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van de Weijer MP, Verweij KJH, Treur JL. Commentary on Carrasquilla et al.: Smoking and obesity; uncovering causal mechanisms through triangulation of different methods. Addiction 2024; 119:1035-1036. [PMID: 38622751 DOI: 10.1111/add.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot P van de Weijer
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Visontay R, van de Weijer MP, Treur JL. Alcohol Use and Mental Health: How Genetic Information Can Help Unravel Their Relationship. Eur Addict Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38626730 DOI: 10.1159/000538454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional epidemiological evidence suggests various associations exist between alcohol and mental/cognitive health outcomes. However, whether these reflect causal relationships remains unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR) - a kind of instrumental variable analysis using genetic variants to proxy for an exposure of interest - has the potential to improve causal inference from observational data. SUMMARY In the first part of this review, the challenges of causal inference in the field are discussed, and a theoretical and practical introduction to the technique of MR is given. Next, we report on literature searches performed to update a previous systematic review of MR studies evaluating alcohol-mental health relationships. Twelve relevant studies were identified and considered in the context of the 22 studies included in the previous review. While the reviewed MR literature suggests possible causal relationships/a lack thereof, for the most part, the nature of causal relationships between alcohol and mental health remains unclear. KEY MESSAGES MR is beginning to yield valuable insights into the causal effects of (problematic) alcohol consumption on mental and cognitive health outcomes. Future studies must be mindful of the technique's underlying assumptions and should allow for potential nonlinearity in relationships. Triangulating across sensitivity methods within MR studies, as well as between MR studies and other methods for enhanced causal inference, will be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Visontay
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margot P van de Weijer
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Veeneman RR, Vermeulen JM, Bialas M, Bhamidipati AK, Abdellaoui A, Munafò MR, Denys D, Bezzina CR, Verweij KJH, Tadros R, Treur JL. Mental illness and cardiovascular health: observational and polygenic score analyses in a population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 2024; 54:931-939. [PMID: 37706306 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with serious mental illness have a markedly shorter life expectancy. A major contributor to premature death is cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated associations of (genetic liability for) depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia with a range of CVD traits and examined to what degree these were driven by important confounders. METHODS We included participants of the Dutch Lifelines cohort (N = 147 337) with information on self-reported lifetime diagnosis of depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia and CVD traits. Employing linear mixed-effects models, we examined associations between mental illness diagnoses and CVD, correcting for psychotropic medication, demographic and lifestyle factors. In a subsample (N = 73 965), we repeated these analyses using polygenic scores (PGSs) for the three mental illnesses. RESULTS There was strong evidence that depressive disorder diagnosis is associated with increased arrhythmia and atherosclerosis risk and lower heart rate variability, even after confounder adjustment. Positive associations were also found for the depression PGSs with arrhythmia and atherosclerosis. Bipolar disorder was associated with a higher risk of nearly all CVD traits, though most diminished after adjustment. The bipolar disorder PGSs did not show any associations. While the schizophrenia PGSs was associated with increased arrhythmia risk and lower heart rate variability, schizophrenia diagnosis was not. All mental illness diagnoses were associated with lower blood pressure and a lower risk of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows widespread associations of (genetic liability to) mental illness (primarily depressive disorder) with CVD, even after confounder adjustment. Future research should focus on clarifying potential causal pathways between mental illness and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Veeneman
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Bialas
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A K Bhamidipati
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Abdellaoui
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C R Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K J H Verweij
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Lukas E, Veeneman RR, Smit DJA, Vermeulen JM, Pathak GA, Polimanti R, Verweij KJH, Treur JL. A genetic exploration of the relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and cardiovascular diseases. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.20.24304533. [PMID: 38562880 PMCID: PMC10984043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.24304533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aims Experiencing a traumatic event may lead to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), including symptoms such as flashbacks and hyperarousal. Individuals suffering from PTSD are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but it is unclear why. This study assesses shared genetic liability and potential causal pathways between PTSD and CVD. Methods We leveraged summary-level data of genome-wide association studies (PTSD: N= 1,222,882; atrial fibrillation (AF): N=482,409; coronary artery disease (CAD): N=1,165,690; hypertension: N=458,554; heart failure (HF): N=977,323). First, we estimated genetic correlations and utilized genomic structural equation modeling to identify a common genetic factor for PTSD and CVD. Next, we assessed biological, behavioural, and psychosocial factors as potential mediators. Finally, we employed multivariable Mendelian randomization to examine causal pathways between PTSD and CVD, incorporating the same potential mediators. Results Significant genetic correlations were found between PTSD and CAD, HT, and HF (rg =0.21-0.32, p≤ 3.08 · 10-16), but not between PTSD and AF. Insomnia, smoking, alcohol dependence, waist-to-hip ratio, and inflammation (IL6, C-reactive protein) partly mediated these associations. Mendelian randomization indicated that PTSD causally increases CAD (IVW OR=1.53, 95% CIs=1.19-1.96, p=0.001), HF (OR=1.44, CIs=1.08-1.92, p=0.012), and to a lesser degree hypertension (OR=1.25, CIs=1.05-1.49, p=0.012). While insomnia, smoking, alcohol, and inflammation were important mediators, independent causal effects also remained. Conclusions In addition to shared genetic liability between PTSD and CVD, we present strong evidence for causal effects of PTSD on CVD. Crucially, we implicate specific lifestyle and biological mediators (insomnia, substance use, inflammation) which has important implications for interventions to prevent CVD in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lukas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rada R Veeneman
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk JA Smit
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gita A Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 Temple, Suite 7A, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 Temple, Suite 7A, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karin JH Verweij
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Koller D, Friligkou E, Stiltner B, Pathak GA, Løkhammer S, Levey DF, Zhou H, Hatoum AS, Deak JD, Kember RL, Treur JL, Kranzler HR, Johnson EC, Stein MB, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Pleiotropy and genetically inferred causality linking multisite chronic pain to substance use disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02446-3. [PMID: 38355787 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Individuals suffering from chronic pain develop substance use disorders (SUDs) more often than others. Understanding the shared genetic influences underlying the comorbidity between chronic pain and SUDs will lead to a greater understanding of their biology. Genome-wide association statistics were obtained from the UK Biobank for multisite chronic pain (MCP, Neffective = 387,649) and from the Million Veteran Program and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium meta-analyses for alcohol use disorder (AUD, Neffective = 296,974), cannabis use disorder (CanUD, Neffective = 161,053), opioid use disorder (OUD, Neffective = 57,120), and problematic tobacco use (PTU, Neffective = 270,120). SNP-based heritability was estimated for each of the traits and genetic correlation (rg) analyses were performed to assess MCP-SUD pleiotropy. Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization analyses evaluated possible causal relationships. Finally, to identify and characterize individual loci, we performed a genome-wide pleiotropy analysis and a brain-wide analysis using imaging phenotypes available from the UK Biobank. MCP was positively genetically correlated with AUD (rg = 0.26, p = 7.55 × 10-18), CanUD (rg = 0.37, p = 8.21 × 10-37), OUD (rg = 0.20, p = 1.50 × 10-3), and PTU (rg = 0.29, p = 8.53 × 10-12). Although the MR analyses supported bi-directional relationships, MCP had larger effects on AUD (pain-exposure: beta = 0.18, p = 8.21 × 10-4; pain-outcome: beta = 0.07, p = 0.018), CanUD (pain-exposure: beta = 0.58, p = 2.70 × 10-6; pain-outcome: beta = 0.05, p = 0.014) and PTU (pain-exposure: beta = 0.43, p = 4.16 × 10-8; pain-outcome: beta = 0.09, p = 3.05 × 10-6) than the reverse. The genome-wide analysis identified two SNPs pleiotropic between MCP and all SUD investigated: IHO1 rs7652746 (ppleiotropy = 2.69 × 10-8), and CADM2 rs1248857 (ppleiotropy = 1.98 × 10-5). In the brain-wide analysis, rs7652746 was associated with multiple cerebellum and amygdala imaging phenotypes. When analyzing MCP pleiotropy with each SUD separately, we found 25, 22, and 4 pleiotropic variants for AUD, CanUD, and OUD, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to provide evidence of potential causal relationships and shared genetic mechanisms underlying MCP-SUD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Eleni Friligkou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brendan Stiltner
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Solveig Løkhammer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph D Deak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 4, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Bergstedt J, Pasman JA, Ma Z, Harder A, Yao S, Parker N, Treur JL, Smit DJA, Frei O, Shadrin A, Meijsen JJ, Shen Q, Hägg S, Tornvall P, Buil A, Werge T, Hjerling-Leffler J, Als TD, Børglum AD, Lewis CM, McIntosh AM, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Andreassen OA, Sullivan PF, Lu Y, Fang F. Distinct genomic signatures and modifiable risk factors underly the comorbidity between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease. medRxiv 2024:2023.09.01.23294931. [PMID: 37693619 PMCID: PMC10491387 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.23294931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often comorbid, resulting in excess morbidity and mortality. Using genomic data, this study elucidates biological mechanisms, key risk factors, and causal pathways underlying their comorbidity. We show that CVDs share a large proportion of their genetic risk factors with MDD. Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of the shared genetic liability between MDD and atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) revealed seven novel loci and distinct patterns of tissue and brain cell-type enrichments, suggesting a role for the thalamus. Part of the genetic overlap was explained by shared inflammatory, metabolic, and psychosocial/lifestyle risk factors. Finally, we found support for causal effects of genetic liability to MDD on CVD risk, but not from most CVDs to MDD, and demonstrated that the causal effects were partly explained by metabolic and psychosocial/lifestyle factors. The distinct signature of MDD-ASCVD comorbidity aligns with the idea of an immunometabolic sub-type of MDD more strongly associated with CVD than overall MDD. In summary, we identify plausible biological mechanisms underlying MDD-CVD comorbidity, as well as key modifiable risk factors for prevention of CVD in individuals with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bergstedt
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ziyan Ma
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arvid Harder
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuyang Yao
