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Baig MH, Adil M, Khan R, Dhadi S, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Bashir T, Imran MA, Husain FM, Lee EJ, Kamal MA, Choi I. Enzyme targeting strategies for prevention and treatment of cancer: Implications for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 56:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sakolish CM, Philip B, Mahler GJ. A human proximal tubule-on-a-chip to study renal disease and toxicity. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:014107. [PMID: 30867877 PMCID: PMC6404920 DOI: 10.1063/1.5083138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Renal disease is a global problem with unsustainable health-care costs. There currently exists a lack of accurate human renal disease models that take into account the complex microenvironment of these tissues. Here, we present a reusable microfluidic model of the human proximal tubule and glomerulus, which allows for the growth of renal epithelial cells in a variety of conditions that are representative of renal disease states including altered glomerular filtration rate, hyperglycemia, nephrolithiasis, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity (cisplatin and cyclosporine). Cells were exposed to these conditions under fluid flow or in traditional static cultures to determine the effects of a dynamic microenvironment on the pathogenesis of these renal disease states. The results indicate varying stress-related responses (α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, fibronectin, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin secretion) to each of these conditions when comparing cells that had been grown in static and dynamic conditions, potentially indicating more realistic and sensitive predictions of human responses and a requirement for a more complex "fit for purpose" model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Philip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J. Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: (607) 777-5238
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Uei H, Tokuhashi Y. Prognostic factors in patients with metastatic spine tumors derived from lung cancer-a novel scoring system for predicting life expectancy. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:131. [PMID: 29976208 PMCID: PMC6034326 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, molecule-targeting and bone-modifying agents have improved the treatment outcomes of lung cancer-derived metastatic spine tumors. Therefore, the prognostic factors for such tumors were examined, and novel scoring systems for predicting the life expectancy of patients with such tumors were proposed. METHODS In 207 patients with lung cancer-derived metastatic spine tumors (surgery 49; conservative therapy 158), we retrospectively examined the factors that influenced the post-treatment survival time (age, sex, the affected site, pathology, general condition, the number of extraspinal bone metastases, the number of spinal metastases, the presence/absence of major internal organ metastasis, paralysis state, the total Tokuhashi score, the serum alkaline phosphatase level, the serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, molecule-targeting drug treatment, and bone-modifying agent treatment). Based on the results, we devised novel scoring systems for predicting the prognosis of such patients. RESULTS Univariate analyses showed that the pathology of the primary lung tumor, the patient's general condition and paralysis state, and the presence/absence of molecule-targeting drug treatment significantly influenced survival. We performed a Cox regression analysis of these four factors and developed criteria for a novel scoring system based on the patient's general condition and paralysis state, which exhibited significance in the regression analysis. A retrospective review indicated that the consistency rate between predicted life expectancy and actual survival was 67.3%. When criteria based on the four factors that exhibited significance in the univariate analyses were adopted, the consistency rate was 76.2%. CONCLUSION The patient's general condition and paralysis state, the pathology of the primary lung tumor, and molecule-targeting drug treatment influenced survival among patients with lung cancer-derived metastatic spine tumors. Novel scoring systems based on these four factors were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Uei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tokuhashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan
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Aminian A, Shirzadi B, Azizi Z, Maedler K, Volkmann E, Hildebrand N, Maas M, Treccani L, Rezwan K. Enhanced cell adhesion on bioinert ceramics mediated by the osteogenic cell membrane enzyme alkaline phosphatase. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chauhan A, Semwal DK, Mishra SP, Goyal S, Marathe R, Semwal RB. Combination of mTOR and MAPK Inhibitors-A Potential Way to Treat Renal Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci (Basel) 2016; 4:medsci4040016. [PMID: 29083380 PMCID: PMC5635794 DOI: 10.3390/medsci4040016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm that occurs in the kidney and is marked by a unique biology, with a long history of poor response to conventional cancer treatments. In the past few years, there have been significant advancements to understand the biology of RCC. This has led to the introduction of novel targeted therapies in the management of patients with metastatic disease. Patients treated with targeted therapies for RCC had shown positive impact on overall survival, however, no cure is possible and patients need to undergo treatment for long periods of time, which raises challenges to manage the associated adverse events. Moreover, many patients may not respond to it and even response may not last long enough in the responders. Many inhibitors of the Mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are currently being used in treatment of advanced RCC. Studies showed that inhibitions of mTOR pathways induce Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) escape cell death and cells become resistant to mTOR inhibitors. Because of this, there is a need to inhibit both pathways with their inhibitors comparatively for a better outcome and treatment of patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Chauhan
