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Woolf B, Mason A, Zagkos L, Sallis H, Munafò MR, Gill D. MRSamePopTest: introducing a simple falsification test for the two-sample mendelian randomisation 'same population' assumption. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:27. [PMID: 38233927 PMCID: PMC10795421 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-sample MR is an increasingly popular method for strengthening causal inference in epidemiological studies. For the effect estimates to be meaningful, variant-exposure and variant-outcome associations must come from comparable populations. A recent systematic review of two-sample MR studies found that, if assessed at all, MR studies evaluated this assumption by checking that the genetic association studies had similar demographics. However, it is unclear if this is sufficient because less easily accessible factors may also be important. Here we propose an easy-to-implement falsification test. Since recent theoretical developments in causal inference suggest that a causal effect estimate can generalise from one study to another if there is exchangeability of effect modifiers, we suggest testing the homogeneity of variant-phenotype associations for a phenotype which has been measured in both genetic association studies as a method of exploring the 'same-population' test. This test could be used to facilitate designing MR studies with diverse populations. We developed a simple R package to facilitate the implementation of our proposed test. We hope that this research note will result in increased attention to the same-population assumption, and the development of better sensitivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Woolf
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Amy Mason
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Loukas Zagkos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Woolf B, Gill D, Sallis H, Munafò MR. The UK BiLEVE and Mendelian randomisation: using multivariable instrumental variables to address "damned if you, damned if you don't" adjustment problems. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:157. [PMID: 37491359 PMCID: PMC10369748 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the use of multivariable instrumental variables to resolve the "damned if you do, damned if you don't" adjustment problem created for Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis using the smoking or lung function related phenotypes in the UK Biobank (UKB). RESULT "damned if you do, damned if you don't" adjustment problems occur when both adjusting and not-adjusting for a variable will induce bias in an analysis. One instance of this occurs because the genotyping chip of UKB participants differed based on lung function/smoking status. In simulations, we show that multivariable instrumental variables analyses can attenuate potential collider bias introduced by adjusting for a proposed covariate, such as the UKB genotyping chip. We then explore the effect of adjusting for genotyping chip in a multivariable MR model exploring the effect of smoking on seven medical outcomes (lung cancer, emphysema, hypertension, stroke, heart diseases, depression, and disabilities). We additionally compare our results to a traditional univariate MR analysis using genome-wide analyses summary statistics which had and had not adjusted for genotyping chip. This analysis implies that the difference in genotyping chip has introduced only a small amount of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Woolf
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dipender Gill
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Costantini I, Sallis H, Tilling K, Major‐Smith D, Pearson RM, Kounali D. Childhood trajectories of internalising and externalising problems associated with a polygenic risk score for neuroticism in a UK birth cohort study. JCPP Adv 2023; 3:e12141. [PMID: 37431323 PMCID: PMC10241477 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroticism represents a personality disposition towards experiencing negative emotions more frequently and intensely. Longitudinal studies suggest that neuroticism increases risk of several psychological problems. Improved understanding of how this trait manifests in early life could help inform preventative strategies in those liable to neuroticism. Methods This study explored how a polygenic risk score for neuroticism (NEU PRS) is expressed from infancy to late childhood across various psychological outcomes using multivariable linear and ordinal regression models. In addition, we employed a three-level mixed-effect model to characterise child internalising and externalising trajectories and estimate how a child PRS associated with both their overall levels and rates of change in 5279 children aged 3-11 in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Results We found evidence that the NEU PRS was associated with a more emotionally sensitive temperament in early infancy in addition to higher emotional and behavioural problems and a higher risk of meeting diagnostic criteria for a variety of clinical disorders, particularly anxiety disorders, in childhood. The NEU PRS was associated with overall levels of internalising and externalising trajectories, with a larger magnitude of association on the internalising trajectory. The PRS was also associated with slower rates of reduction of internalising problems across childhood. Conclusions Our findings using a large, well-characterised birth cohort study suggest that phenotypic manifestations of a PRS for adult neuroticism can be detected as early as in infancy and that this PRS associates with several mental health problems and differences in emotional trajectories across childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Costantini
- Centre for Academic Mental HealthUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- Centre for Academic Mental HealthUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kate Tilling
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Daniel Major‐Smith
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Centre for Academic Child HealthBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental HealthUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Department of PsychologyManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Daphne‐Zacharenia Kounali
- Centre for Academic Mental HealthUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Akingbuwa WA, Hammerschlag AR, Allegrini AG, Sallis H, Kuja-Halkola R, Rimfeld K, Lichtenstein P, Lundstrom S, Munafò MR, Plomin R, Nivard MG, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Multivariate analyses of molecular genetic associations between childhood psychopathology and adult mood disorders and related traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2023; 192:3-12. [PMID: 36380638 PMCID: PMC7615008 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous associations have been detected between different types of childhood psychopathology and polygenic risk scores based on adult psychiatric disorders and related adult outcomes, indicating that genetic factors partly explain the association between childhood psychopathology and adult outcomes. However, these analyses in general do not take into account the correlations between the adult trait and disorder polygenic risk scores. This study aimed to further clarify the influence of genetic factors on associations between childhood psychopathology and adult outcomes by accounting for these correlations. Using a multivariate multivariable regression, we analyzed associations