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadine Parker
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joeri J Meijsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Qing Shen
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tornvall
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Als
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Unnur A Valdimarsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fang Fang
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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van de Weijer MP, Vermeulen J, Schrantee A, Munafò MR, Verweij KJH, Treur JL. The potential role of gray matter volume differences in the association between smoking and depression: A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105497. [PMID: 38100958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use and major depression are both leading contributors to the global burden of disease and are also highly comorbid. Previous research indicates bi-directional causality between tobacco use and depression, but the mechanisms that underlie this causality are unclear, especially for the causality from tobacco use to depression. Here we narratively review the available evidence for a potential causal role of gray matter volume in the association. We summarize the findings of large existing neuroimaging meta-analyses, studies in UK Biobank, and the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through MetaAnalysis (ENIGMA) consortium and assess the overlap in implicated brain areas. In addition, we review two types of methods that allow us more insight into the causal nature of associations between brain volume and depression/smoking: longitudinal studies and Mendelian Randomization studies. While the available evidence suggests overlap in the alterations in brain volumes implicated in tobacco use and depression, there is a lack of research examining the underlying pathophysiology. We conclude with recommendations on (genetically-informed) causal inference methods useful for studying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot P van de Weijer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jentien Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, the United Kingdom
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Sbarra DA, Ramadan FA, Choi KW, Treur JL, Levey DF, Wootton RE, Stein MB, Gelernter J, Klimentidis YC. Loneliness and depression: bidirectional mendelian randomization analyses using data from three large genome-wide association studies. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4594-4601. [PMID: 37735503 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is a serious psychiatric illness afflicting nearly 5% of the world's population. A large correlational literature suggests that loneliness is a prospective risk factor for MD; correlational assocations of this nature may be confounded for a variety of reasons. This report uses Mendelian Randomization (MR) to examine potentially causal associations between loneliness and MD. We report on analyses using summary statistics from three large genome wide association studies (GWAS). MR analyses were conducted using three independent sources of GWAS summary statistics. In the first set of analyses, we used available summary statistics from an extant GWAS of loneliness to predict MD risk. We used two sources of outcome data: the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) meta-analysis of MD (PGC-MD; N = 142,646) and the Million Veteran Program (MVP-MD; N = 250,215). Finally, we reversed analyses using data from the MVP and PGC samples to identify risk variants for MD and used loneliness outcome data from UK Biobank. We find robust evidence for a bidirectional causal relationship between loneliness and MD, including between loneliness, depression cases status, and a continuous measure of depressive symptoms. The estimates remained significant across several sensitivity analyses, including models that account for horizontal pleiotropy. This paper provides the first genetically-informed evidence that reducing loneliness may play a causal role in decreasing risk for depressive illness, and these findings support efforts to reduce loneliness in order to prevent or ameliorate MD. Discussion focuses on the public health significance of these findings, especially in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sbarra
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Ferris A Ramadan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel F Levey
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Murray B Stein
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yann C Klimentidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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9
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Treur JL, Thijssen AB, Smit DJ, Tadros R, Veeneman RR, Denys D, Vermeulen JM, Barc J, Bergstedt J, Pasman JA, Bezzina CR, Verweij KJH. Associations of schizophrenia with arrhythmic disorders and electrocardiogram traits: an in-depth genetic exploration of population samples. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.21.23290286. [PMID: 37292618 PMCID: PMC10246121 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.21.23290286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background An important contributor to the decreased life expectancy of individuals with schizophrenia is sudden cardiac death. While arrhythmic disorders play an important role in this, the nature of the relation between schizophrenia and arrhythmia is not fully understood. Methods We leveraged summary-level data of large-scale genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia (53,386 cases 77,258 controls), arrhythmic disorders (atrial fibrillation, 55,114 cases 482,295 controls; Brugada syndrome, 2,820 cases 10,001 controls) and electrocardiogram traits (heart rate (variability), PR interval, QT interval, JT interval, and QRS duration, n=46,952-293,051). First, we examined shared genetic liability by assessing global and local genetic correlations and conducting functional annotation. Next, we explored bidirectional causal relations between schizophrenia and arrhythmic disorders and electrocardiogram traits using Mendelian randomization. Outcomes There was no evidence for global genetic correlations, except between schizophrenia and Brugada (rg=0·14, p=4·0E-04). In contrast, strong positive and negative local genetic correlations between schizophrenia and all cardiac traits were found across the genome. In the strongest associated regions, genes related to immune system and viral response mechanisms were overrepresented. Mendelian randomization indicated a causal, increasing effect of liability to schizophrenia on Brugada syndrome (OR=1·15, p=0·009) and heart rate during activity (beta=0·25, p=0·015). Interpretation While there was little evidence for global genetic correlations, specific genomic regions and biological pathways important for both schizophrenia and arrhythmic disorders and electrocardiogram traits emerged. The putative causal effect of liability to schizophrenia on Brugada warrants increased cardiac monitoring and potentially early medical intervention in patients with schizophrenia. Funding European Research Council Starting Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anaiïs B Thijssen
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Ja Smit
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, 5000 Rue Bélanger, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Rada R Veeneman
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Barc
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 Quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Jacob Bergstedt
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Wootton RE, Lawn RB, Magnus MC, Treur JL, Corfield EC, Njølstad PR, Andreassen OA, Lawlor DA, Munafò MR, Håberg SE, Davey Smith G, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Havdahl A. Associations between health behaviours, fertility and reproductive outcomes: triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). BMC Med 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37013617 PMCID: PMC10071662 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidance to improve fertility includes reducing alcohol and caffeine consumption, achieving healthy weight-range and stopping smoking. Advice is informed by observational evidence, which is often biased by confounding. METHODS This study primarily used data from a pregnancy cohort, the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. First, we conducted multivariable regression of health behaviours (alcohol and caffeine consumption, body-mass index (BMI), and smoking) on fertility outcomes (e.g. time to conception) and reproductive outcomes (e.g. age at first birth) (n = 84,075 females, 68,002 males), adjusting for birth year, education and attention-deficit and hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD) traits. Second, we used individual-level Mendelian randomisation (MR) to explore possible causal effects of health behaviours on fertility/reproductive outcomes (n = 63,376 females, 45,460 males). Finally, we performed summary-level MR for available outcomes in UK Biobank (n = 91,462-1,232,091) and controlled for education and ADHD liability using multivariable MR. RESULTS In multivariable regression analyses, higher BMI associated with fertility (longer time to conception, increased odds of infertility treatment and miscarriage), and smoking was associated with longer time to conception. In individual-level MR analyses, there was strong evidence for effects of smoking initiation and higher BMI on younger age at first birth, of higher BMI on increased time to conception, and weak evidence for effects of smoking initiation on increased time to conception. Age at first birth associations were replicated in summary-level MR analysis; however, effects attenuated using multivariable MR. CONCLUSIONS Smoking behaviour and BMI showed the most consistent associations for increased time to conception and a younger age at first birth. Given that age at first birth and time to conception are positively correlated, this suggests that the mechanisms for reproductive outcomes are distinct to the mechanisms acting on fertility outcomes. Multivariable MR suggested that effects on age at first birth might be explained by underlying liability to ADHD and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Wootton
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria C Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C Corfield
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Treur JL, Veeneman RR, Vermeulen JM, Verweij KJH. Unravelling the relation between mental illness and cardiovascular disease by triangulating evidence from different methods. Eur Heart J 2023:7046106. [PMID: 36808227 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rada R Veeneman
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Taylor GM, Treur JL. An application of the stress-diathesis model: A review about the association between smoking tobacco, smoking cessation, and mental health. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100335. [PMID: 36247407 PMCID: PMC9531043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, approximately 24% of all adults smoke, but smoking is up to twice as prevalent in people with mental ill-health. There is growing evidence that smoking may be a causal risk factor in the development of mental illness, and that smoking cessation leads to improved mental health. Methods In this scholarly review we have: (1) used a modern adaptation of the Bradford-Hill criteria to bolster the argument that smoking could cause mental ill-health and that smoking cessation could reverse these effects, and (2) by considering psychological, biological, and environmental factors, we have structured the evidence to-date into a stress-diathesis model. Results Our model suggests that smoking is a psychobiological stressor, but that the magnitude of this effect is mediated and modulated by the individual's diathesis to develop mental ill-health and other vulnerability and protective factors. We explore biological mechanisms that underpin the model, such as tobacco induced damage to neurological systems and oxidative stress pathways. Furthermore, we discuss evidence indicating that it is likely that these systems repair after smoking cessation, leading to better mental health. Conclusion Based on a large body of literature including experimental, observational, and novel causal inference studies, there is consistent evidence showing that smoking can negatively affect the brain and mental health, and that smoking cessation could reverse the mental ill-health caused by smoking. Our model suggests that smoking prevention and treatment strategies have a role in preventing and treating mental illness as well as physical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M.J. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom,Corresponding author.
| | - Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Verweij KJH, Vink JM, Abdellaoui A, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Treur JL. The genetic aetiology of cannabis use: from twin models to genome-wide association studies and beyond. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:489. [PMID: 36411281 PMCID: PMC9678872 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is among the most widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide. Individual differences in cannabis use phenotypes can partly be explained by genetic differences. Technical and methodological advances have increased our understanding of the genetic aetiology of cannabis use. This narrative review discusses the genetic literature on cannabis use, covering twin, linkage, and candidate-gene studies, and the more recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs), as well as the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Not only do we focus on the insights that these methods have provided on the genetic aetiology of cannabis use, but also on how they have helped to clarify the relationship between cannabis use and co-occurring traits, such as the use of other substances and mental health disorders. Twin studies have shown that cannabis use is moderately heritable, with higher heritability estimates for more severe phases of use. Linkage and candidate-gene studies have been largely unsuccessful, while GWASs so far only explain a small portion of the heritability. Dozens of genetic variants predictive of cannabis use have been identified, located in genes such as CADM2, FOXP2, and CHRNA2. Studies that applied multivariate methods (twin models, genetic correlation analysis, polygenic score analysis, genomic structural equation modelling, Mendelian randomisation) indicate that there is considerable genetic overlap between cannabis use and other traits (especially other substances and externalising disorders) and some evidence for causal relationships (most convincingly for schizophrenia). We end our review by discussing implications of these findings and suggestions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J. H. Verweij
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh St, Suite 100, Richmond, VA 23219 USA
| | - Eske M. Derks
- grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395Translational Neurogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Jorien L. Treur
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Baselmans B, Hammerschlag AR, Noordijk S, Ip H, van der Zee M, de Geus E, Abdellaoui A, Treur JL, van ’t Ent D. The Genetic and Neural Substrates of Externalizing Behavior. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022; 2:389-399. [PMID: 36324656 PMCID: PMC9616240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To gain more insight into the biological factors that mediate vulnerability to display externalizing behaviors, we leveraged genome-wide association study summary statistics on 13 externalizing phenotypes. Methods After data classification based on genetic resemblance, we performed multivariate genome-wide association meta-analyses and conducted extensive bioinformatic analyses, including genetic correlation assessment with other traits, Mendelian randomization, and gene set and gene expression analyses. Results The genetic data could be categorized into disruptive behavior (DB) and risk-taking behavior (RTB) factors, and subsequent genome-wide association meta-analyses provided association statistics for DB and RTB (N eff = 523,150 and 1,506,537, respectively), yielding 50 and 257 independent genetic signals. The statistics of DB, much more than RTB, signaled genetic predisposition to adverse cognitive, mental health, and personality outcomes. We found evidence for bidirectional causal influences between DB and substance use behaviors. Gene set analyses implicated contributions of neuronal cell development (DB/RTB) and synapse formation and transcription (RTB) mechanisms. Gene-brain mapping confirmed involvement of the amygdala and hypothalamus and highlighted other candidate regions (cerebellar dentate, cuneiform nucleus, claustrum, paracentral cortex). At the cell-type level, we noted enrichment of glutamatergic neurons for DB and RTB. Conclusions This bottom-up, data-driven study provides new insights into the genetic signals of externalizing behaviors and indicates that commonalities in genetic architecture contribute to the frequent co-occurrence of different DBs and different RTBs, respectively. Bioinformatic analyses supported the DB versus RTB categorization and indicated relevant biological mechanisms. Generally similar gene-brain mappings indicate that neuroanatomical differences, if any, escaped the resolution of our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Baselmans
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anke R. Hammerschlag
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephany Noordijk
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hill Ip
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis van ’t Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Address correspondence to Dennis van ’t Ent, Ph.D.
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15
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Logtenberg E, Overbeek MF, Pasman JA, Abdellaoui A, Luijten M, van Holst RJ, Vink JM, Denys D, Medland SE, Verweij KJH, Treur JL. Investigating the causal nature of the relationship of subcortical brain volume with smoking and alcohol use. Br J Psychiatry 2022; 221:377-385. [PMID: 35049464 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural variation in subcortical brain regions has been linked to substance use, including the most commonly used substances nicotine and alcohol. Pre-existing differences in subcortical brain volume may affect smoking and alcohol use, but there is also evidence that smoking and alcohol use can lead to structural changes. AIMS We assess the causal nature of the complex relationship of subcortical brain volume with smoking and alcohol use, using bi-directional Mendelian randomisation. METHOD Mendelian randomisation uses genetic variants predictive of a certain 'exposure' as instrumental variables to test causal effects on an 'outcome'. Because of random assortment at meiosis, genetic variants should not be associated with confounders, allowing less biased causal inference. We used summary-level data of genome-wide association studies of subcortical brain volumes (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen and thalamus; n = 50 290) and smoking and alcohol use (smoking initiation, n = 848 460; cigarettes per day, n = 216 590; smoking cessation, n = 378 249; alcoholic drinks per week, n = 630 154; alcohol dependence, n = 46 568). The main analysis, inverse-variance weighted regression, was verified by a wide range of sensitivity methods. RESULTS There was strong evidence that liability to alcohol dependence decreased amygdala and hippocampal volume, and smoking more cigarettes per day decreased hippocampal volume. From subcortical brain volumes to substance use, there was no or weak evidence for causal effects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that heavy alcohol use and smoking can causally reduce subcortical brain volume. This adds to accumulating evidence that alcohol and smoking affect the brain, and likely mental health, warranting more recognition in public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Logtenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin F Overbeek
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth J van Holst
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Treur JL. Commentary on Whitsel et al.: Smoking, alcohol use and the brain- the challenge of answering causal questions. Addiction 2022; 117:1060-1061. [PMID: 35080072 PMCID: PMC9306711 DOI: 10.1111/add.15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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17
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Veeneman RR, Vermeulen JM, Abdellaoui A, Sanderson E, Wootton RE, Tadros R, Bezzina CR, Denys D, Munafò MR, Verweij KJH, Treur JL. Exploring the Relationship Between Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Disease: A Genetic Correlation and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:463-473. [PMID: 34730178 PMCID: PMC8886584 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia have a reduced life-expectancy compared to the general population, largely due to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and epidemiological studies have been unable to unravel the nature of this relationship. We obtained summary-data of genome-wide-association studies of schizophrenia (N = 130 644), heart failure (N = 977 323), coronary artery disease (N = 332 477), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (N = 757 601), heart rate variability (N = 46 952), QT interval (N = 103 331), early repolarization and dilated cardiomyopathy ECG patterns (N = 63 700). We computed genetic correlations and conducted bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causality. With multivariable MR, we investigated whether causal effects were mediated by smoking, body mass index, physical activity, lipid levels, or type 2 diabetes. Genetic correlations between schizophrenia and CVD were close to zero (-0.02-0.04). There was evidence that liability to schizophrenia causally increases heart failure risk. This effect remained consistent with multivariable MR. There was also evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases early repolarization pattern, largely mediated by BMI and lipids. Finally, there was evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases heart rate variability, a direction of effect contrasting clinical studies. There was weak evidence that higher systolic blood pressure increases schizophrenia risk. Our finding that liability to schizophrenia increases heart failure is consistent with the notion that schizophrenia involves a systemic dysregulation of the body with detrimental effects on the heart. To decrease cardiovascular mortality among individuals with schizophrenia, priority should lie with optimal treatment in early stages of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada R Veeneman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Sanderson
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Nic Waals institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; tel: +31(0)20-8913600, e-mail:
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18
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Vink JM, Treur JL, Pasman JA, Schellekens A. Investigating genetic correlation and causality between nicotine dependence and ADHD in a broader psychiatric context. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:423-429. [PMID: 32909657 PMCID: PMC9292706 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or other psychiatric disorders show high rates of nicotine dependence (ND). This comorbidity might be (partly) explained by shared genetic factors. Genetic correlations between ND and ADHD (or other psychiatric disorders) have not yet been estimated. A significant genetic correlation might indicate genetic overlap, but could also reflect a causal relationship. In the present study we investigated the genetic correlation (with LD score regression analyses) between ND and ADHD, as well as between ND and other major psychiatric conditions (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum, anorexia nervosa, and antisocial behavior) based on the summary statistics of large Genome Wide Association studies. We explored the causal nature of the relationship between ND and ADHD using two-sample Mendelian randomization. We found a high genetic correlation between ND and ADHD (rg = .53, p = 1.85 × 10-13 ), and to a lesser extent also between ND-major depressive disorder (rg = .42, p = 3.6 × 10-11 ) and ND-schizophrenia (rg = .18, p = 1.1 × 10-3 ). We did not find evidence for a causal relationship from liability for ADHD to ND (which could be due to a lack of power). The strong genetic correlations might reflect different phenotypic manifestations of (partly) shared underlying genetic vulnerabilities. Combined with the lack of evidence for a causal relationship from liability for ADHD to ND, these findings stress the importance to further investigate the underlying genetic vulnerability explaining co-morbidity in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joëlle A. Pasman