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Satyendra Prasad Mishra
- Vice Chancellor, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sandeep Goyal
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Rajendra Marathe
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Sharma U, Pal D, Prasad R. A novel role of alkaline phosphatase in the ERK1/2 dephosphorylation in renal cell carcinoma cell lines: A new plausible therapeutic target. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:406-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ali AT, Chirambo G, Penny C, Paiker JE, Ikram F, Psaras G, Crowther NJ. Ethnic differences in pre-adipocyte intracellular lipid accumulation and alkaline phosphatase activity. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:382-7. [PMID: 25281857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increases lipid accumulation in human pre-adipocytes. This study was performed to assess whether ethnic differences in the prevalence of obesity in African and European females are related to differences in pre-adipocyte lipid accretion and ALP activity. Pre-adipocytes were isolated from 13 black and 14 white females. Adipogenesis was quantified using the lipid dye, Oil red O, whilst ALP activity was assayed in cell extracts on day zero and 12days after initiating adipogenesis. Lipid levels (OD units/mg protein) were lower in pre-adipocytes from white than black females on day 0 (0.36±0.05 versus 0.44±0.03, respectively; p<0.0005) and day 12 (1.18±0.14 versus 1.80±0.22, respectively; p<0.0005), as was ALP activity (mU/mg protein) on day zero (36.5±5.8 versus 136.4±10.9, respectively; p<0.0005) and day 12 (127±16 versus 278±27, respectively; p<0.0005). Treatment of pre-adipocytes with histidine, an ALP inhibitor, blocked lipid accumulation. Thus, lipid uptake is higher in pre-adipocytes isolated from black compared to white females which parallels the obesity prevalence rates in these population groups. The reason for higher fat accumulation in pre-adipocytes isolated from black females may be related to higher ALP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aus T Ali
- Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch Medical School, South Africa.
| | - George Chirambo
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Janice E Paiker
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Faisel Ikram
- Department of Surgery, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | - George Psaras
- Department of Surgery, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
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Sharma U, Pal D, Prasad R. Alkaline phosphatase: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2014; 29:269-78. [PMID: 24966474 PMCID: PMC4062654 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP; E.C.3.I.3.1.) is an ubiquitous membrane-bound glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters at basic pH values. Alkaline phosphatase is divided into four isozymes depending upon the site of tissue expression that are Intestinal ALP, Placental ALP, Germ cell ALP and tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase or liver/bone/kidney (L/B/K) ALP. The intestinal and placental ALP loci are located near the end of long arm of chromosome 2 and L/B/K ALP is located near the end of the short arm of chromosome 1. Although ALPs are present in many mammalian tissues and have been studied for the last several years still little is known about them. The bone isoenzyme may be involved in mammalian bone calcification and the intestinal isoenzyme is thought to play a role in the transport of phosphate into epithelial cells of the intestine. In this review, we tried to provide an overview about the various forms, structure and functions of alkaline phosphatase with special focus on liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deeksha Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Szachowicz-Petelska B, Dobrzyńska I, Skrodzka M, Darewicz B, Figaszewski ZA, Kudelski J. Phospholipid composition and electric charge in healthy and cancerous parts of human kidneys. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:421-5. [PMID: 23649039 PMCID: PMC3654190 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are ubiquitous in nature and are essential for the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Their structural and functional properties are pivotal for the survival of the cell. In this study the phospholipids of healthy and cancerous human renal tissues from the same patients are compared with special reference to the electric charge of the membrane. A simple and highly effective normal-phase method is described for analyzing phospholipids content. This work is focused on changes of phospholipids content (PtdIns, phosphatidylinositol; PtdSer, phosphatidylserine; PtdEtn, phosphatidylethanoloamine; PtdCho, phosphatidylcholine) in cell membranes of renal cancer of pT1 stage, G2 grade, without metastasis. Surface charge density of healthy and cancerous human renal tissues was measured by electrophoresis. The measurements were carried out at various pH of solution. Depending on the surface charge density as a function of pH, acidic (CTA) and basic (CTB) functional group concentrations and their average association constants with hydrogen (KAH) or hydroxyl (KBOH) ions were evaluated. The process of cancer transformation was accompanied by an increase in total amount of phospholipids as well as an increase in CTA and KBOH, whereas KAH and CTB were decreased compared with unchanged tumor cells.