of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), internalizing, and social problems, with polygenic scores (PGS) of adult disorders and traits including major depression, bipolar disorder, subjective well-being, neuroticism, insomnia, educational attainment, and body mass index (BMI), derived for 20,539 children aged 8.5-10.5 years. After correcting for correlations between the adult phenotypes, major depression PGS were associated with all three childhood traits, that is, ADHD, internalizing, and social problems. In addition, BMI PGS were associated with ADHD symptoms and social problems, while neuroticism PGS were only associated with internalizing problems and educational attainment PGS were only associated with ADHD symptoms. PGS of bipolar disorder, subjective well-being, and insomnia were not associated with any childhood traits. Our findings suggest that associations between childhood psychopathology and adult traits like insomnia and subjective well-being may be primarily driven by genetic factors that influence adult major depression. Additionally, specific childhood phenotypes are genetically associated with educational attainment, BMI and neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonuola A Akingbuwa
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea G Allegrini
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaili Rimfeld
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundstrom
- Centre for Ethics Law and Mental Health, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Cadman T, Paul E, Culpin I, Sallis H, Bould H, Pearson R. Parental monitoring longitudinally associates with reduced risk of adolescent mental health problems. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Treur JL, Demontis D, Smith GD, Sallis H, Richardson TG, Wiers RW, Børglum AD, Verweij KJ, Munafò MR. Investigating causality between liability to ADHD and substance use, and liability to substance use and ADHD risk, using Mendelian randomization. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12849. [PMID: 31733098 PMCID: PMC7228854 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has consistently been associated with substance use, but the nature of this association is not fully understood. To inform intervention development and public health messages, a vital question is whether there are causal pathways from ADHD to substance use and/or vice versa. We applied bidirectional Mendelian randomization, using summary-level data from the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on ADHD, smoking (initiation, cigarettes per day, cessation, and a compound measure of lifetime smoking), alcohol use (drinks per week, alcohol problems, and alcohol dependence), cannabis use (initiation), and coffee consumption (cups per day). Genetic variants robustly associated with the "exposure" were selected as instruments and identified in the "outcome" GWAS. Effect estimates from individual genetic variants were combined with inverse-variance weighted regression and five sensitivity analyses (weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, generalized summary data-based MR, and Steiger filtering). We found evidence that liability to ADHD increases likelihood of smoking initiation and heaviness of smoking among smokers, decreases likelihood of smoking cessation, and increases likelihood of cannabis initiation. There was weak evidence that liability to ADHD increases alcohol dependence risk but not drinks per week or alcohol problems. In the other direction, there was weak evidence that smoking initiation increases ADHD risk, but follow-up analyses suggested a high probability of horizontal pleiotropy. There was no clear evidence of causal pathways between ADHD and coffee consumption. Our findings corroborate epidemiological evidence, suggesting causal pathways from liability to ADHD to smoking, cannabis use, and, tentatively, alcohol dependence. Further work is needed to explore the exact mechanisms mediating these causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundback Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric ResearchiPSYCHAarhusDenmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized MedicineCentral Region Denmark and Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Hannah Sallis
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom G. Richardson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- The Lundback Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric ResearchiPSYCHAarhusDenmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized MedicineCentral Region Denmark and Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Karin J.H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Szekely E, Neumann A, Sallis H, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Verhulst FC, Meaney MJ, Pearson RM, Levitan RD, Kennedy JL, Lydon JE, Steiner M, Greenwood CMT, Tiemeier H, Evans J, Wazana A. Maternal Prenatal Mood, Pregnancy-Specific Worries, and Early Child Psychopathology: Findings From the DREAM BIG Consortium. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:186-197. [PMID: 32278003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have attempted to identify how distinct dimensions of maternal prenatal affective symptoms relate to offspring psychopathology. We defined latent dimensions of women's prenatal affective symptoms and pregnancy-specific worries to examine their association with early offspring psychopathology in three prenatal cohorts. METHOD Data were used from three cohorts of the DREAM-BIG consortium: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC [N = 12,515]), Generation R (N = 6,803), and the Canadian prenatal cohort Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability, and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN [N = 578]). Maternal prenatal affective symptoms and pregnancy-specific worries were assessed using different measures in each cohort. Through confirmatory factor analyses, we determined whether comparable latent dimensions of prenatal maternal affective symptoms existed across the cohorts. We used structural equation models to examine cohort-specific associations between these dimensions and offspring psychopathology at 4 to 8 years of age (general psychopathology, specific internalizing and externalizing previously derived using confirmatory factor analyses). Cohort-based estimates were meta-analyzed using inverse variance-weighing. RESULTS Four prenatal maternal factors were similar in all cohorts: a general affective symptoms factor and three specific factors-an anxiety/depression factor, a somatic factor, and a pregnancy-specific worries factor. In meta-analyses, both the general affective symptoms factor and pregnancy-specific worries factor were independently associated with offspring general psychopathology. The general affective symptoms factor was further associated with offspring specific internalizing problems. There were no associations with specific externalizing problems. CONCLUSION These replicated findings of independent and adverse effects for prenatal general affective symptoms and pregnancy-specific worries on child mental health support the need for specific interventions in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szekely
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Sallis
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frank C Verhulst
- Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Meaney
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Rebecca M Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E Lydon