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of PsychiatryRadoudumc, Donders Centre for Medical NeuroscienceNijmegenThe Netherlands,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist Practitioners in AddictionNijmegenThe Netherlands
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19
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Treur JL, Munafò MR, Logtenberg E, Wiers RW, Verweij KJH. Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1593-1624. [PMID: 34030749 PMCID: PMC8327626 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100180x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor mental health has consistently been associated with substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking, cannabis use, and consumption of caffeinated drinks). To properly inform public health policy it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations, and most importantly, whether or not they are causal. METHODS In this pre-registered systematic review, we assessed the evidence for causal relationships between mental health and substance use from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, following PRISMA. We rated the quality of included studies using a scoring system that incorporates important indices of quality, such as the quality of phenotype measurement, instrument strength, and use of sensitivity methods. RESULTS Sixty-three studies were included for qualitative synthesis. The final quality rating was '-' for 16 studies, '- +' for 37 studies, and '+'for 10 studies. There was robust evidence that higher educational attainment decreases smoking and that there is a bi-directional, increasing relationship between smoking and (symptoms of) mental disorders. Another robust finding was that higher educational attainment increases alcohol use frequency, but decreases binge-drinking and alcohol use problems, and that mental disorders causally lead to more alcohol drinking without evidence for the reverse. CONCLUSIONS The current MR literature increases our understanding of the relationship between mental health and substance use. Bi-directional causal relationships are indicated, especially for smoking, providing further incentive to strengthen public health efforts to decrease substance use. Future MR studies should make use of large(r) samples in combination with detailed phenotypes, a wide range of sensitivity methods, and triangulate with other research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Logtenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J. H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Portero V, Nicol T, Podliesna S, Marchal GA, Baartscheer A, Casini S, Tadros R, Treur JL, Tanck MWT, Cox IJ, Probert F, Hough TA, Falcone S, Beekman L, Müller-Nurasyid M, Kastenmüller G, Gieger C, Peters A, Kääb S, Sinner MF, Blease A, Verkerk AO, Bezzina CR, Potter PK, Remme CA. Chronically elevated branched chain amino acid levels are pro-arrhythmic. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1742-1757. [PMID: 34142125 PMCID: PMC9215196 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Cardiac arrhythmias comprise a major health and economic burden and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, including cardiac failure, stroke, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Development of efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies is hampered by incomplete knowledge of disease mechanisms and pathways. Our aim is to identify novel mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmia and SCD using an unbiased approach. Methods and results We employed a phenotype-driven N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen and identified a mouse line with a high incidence of sudden death at young age (6–9 weeks) in the absence of prior symptoms. Affected mice were found to be homozygous for the nonsense mutation Bcat2p.Q300*/p.Q300* in the Bcat2 gene encoding branched chain amino acid transaminase 2. At the age of 4–5 weeks, Bcat2p.Q300*/p.Q300* mice displayed drastic increase of plasma levels of branch chain amino acids (BCAAs—leucine, isoleucine, valine) due to the incomplete catabolism of BCAAs, in addition to inducible arrhythmias ex vivo as well as cardiac conduction and repolarization disturbances. In line with these findings, plasma BCAA levels were positively correlated to electrocardiogram indices of conduction and repolarization in the German community-based KORA F4 Study. Isolated cardiomyocytes from Bcat2p.Q300*/p.Q300* mice revealed action potential (AP) prolongation, pro-arrhythmic events (early and late afterdepolarizations, triggered APs), and dysregulated calcium homeostasis. Incubation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with elevated concentration of BCAAs induced similar calcium dysregulation and pro-arrhythmic events which were prevented by rapamycin, demonstrating the crucial involvement of mTOR pathway activation. Conclusions Our findings identify for the first time a causative link between elevated BCAAs and arrhythmia, which has implications for arrhythmogenesis in conditions associated with BCAA metabolism dysregulation such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Portero
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Nicol
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Svitlana Podliesna
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Marchal
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Casini
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W T Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Jane Cox
- Institute for Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Fay Probert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Falcone
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Leander Beekman
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,IBE, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU) Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian's University (LMU) Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian's University (LMU) Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site: Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Blease
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul K Potter
- Mammalian genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Karabegović I, Portilla-Fernandez E, Li Y, Ma J, Maas SCE, Sun D, Hu EA, Kühnel B, Zhang Y, Ambatipudi S, Fiorito G, Huang J, Castillo-Fernandez JE, Wiggins KL, de Klein N, Grioni S, Swenson BR, Polidoro S, Treur JL, Cuenin C, Tsai PC, Costeira R, Chajes V, Braun K, Verweij N, Kretschmer A, Franke L, van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG, de Knegt RJ, Ikram MA, Dehghan A, Peters A, Schöttker B, Gharib SA, Sotoodehnia N, Bell JT, Elliott P, Vineis P, Relton C, Herceg Z, Brenner H, Waldenberger M, Rebholz CM, Voortman T, Pan Q, Fornage M, Levy D, Kayser M, Ghanbari M. Epigenome-wide association meta-analysis of DNA methylation with coffee and tea consumption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2830. [PMID: 33990564 PMCID: PMC8121846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee and tea are extensively consumed beverages worldwide which have received considerable attention regarding health. Intake of these beverages is consistently linked to, among others, reduced risk of diabetes and liver diseases; however, the mechanisms of action remain elusive. Epigenetics is suggested as a mechanism mediating the effects of dietary and lifestyle factors on disease onset. Here we report the results from epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) on coffee and tea consumption in 15,789 participants of European and African-American ancestries from 15 cohorts. EWAS meta-analysis of coffee consumption reveals 11 CpGs surpassing the epigenome-wide significance threshold (P-value <1.1×10-7), which annotated to the AHRR, F2RL3, FLJ43663, HDAC4, GFI1 and PHGDH genes. Among them, cg14476101 is significantly associated with expression of the PHGDH and risk of fatty liver disease. Knockdown of PHGDH expression in liver cells shows a correlation with expression levels of genes associated with circulating lipids, suggesting a role of PHGDH in hepatic-lipid metabolism. EWAS meta-analysis on tea consumption reveals no significant association, only two CpGs annotated to CACNA1A and PRDM16 genes show suggestive association (P-value <5.0×10-6). These findings indicate that coffee-associated changes in DNA methylation levels may explain the mechanism of action of coffee consumption in conferring risk of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Karabegović
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Health Laboratory, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland and the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Silvana C E Maas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daokun Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily A Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Srikant Ambatipudi
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- AMCHSS, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, Cedex 08, France
| | - Giovanni Fiorito
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Jian Huang
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Juan E Castillo-Fernandez
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, CHRU, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niek de Klein
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS National Cancer Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Brenton R Swenson
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, CHRU, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM, former HuGeF), c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, Cedex 08, France
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ricardo Costeira
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Veronique Chajes
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kim Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Genomics plc, Park End St, Oxford, UK
| | - Anja Kretschmer
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core at Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, CHRU, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK-London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, Cedex 08, France
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Casey M Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland and the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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22
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Wootton RE, Greenstone HSR, Abdellaoui A, Denys D, Verweij KJH, Munafò MR, Treur JL. Bidirectional effects between loneliness, smoking and alcohol use: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study. Addiction 2021; 116:400-406. [PMID: 32542815 DOI: 10.1111/add.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Loneliness is associated with cigarette smoking and problematic alcohol use. Observational evidence suggests these associations arise because loneliness increases substance use; however, there is potential for reverse causation (problematic drinking damages social networks, leading to loneliness). With conventional epidemiological methods, controlling for (residual) confounding and reverse causality is difficult. This study applied Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess bidirectional causal effects among loneliness, smoking behaviour and alcohol (mis)use. MR uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome, if the assumptions are satisfied. DESIGN Our primary method was inverse-variance weighted (IVW) regression and the robustness of these findings was assessed with five different sensitivity methods. SETTING European ancestry. PARTICIPANTS Summary-level data were drawn from the largest available independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of loneliness (n = 511 280), smoking (initiation (n = 249 171), cigarettes per day (n = 249 171) and cessation (n = 143 852), alcoholic drinks per week (n = 226 223) and alcohol dependence (n = 46 568). MEASUREMENTS Genetic variants predictive of the exposure variable were selected as instruments from the respective GWAS. FINDINGS There was weak evidence of increased loneliness leading to higher likelihood of initiating smoking, smoking more cigarettes, and a lower likelihood of quitting smoking. Additionally, there was evidence that initiating smoking increases loneliness [IVW, β = 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.38, P = 2.8 × 10-13 ]. We found no clear evidence for a causal effect of loneliness on drinks per week (IVW, β = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.11, 0.13, P = 0.865) or alcohol dependence (IVW, β = 0.09, 95% CI = -0.19, 0.36, P = 0.533) nor of alcohol use on loneliness (drinks per week IVW, β = 0.09, 95% CI = -0.02, 0.22, P = 0.076; alcohol dependence IVW, β = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.02, 0.13, P = 0.162). CONCLUSIONS There appears to be tentative evidence for causal, bidirectional, increasing effects between loneliness and cigarette smoking, especially for smoking initiation increasing loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Wootton
