody profiles in patients with dry and wet AMD revealed significantly altered immunoreactivities against proteins particularly found in immunological diseases, further neurodegenerative, apoptotic and autoimmune markers could be observed. A validation study has to explore if these antibody pattern can help to understand the underlying differences in pathogenesis, evaluate their prognostic value and if those could be possibly useful as additional therapeutic targets.
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Prasuhn M, Nassar K, Tura A, Ranjbar M. Interleukin levels in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: evaluation of morphological and functional progression over 5 years. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:3397-3399. [PMID: 35412079 PMCID: PMC9477925 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Prasuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Khaled Nassar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aysegül Tura
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mahdy Ranjbar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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Specific Autoantibodies in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evaluation of Morphological and Functional Progression over Five Years. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111207. [PMID: 34834560 PMCID: PMC8624782 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Altered levels of autoantibodies (aab) and their networks have been identified as biomarkers for various diseases. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause for central vision loss worldwide with highly variable inter- and intraindividual disease courses. Certain aab networks could help in daily routine to identify patients with a high disease activity who need to be visited and treated more regularly. (2) Methods: We analyzed levels of aab against Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1-receptor), Protease-activated receptors (PAR1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -A, VEGF-B, and VEGF-receptor 2 in sera of 164 nAMD patients. In a follow-up period of five years, we evaluated changes in functional and morphological characteristics. Using correlation analyses, multiple regression models, and receiver operator characteristics, we assessed whether the five aab have a clinical significance as biomarkers that correspond to the clinical properties. (3) Results: Neither the analyzed aab individually nor taken together as a network showed statistically significant results that would allow us to draw conclusions on the clinical five-year course in nAMD patients. (4) Conclusions: The five aab that we analyzed do not correspond to the clinical five-year course of nAMD patients. However, larger, prospective studies should reevaluate different and more aab to gain deeper insights.
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Immunological Aspects of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:143-189. [PMID: 33848001 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence over the past two decades points to a pivotal role for immune mechanisms in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathobiology. In this chapter, we will explore immunological aspects of AMD, with a specific focus on how immune mechanisms modulate clinical phenotypes of disease and severity and how components of the immune system may serve as triggers for disease progression in both dry and neovascular AMD. We will briefly review the biology of the immune system, defining the role of immune mechanisms in chronic degenerative disease and differentiating from immune responses to acute injury or infection. We will explore current understanding of the roles of innate immunity (especially macrophages), antigen-specific immunity (T cells, B cells, and autoimmunity), immune amplifications systems, especially complement activity and the NLRP3 inflammasome, in the pathogenesis of both dry and neovascular AMD, reviewing data from pathology, experimental animal models, and clinical studies of AMD patients. We will also assess how interactions between the immune system and infectious pathogens could potentially modulate AMD pathobiology via alterations in in immune effector mechanisms. We will conclude by reviewing the paradigm of "response to injury," which provides a means to integrate various immunologic mechanisms along with nonimmune mechanisms of tissue injury and repair as a model to understand the pathobiology of AMD.
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Nagai N, Kawashima H, Toda E, Homma K, Osada H, Guzman NA, Shibata S, Uchiyama Y, Okano H, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y. Renin-angiotensin system impairs macrophage lipid metabolism to promote age-related macular degeneration in mouse models. Commun Biol 2020; 3:767. [PMID: 33299105 PMCID: PMC7725839 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, a condition involving obesity and hypertension, increases the risk of aging-associated diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we demonstrated that high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice accumulated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in macrophages through the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The ox-LDL-loaded macrophages were responsible for visual impairment in HFD mice along with a disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is required for photoreceptor outer segment renewal. RAS repressed ELAVL1, which reduced PPARγ, impeding ABCA1 induction to levels that are sufficient to excrete overloaded cholesterol within the macrophages. The ox-LDL-loaded macrophages expressed inflammatory cytokines and attacked the RPE. An antihypertensive drug, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, resolved the decompensation of lipid metabolism in the macrophages and reversed the RPE condition and visual function in HFD mice. AT1R signaling could be a future therapeutic target for macrophage-associated aging diseases, such as AMD. Nagai et al. show that mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) accumulate oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophages through the renin–angiotensin system, which impairs visual function. They find that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) improves the visual function of HFD mice, suggesting AT1R signaling as a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kawashima
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Toda
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Homma
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideto Osada
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naymel A Guzman
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan. .,St. Luke's International University, 9-1 Akashi-Cho, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan.