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Celia M T Greenwood
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Wazana
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Culpin I, Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Sallis H, Lee R, Cordero M, Rajyaguru P, Kordas K, Cadman T, Pearson RM. Specific domains of early parenting, their heritability and differential association with adolescent behavioural and emotional disorders and academic achievement. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1401-1409. [PMID: 31786662 PMCID: PMC7501134 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variations in parenting across large populations have rarely been described. It also remains unclear which specific domains of parenting are important for which specific offspring developmental outcomes. This study describes different domains of early parenting behaviours and their genetic heritability, then determines the extent to which specific domains of parenting are associated with later offspring outcomes. Parenting behaviours (birth to 3 years) were extracted from self-reported questionnaires administered to 12,358 mothers from the UK-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and modelled as a latent factor using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Genetic heritability and correlations between parenting factors were estimated using genome-wide complex trait analysis. Three parenting factors were derived: parental enjoyment, conflictual relationships and stimulation; all showed low genetic heritability. There was no evidence of association between parental enjoyment and offspring behavioural disorders and depressed mood. Stimulation was associated with better English grades (standardised β = 0.195, p < 0.001) and enjoyment was negatively associated with English grades (β = - 0.244, p = < 0.001). Conflictual relationships were associated with higher risk of offspring behavioural disorders (β = 0.228, p = 0.010) and depressed mood (β = 0.077, p = 0.005). Higher enjoyment reduced the association between conflict and behavioural problems (interaction term β = 0.113, p < 0.001). We found evidence for predictive specificity of early parenting domains for offspring outcomes in adolescence. Early stimulation, unlike enjoyment, promoted later educational achievement. Conflictual relationships were associated with greater risk of behavioural problems, buffered by increased enjoyment. These findings hold implications for parenting interventions, guiding their focus according to the specificity of parenting domains and their long-term outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Culpin
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK
| | - Diane L. Putnick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hannah Sallis
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruby Lee
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Miguel Cordero
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Priya Rajyaguru
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University At Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Tim Cadman
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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9
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Akingbuwa WA, Hammerschlag AR, Jami ES, Allegrini AG, Karhunen V, Sallis H, Ask H, Askeland RB, Baselmans B, Diemer E, Hagenbeek FA, Havdahl A, Hottenga JJ, Mbarek H, Rivadeneira F, Tesli M, van Beijsterveldt C, Breen G, Lewis CM, Thapar A, Boomsma DI, Kuja-Halkola R, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Rimfeld K, Ystrom EIVIND, Jarvelin MR, Lichtenstein P, Lundstrom S, Munafò MR, Plomin R, Tiemeier H, Nivard MG, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Genetic Associations Between Childhood Psychopathology and Adult Depression and Associated Traits in 42 998 Individuals: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:715-728. [PMID: 32293669 PMCID: PMC7160753 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Adult mood disorders are often preceded by behavioral and emotional problems in childhood. It is yet unclear what explains the associations between childhood psychopathology and adult traits. Objective To investigate whether genetic risk for adult mood disorders and associated traits is associated with childhood disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants This meta-analysis examined data from 7 ongoing longitudinal birth and childhood cohorts from the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, and Finland. Starting points of data collection ranged from July 1985 to April 2002. Participants were repeatedly assessed for childhood psychopathology from ages 6 to 17 years. Data analysis occurred from September 2017 to May 2019. Exposures Individual polygenic scores (PGS) were constructed in children based on genome-wide association studies of adult major depression, bipolar disorder, subjective well-being, neuroticism, insomnia, educational attainment, and body mass index (BMI). Main Outcomes and Measures Regression meta-analyses were used to test associations between PGS and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and internalizing and social problems measured repeatedly across childhood and adolescence and whether these associations depended on childhood phenotype, age, and rater. Results The sample included 42 998 participants aged 6 to 17 years. Male participants varied from 43.0% (1040 of 2417 participants) to 53.1% (2434 of 4583 participants) by age and across all cohorts. The PGS of adult major depression, neuroticism, BMI, and insomnia were positively associated with childhood psychopathology (β estimate range, 0.023-0.042 [95% CI, 0.017-0.049]), while associations with PGS of subjective well-being and educational attainment were negative (β, -0.026 to -0.046 [95% CI, -0.020 to -0.057]). There was no moderation of age, type of childhood phenotype, or rater with the associations. The exceptions were stronger associations between educational attainment PGS and ADHD compared with internalizing problems (Δβ, 0.0561 [Δ95% CI, 0.0318-0.0804]; ΔSE, 0.0124) and social problems (Δβ, 0.0528 [Δ95% CI, 0.0282-0.0775]; ΔSE, 0.0126), and between BMI PGS and ADHD and social problems (Δβ, -0.0001 [Δ95% CI, -0.0102 to 0.0100]; ΔSE, 0.0052), compared with internalizing problems (Δβ, -0.0310 [Δ95% CI, -0.0456 to -0.0164]; ΔSE, 0.0074). Furthermore, the association between educational attainment PGS and ADHD increased with age (Δβ, -0.0032 [Δ 95% CI, -0.0048 to -0.0017]; ΔSE, 0.0008). Conclusions and Relevance Results from this study suggest the existence of a set of genetic factors influencing a range of traits across the life span with stable associations present throughout childhood. Knowledge of underlying mechanisms may affect treatment and long-term outcomes of individuals with psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonuola A. Akingbuwa
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anke R. Hammerschlag
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eshim S. Jami
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea G. Allegrini
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Sallis
- University of Bristol School of Psychological Science, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna B. Askeland
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bart Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Diemer
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona A. Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Qatar Genome Programme, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Tesli