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Sharma U, Singh SK, Pal D, Khajuria R, Mandal AK, Prasad R. Implication of BBM lipid composition and fluidity in mitigated alkaline phosphatase activity in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:287-93. [PMID: 22810501 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous study has documented reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in brush border membrane (BBM) isolated from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Diminished activity of ALP is associated with alteration in both increased K(m) as well as decreased V(max) of enzyme suggests that there may be a change in the conformation of enzyme as well as decreased number of ALP active molecules. The present study was conducted to find out any role of BBM lipid composition and its fluidity in diminished activity of alkaline phosphatase in renal cell carcinoma. Total phospholipids and glycolipids were significantly augmented in BBM from RCC as compared to control. Fractional analysis of total phospholipids revealed significantly increased phosphatidylethanolamine. Decreased fractions of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol were observed. Cholesterol-to-total phospholipid molar ratios in tumor BBM was a significantly lower in tumor BBM. A significant reduction in polarization and microviscosity was found in BBM from RCC. Therefore, we conclude that alteration in membrane lipid composition and fluidity may play a substantial role in reduced activity of ALP in RCC.
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Charalambous K, Miller D, Curnow P, Booth PJ. Lipid bilayer composition influences small multidrug transporters. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 9:31. [PMID: 19032749 PMCID: PMC2605743 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane proteins are influenced by their surrounding lipids. We investigate the effect of bilayer composition on the membrane transport activity of two members of the small multidrug resistance family; the Escherichia coli transporter, EmrE and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TBsmr. In particular we address the influence of phosphatidylethanolamine and anionic lipids on the activity of these multidrug transporters. Phosphatidylethanolamine lipids are native to the membranes of both transporters and also alter the lateral pressure profile of a lipid bilayer. Lipid bilayer lateral pressures affect membrane protein insertion, folding and activity and have been shown to influence reconstitution, topology and activity of membrane transport proteins. RESULTS Both EmrE and TBsmr are found to exhibit a similar dependence on lipid composition, with phosphatidylethanolamine increasing methyl viologen transport. Anionic lipids also increase transport for both EmrE and TBsmr, with the proteins showing a preference for their most prevalent native anionic lipid headgroup; phosphatidylglycerol for EmrE and phosphatidylinositol for TBsmr. CONCLUSION These findings show that the physical state of the membrane modifies drug transport and that substrate translocation is dependent on in vitro lipid composition. Multidrug transport activity seems to respond to alterations in the lateral forces exerted upon the transport proteins by the bilayer.
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Furuhashi K. Alkaline phosphatase of Physarum polycephalum is insoluble. Arch Microbiol 2007; 189:151-6. [PMID: 17899011 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum grow as multinucleated cells in the presence of sufficient humidity and nutriment. Under non-illuminating conditions, stresses such as low temperature or high concentrations of salts transform the plasmodia into spherules whereas dehydration induces sclerotization. Some phosphatases including protein phosphatase and acid phosphatase have been purified from the plasmodia, but alkaline phosphatase remains to be elucidated. Phosphatase of the plasmodia, spherules and sclerotia was visualized by electrophoresis gel-staining assay using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate. Insoluble fractions of the sclerotia were abundant in phosphatase activity. The phosphatase which was extracted by nonionic detergent was subjected to column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. Purified phosphatase showed the highest activity at pH 8.8, indicating that this enzyme belongs to alkaline phosphatase. The apparent molecular mass from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing condition was estimated to be 100 kDa whereas that under reducing was 105 kDa. An amount of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 0.5 M NaCl had no effects on the activity although the phosphatase showed heat instability, Mg(2+)-dependency and sensitivity to 2-glycerophosphate or NaF. The extracting conditions and enzymatic properties suggest that this alkaline phosphatase which is in a membrane-bound form plays important roles in phosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Furuhashi
- Faculty of Education, Shiga University, Hiratsu 2-5-1, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0862, Japan.
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