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12
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Zhou H, Zhao X, Yuan M, Chen Y. Comparison of cytokine levels in the aqueous humor of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:15. [PMID: 31914968 PMCID: PMC6950800 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The concentrations of cytokines in the aqueous humor from neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) may vary. The study was conducted to compare various cytokine levels in the aqueous humor of eyes with PCV, nAMD and control. Methods The present case control study included 49 treatment-naïve eyes from 49 patients (PCV 24, nAMD 11, and cataract 14 eyes). Totally 34 angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor were measured by Luminex bead-based multiplex array. Results After adjusting for gender and age by multivariate logistic analysis, concentrations of IL-31, LIF, SDF1-α, VEGF-A, VEGF-D were significantly higher in eyes with nAMD or PCV compared with control eyes (all P < 0.05, times in nAMD: 59.5, 6.0, 7.0, 4.5, 5.6, respectively, times in PCV: 51.9, 5.21, 6.6, 4.0, 5.1, respectively), and concentrations of HGF, IP-10, MCP-1, IL-13 were significantly lower in eyes with nAMD or PCV than in control eyes (all P < 0.05, times in nAMD: 2.6, 2.0, 4.5, 4.7, respectively, times in PCV: 1.9, 3.0, 3.0, 2.8, respectively), but none of the 34 cytokines, including VEGF and IL-8, showed significantly different between eyes with nAMD and PCV. Conclusions Various cytokines involved in inflammation and angiogenesis including elevated IL-31, LIF, SDF1-α, VEGF-A, VEGF-D might be involved in the pathogenesis of nAMD or PCV. None of the 34 cytokines may help to differentiate nAMD and PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China.
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13
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Cai W, Chen Q, Shen T, Yang Q, Hu W, Zhao P, Yu J. Intravenous anti-VEGF agents with RGD peptide-targeted core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers modified with indocyanine green for imaging and treatment of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:4481-4491. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm02086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
S-PEG-ICG-RGD-RBZ NPs were synthesized to intravenously deliver anti-VEGF agents to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) areas for the treatment of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Qijing Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Tianyi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Weinan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Anhui University of Science and Technology
- Huainan
- China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience
- Shanghai East Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital
- Tongji University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai
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14
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ten Berge JC, Fazil Z, Born LI, Wolfs RCW, Schreurs MWJ, Dik WA, Rothova A. Intraocular cytokine profile and autoimmune reactions in retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and cataract. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:185-192. [PMID: 30298670 PMCID: PMC6585720 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To analyse intraocular cytokine levels and prevalence of intraocular antiretinal antibodies (ARAs) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and cataract, and correlate the results to clinical manifestations. Methods We collected intraocular fluid samples from patients with RP (n = 25), AMD (n = 12), glaucoma (n = 28) and cataract (n = 22), and serum samples paired with the intraocular fluids from patients with RP (N = 7) and cataract (n = 10). Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐1ra, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐6rα, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐17A, IL‐23, thymus‐ and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using a multiplex assay. Antiretinal antibodies (ARA) detection was performed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results Increasing age was associated with increasing levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α and VEGF. All patient groups exhibited distinct profiles of intraocular cytokines. Intraocular levels of IL‐8 were highest in patients with AMD and glaucoma. Cataract patients exhibited high intraocular levels of IL‐23. Intraocular levels of IL‐2, IL‐6, MCP‐1 and PlGF in RP patients exceeded the levels of serum, indicating intraocular production. Intraocular ARAs were found in only one patient with AMD. Conclusion Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in intraocular fluid of patients with originally noninflammatory ocular diseases show that intraocular inflammation is involved in their pathogenesis of these entities. Moreover, we show that increasing age is associated with increasing levels of intraocular cytokines and conclude that future studies on intraocular mediators should be corrected for age of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zainab Fazil
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marco W. J. Schreurs
- Department of Immunology Laboratory Medical Immunology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Wim A. Dik
- Department of Immunology Laboratory Medical Immunology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
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15