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Services Foundation Trust, London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Thapar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaili Rimfeld
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - EIVIND Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council–Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London College of Health and Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundstrom
- Centre for Ethics Law and Mental Health, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- University of Bristol School of Psychological Science, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Services Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michel G. Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel M. Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Sallis H, Szekely E, Neumann A, Jolicoeur‐Martineau A, van IJzendoorn M, Hillegers M, Greenwood CM, Meaney MJ, Steiner M, Tiemeier H, Wazana A, Pearson RM, Evans J. General psychopathology, internalising and externalising in children and functional outcomes in late adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:1183-1190. [PMID: 31049953 PMCID: PMC6849715 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalising and externalising problems commonly co-occur in childhood. Yet, few developmental models describing the structure of child psychopathology appropriately account for this comorbidity. We evaluate a model of childhood psychopathology that separates the unique and shared contribution of individual psychological symptoms into specific internalising, externalising and general psychopathology factors and assess how these general and specific factors predict long-term outcomes concerning criminal behaviour, academic achievement and affective symptoms in three independent cohorts. METHODS Data were drawn from independent birth cohorts (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), N = 11,612; Generation R, N = 7,946; Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN), N = 408). Child psychopathology was assessed between 4 and 8 years using a range of diagnostic and questionnaire-based measures, and multiple informants. First, structural equation models were used to assess the fit of hypothesised models of shared and unique components of psychopathology in all cohorts. Once the model was chosen, linear/logistic regressions were used to investigate whether these factors were associated with important outcomes such as criminal behaviour, academic achievement and well-being from late adolescence/early adulthood. RESULTS The model that included specific factors for internalising/externalising and a general psychopathology factor capturing variance shared between symptoms regardless of their classification fits well for all of the cohorts. As hypothesised, general psychopathology factor scores were predictive of all outcomes of later functioning, while specific internalising factor scores predicted later internalising outcomes. Specific externalising factor scores, capturing variance not shared by any other psychological symptoms, were not predictive of later outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Early symptoms of psychopathology carry information that is syndrome-specific as well as indicative of general vulnerability and the informant reporting on the child. The 'general psychopathology factor' might be more relevant for long-term outcomes than specific symptoms. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the co-occurrence of common internalising and externalising problems in childhood when considering long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Sallis
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesSchool of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Eszter Szekely
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchJewish General HospitalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marinus van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child StudiesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Primary Care UnitSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Manon Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Celia M.T. Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchJewish General HospitalMontréalQCCanada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational HealthMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
- Departments of Oncology and Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQCCanada
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics & PsychobiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Meir Steiner
- Women's Health Concerns ClinicSt. Joseph's HealthcareHamiltonONCanada
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences and Obstetrics & GynecologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral SciencesHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Ashley Wazana
- Department of PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchJewish General HospitalMontréalQCCanada
- Centre for Child Development and Mental HealthJewish General HospitalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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11
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Kwong ASF, Manley D, Timpson NJ, Pearson RM, Heron J, Sallis H, Stergiakouli E, Davis OSP, Leckie G. Identifying Critical Points of Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Childhood to Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:815-827. [PMID: 30671716 PMCID: PMC6441403 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness and research has focused on late childhood and adolescence in an attempt to prevent or reduce later psychopathology and/or social impairments. It is important to establish and study population-averaged trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence as this could characterise specific changes in populations and help identify critical points to intervene with treatment. Multilevel growth-curve models were used to explore adolescent trajectories of depressive symptoms in 9301 individuals (57% female) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK based pregnancy cohort. Trajectories of depressive symptoms were constructed for males and females using the short mood and feelings questionnaire over 8 occasions, between 10 and 22 years old. Critical points of development such as age of peak velocity for depressive symptoms (the age at which depressive symptoms increase most rapidly) and the age of maximum depressive symptoms were also derived. The results suggested that from similar initial levels of depressive symptoms at age 11, females on average experienced steeper increases in depressive symptoms than males over their teenage and adolescent years until around the age of 20 when levels of depressive symptoms plateaued and started to decrease for both sexes. Females on average also had an earlier age of peak velocity of depressive symptoms that occurred at 13.5 years, compared to males who on average had an age of peak velocity at 16 years old. Evidence was less clear for a difference between the ages of maximum depressive symptoms which were on average 19.6 years for females and 20.4 for males. Identifying critical periods for different population subgroups may provide useful knowledge for treating and preventing depression and could be tailored to be time specific for certain groups. Possible explanations and recommendations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S F Kwong
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK.