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Vermeulen JM, Wootton RE, Treur JL, Sallis HM, Jones HJ, Zammit S, van den Brink W, Goodwin GM, de Haan L, Munafò MR. Smoking and the risk for bipolar disorder: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:88-94. [PMID: 31526406 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that smoking is a risk factor for severe mental illness, including bipolar disorder. Conversely, patients with bipolar disorder might smoke more (often) as a result of the psychiatric disorder. AIMS We conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to investigate the direction and evidence for a causal nature of the relationship between smoking and bipolar disorder. METHOD We used publicly available summary statistics from genome-wide association studies on bipolar disorder, smoking initiation, smoking heaviness, smoking cessation and lifetime smoking (i.e. a compound measure of heaviness, duration and cessation). We applied analytical methods with different, orthogonal assumptions to triangulate results, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, MR-Egger SIMEX, weighted-median, weighted-mode and Steiger-filtered analyses. RESULTS Across different methods of MR, consistent evidence was found for a positive effect of smoking on the odds of bipolar disorder (smoking initiation ORIVW = 1.46, 95% CI 1.28-1.66, P = 1.44 × 10-8, lifetime smoking ORIVW = 1.72, 95% CI 1.29-2.28, P = 1.8 × 10-4). The MR analyses of the effect of liability to bipolar disorder on smoking provided no clear evidence of a strong causal effect (smoking heaviness betaIVW = 0.028, 95% CI 0.003-0.053, P = 2.9 × 10-2). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that smoking initiation and lifetime smoking are likely to be a causal risk factor for developing bipolar disorder. We found some evidence that liability to bipolar disorder increased smoking heaviness. Given that smoking is a modifiable risk factor, these findings further support investment into smoking prevention and treatment in order to reduce mental health problems in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jentien M Vermeulen
- Medical Doctor, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- Post-doc Researcher, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Post-doc Researcher, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Sallis
- Post-doc Researcher, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol; and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah J Jones
- Post-doc Researcher, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol; and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cardiff, UK
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Emeritus Professor of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Professor of Psychotic Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- Professor of Biological Psychology, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol; and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, UK
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Vermeulen MC, van der Heijden KB, Kocevska D, Treur JL, Huppertz C, van Beijsterveldt CE, Boomsma DI, Swaab H, Van Someren EJ, Bartels M. Associations of sleep with psychological problems and well-being in adolescence: causality or common genetic predispositions? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:28-39. [PMID: 32396669 PMCID: PMC7818180 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas short and problematic sleep are associated with psychological problems in adolescence, causality remains to be elucidated. This study therefore utilized the discordant monozygotic cotwin design and cross-lagged models to investigate how short and problematic sleep affect psychological functioning. METHODS Adolescent twins (N = 12,803, 13-20 years, 42% male) completed questionnaires on sleep and psychological functioning repeatedly over a two-year interval. Monozygotic twin pairs were classified as concordant or discordant for sleep duration and trouble sleeping. Resulting subgroups were compared regarding internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and subjective well-being. RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses indicated associations of worse psychological functioning with both short sleep and problematic sleep, and cross-lagged models indicate bidirectional associations. Longitudinal analyses showed that an increase in sleep problems experienced selectively by one individual of an identical twin pair was accompanied by an increase of 52% in internalizing problem scores and 25% in externalizing problem scores. These changes were significantly different from the within-subject changes in cotwins with unchanged sleep quality (respectively, 3% increase and 5% decrease). Psychological functioning did, however, not worsen with decreasing sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that sleep quality, rather than sleep duration, should be the primary target for prevention and intervention, with possible effect on psychological functioning in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije C.M. Vermeulen
- Department of Sleep and CognitionNetherlands Institute for Neurosciencean Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent StudiesInstitute of Education and Child StudiesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan B. van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent StudiesInstitute of Education and Child StudiesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Desana Kocevska
- Department of Sleep and CognitionNetherlands Institute for Neurosciencean Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Biological PsychologyNetherlands Twin RegisterVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands,School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Charlotte Huppertz
- Department of Biological PsychologyNetherlands Twin RegisterVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsFaculty of MedicineRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Catharina E.M. van Beijsterveldt
- Department of Biological PsychologyNetherlands Twin RegisterVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyNetherlands Twin RegisterVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent StudiesInstitute of Education and Child StudiesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Eus J.W. Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and CognitionNetherlands Institute for Neurosciencean Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Departments of Psychiatry and Integrative NeurophysiologyCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological PsychologyNetherlands Twin RegisterVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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25
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Treur JL, Demontis D, Smith GD, Sallis H, Richardson TG, Wiers RW, Børglum AD, Verweij KJ, Munafò MR. Investigating causality between liability to ADHD and substance use, and liability to substance use and ADHD risk, using Mendelian randomization. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12849. [PMID: 31733098 PMCID: PMC7228854 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has consistently been associated with substance use, but the nature of this association is not fully understood. To inform intervention development and public health messages, a vital question is whether there are causal pathways from ADHD to substance use and/or vice versa. We applied bidirectional Mendelian randomization, using summary-level data from the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on ADHD, smoking (initiation, cigarettes per day, cessation, and a compound measure of lifetime smoking), alcohol use (drinks per week, alcohol problems, and alcohol dependence), cannabis use (initiation), and coffee consumption (cups per day). Genetic variants robustly associated with the "exposure" were selected as instruments and identified in the "outcome" GWAS. Effect estimates from individual genetic variants were combined with inverse-variance weighted regression and five sensitivity analyses (weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, generalized summary data-based MR, and Steiger filtering). We found evidence that liability to ADHD increases likelihood of smoking initiation and heaviness of smoking among smokers, decreases likelihood of smoking cessation, and increases likelihood of cannabis initiation. There was weak evidence that liability to ADHD increases alcohol dependence risk but not drinks per week or alcohol problems. In the other direction, there was weak evidence that smoking initiation increases ADHD risk, but follow-up analyses suggested a high probability of horizontal pleiotropy. There was no clear evidence of causal pathways between ADHD and coffee consumption. Our findings corroborate epidemiological evidence, suggesting causal pathways from liability to ADHD to smoking, cannabis use, and, tentatively, alcohol dependence. Further work is needed to explore the exact mechanisms mediating these causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundback Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric ResearchiPSYCHAarhusDenmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized MedicineCentral Region Denmark and Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Hannah Sallis
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom G. Richardson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- The Lundback Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric ResearchiPSYCHAarhusDenmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized MedicineCentral Region Denmark and Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Karin J.H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Hines LA, Treur JL, Jones HJ, Sallis HM, Munafò MR. Using genetic information to inform policy on cannabis. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:1002-1003. [PMID: 33096047 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Hines
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, and Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah J Jones
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah M Sallis
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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27
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Pasman JA, Smit DJA, Kingma L, Vink JM, Treur JL, Verweij KJH. Corrigendum to "Causal relationships between substance use and insomnia" [Drug Alcohol Dependence 214 (2020) 108151]. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108313. [PMID: 33017751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lilian Kingma