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Mohlin C, Sandholm K, Kvanta A, Ekdahl KN, Johansson K. A model to study complement involvement in experimental retinal degeneration. Ups J Med Sci 2018; 123:28-42. [PMID: 29436895 PMCID: PMC5901466 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2018.1431744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system (CS) plays a role in the pathogenesis of a number of ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, uveitis, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Given that many of the complex eye-related degenerative diseases have limited treatment opportunities, we aimed to mimic the in vivo retinal degenerative process by developing a relevant co-culture system. METHOD AND MATERIALS The adult porcine retina was co-cultured with the spontaneously arising human retinal pigment epithelial cells-19 (ARPE-19). RESULTS Inflammatory activity was found after culture and included migrating microglial cells, gliosis, cell death, and CS activation (demonstrated by a minor increase in the secreted anaphylotoxin C3a in co-culture). CS components, including C1q, C3, C4, soluble C5b-9, and the C5a receptor, were expressed in the retina and/or ARPE cells after culture. C1q, C3, and CS regulators such as C4 binding protein (C4BP), factor H (CFH), and factor I (CFI) were secreted after culture. DISCUSSION Thus, our research indicates that this co-culturing system may be useful for investigations of the CS and its involvement in experimental neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Mohlin
- Linnaeus University Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- CONTACT Camilla Mohlin Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Sandholm
- Linnaeus University Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophthalmology and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina N. Ekdahl
- Linnaeus University Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Johansson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
The complement system is a vital component of the immune-priveliged human eye that is always active at a low-grade level, preventing harmful intraocular injuries caused by accumulation of turnover products and controlling pathogens to preserve eye homeostasis and vision. The complement system is a double-edged sword that is essential for protection but may also become harmful and contribute to eye pathology. Here, we review the evidence for the involvement of complement system dysregulation in age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, uveitis, and neuromyelitis optica, highlighting the relationship between morphogical changes and complement system protein expression and regulation in these diseases. The potential benefits of complement inhibition in age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, uveitis, and neuromyelitis optica are abundant, as are those of further research to improve our understanding of complement-mediated injury in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Mohlin
- Linnæus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Sandholm
- Linnæus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kristina N Ekdahl
- Linnæus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Graham C, Chooniedass R, Stefura WP, Lotoski L, Lopez P, Befus AD, Becker AB, HayGlass KT. Stability of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune biomarkers for human cohort studies. J Transl Med 2017; 15:53. [PMID: 28253888 PMCID: PMC5335797 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although discovery research has identified the importance of dozens of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune mediators in the pathogenesis, maintenance, exacerbation and resolution of inflammatory diseases, most human cohort studies have incorporated few or no immunological intermediate phenotypes in their analyses. Significant hindrances have been (1) the limited panel of biomarkers known to be readily detected in healthy human populations and (2) the stability, hence utility, of such biomarkers to repeated analysis. METHODS The frequency and stability of 14 plasma biomarkers linked to in vivo immune regulation of allergic and autoimmune inflammatory disorders was determined in 140 healthy pediatric and adult participants. The impact of initial and multiple subsequent freeze/thaw cycles on pro-inflammatory (CCL2, CXCL10, IL-18, TNFα, IL-6), anti-inflammatory (IL-10, sTNF-RII, IL-1Ra), acute phase proteins (CRP, PTX3) and other biomarkers (sST2, IL-1RAcP) was subsequently quantified. RESULTS Multiple biomarkers capable of providing an innate immune signature of inflammation were readily detected directly ex vivo in healthy individuals. These biomarker levels were unaffected when comparing paired data sets from freshly obtained, never frozen plasma or serum and matched aliquots despite extensive freeze/thaw cycles. Neither age nor sex affected stability. Similarly, no quantitative differences were found following repetitive analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in culture samples obtained following in vitro stimulation with TLR and RLR ligands. CONCLUSIONS A broad panel of in vivo and ex vivo cytokine, chemokine and acute phase protein biomarkers that have been linked to human chronic inflammatory disorders are readily detected in vivo and remain stable for analysis despite multiple freeze thaw cycles. These data provide the foundation and confidence for large scale analyses of panels of inflammatory biomarkers to provide better understanding of immunological mechanisms underlying health versus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Graham
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Chooniedass
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - W P Stefura
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - L Lotoski
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Community Health and Epidemiology-Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - P Lopez
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - A D Befus
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A B Becker
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - K T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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