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - David Manley
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca M Pearson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oliver S P Davis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Leckie
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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12
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Abstract
In recent years, substantial effort has gone into disentangling the genetic contribution to individual differences in behaviour (such as personality and temperament traits). Heritability estimates from twin and family studies, and more recently using whole genome approaches, suggest a substantial genetic component to these traits. However, efforts to identify the genes that influence these traits have had relatively little success. Here, we review current work investigating the heritability of individual differences in behavioural traits and provide an overview of the results from genome-wide association analyses of these traits to date. In addition, we discuss the implications of these findings for the potential applications of Mendelian randomization.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK .,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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13
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Fluharty ME, Sallis H, Munafò MR. Investigating possible causal effects of externalizing behaviors on tobacco initiation: A Mendelian randomization analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:338-342. [PMID: 30173087 PMCID: PMC6152577 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies suggest childhood externalizing disorders are associated with increased smoking and earlier initiation. However, causality cannot be inferred from observational data alone. The current study uses two-sample MR to examine the causal relationship between externalizing behaviors and tobacco use. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with aggression were obtained from the Early Life Epidemiology Consortium (mean age 8), ADHD from the Integrative Psychiatric Research and Psychiatric Genomics Consortiums (age range 6-18), and tobacco initiation and age of onset from the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. SNPs were combined using the inverse variance weighted approach, weighted median approach, and MR-Egger regression. There was no clear evidence of an effect of aggression on tobacco initiation or age of onset for childhood aggression (initiation: β -0.002, 95% CI -0.005, 0.001, P = 0.286; age: β -0.001 95% CI -0.002, 0.000, P = 0.310) or adolescent aggression (initiation: β -0.001, 95% CI -0.006, 0.003, P = 0.610; age: β 0.000, 95% CI 0.000, 0.001, P = 0.183)]. However, there was some evidence of an association of ADHD on tobacco initiation (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10, 1.35, P = 0.016), although no clear evidence of an effect of ADHD on age of onset (OR = 1.022, 95% CI 0.992, 1.052, P = 0.215). Our results provide some evidence that genetic risk of childhood ADHD is causally related to increased risk of tobacco initiation; however, the causal estimate is relatively small. We found no clear evidence that genetic risk of childhood aggression is causally related to the risk of tobacco initiation or age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg E Fluharty
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Centre of Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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14
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Taylor AE, Jones HJ, Sallis H, Euesden J, Stergiakouli E, Davies NM, Zammit S, Lawlor DA, Munafò MR, Davey Smith G, Tilling K. Exploring the association of genetic factors with participation in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1207-1216. [PMID: 29800128 PMCID: PMC6124613 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is often assumed that selection (including participation and dropout) does not represent an important source of bias in genetic studies. However, there is little evidence to date on the effect of genetic factors on participation. Methods Using data on mothers (N = 7486) and children (N = 7508) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we: (i) examined the association of polygenic risk scores for a range of sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and health conditions related to continued participation; (ii) investigated whether associations of polygenic scores with body mass index (BMI; derived from self-reported weight and height) and self-reported smoking differed in the largest sample with genetic data and a subsample who participated in a recent follow-up; and (iii) determined the proportion of variation in participation explained by common genetic variants, using genome-wide data. Results We found evidence that polygenic scores for higher education, agreeableness and openness were associated with higher participation; and polygenic scores for smoking initiation, higher BMI, neuroticism, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression were associated with lower participation. Associations between the polygenic score for education and self-reported smoking differed between the largest sample with genetic data [odds ratio (OR) for ever smoking per standard deviation (SD) increase in polygenic score: 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 0.89} and subsample (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.03). In genome-wide analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism based heritability explained 18-32% of variability in participation. Conclusions Genetic association studies, including Mendelian randomization, can be biased by selection, including loss to follow-up. Genetic risk for dropout should be considered in all analyses of studies with selective participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Jones
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Euesden
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M Davies
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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15
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Sallis H, Davey Smith G, Munafò MR. Correction to 'Genetics of biologically based psychological differences'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2018.0173. [PMID: 29685970 PMCID: PMC5915729 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Sideli L, Fisher HL, Murray RM, Sallis H, Russo M, Stilo SA, Paparelli A, Wiffen BDR, O'Connor JA, Pintore S, Ferraro L, La Cascia C, La Barbera D, Morgan C, Di Forti M. Interaction between cannabis consumption and childhood abuse in psychotic disorders: preliminary findings on the role of different patterns of cannabis use. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:135-142. [PMID: 26560802 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Several studies have suggested that lifetime cannabis consumption and childhood abuse synergistically contribute to the risk for psychotic disorders. This study aimed to extend existing findings regarding an additive interaction between childhood abuse and lifetime cannabis use by investigating the moderating role of type and frequency of cannabis use. METHODS Up to 231 individuals presenting for the first time to mental health services with psychotic disorders and 214 unaffected population controls from South London, United Kingdom, were recruited as part of the Genetics and Psychosis study. Information about history of cannabis use was collected using the Cannabis Experiences Questionnaire. Childhood physical and sexual abuse was assessed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. RESULTS Neither lifetime cannabis use nor reported exposure to childhood abuse was associated with psychotic disorder when the other environmental variable was taken into account. Although the combination of the two risk factors raised the odds for psychosis by nearly three times (adjusted OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.44-6.02, P = 0.003), no evidence of interaction was found (adjusted OR = 1.46, 95% CI: -0.54 to 3.46, P = 0.152). Furthermore, the association of high-potency cannabis and daily consumption with psychosis was at least partially independent of the effect of childhood abuse. CONCLUSIONS The heavy use of high-potency cannabis increases the risk of psychosis but, in addition, smoking of traditional resin (hash) and less than daily cannabis use may increase the risk for psychosis when combined with exposure to severe childhood abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sideli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Helen L Fisher
