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Martínez-Costa OH, Rodrigues-Miranda L, Clemente SM, Parola AJ, Basilio N, Samhan-Arias AK. The Use of Flavylium Salts as Dynamic Inhibitor Moieties for Human C b5R. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010123. [PMID: 36615312 PMCID: PMC9822168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cb5R) is a flavoprotein that participates in the reduction of multiple biological redox partners. Co-localization of this protein with nitric oxide sources has been observed in neurons. In addition, the generation of superoxide anion radical by Cb5R has been observed. A search for specific inhibitors of Cb5R to understand the role of this protein in these new functions has been initiated. Previous studies have shown the ability of different flavonoids to inhibit Cb5R. Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids responsible for most red and blue colors found in flowers and fruits. Although usually represented by the flavylium cation form, these species are only stable at rather acidic pH values (pH ≤ 1). At higher pH values, the flavylium cation is involved in a dynamic reaction network comprising different neutral species with the potential ability to inhibit the activities of Cb5R. This study aims to provide insights into the molecular mechanism of interaction between flavonoids and Cb5R using flavylium salts as dynamic inhibitors. The outcome of this study might lead to the design of improved specific enzyme inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rodrigues-Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia M. Clemente
- Laboratório Associado Para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Jorge Parola
- Laboratório Associado Para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Basilio
- Laboratório Associado Para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K.S.-A.)
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Laboratório Associado Para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K.S.-A.)
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2
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Iyanagi T. Roles of Ferredoxin-NADP + Oxidoreductase and Flavodoxin in NAD(P)H-Dependent Electron Transfer Systems. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2143. [PMID: 36358515 PMCID: PMC9687028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct isoforms of FAD-containing ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) and ferredoxin (Fd) are involved in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic electron transfer systems. The FNR (FAD)-Fd [2Fe-2S] redox pair complex switches between one- and two-electron transfer reactions in steps involving FAD semiquinone intermediates. In cyanobacteria and some algae, one-electron carrier Fd serves as a substitute for low-potential FMN-containing flavodoxin (Fld) during growth under low-iron conditions. This complex evolves into the covalent FNR (FAD)-Fld (FMN) pair, which participates in a wide variety of NAD(P)H-dependent metabolic pathways as an electron donor, including bacterial sulfite reductase, cytochrome P450 BM3, plant or mammalian cytochrome P450 reductase and nitric oxide synthase isoforms. These electron transfer systems share the conserved Ser-Glu/Asp pair in the active site of the FAD module. In addition to physiological electron acceptors, the NAD(P)H-dependent diflavin reductase family catalyzes a one-electron reduction of artificial electron acceptors such as quinone-containing anticancer drugs. Conversely, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which shares a Fld-like active site, functions as a typical two-electron transfer antioxidant enzyme, and the NQO1 and UDP-glucuronosyltransfease/sulfotransferase pairs function as an antioxidant detoxification system. In this review, the roles of the plant FNR-Fd and FNR-Fld complex pairs were compared to those of the diflavin reductase (FAD-FMN) family. In the final section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain electron transfer systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iyanagi
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Akoh 678-1297, Hyogo, Japan
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3
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Shen J, Wu G, Tsai AL, Zhou M. Transmembrane helices mediate the formation of a stable ternary complex of b 5R, cyt b 5, and SCD1. Commun Biol 2022; 5:956. [PMID: 36097052 PMCID: PMC9468158 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) and cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) are electron carrier proteins for membrane-embedded oxidoreductases. Both b5R and cyt b5 have a cytosolic domain and a single transmembrane (TM) helix. The cytosolic domains of b5R and cyt b5 contain cofactors required for electron transfer, but it is not clear if the TM helix has function beyond being an anchor to the membrane. Here we show that b5R and cyt b5 form a stable binary complex, and so do cyt b5 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). We also show that b5R, cyt b5 and SCD1 form a stable ternary complex. We demonstrate that the TM helices are required for the assembly of stable binary and ternary complexes where electron transfer rates are greatly enhanced. These results reveal a role of the TM helix in cyt b5 and b5R, and suggest that an electron transport chain composed of a stable ternary complex may be a general feature in membrane-embedded oxidoreductases that require cyt b5 and b5R. The transmembrane domains of mammalian cytochrome b5 (cyt b5), cyt b5 reductase (b5R), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) form stable binary complexes between cyt b5/b5R or cyt b5/SCD1 and a ternary complex, which enhance electron transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemin Shen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Gardner PR. Ordered Motions in the Nitric-Oxide Dioxygenase Mechanism of Flavohemoglobin and Assorted Globins with Tightly Coupled Reductases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1414:45-96. [PMID: 36520413 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric-oxide dioxygenases (NODs) activate and combine O2 with NO to form nitrate. A variety of oxygen-binding hemoglobins with associated partner reductases or electron donors function as enzymatic NODs. Kinetic and structural investigations of the archetypal two-domain microbial flavohemoglobin-NOD have illuminated an allosteric mechanism that employs selective tunnels for O2 and NO, gates for NO and nitrate, transient O2 association with ferric heme, and an O2 and NO-triggered, ferric heme spin crossover-driven, motion-controlled, and dipole-regulated electron-transfer switch. The proposed mechanism facilitates radical-radical coupling of ferric-superoxide with NO to form nitrate while preventing suicidal ferrous-NO formation. Diverse globins display the structural and functional motifs necessary for a similar allosteric NOD mechanism. In silico docking simulations reveal monomeric erythrocyte hemoglobin alpha-chain and beta-chain intrinsically matched and tightly coupled with NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, respectively, forming membrane-bound flavohemoglobin-like mammalian NODs. The neuroprotective neuroglobin manifests a potential NOD role in a close-fitting ternary complex with membrane-bound NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. Cytoglobin interfaces weakly with cytochrome b5 for O2 and NO-regulated electron-transfer and coupled NOD activity. The mechanistic model also provides insight into the evolution of O2 binding cooperativity in hemoglobin and a basis for the discovery of allosteric NOD inhibitors.
