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Dong Y, Wang L, Yang M, Zhou X, Li G, Xu K, Ma Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhou J, Li H, Zhu Z. Effect of icariin on depressive behaviour in rat pups. Evidences for its mechanism of action by integrating network pharmacology, metabolomics and gut microbiota composition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155422. [PMID: 38422651 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal stress (PS) can cause cognitive disorder and a range of psychological illnesses, including anxiety and depression. Icariin (ICA) has shown promising effects in improving PS-induced depressive behaviour. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. PURPOSE This study was performed to reveal the key targets, metabolites and gut microbiota for ICA in improving depressive behaviour in PS rat pups. METHODS A prenatal restraint stress animal model was established for Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in late pregnancy. Male pups were randomly divided into six groups: no stress group (NS), PS group, PS + saline group (PS_S), PS + high-dose ICA group (ICAH, 80 mg/kg*day), PS + low-dose ICA group (ICAL, 40 mg/kg*day) and PS + fluoxetine group (FLU, 10 mg/kg*day). The depressive behaviour of each group of rat pups was evaluated using open field test, forced swimming test and sucrose preference test. Different metabolites were identified using untargeted metabolomics of serum and faeces, and metabolic pathways were analyzed through MetaboAnalyst. Targets for ICA acting on depression were determined after network pharmacology was applied. An integrated network of network pharmacology and metabolomics were constructed using Cytoscape software, and molecular docking were performed to verify the interactions between ICA and key targets. Finally, gut microbiota of rat pups in each group were analyzed after 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS PS could cause rat pups to exhibit depressive behaviour, and ICA could significantly improve this depressive behaviour. A total of 49 differential metabolites were found in serum and 23 differential metabolites were found in faeces, and 24 metabolites in serum and 6 metabolites in faeces could be reversed following ICA administration. Integrated analysis focused on five key targets (i.e. adenosyl homocysteinase; medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; thymidine phosphorylase; cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase) and three metabolites (i.e. palmitoylcarnitine, methionine and hypoxanthine). Molecular docking indicated that ICA combined well with key targets. Gut microbiota analysis showed that g_Bacteroides, f_Bacteroidaceae and s_Lactobacillus reuteri were required for ICA to improve depressive behaviour. CONCLUSION In this study, the antidepressant mechanism of ICA was clarified with a strategy of integrating metabolomics, network pharmacology and gut microbiota. ICA has a good effect on improving metabolism and increasing the abundance of probiotics in the intestine. The present research provided new insights into the anti-depressant mechanism of ICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Dong
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lawen Wang
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingge Yang
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ge Li
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaixuan Xu
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Institute of Maternal and Infant Health, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Wu J, Quraishi IH, Zhang Y, Bromwich M, Kaczmarek LK. Disease-causing Slack potassium channel mutations produce opposite effects on excitability of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113904. [PMID: 38457342 PMCID: PMC11013952 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The KCNT1 gene encodes the sodium-activated potassium channel Slack (KCNT1, KNa1.1), a regulator of neuronal excitability. Gain-of-function mutations in humans cause cortical network hyperexcitability, seizures, and severe intellectual disability. Using a mouse model expressing the Slack-R455H mutation, we find that Na+-dependent K+ (KNa) and voltage-dependent sodium (NaV) currents are increased in both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. These increased currents, however, enhance the firing of excitability neurons but suppress that of inhibitory neurons. We further show that the expression of NaV channel subunits, particularly that of NaV1.6, is upregulated and that the length of the axon initial segment and of axonal NaV immunostaining is increased in both neuron types. Our study on the coordinate regulation of KNa currents and the expression of NaV channels may provide an avenue for understanding and treating epilepsies and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Imran H Quraishi
- Department of Neurology, Yale Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Bromwich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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3
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Wang C, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yan X, Deng X, Shi J. Scutellarin Alleviates Ischemic Brain Injury in the Acute Phase by Affecting the Activity of Neurotransmitters in Neurons. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073181. [PMID: 37049959 PMCID: PMC10095904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a common neuron loss disease that is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain. In order to enhance the CIS outcome, both identifying the treatment target of ischemic brain damage in the acute phase and developing effective therapies are urgently needed. Scutellarin had been found to be beneficial to ischemic injuries and has been shown to have potent effects in clinical application on both stroke and myocardial infarction. However, whether scutellarin improves ischemic brain damage in the acute phase remains unknown. In this study, the protective effects of scutellarin on ischemic brain damage in the acute phase (within 12 h) were illustrated. In middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) modeling rats, the Z-Longa score was significantly down-regulated by 25% and 23.1%, and the brain infarct size was reduced by 26.95 ± 0.03% and 25.63 ± 0.02% when responding to high-dose and low-dose scutellarin treatments, respectively. H&E and TUNEL staining results indicated that the neuron loss of the ischemic region was improved under scutellarin treatment. In order to investigate the mechanism of scutellarin's effects on ischemic brain damage in the acute phase, changes in proteins and metabolites were analyzed. The suppression of scutellarin on the glutamate-inducing excitatory amino acid toxicity was strongly indicated in the study of both proteomics and metabolomics. A molecular docking experiment presented strong interactions between scutellarin and glutamate receptors, which score much higher than those of memantine. Further, by performing a parallel reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (PRM-MS) study on both the cortex and hippocampus tissue of the ischemic region, we screened the scutellarin-regulating molecules that are involved in both the release and transportation of neurotransmitters. It was found that the aberrant levels of glutamate receptors, including EAAT2, GRIN1, GRIN2B, and GRM1, as well as of other glutamatergic pathway-involving proteins, including CAMKK2, PSD95, and nNOS, were significantly regulated in the ischemic cortex. In the hippocampus, EAAT2, GRIN1, nNOS, and CAM were significantly regulated. Taken together, scutellarin exerts potent effects on ischemic brain damage in the acute phase by regulating the activity of neurotransmitters and reducing the toxicity of excitatory amino acids in in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguo Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Yaoyu Liu
- School of Trational Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Xingli Yan
- School of Trational Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Xinqi Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinli Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
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4
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Remme CA. Sudden cardiac death in diabetes and obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:418-426. [PMID: 35017043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) occur most frequently in the setting of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy and heart failure, but are also increasingly observed in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus and obesity. The incidence of these metabolic disorders is rising in Western countries, but adequate prevention and treatment of arrhythmias and SCD in affected patients is limited due to our incomplete knowledge of the underlying disease mechanisms. Here, an overview is presented of the prevalence of electrophysiological disturbances, ventricular arrhythmias and SCD in the clinical setting of diabetes and obesity. Experimental studies are reviewed, which have identified disease pathways and associated modulatory factors, in addition to pro-arrhythmic mechanisms. Key processes are discussed, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cardiac structural derangements, abnormal cardiac conduction, ion channel dysfunction, prolonged repolarization and dysregulation of intracellular sodium and calcium homeostasis. In addition, the recently identified pro-arrhythmic effects of dysregulated branched chain amino acid metabolism, a common feature in patients with metabolic disorders, are addressed. Finally, current management options are discussed, in addition to the potential development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies based on recent insight gained from translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Portero V, Nicol T, Podliesna S, Marchal GA, Baartscheer A, Casini S, Tadros R, Treur JL, Tanck MWT, Cox IJ, Probert F, Hough TA, Falcone S, Beekman L, Müller-Nurasyid M, Kastenmüller G, Gieger C, Peters A, Kääb S, Sinner MF, Blease A, Verkerk AO, Bezzina CR, Potter PK, Remme CA. Chronically elevated branched chain amino acid levels are pro-arrhythmic. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1742-1757. [PMID: 34142125 PMCID: PMC9215196 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Cardiac arrhythmias comprise a major health and economic burden and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, including cardiac failure, stroke, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Development of efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies is hampered by incomplete knowledge of disease mechanisms and pathways. Our aim is to identify novel mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmia and SCD using an unbiased approach. Methods and results We employed a phenotype-driven N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen and identified a mouse line with a high incidence of sudden death at young age (6–9 weeks) in the absence of prior symptoms. Affected mice were found to be homozygous for the nonsense mutation Bcat2p.Q300*/p.Q300* in the Bcat2 gene encoding branched chain amino acid transaminase 2. At the age of 4–5 weeks, Bcat2p.Q300*/p.Q300* mice displayed drastic increase of plasma levels of branch chain amino acids (BCAAs—leucine, isoleucine, valine) due to the incomplete catabolism of BCAAs, in addition to inducible arrhythmias ex vivo as well as cardiac conduction and repolarization disturbances. In line with these findings, plasma BCAA levels were positively correlated to electrocardiogram indices of conduction and repolarization in the German community-based KORA F4 Study. Isolated cardiomyocytes from Bcat2p.Q300*/p.Q300* mice revealed action potential (AP) prolongation, pro-arrhythmic events (early and late afterdepolarizations, triggered APs), and dysregulated calcium homeostasis. Incubation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with elevated concentration of BCAAs induced similar calcium dysregulation and pro-arrhythmic events which were prevented by rapamycin, demonstrating the crucial involvement of mTOR pathway activation. Conclusions Our findings identify for the first time a causative link between elevated BCAAs and arrhythmia, which has implications for arrhythmogenesis in conditions associated with BCAA metabolism dysregulation such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Portero