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Manuela Russo
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simona A Stilo
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Paparelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin D R Wiffen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A O'Connor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Pintore
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele La Barbera
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite many attempts to understand the genetic architecture of depression, little progress has been made. The majority of these studies, however, have been carried out in adults and do not account for the potential influence of development. METHODS The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a longitudinal pregnancy cohort which recruited participants between April 1991 and December 1992. Analyses were replicated in two independent European cohorts. Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) software was used to investigate SNP-heritability (h2SNP) of depression across adolescence, the role of puberty was investigated by stratifying these estimates according to pubertal onset. Genome-wide association studies were performed to identify genetic variants associated with depression at different stages of development. RESULTS Heritability was estimated between the ages of 11 and 18 with sample sizes ranging from 3289 to 5480. Heritability was low with an apparent peak was found at age 13 (h2 = 0.17, p = 0.006). Confidence intervals around these estimates suggest an upper-bound to h2SNP of around 30%. A variant located on chromosome 7 was found to be associated with depressive symptoms at age 13 in ALSPAC (rs138191010: β = 0.142, p = 2.51 × 10-8), although this was not replicated. CONCLUSIONS Although power is a potential limitation, the observed patterns provide interesting hypotheses surrounding the heritability of depression at different developmental stages. We found substantially lower estimates for depressive symptoms at age 11 (0.07) compared to those previously estimated in adults (0.21). We also found a peak in heritability at age 13. These findings suggest environmental factors are likely to be more important in the aetiology of depressive symptoms in early adolescence than in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robyn Wootton
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eva Krapohl
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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18
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Ruddock JK, Sallis H, Ness A, Perry RE. Spinal Manipulation Vs Sham Manipulation for Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Chiropr Med 2016; 15:165-83. [PMID: 27660593 PMCID: PMC5021904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to identify and critically evaluate randomized controlled trials of spinal manipulation (SM) vs sham manipulation in the treatment of nonspecific low back pain. METHODS Four electronic databases were searched from their inception to March 2015 to identify all relevant trials. Reference lists of retrieved articles were hand-searched. All data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers, and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Back Review Group Risk of Bias tool. RESULTS Nine randomized controlled trials were included in the systematic review, and 4 were found to be eligible for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Participants in the SM group had improved symptoms compared with participants receiving sham treatment (standardized mean difference = - 0.36; 95% confidence interval, - 0.59 to - 0.12). The majority of studies were of low risk of bias; however, several of the studies were small, the practitioner could not be blinded, and some studies did not conduct intention-to-treat analysis and had a high level of dropouts. CONCLUSION There is some evidence that SM has specific treatment effects and is more effective at reducing nonspecific low back pain when compared with an effective sham intervention. However, given the small number of studies included in this analysis, we should be cautious of making strong inferences based on these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andy Ness
- The NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel E. Perry
- The NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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19
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Pérez-Martínez A, Valentín J, Fernández L, Hernández-Jiménez E, López-Collazo E, Zerbes P, Schwörer E, Nuñéz F, Martín IG, Sallis H, Díaz MÁ, Handgretinger R, Pfeiffer MM. Arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) enhances natural killer cell–mediated cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:601-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Kolliakou A, Castle D, Sallis H, Joseph C, O'Connor J, Wiffen B, Gayer-Anderson C, McQueen G, Taylor H, Bonaccorso S, Gaughran F, Smith S, Greenwood K, Murray RM, Di Forti M, Atakan Z, Ismail K. Reasons for cannabis use in first-episode psychosis: does strength of endorsement change over 12 months? Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:152-9. [PMID: 25541346 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Why patients with psychosis use cannabis remains debated. The self-medication hypothesis has received some support but other evidence points towards an alleviation of dysphoria model. This study investigated the reasons for cannabis use in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and whether strength in their endorsement changed over time. METHODS FEP inpatients and outpatients at the South London and Maudsley, Oxleas and Sussex NHS Trusts UK, who used cannabis, rated their motives at baseline (n=69), 3 months (n=29) and 12 months (n=36). A random intercept model was used to test the change in strength of endorsement over the 12 months. Paired-sample t-tests assessed the differences in mean scores between the five subscales on the Reasons for Use Scale (enhancement, social motive, coping with unpleasant affect, conformity and acceptance and relief of positive symptoms and side effects), at each time-point. RESULTS Time had a significant effect on scores when controlling for reason; average scores on each subscale were higher at baseline than at 3 months and 12 months. At each time-point, patients endorsed 'enhancement' followed by 'coping with unpleasant affect' and 'social motive' more highly for their cannabis use than any other reason. 'Conformity and acceptance' followed closely. 'Relief of positive symptoms and side effects' was the least endorsed motive. CONCLUSIONS Patients endorsed their reasons for use at 3 months and 12 months less strongly than at baseline. Little support for the self-medication or alleviation of dysphoria models was found. Rather, patients rated 'enhancement' most highly for their cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kolliakou
- Department of Psychological Medicine, PO92, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK.