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Allegrini AG, Verweij KJH, Abdellaoui A, Treur JL, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Genetic Vulnerability for Smoking and Cannabis Use: Associations With E-Cigarette and Water Pipe Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:723-730. [PMID: 30053134 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking and cannabis use are heritable traits and share, at least in part, a common genetic substrate. In recent years, the prevalence of alternative methods of nicotine intakes, such as electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and water pipe use, has risen substantially. We tested whether the genetic vulnerability underlying cigarettes smoking and cannabis use explained variability in e-cigarette and water pipe use phenotypes, as these vaping methods are alternatives for smoking tobacco cigarettes and joints. METHODS On the basis of the summary statistics of the International Cannabis Consortium and the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium, we generated polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for smoking and cannabis use traits, and used these to predict e-cigarette and water pipe use phenotypes in a sample of 5025 individuals from the Netherlands Twin Register. RESULTS PRSs for cigarettes per day were positively associated with lifetime e-cigarette use and early initiation of water pipe use, but only in ex-smokers (odds ratio = 1.43, R2 = 1.56%, p = .011) and never cigarette smokers (odds ratio = 1.35, R2 = 1.60%, p = .013) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Most associations of PRSs for cigarette smoking and cannabis use with e-cigarette and water pipe use were not significant, potentially due to a lack of power. The significant associations between genetic liability to smoking heaviness with e-cigarette and water pipe phenotypes are in line with studies indicating a common genetic background for substance-use phenotypes. These associations emerged only in nonsmokers, and future studies should investigate the nature of this observation. IMPLICATIONS Our study showed that genetic vulnerability to smoking heaviness is associated with lifetime e-cigarette use and age at initiation of water pipe use. This finding has implications for the current debate on whether alternative smoking methods, such as usage of vaping devices, predispose to smoking initiation and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Allegrini
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abdellaoui A, Treur JL, Nivard MG, Smit DJA, Veul L, Vermeulen JM, Peyrot W, Penninx BWJH, Boomsma DI, van den Brink W, Denys D, Verweij KJH. [Genes and environment both important in psychological suffering]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2020; 62:835-838. [PMID: 33184812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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30
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Abdellaoui A, Sanchez-Roige S, Sealock J, Treur JL, Dennis J, Fontanillas P, Elson S, Nivard MG, Ip HF, van der Zee M, Baselmans BML, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Mosing M, Lu Y, Pedersen NL, Denys D, Amin N, M van Duijn C, Szilagyi I, Tiemeier H, Neumann A, Verweij KJH, Cacioppo S, Cacioppo JT, Davis LK, Palmer AA, Boomsma DI. Phenome-wide investigation of health outcomes associated with genetic predisposition to loneliness. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3853-3865. [PMID: 31518406 PMCID: PMC6935385 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are social animals that experience intense suffering when they perceive a lack of social connection. Modern societies are experiencing an epidemic of loneliness. Although the experience of loneliness is universally human, some people report experiencing greater loneliness than others. Loneliness is more strongly associated with mortality than obesity, emphasizing the need to understand the nature of the relationship between loneliness and health. Although it is intuitive that circumstantial factors such as marital status and age influence loneliness, there is also compelling evidence of a genetic predisposition toward loneliness. To better understand the genetic architecture of loneliness and its relationship with associated outcomes, we extended the genome-wide association study meta-analysis of loneliness to 511 280 subjects, and detect 19 significant genetic variants from 16 loci, including four novel loci, as well as 58 significantly associated genes. We investigated the genetic overlap with a wide range of physical and mental health traits by computing genetic correlations and by building loneliness polygenic scores in an independent sample of 18 498 individuals with EHR data to conduct a PheWAS with. A genetic predisposition toward loneliness was associated with cardiovascular, psychiatric, and metabolic disorders and triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins. Mendelian randomization analyses showed evidence of a causal, increasing, the effect of both BMI and body fat on loneliness. Our results provide a framework for future studies of the genetic basis of loneliness and its relationship to mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julia Sealock
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Dennis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hill Fung Ip
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M L Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Mosing
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Translational Epidemiology, Faculty Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Szilagyi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Cacioppo
- Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John T Cacioppo
- Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Treur JL, Verweij KJH, Abdellaoui A, Fedko IO, de Zeeuw EL, Ehli EA, Davies GE, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Testing Familial Transmission of Smoking With Two Different Research Designs. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:836-842. [PMID: 28575460 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Classical twin studies show that smoking is heritable. To determine if shared family environment plays a role in addition to genetic factors, and if they interact (G×E), we use a children-of-twins design. In a second sample, we measure genetic influence with polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental influence with a question on exposure to smoking during childhood. Methods Data on smoking initiation were available for 723 children of 712 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register (64.9% female, median birth year 1985). Children were grouped in ascending order of risk, based on smoking status and zygosity of their twin-parent and his/her co-twin: never smoking twin-parent with a never smoking co-twin; never smoking twin-parent with a smoking dizygotic co-twin; never smoking twin-parent with a smoking monozygotic co-twin; and smoking twin-parent with a smoking or never smoking co-twin. For 4072 participants from the Netherlands Twin Register (67.3% female, median birth year 1973), PRS for smoking were computed and smoking initiation, smoking heaviness, and exposure to smoking during childhood were available. Results Patterns of smoking initiation in the four group children-of-twins design suggested shared familial influences in addition to genetic factors. PRS for ever smoking were associated with smoking initiation in all individuals. PRS for smoking heaviness were associated with smoking heaviness in individuals exposed to smoking during childhood, but not in non-exposed individuals. Conclusions Shared family environment influences smoking, over and above genetic factors. Genetic risk of smoking heaviness was only important for individuals exposed to smoking during childhood, versus those not exposed (G×E). Implications This study adds to the very few existing children-of-twins (CoT) studies on smoking and combines a CoT design with a second research design that utilizes polygenic risk scores and data on exposure to smoking during childhood. The results show that shared family environment affects smoking behavior over and above genetic factors. There was also evidence for gene-environment interaction (G×E) such that genetic risk of heavy versus light smoking was only important for individuals who were also exposed to (second-hand) smoking during childhood. Together, these findings give additional incentive to recommending parents not to expose their children to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, the Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline L de Zeeuw
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, the Netherlands
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32
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Pasman JA, Verweij KJH, Gerring Z, Stringer S, Sanchez-Roige S, Treur JL, Abdellaoui A, Nivard MG, Baselmans BML, Ong JS, Ip HF, van der Zee MD, Bartels M, Day FR, Fontanillas P, Elson SL, de Wit H, Davis LK, MacKillop J, Derringer JL, Branje SJT, Hartman CA, Heath AC, van Lier PAC, Madden PAF, Mägi R, Meeus W, Montgomery GW, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Paus T, Ribases M, Kaprio J, Boks MPM, Bell JT, Spector TD, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, MacGregor S, Perry JRB, Palmer AA, Posthuma D, Munafò MR, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Vink JM. Author Correction: GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal effect of schizophrenia liability. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1196. [PMID: 31168101 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several occurrences of the word 'schizophrenia' have been re-worded as 'liability to schizophrenia' or 'schizophrenia risk', including in the title, which should have been "GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal effect of schizophrenia liability," as well as in Supplementary Figures 1-10 and Supplementary Tables 7-10, to more accurately reflect the findings of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zachary Gerring
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sven Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jorien L Treur
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M L Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hill F Ip
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs D van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research and Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jaime L Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Susan J T Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pol A C van Lier
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Wim Meeus
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Josep A Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marta Ribases
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco P M Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Eske M Derks
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gillespie NA, Pasman JA, Treur JL, Derks EM, Verweij KJH, Vink JM. High-potency cannabis and incident psychosis: correcting the causal assumption. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6:464. [PMID: 31122472 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Gillespie
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Joelle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eske M Derks
