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Ghaoui R, Palmio J, Brewer J, Lek M, Needham M, Evilä A, Hackman P, Jonson PH, Penttilä S, Vihola A, Huovinen S, Lindfors M, Davis RL, Waddell L, Kaur S, Yiannikas C, North K, Clarke N, MacArthur DG, Sue CM, Udd B. Mutations in HSPB8 causing a new phenotype of distal myopathy and motor neuropathy. Neurology 2016; 86:391-8. [PMID: 26718575 PMCID: PMC4776089 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report novel disease and pathology due to HSPB8 mutations in 2 families with autosomal dominant distal neuromuscular disease showing both myofibrillar and rimmed vacuolar myopathy together with neurogenic changes. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in tandem with linkage analysis and candidate gene approach as well as targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) to identify causative mutations in 2 families with dominant rimmed vacuolar myopathy and a motor neuropathy. Pathogenic variants and familial segregation were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS WES and tNGS identified a heterozygous change in HSPB8 in both families: c.421A > G p.K141E in family 1 and c.151insC p.P173SfsX43 in family 2. Affected patients had a distal myopathy that showed myofibrillar aggregates and rimmed vacuoles combined with a clear neurogenic component both on biopsy and neurophysiologic studies. MRI of lower limb muscles demonstrated diffuse tissue changes early in the disease stage progressing later to fatty replacement typical of a myopathy. CONCLUSION We expand the understanding of disease mechanisms, tissue involvement, and phenotypic outcome of HSPB8 mutations. HSPB8 is part of the chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) complex previously only associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2L (OMIM 60673) and distal hereditary motor neuronopathy type IIa. However, we now demonstrate that patients can develop a myopathy with histologic features of myofibrillar myopathy with aggregates and rimmed vacuoles, similar to the pathology in myopathies due to gene defects in other compounds of the CASA complex such as BAG3 and DNAJB6 after developing the early neurogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roula Ghaoui
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Johanna Palmio
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Janice Brewer
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Monkol Lek
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Merrilee Needham
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Anni Evilä
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Peter Hackman
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Per-Harald Jonson
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Sini Penttilä
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Anna Vihola
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Sanna Huovinen
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Mikaela Lindfors
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Ryan L Davis
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Leigh Waddell
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Simran Kaur
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Con Yiannikas
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Kathryn North
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Nigel Clarke
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland.
| | - Bjarne Udd
- From the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.G., L.W., S.K., N.C.), Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead & University of Sydney, Australia; Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology (J.P., S.P., M.L., B.U.), and Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories (S.H.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Pathology (J.B.), Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (M.L., D.G.M.), Cambridge, MA; Western Australian Neurosciences Research Institute (M.N.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics (A.E., P.H., P.H.-J., A.V., B.U.), University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurogenetics (R.L.D., C.Y., C.M.S.), Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (K.N.), The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (M.L., D.G.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Department of Neurology (B.U.), Vaasa Central Hospital, Finland.
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