| | - D Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Joseph
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J O'Connor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Wiffen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Gayer-Anderson
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G McQueen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Taylor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Bonaccorso
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Smith
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Greenwood
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - R M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Z Atakan
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Ismail
- Department of Psychological Medicine, PO92, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
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21
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Di Forti M, Sallis H, Allegri F, Trotta A, Ferraro L, Stilo SA, Marconi A, La Cascia C, Reis Marques T, Pariante C, Dazzan P, Mondelli V, Paparelli A, Kolliakou A, Prata D, Gaughran F, David AS, Morgan C, Stahl D, Khondoker M, MacCabe JH, Murray RM. Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1509-17. [PMID: 24345517 PMCID: PMC4193693 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cannabis use is associated with an earlier age of onset of psychosis (AOP). However, the reasons for this remain debated. METHODS We applied a Cox proportional hazards model to 410 first-episode psychosis patients to investigate the association between gender, patterns of cannabis use, and AOP. RESULTS Patients with a history of cannabis use presented with their first episode of psychosis at a younger age (mean years = 28.2, SD = 8.0; median years = 27.1) than those who never used cannabis (mean years = 31.4, SD = 9.9; median years = 30.0; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.16-1.74; P < .001). This association remained significant after controlling for gender (HR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11-1.68; P < .001). Those who had started cannabis at age 15 or younger had an earlier onset of psychosis (mean years = 27.0, SD = 6.2; median years = 26.9) than those who had started after 15 years (mean years = 29.1, SD = 8.5; median years = 27.8; HR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.06-1.84; P = .050). Importantly, subjects who had been using high-potency cannabis (skunk-type) every day had the earliest onset (mean years = 25.2, SD = 6.3; median years = 24.6) compared to never users among all the groups tested (HR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.50- 2.65; P < .0001); these daily users of high-potency cannabis had an onset an average of 6 years earlier than that of non-cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK;
| | - Hannah Sallis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Fabio Allegri
- Department of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Trotta
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Ferraro
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Palermo University, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona A. Stilo
- Department of Health Services and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Arianna Marconi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Caterina La Cascia
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Palermo University, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Paparelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Kolliakou
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Prata
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony S. David
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Services and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mizanur Khondoker
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK;,Joint last authors
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK;,Joint last authors
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22
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Hibbs R, Rhind C, Sallis H, Goddard E, Raenker S, Ayton A, Bamford B, Arcelus J, Boughton N, Connan F, Goss K, Lazlo B, Morgan J, Moore K, Robertson D, Schreiber-Kounine C, Sharma S, Whitehead L, Lacey H, Schmidt U, Treasure J. Confirmatory factor analysis for two questionnaires of caregiving in eating disorders. Health Psychol Behav Med 2014; 2:322-334. [PMID: 25750785 PMCID: PMC4346074 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2014.894889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Caring for someone diagnosed with an eating disorder (ED) is associated with a high level of burden and psychological distress which can inadvertently contribute to the maintenance of the illness. The Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS) and Accommodation and Enabling Scale for Eating Disorders (AESED) are self-report scales to assess elements of caregiving theorised to contribute to the maintenance of an ED. Further validation and confirmation of the factor structures for these scales are necessary for rigorous evaluation of complex interventions which target these modifiable elements of caregiving. Method: EDSIS and AESED data from 268 carers of people with anorexia nervosa (AN), recruited from consecutive admissions to 15 UK inpatient or day patient hospital units, were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis to test model fit by applying the existing factor structures: (a) four-factor structure for the EDSIS and (b) five-factor structure for the AESED. Results: Confirmatory factor analytic results support the existing four-factor and five-factor structures for the EDSIS and the AESED, respectively. Discussion: The present findings provide further validation of the EDSIS and the AESED as tools to assess modifiable elements of caregiving for someone with an ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hibbs
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Charlotte Rhind
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Elizabeth Goddard
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Simone Raenker
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Agnes Ayton
- The Darwin Centre, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Bryony Bamford
- Adult Eating Disorders Service, South West London and St George's NHS Trust , London , UK ; Eating Disorders Research Team, St George's, University of London , London , UK
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Eating Disorders Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Nicky Boughton
- Cotswold House Eating Disorders Service, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Frances Connan
- Vincent Square Eating Disorders Service, Central and North West London Mental Health NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Ken Goss
- Coventry Eating Disorder Service, Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Partnership Trust , Coventry , UK
| | - Bert Lazlo
- Haldon Unit, Devon Partnership NHS Trust , Exeter , UK
| | - John Morgan
- Yorkshire Centre for Eating Disorders, Leeds and St George's University of London , London , UK
| | - Kim Moore
- Eating Disorders, South Staffordshire and Shropshire NHS Foundation Trust , Stafford , UK
| | - David Robertson
- National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | | | - Sonu Sharma
- Eating Disorders Service, The Priory Hospital Cheadle Royal , Manchester , UK
| | - Linette Whitehead