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Nicol
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Svitlana Podliesna
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Marchal
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Casini
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W T Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Jane Cox
- Institute for Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Fay Probert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Falcone
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Leander Beekman
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,IBE, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU) Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian's University (LMU) Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian's University (LMU) Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Blease
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul K Potter
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Candelotti E, De Luca R, Megna R, Maiolo M, De Vito P, Gionfra F, Percario ZA, Borgatti M, Gambari R, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Polticelli F, Persichini T, Colasanti M, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Inhibition by Thyroid Hormones of Cell Migration Activated by IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 Monocytes: Focus on Signal Transduction Events Proximal to Integrin αvβ3. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651492. [PMID: 33898447 PMCID: PMC8060509 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between thyroid hormones and the immune system is reported in the literature. Thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, but also T3, act non-genomically through mechanisms that involve a plasma membrane receptor αvβ3 integrin, a co-receptor for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Previous data from our laboratory show a crosstalk between thyroid hormones and IGF-1 because thyroid hormones inhibit the IGF-1-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L-6 myoblasts, and the effects are mediated by integrin αvβ3. IGF-1 also behaves as a chemokine, being an important factor for tissue regeneration after damage. In the present study, using THP-1 human leukemic monocytes, expressing αvβ3 integrin in their cell membrane, we focused on the crosstalk between thyroid hormones and either IGF-1 or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), studying cell migration and proliferation stimulated by the two chemokines, and the role of αvβ3 integrin, using inhibitors of αvβ3 integrin and downstream pathways. Our results show that IGF-1 is a potent chemoattractant in THP-1 monocytes, stimulating cell migration, and thyroid hormone inhibits the effect through αvβ3 integrin. Thyroid hormone also inhibits IGF-1-stimulated cell proliferation through αvβ3 integrin, an example of a crosstalk between genomic and non-genomic effects. We also studied the effects of thyroid hormone on cell migration and proliferation induced by MCP-1, together with the pathways involved, by a pharmacological approach and docking simulation. Our findings show a different downstream signaling for IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 monocytes mediated by the plasma membrane receptor of thyroid hormones, integrin αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roberto Megna
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paul J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Ricelli A, Gionfra F, Percario Z, De Angelis M, Primitivo L, Bonfantini V, Antonioletti R, Bullitta SM, Saso L, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ. Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Hydroxytyrosol and Homovanillic Alcohol Obtained from Olive Mill Wastewaters of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15428-15439. [PMID: 33305574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some constituents of the Mediterranean diet, such as extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) contain substances such as hydroxytyrosol (HT) and its metabolite homovanillic alcohol (HA). HT has aroused much interest due to its antioxidant activity as a radical scavenger, whereas only a few studies have been made on the HA molecule. Both chemical synthesis and extraction techniques have been developed to obtain these molecules, with each method having its advantages and drawbacks. In this study, we report the use of tyrosol from olive mill wastewaters as a starting molecule to synthesize HT and HA, using a sustainable procedure characterized by high efficiency and low cost. The effects of HT and HA were evaluated on two cell lines, THP-1 human leukemic monocytes and L-6 myoblasts from rat skeletal muscle, after treating the cells with a radical generator. Both HT and HA efficiently inhibited ROS production. In particular, HT inhibited the proliferation of the THP-1 leukemic monocytes, while HA protected L-6 myoblasts from cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Dept Sciences, University Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Martina De Angelis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-CNR I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Dept Chemistry, University "Sapienza", I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ludovica Primitivo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-CNR I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Dept Chemistry, University "Sapienza", I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Simonetta Maria Bullitta
- Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment-CNR, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Dept Physiology and Pharmacology, University "Sapienza", V. Erspamer I- 00185 Rome, Italy
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Excessive ROS production and enhanced autophagy contribute to myocardial injury induced by branched-chain amino acids: Roles for the AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway and α7nAChR. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165980. [PMID: 32980459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are diet derived and essential amino acids that are termed branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). BCAA are widely used as dietary supplements to boost muscle growth and enhance exercise performance. However, the effects of BCAA on myocardial function are largely unknown. This study was designed to investigate whether BCAA affect heart function and, if so, to further explore the underlying molecular basis for the observed effects. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups, the control group received solvent (water) and the BCAA group received 2% BCAA dissolved in water, for a successive period of 12 weeks. Compared with control, BCAA treatment significantly increased water consumption without changing body weight or diet consumption; heart tissue BCAA levels were increased, markers representative of myocardial injury in heart tissue including c-reactive protein and cardiac muscle troponin were increased ; and creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase were increased in serum; severe myocardial fibrosis was observed by Masson staining, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in heart tissue; both p-AMPK and p-ULK1 were significantly increased as was autophagy, judged by the presence of LC3 by western blotting and immunofluorescence, increased numbers of autophagosomes were found by transmission electron microscopy in the BCAA group. In vitro, 20 mmol/L BCAA significantly decreased cell viability and increased the production of ROS, as well as the expression of p-AMPK/AMPK and p-ULK1/ULK1 in cultured H9C2 cells. Treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) improved cell viability and reversed ROS changes. Decreased H9C2 cell viability induced with 20 mmol/L BCAA was reversed by either blocking AMPK or inhibition of ULK1. Furthermore, blocking AMPK significantly decreased p-ULK1/ULK1, while inhibition of ULK1 reversed the enhanced expression of LC3-II/LC3-I induced by BCAA. Excessive ROS production and decreased cell viability induced by BCAA were further confirmed in primary cultured murine cardiomyocytes. Pharmacological activation of α7nAChR with PNU-282987 attenuated BCAA-induced injury in primary murine cardiomyocytes. However, this compound failed to suppress BCAA activation of AMPK and autophagy (LC3-II/I ratio). CONCLUSION These results provide the first evidence that treatment of mice with BCAA induced myocardial injury by triggering excessive ROS production and by enhancing AMPK-ULK1 pathway-dependent autophagy. These findings suggested that inhibition of either ROS production or autophagy may alleviate myocardial injury induced by BCAA.
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Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The Role of Amino Acids in Neurotransmission and Fluorescent Tools for Their Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6197. [PMID: 32867295 PMCID: PMC7503967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds, relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are amino acids. Fluorescence imaging provides the necessary speed to follow these events and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating neurotransmission. In this review, we highlight some of the roles of the 20 canonical amino acids, GABA and β-alanine in neurotransmission. We also discuss available fluorescence-based probes for amino acids that have been shown to be compatible for live cell imaging, namely those based on synthetic dyes, nanostructures (quantum dots and nanotubes), and genetically encoded components. We aim to provide tool developers with information that may guide future engineering efforts and tool users with information regarding existing indicators to facilitate studies of amino acid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Antioxidant Properties of Embelin in Cell Culture. Electrochemistry and Theoretical Mechanism of Scavenging. Potential Scavenging of Superoxide Radical through the Cell Membrane. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050382. [PMID: 32380755 PMCID: PMC7278612 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin, a plant natural product found in Lysimachia punctata (Primulaceae), and Embelia ribes Burm (Myrsinaceae) fruit, possesses interesting biological and pharmacological properties. It is a unique chemical species as it includes both quinone and hydroquinone functional groups plus a long hydrophobic tail. By using hydrodynamic voltammetry, which generates the superoxide radical in situ, we show an unusual scavenging capability by embelin. Embelin as a scavenger of superoxide is stronger than the common food additive antioxidant 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-20 methylphenol, (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT). In fact, embelin is even able to completely abolish the superoxide radical in the voltaic cell. Computational results indicate that two different types of embelin scavenging actions may be involved, initially through π–π interaction and followed by proton capture in the cell. A related mechanism describes embelin’s ability to circumvent superoxide leaking by transforming the anion radical into molecular oxygen. In order to confirm its antioxidant properties, its biological activity was tested in a study carried out in THP-1 human leukemic monocytes and BV-2 mice microglia. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, proliferation curves and antioxidant activity by the use of a fluorescent probe showed good antioxidant properties at 24 h. This suggests that embelin’s long alkyl C10 tail may be useful for cell membrane insertion which stimulates the antioxidant defense system, and cytoprotection in microglia. In conclusion, embelin could be an interesting pharmacological tool able to decrease the damage associated with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yu X, Tang W, Yang Y, Tang L, Dai R, Pu B, Feng C, Xia J. Long noncoding RNA NKILA enhances the anti-cancer effects of baicalein in hepatocellular carcinoma via the regulation of NF-κB signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 285:48-58. [PMID: 29481769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Baicalein, a principle flavonoid, has shown attractive anti-cancer effects on HCC. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and influencing factors contributing to the anti-cancer effects of baicalein on HCC are still largely unknown. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed to be fascinating therapeutic targets for cancers. The roles of NF-κB Interacting LncRNA (NKILA) are recently explored in several cancers. However, the expressions, clinical significances, roles and action mechanisms of NKILA in the anti-cancer effects of baicalein on HCC are unknown. In this study, we found that NKILA is down-regulated in HCC and reduced expression of NKILA indicts poor survival of HCC patients. Functional assays showed that overexpression of NKILA enhances the roles of baicalein on HCC cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction, and migration inhibition in vitro and tumor growth suppression in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of NKILA suppresses the effects of baicalein. Mechanistically, we found that NKILA inhibits IκBα phosphorylation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and NF-κB activity. NKILA also enhances the inhibitory effects of baicalein on NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, the effects of NKILA on baicalein-induced NF-κB activity inhibition, cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and migration inhibition are reversed by NF-κB nuclear translocation inhibitor JSH-23. Collectively, our data demonstrated that NKILA enhances the anti-cancer effects of baicalein on HCC in vitro and in vivo via the regulation of NF-κB signaling, and implied that the combination of NKILA and baicalein would be potential therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yingcheng Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Li Tang
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Bangming Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Jiyi Xia
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim M, Park SJ, Kim S. Baicalein as a potent neuroprotective agent: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1021-1032. [PMID: 28922719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, neurodegenerative diseases are the most challenging global health problems. Neuronal cell death or damage is a key factor for many neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the development of effective neuroprotective agents, especially from natural sources. In particular, phytochemicals have shown high efficacy with low side effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. In the various phytoconstituents, flavonoids are important bioactive products and mainly found in various vegetables and fruits. Among them, baicalein is one of the important flavones, which is mainly found in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. A number of studies have reported that baicalein has potent neuroprotective properties under in vitro as well as in vivo systems. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the existing literature in connection with the neuroprotective effects of baicalein and its molecular mechanisms of action. The current review highlights could be useful to identify novel therapeutic agents in relation to the treatment of neurotoxicity-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Individual Amino Acid Supplementation Can Improve Energy Metabolism and Decrease ROS Production in Neuronal Cells Overexpressing Alpha-Synuclein. Neuromolecular Med 2017. [PMID: 28620826 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by alpha-synuclein accumulation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) region of the brain. Increased levels of alpha-synuclein have been shown to result in loss of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I activity leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. WT alpha-synuclein was stably overexpressed in human BE(2)-M17 neuroblastoma cells resulting in increased levels of an alpha-synuclein multimer, but no increase in alpha-synuclein monomer levels. Oxygen consumption was decreased by alpha-synuclein overexpression, but ATP levels did not decrease and ROS levels did not increase. Treatment with ferrous sulfate, a ROS generator, resulted in decreased oxygen consumption in both control and alpha-synuclein overexpressing cells. However, this treatment only decreased ATP levels and increased ROS production in the cells overexpressing alpha-synuclein. Similarly, paraquat, another ROS generator, decreased ATP levels in the alpha-synuclein overexpressing cells, but not in the control cells, further demonstrating how alpha-synuclein sensitized the cells to oxidative insult. Proteomic analysis yielded molecular insights into the cellular adaptations to alpha-synuclein overexpression, such as the increased abundance of many mitochondrial proteins. Many amino acids and citric acid cycle intermediates and their ester forms were individually supplemented to the cells with L-serine, L-proline, L-aspartate, or L-glutamine decreasing ROS production in oxidatively stressed alpha-synuclein overexpressing cells, while diethyl oxaloacetate or L-valine supplementation increased ATP levels. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with individual metabolites could yield bioenergetic improvements in PD patients to delay loss of dopaminergic neurons.
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