- Translational Neurogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smokers are at increased risk of poor sleep behaviors. However, it is largely unknown whether these associations are due to shared (genetic) risk factors and/or causal effects (which may be bidirectional). METHODS We obtained summary-level data of genome-wide association studies of smoking (smoking initiation [n = 74 035], cigarettes per day [n = 38 181], and smoking cessation [n = 41 278]) and sleep behaviors (sleep duration and chronotype, or "morningness" [n = 128 266] and insomnia [n = 113 006]). Using linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression, we calculated genetic correlations between smoking and sleep behaviors. To investigate causal effects, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR), both with summary-level data and individual-level data (n = 333 581 UK Biobank participants). For MR with summary-level data, individual genetic variants were combined with inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis, weighted median regression, MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score, and MR Egger methods. RESULTS We found negative genetic correlations between smoking initiation and sleep duration (rg = -.14, 95% CI = -0.26 to -0.01) and smoking cessation and chronotype (rg = -.18, 95% CI = -0.31 to -0.06), and positive genetic correlations between smoking initiation and insomnia (rg = .27, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.49) and cigarettes per day and insomnia (rg = .15, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.28). MR provided strong evidence that smoking more cigarettes causally decreases the odds of being a morning person, (RAPS) and weak evidence that insomnia causally increases smoking heaviness and decreases smoking cessation odds. CONCLUSIONS Smoking and sleep behaviors show moderate genetic correlation. Heavier smoking seems to causally affect circadian rhythm and there is some indication that insomnia increases smoking heaviness and hampers cessation. Our findings point to sleep as a potentially interesting smoking treatment target. IMPLICATIONS Using LD score regression, we found evidence that smoking and different sleep behaviors (sleep duration, chronotype (morningness), and insomnia) are moderately genetically correlated-genetic variants associated with less or poorer sleep also increased the odds of smoking (more heavily). MR analyses suggested that heavier smoking causally affects circadian rhythm (decreasing the odds of being a morning person) and there was some indication that insomnia increases smoking heaviness and hampers smoking cessation. Our findings indicate a complex, bidirectional relationship between smoking and sleep behaviors and point to sleep as a potentially interesting smoking treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gibson
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Bristol, UK
| | - Amy E Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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35
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Kleykamp BA, Gipson CD, Maynard OM, Treur JL, Oliver JA. Rethinking the Career Landscape for Nicotine and Tobacco Trainees and Early Career Professionals. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:262-266. [PMID: 29660013 PMCID: PMC6610160 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivia M Maynard
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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36
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Pasman JA, Verweij KJH, Gerring Z, Stringer S, Sanchez-Roige S, Treur JL, Abdellaoui A, Nivard MG, Baselmans BML, Ong JS, Ip HF, van der Zee MD, Bartels M, Day FR, Fontanillas P, Elson SL, de Wit H, Davis LK, MacKillop J, Derringer JL, Branje SJT, Hartman CA, Heath AC, van Lier PAC, Madden PAF, Mägi R, Meeus W, Montgomery GW, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Paus T, Ribases M, Kaprio J, Boks MPM, Bell JT, Spector TD, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, MacGregor S, Perry JRB, Palmer AA, Posthuma D, Munafò MR, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Vink JM. GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal influence of schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1161-1170. [PMID: 30150663 PMCID: PMC6386176 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is a heritable trait that has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes. In the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for lifetime cannabis use to date (N = 184,765), we identified eight genome-wide significant independent single nucleotide polymorphisms in six regions. All measured genetic variants combined explained 11% of the variance. Gene-based tests revealed 35 significant genes in 16 regions, and S-PrediXcan analyses showed that 21 genes had different expression levels for cannabis users versus nonusers. The strongest finding across the different analyses was CADM2, which has been associated with substance use and risk-taking. Significant genetic correlations were found with 14 of 25 tested substance use and mental health-related traits, including smoking, alcohol use, schizophrenia and risk-taking. Mendelian randomization analysis showed evidence for a causal positive influence of schizophrenia risk on cannabis use. Overall, our study provides new insights into the etiology of cannabis use and its relation with mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zachary Gerring
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sven Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jorien L Treur
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M L Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hill F Ip
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs D van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research and Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaime L Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Susan J T Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pol A C van Lier
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Wim Meeus
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Josep A Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marta Ribases
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco P M Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Eske M Derks
- Genetic Epidemiology, Statistical Genetics, and Translational Neurogenomics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Treur JL, Munafò MR. Commentary on Kristjansson et al. (2018): Caffeine use during early adolescence as a possible risk factor for initiation of smoking and alcohol use. Addiction 2018; 113:1714-1715. [PMID: 30030871 DOI: 10.1111/add.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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38
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Verweij KJH, Treur JL, Vink JM. Investigating causal associations between use of nicotine, alcohol, caffeine and cannabis: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Addiction 2018; 113:1333-1338. [PMID: 29334416 DOI: 10.1111/add.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological studies consistently show co-occurrence of use of different addictive substances. Whether these associations are causal or due to overlapping underlying influences remains an important question in addiction research. Methodological advances have made it possible to use published genetic associations to infer causal relationships between phenotypes. In this exploratory study, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine the causality of well-established associations between nicotine, alcohol, caffeine and cannabis use. METHODS Two-sample MR was employed to estimate bidirectional causal effects between four addictive substances: nicotine (smoking initiation and cigarettes smoked per day), caffeine (cups of coffee per day), alcohol (units per week) and cannabis (initiation). Based on existing genome-wide association results we selected genetic variants associated with the exposure measure as an instrument to estimate causal effects. Where possible we applied sensitivity analyses (MR-Egger and weighted median) more robust to horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS Most MR tests did not reveal causal associations. There was some weak evidence for a causal positive effect of genetically instrumented alcohol use on smoking initiation and of cigarettes per day on caffeine use, but these were not supported by the sensitivity analyses. There was also some suggestive evidence for a positive effect of alcohol use on caffeine use (only with MR-Egger) and smoking initiation on cannabis initiation (only with weighted median). None of the suggestive causal associations survived corrections for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses found little evidence for causal relationships between nicotine, alcohol, caffeine and cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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39
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Treur JL, Gibson M, Taylor AE, Rogers PJ, Munafò MR. Investigating genetic correlations and causal effects between caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. J Sleep Res 2018; 27:e12695. [PMID: 29682839 PMCID: PMC6175249 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Observationally, higher caffeine consumption is associated with poorer sleep and insomnia. We investigated whether these associations are a result of shared genetic risk factors and/or (possibly bidirectional) causal effects. Summary-level data were available from genome-wide association studies on caffeine intake (n = 91 462), plasma caffeine and caffeine metabolic rate (n = 9876), sleep duration and chronotype (being a "morning" versus an "evening" person) (n = 128 266), and insomnia complaints (n = 113 006). First, genetic correlations were calculated, reflecting the extent to which genetic variants influencing caffeine consumption and those influencing sleep overlap. Next, causal effects were estimated with bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomization. This approach utilizes the genetic variants most robustly associated with an exposure variable as an "instrument" to test causal effects. Estimates from individual variants were combined using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis, weighted median regression and MR-Egger regression. We found no clear evidence for a genetic correlation between caffeine intake and sleep duration (rg = 0.000, p = .998), chronotype (rg = 0.086, p = .192) or insomnia complaints (rg = -0.034, p = .700). For plasma caffeine and caffeine metabolic rate, genetic correlations could not be calculated because of the small sample size. Mendelian randomization did not support causal effects of caffeine intake on sleep, or vice versa. There was weak evidence that higher plasma caffeine levels causally decrease the odds of being a morning person. Although caffeine may acutely affect sleep when taken shortly before bedtime, our findings suggest that a sustained pattern of high caffeine consumption is more likely to be associated with poorer sleep through shared environmental factors. Future research should identify such environments, which could aid the development of interventions to improve sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark Gibson
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amy E Taylor
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Bristol, UK
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40
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van den Broek N, Treur JL, Larsen JK, Verhagen M, Verweij KJH, Vink JM. Causal associations between body mass index and mental health: a Mendelian randomisation study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:708-710. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-210000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBody mass index (BMI) is correlated negatively with subjective well-being and positively with depressive symptoms. Whether these associations reflect causal effects is unclear.MethodsWe examined bidirectional, causal effects between BMI and mental health with Mendelian randomisation using summary-level data from published genome-wide association studies (BMI: n=339 224; subjective well-being: n=204 966; depressive symptoms: n=161 460). Genetic variants robustly related to the exposure variable acted as instrumental variable to estimate causal effects. We combined estimates of individual genetic variants with inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis, weighted median regression and MR-Egger regression.ResultsThere was evidence for a causal, increasing effect of BMI on depressive symptoms and suggestive evidence for a decreasing effect of BMI on subjective well-being. We found no evidence for causality in the other direction.ConclusionThis study provides support for a higher BMI causing poorer mental health. Further research should corroborate these findings and explore mechanisms underlying this potential causality.