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Structural Features of Cytochrome b5–Cytochrome b5 Reductase Complex Formation and Implications for the Intramolecular Dynamics of Cytochrome b5 Reductase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010118. [PMID: 35008543 PMCID: PMC8745658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane cytochrome b5 reductase is a pleiotropic oxidoreductase that uses primarily soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as an electron donor to reduce multiple biological acceptors localized in cellular membranes. Some of the biological acceptors of the reductase and coupled redox proteins might eventually transfer electrons to oxygen to form reactive oxygen species. Additionally, an inefficient electron transfer to redox acceptors can lead to electron uncoupling and superoxide anion formation by the reductase. Many efforts have been made to characterize the involved catalytic domains in the electron transfer from the reduced flavoprotein to its electron acceptors, such as cytochrome b5, through a detailed description of the flavin and NADH-binding sites. This information might help to understand better the processes and modifications involved in reactive oxygen formation by the cytochrome b5 reductase. Nevertheless, more than half a century since this enzyme was first purified, the one-electron transfer process toward potential electron acceptors of the reductase is still only partially understood. New advances in computational analysis of protein structures allow predicting the intramolecular protein dynamics, identifying potential functional sites, or evaluating the effects of microenvironment changes in protein structure and dynamics. We applied this approach to characterize further the roles of amino acid domains within cytochrome b5 reductase structure, part of the catalytic domain, and several sensors and structural domains involved in the interactions with cytochrome b5 and other electron acceptors. The computational analysis results allowed us to rationalize some of the available spectroscopic data regarding ligand-induced conformational changes leading to an increase in the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) solvent-exposed surface, which has been previously correlated with the formation of complexes with electron acceptors.
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Gideon DA, Nirusimhan V, E JC, Sudarsha K, Manoj KM. Mechanism of electron transfers mediated by cytochromes c and b5 in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum: classical and murburn perspectives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:9235-9252. [PMID: 33998974 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1925154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We explore the mechanism of electron transfers mediated by cytochrome c, a soluble protein involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cytochrome b5, a microsomal membrane protein acting as a redox aide in xenobiotic metabolism. We found minimal conservation in the sequence and surface amino acid residues of cytochrome c/b5 proteins among divergent species. Therefore, we question the evolutionary logic for electron transfer (ET) occurring through affinity binding via recognition of specific surface residues/topography. Also, analysis of putative protein-protein interactions in the crystal structures of these proteins and their redox partners did not point to any specific interaction logic. A comparison of the kinetic and thermodynamic constants of wildtype vs. mutants did not provide strong evidence to support the binding-based ET paradigm, but indicated support for diffusible reactive species (DRS)-mediated process. Topographically divergent cytochromes from one species have been substituted for reaction with proteins from other species, implying the involvement of non-specific interactions. We provide a viable alternative (murburn concept) to classical protein-protein binding-based long range ET mechanism. To account for the promiscuity of interactions and solvent-accessible hemes, we propose that the two proteins act as non- specific redox capacitors, mediating one-electron redox equilibriums involving DRS and unbound ions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andrew Gideon
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala State, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijay Nirusimhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Castin E
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthik Sudarsha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala State, India
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7
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Valério GN, Gutiérrez-Merino C, Nogueira F, Moura I, Moura JJG, Samhan-Arias AK. Human erythrocytes exposure to juglone leads to an increase of superoxide anion production associated with cytochrome b 5 reductase uncoupling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148134. [PMID: 31825806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 reductase is an enzyme with the ability to generate superoxide anion at the expenses of NADH consumption. Although this activity can be stimulated by cytochrome c and could participate in the bioenergetic failure accounting in apoptosis, very little is known about other molecules that may uncouple the function of the cytochrome b5 reductase. Naphthoquinones are redox active molecules with the ability to interact with electron transfer chains. In this work, we made an inhibitor screening against recombinant human cytochrome b5 reductase based on naphthoquinone properties. We found that 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (known as juglone), a natural naphthoquinone extracted from walnut trees and used historically in traditional medicine with ambiguous health and toxic outcomes, had the ability to uncouple the electron transfer from the reductase to cytochrome b5 and ferricyanide. Upon complex formation with cytochrome b5 reductase, juglone is able to act as an electron acceptor leading to a NADH consumption stimulation and an increase of superoxide anion production by the reductase. Our results suggest that cytochrome b5 reductase could contribute to the measured energetic failure in the erythrocyte apoptosis induced by juglone, that is concomitant with the reactive oxygen species produced by cytochrome b5 reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Valério
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gutiérrez-Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Fatima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira no 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alejandro K Samhan-Arias