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41
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Treur JL, Rozema AD, Mathijssen JJP, van Oers H, Vink JM. E-cigarette and waterpipe use in two adolescent cohorts: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with conventional cigarette smoking. Eur J Epidemiol 2018; 33:323-334. [PMID: 29260431 PMCID: PMC5889768 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alternative tobacco products are increasing in popularity. An important question is whether their use is associated with or even leads to conventional smoking, but large-scale (European) studies are scarce. In two cohorts of Dutch adolescents (Cohort I n = 6819, mean age = 13.8 SD = 1.1, 48.2% female; Cohort II n = 2758, mean age = 17.3 SD = 1.8, 61.3% female), we investigated use of electronic (e)-cigarettes with nicotine, e-cigarettes without nicotine and waterpipe. Generalized estimating equation modelling was conducted with ever conventional smoking as the dependent variable (0 = no, 1 = yes) and ever alternative tobacco use as the independent variable, correcting for clustering within schools, age, sex and education in both cohorts. In a subsample (n = 2100), the association between alternative tobacco use at baseline and conventional smoking 6 months later was tested, taking into account smoking propensity (based on personality, susceptibility to peer pressure and smoking intentions). Ever use prevalence was 13.7% for e-cigarettes with nicotine, 29.4% for e-cigarettes without nicotine and 22.1% for waterpipe in Cohort I and 12.3, 27.6 and 45.3% respectively in Cohort II. Ever smokers had tried alternative tobacco products more often than never smokers. Among never-smoking adolescents at baseline, alternative tobacco use predicted ever smoking 6 months later (e-cigarettes with nicotine OR 11.90 95% CI 3.36-42.11; e-cigarettes without nicotine OR 5.36 95% CI 2.73-10.52; waterpipe OR 5.36 95% CI 2.78-10.31). This association was strongest for adolescents with a low baseline risk of smoking. Experimenting with alternative tobacco products is common among Dutch youth. Alternative tobacco use predicts (future) smoking, especially among adolescents with a low smoking propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea D Rozema
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J P Mathijssen
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Oers
- Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Mies GW, Verweij KJH, Treur JL, Ligthart L, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Polygenic risk for alcohol consumption and its association with alcohol-related phenotypes: Do stress and life satisfaction moderate these relationships? Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:7-12. [PMID: 29220643 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental factors contribute about equally to alcohol-related phenotypes in adulthood. In the present study, we examined whether more stress at home or low satisfaction with life might be associated with heavier drinking or more alcohol-related problems in individuals with a high genetic susceptibility to alcohol use. METHODS Information on polygenic scores and drinking behavior was available in 6705 adults (65% female; 18-83 years) registered with the Netherlands Twin Register. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were constructed for all subjects based on the summary statistics of a large genome-wide association meta-analysis on alcohol consumption (grams per day). Outcome measures were quantity of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Stress at home and life satisfaction were moderating variables whose significance was tested by Generalized Estimating Equation analyses taking familial relatedness, age and sex into account. RESULTS PRSs for alcohol were significantly associated with quantity of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the past year (R2=0.11% and 0.10% respectively). Participants who reported to have experienced more stress in the past year and lower life satisfaction, scored higher on alcohol-related problems (R2=0.27% and 0.29 respectively), but not on alcohol consumption. Stress and life satisfaction did not moderate the association between PRSs and the alcohol outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS There were significant main effects of polygenic scores and of stress and life satisfaction on drinking behavior, but there was no support for PRS-by-stress or PRS-by-life satisfaction interactions on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Treur JL, Vink JM, Boomsma DI, Middeldorp CM. Corrigendum to "Spousal resemblance for smoking: Underlying mechanisms and effects of cohort and age" [Drug Alcohol Depend. 153 (2015) 221-228]. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:123. [PMID: 29157752 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, GGZ ingeest/VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bjørngaard JH, Nordestgaard AT, Taylor AE, Treur JL, Gabrielsen ME, Munafò MR, Nordestgaard BG, Åsvold BO, Romundstad P, Davey Smith G. Heavier smoking increases coffee consumption: findings from a Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1958-1967. [PMID: 29025033 PMCID: PMC5837196 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence for a positive relationship between cigarette and coffee consumption in smokers. Cigarette smoke increases metabolism of caffeine, so this may represent a causal effect of smoking on caffeine intake. Methods We performed Mendelian randomization analyses in the UK Biobank (N = 114 029), the Norwegian HUNT study (N = 56 664) and the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) (N = 78 650). We used the rs16969968 genetic variant as a proxy for smoking heaviness in all studies and rs4410790 and rs2472297 as proxies for coffee consumption in UK Biobank and CGPS. Analyses were conducted using linear regression and meta-analysed across studies. Results Each additional cigarette per day consumed by current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.10 cups per day, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.17). There was weak evidence for an increase in tea consumption per additional cigarette smoked per day (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI: -0.002, 0.07). There was strong evidence that each additional copy of the minor allele of rs16969968 (which increases daily cigarette consumption) in current smokers was associated with higher coffee consumption (0.16 cups per day, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.20), but only weak evidence for an association with tea consumption (0.04 cups per day, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.09). There was no clear evidence that rs16969968 was associated with coffee or tea consumption in never or former smokers or that the coffee-related variants were associated with cigarette consumption. Conclusions Higher cigarette consumption causally increases coffee intake. This is consistent with faster metabolism of caffeine by smokers, but could also reflect a behavioural effect of smoking on coffee drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H Bjørngaard
- NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
- Forensic Department and Research Centre Brøset, St Olav's University Hospital Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ask Tybjærg Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Amy E Taylor
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maiken E Gabrielsen
- NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway and
- Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Romundstad
- NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Trondheim, Norway
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Mies GW, Treur JL, Larsen JK, Halberstadt J, Pasman JA, Vink JM. The prevalence of food addiction in a large sample of adolescents and its association with addictive substances. Appetite 2017; 118:97-105. [PMID: 28826746 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, due to, among other factors, increased availability of highly palatable food (food high in fat, salt and/or sugar). It has been proposed that certain foods and/or eating behaviours may be addictive, to a degree comparable to substances of abuse. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures 'food addiction' by translating the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder to eating behaviour. So far, only a few studies have examined the prevalence of food addiction in children with the YFAS for children (YFAS-C). Large-scale studies, especially among adolescents, are lacking. Adolescence is of particular interest because it is a period wherein unhealthy eating behaviours or addictive tendencies are likely to develop. The current study examines the prevalence of food addiction using the YFAS-C in a large group of Dutch adolescents (N = 2653) aged 14-21 years. With Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) analysis we tested the relationship between food addiction symptoms and smoking, cannabis use, alcohol use, and sugar intake through drinks, while controlling for gender, age, educational level and weight class. In the total sample 2.6% met the criteria for a food addiction 'diagnosis', and the average symptom count was 1.0 (SD = 1.3, range 0-7). Symptoms of food addiction were positively associated with smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use and sugar intake. We propose that future studies focus on possible genetic/(neuro)biological mechanisms involved in both food addiction and substance use and that longitudinal designs are needed to examine possible causal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Junilla K Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jutka Halberstadt
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Treur JL, Taylor AE, Ware JJ, Nivard MG, Neale MC, McMahon G, Hottenga J, Baselmans BML, Boomsma DI, Munafò MR, Vink JM. Smoking and caffeine consumption: a genetic analysis of their association. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1090-1102. [PMID: 27027469 PMCID: PMC5045318 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Smoking and caffeine consumption show a strong positive correlation, but the mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Explanations include shared genetic/environmental factors or causal effects. This study employed three methods to investigate the association between smoking and caffeine. First, bivariate genetic models were applied to data of 10 368 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register in order to estimate genetic and environmental correlations between smoking and caffeine use. Second, from the summary statistics of meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on smoking and caffeine, the genetic correlation was calculated by LD-score regression. Third, causal effects were tested using Mendelian randomization analysis in 6605 Netherlands Twin Register participants and 5714 women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Through twin modelling, a genetic correlation of r0.47 and an environmental correlation of r0.30 were estimated between current smoking (yes/no) and coffee use (high/low). Between current smoking and total caffeine use, this was r0.44 and r0.00, respectively. LD-score regression also indicated sizeable genetic correlations between smoking and coffee use (r0.44 between smoking heaviness and cups of coffee per day, r0.28 between smoking initiation and coffee use and r0.25 between smoking persistence and coffee use). Consistent with the relatively high genetic correlations and lower environmental correlations, Mendelian randomization provided no evidence for causal effects of smoking on caffeine or vice versa. Genetic factors thus explain most of the association between smoking and caffeine consumption. These findings suggest that quitting smoking may be more difficult for heavy caffeine consumers, given their genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jennifer J. Ware
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Michel G. Nivard
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jouke‐Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bart M. L. Baselmans
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Treur JL, Boomsma DI, Ligthart L, Willemsen G, Vink JM. Heritability of high sugar consumption through drinks and the genetic correlation with substance use. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1144-1150. [PMID: 27581476 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High sugar consumption contributes to the rising prevalence of obesity. Sugar can have rewarding effects that are similar to, but less strong than, the effects of addictive substances. People who consume large amounts of sugar also tend to use more addictive substances, but it is unclear whether this is due to shared genetic or environmental risk factors. OBJECTIVE We examined whether there are genetic influences on the consumption of sugar-containing drinks and whether genetic factors can explain the association with substance use. DESIGN The frequency of consumption of sugar-containing drinks (e.g., cola, soft drinks, and energy drinks) and addictive substances (nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cannabis, and illicit drugs) was obtained for 8586 twins who were registered at the Netherlands Twin Register (women: 68.7%; mean ± SD age: 33.5 ± 15.3 y). Participants were categorized as high or low sugar consumers (>1 compared with ≤1 SD above daily consumption in grams) and as high or low substance users (≥2 compared with <2 substances). Through bivariate genetic modeling, genetic and environmental influences on sugar consumption, substance use, and their association were estimated. RESULTS Genetic factors explained 48% of the variation in high sugar consumption, whereas unique environmental factors explained 52%. For high substance use, these values were 62% and 38%, respectively. There was a moderate phenotypic association between high sugar consumption and high substance use (r = 0.2), which was explained by genetic factors (59%) and unique environmental factors (41%). CONCLUSIONS The positive association between high sugar consumption and high substance use was partly due to unique environmental factors (e.g., social situations). Genetic factors were also of influence, suggesting that neuronal circuits underlying the development of addiction and obesity are related. Further research is needed to identify genes that influence sugar consumption and those that overlap with substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; and
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; and Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Nivard MG, Verweij KJH, Minică CC, Treur JL, Vink JM, Boomsma DI. Connecting the dots, genome-wide association studies in substance use. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1155-6. [PMID: 27298186 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Treur JL, Taylor AE, Ware JJ, McMahon G, Hottenga J, Baselmans BML, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Munafò MR, Vink JM. Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts. Addiction 2016; 111:1059-68. [PMID: 26750569 PMCID: PMC4879503 DOI: 10.1111/add.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. DESIGN Observational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption. SETTING Adults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Participants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female). MEASUREMENTS Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks. FINDINGS After correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jennifer J. Ware
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jouke‐Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bart M. L. Baselmans
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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