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), c / Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Samhan-Arias AK, Cordas CM, Carepo MS, Maia LB, Gutierrez-Merino C, Moura I, Moura JJG. Ligand accessibility to heme cytochrome b 5 coordinating sphere and enzymatic activity enhancement upon tyrosine ionization. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:317-330. [PMID: 30838452 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we observed that at extreme alkaline pH, cytochrome b5 (Cb5) acquires a peroxidase-like activity upon formation of a low spin hemichrome associated with a non-native state. A functional characterization of Cb5, in a wide pH range, shows that oxygenase/peroxidase activities are stimulated in alkaline media, and a correlation between tyrosine ionization and the attained enzymatic activities was noticed, associated with an altered heme spin state, when compared to acidic pH values at which the heme group is released. In these conditions, a competitive assay between imidazole binding and Cb5 endogenous heme ligands revealed the appearance of a binding site for this exogenous ligand that promotes a heme group exposure to the solvent upon ligation. Our results shed light on the mechanism behind Cb5 oxygenase/peroxidase activity stimulation in alkaline media and reveal a role of tyrosinate anion enhancing Cb5 enzymatic activities on the distorted protein before maximum protein unfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro K Samhan-Arias
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Cristina M Cordas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta S Carepo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luisa B Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Isabel Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José J G Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Lisbon, Portugal.
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9
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Molecular mechanism of metabolic NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer systems: The role of redox cofactors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1860:233-258. [PMID: 30419202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer (ET) systems require three functional components: a flavin-containing NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase, one-electron carrier and metal-containing redox center. In principle, these ET systems consist of one-, two- and three-components, and the electron flux from pyridine nucleotide cofactors, NADPH or NADH to final electron acceptor follows a linear pathway: NAD(P)H → flavin → one-electron carrier → metal containing redox center. In each step ET is primarily controlled by one- and two-electron midpoint reduction potentials of protein-bound redox cofactors in which the redox-linked conformational changes during the catalytic cycle are required for the domain-domain interactions. These interactions play an effective ET reactions in the multi-component ET systems. The microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) ET systems, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isozymes, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) ET systems and methionine synthase (MS) ET system include a combination of multi-domain, and their organizations display similarities as well as differences in their components. However, these ET systems are sharing of a similar mechanism. More recent structural information obtained by X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis provides more detail for the mechanisms associated with multi-domain ET systems. Therefore, this review summarizes the roles of redox cofactors in the metabolic ET systems on the basis of one-electron redox potentials. In final Section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain ET systems will be discussed.
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10
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Samhan-Arias AK, Fortalezas S, Cordas CM, Moura I, Moura JJG, Gutierrez-Merino C. Cytochrome b 5 reductase is the component from neuronal synaptic plasma membrane vesicles that generates superoxide anion upon stimulation by cytochrome c. Redox Biol 2018; 15:109-114. [PMID: 29227865 PMCID: PMC5726884 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we measured the effect of cytochrome c on the NADH-dependent superoxide anion production by synaptic plasma membrane vesicles from rat brain. In these membranes, the cytochrome c stimulated NADH-dependent superoxide anion production was inhibited by antibodies against cytochrome b5 reductase linking the production to this enzyme. Measurement of the superoxide anion radical generated by purified recombinant soluble and membrane cytochrome b5 reductase corroborates the production of the radical by different enzyme isoforms. In the presence of cytochrome c, a burst of superoxide anion as well as the reduction of cytochrome c by cytochrome b5 reductase was measured. Complex formation between both proteins suggests that cytochrome b5 reductase is one of the major partners of cytochrome c upon its release from mitochondria to the cytosol during apoptosis. Superoxide anion production and cytochrome c reduction are the consequences of the stimulated NADH consumption by cytochrome b5 reductase upon complex formation with cytochrome c and suggest a major role of this enzyme as an anti-apoptotic protein during cell death.
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Key Words
- Cb(5)R, Cytochrome b(5) reductase
- Cytochrome b(5) reductase
- Cytochrome c
- DHE, Dihydroethidium
- DTPA, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- E(+), Ethidium
- FAD, Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- NADH oxidase
- NADH, Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NBT, Nitroblue tetrazolium nitroblue tetrazolium
- Neurons
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- SPMV, Synaptic plasma membrane vesicles
- Superoxide anion
- TB, Terrific Broth terrific Broth
- XA, Xanthine xanthine
- XO, Xanthine oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro K Samhan-Arias
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Fortalezas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Cristina M Cordas
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Moura
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J G Moura
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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