- Cotswold House Eating Disorders Service, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Hubert Lacey
- Eating Disorders Research Team, St George's, University of London , London , UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
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23
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Ferraro L, Russo M, O'Connor J, Wiffen BDR, Falcone MA, Sideli L, Gardner-Sood P, Stilo S, Trotta A, Dazzan P, Mondelli V, Taylor H, Friedman B, Sallis H, La Cascia C, La Barbera D, David AS, Reichenberg A, Murray RM, Di Forti M. Cannabis users have higher premorbid IQ than other patients with first onset psychosis. Schizophr Res 2013; 150:129-35. [PMID: 23958486 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have reported that patients with psychosis who use cannabis have better cognitive performance than those who do not. This is surprising as cannabis can impair cognition in healthy subjects. An obvious question is whether the better current performance of psychotic patients who have used cannabis is a reflection of their having a higher premorbid IQ than those psychotic patients who haven't used cannabis. AIM In a sample of patients at their first episode of psychosis, we tested the hypothesis that patients who smoked cannabis would have a higher premorbid IQ than patients who did not. METHODOLOGY 279 participants (119 patients and 160 healthy controls) were assessed in order to obtain current and premorbid IQ measures and detailed information on cannabis use. We examined the association between cannabis use and both premorbid and current IQ in patients and controls. RESULTS Patients who had ever smoked cannabis had significantly higher current (p<.001) and premorbid IQ (p=.004) compared to patients who had never used cannabis. This difference was not found among controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the better cognitive performance of patients with their first episode of psychosis who have used cannabis compared with those who haven't is due to the better premorbid IQ of the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferraro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies and Biomedical Research Centre, King's College, de Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Sezione di Psichiatria del Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), Università di Palermo, Via "Gaetano La Loggia" 1, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
A growing body of literature has investigated the association between maternal anorexia nervosa and pregnancy outcomes. Infant low birth weight is associated with a number of neurodevelopmental and physical sequelae; however, consistent results on its association with maternal anorexia nervosa are scant. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature were undertaken. PubMed, Embase, and PsychInfo were searched for studies comparing the mean birth weight of babies delivered by mothers with (a history of) anorexia nervosa against those of healthy mothers. Studies were excluded from the meta-analysis if not presenting data from an unexposed comparison group and if using multiple eating disorders as exposure without presenting individual results. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review and 9 in the meta-analysis, undertaken between 1999 and 2012 in Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Birth weights were standardized by dividing the difference in mean birth weight by the pooled standard deviation (equivalent to Cohen's d). Results showed a standardized mean difference of -0.19 kg (95% confidence interval: -0.25, -0.15; P = 0.01) in the birth weight of children of mothers with anorexia nervosa, and some bias in favor of papers presenting lower birth weight results for exposed mothers was detected. However, the small power of the analysis due to the small number of available studies and, thus, chance could partially account for this result. Our results confirm that maternal anorexia nervosa predicts lower birth weight and, despite some limitations, they have important clinical implications for prevention of adverse child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Solmi
- Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error
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25
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Atakan Z, Bhattacharyya S, Allen P, Martín-Santos R, Crippa JA, Borgwardt SJ, Fusar-Poli P, Seal M, Sallis H, Stahl D, Zuardi AW, Rubia K, McGuire P. Cannabis affects people differently: inter-subject variation in the psychotogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with healthy volunteers. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1255-1267. [PMID: 23020923 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis can induce transient psychotic symptoms, but not all users experience these adverse effects. We compared the neural response to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in healthy volunteers in whom the drug did or did not induce acute psychotic symptoms. Method In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pseudorandomized design, 21 healthy men with minimal experience of cannabis were given either 10 mg THC or placebo, orally. Behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures were then recorded whilst they performed a go/no-go task. RESULTS The sample was subdivided on the basis of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive score following administration of THC into transiently psychotic (TP; n = 11) and non-psychotic (NP; n = 10) groups. During the THC condition, TP subjects made more frequent inhibition errors than the NP group and showed differential activation relative to the NP group in the left parahippocampal gyrus, the left and right middle temporal gyri and in the right cerebellum. In these regions, THC had opposite effects on activation relative to placebo in the two groups. The TP group also showed less activation than the NP group in the right middle temporal gyrus and cerebellum, independent of the effects of THC. CONCLUSIONS In this first demonstration of inter-subject variability in sensitivity to the psychotogenic effects of THC, we found that the presence of acute psychotic symptoms was associated with a differential effect of THC on activation in the ventral and medial temporal cortex and cerebellum, suggesting that these regions mediate the effects of the drug on psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Atakan
- Section of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Krug I, Taborelli E, Sallis H, Treasure J, Micali N. A systematic review of obstetric complications as risk factors for eating disorder and a meta-analysis of delivery method and prematurity. Physiol Behav 2012. [PMID: 23178235 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on obstetric factors at birth and their role as risk factors for a subsequent eating disorder (ED) and where possible to perform a meta-analysis of case-control studies of EDs and obstetric complications (OCs). METHOD Studies were ascertained by computer searches of electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL), searches of reference lists and from raw data obtained upon request from the authors. A total of 14 studies were identified for the systematic review, of which 6 were eligible for the subsequent meta-analysis. Of the selected 6 studies, 5 reported on the same OCs, namely vaginal instrumental delivery and prematurity. Accordingly, meta-analyses were run on these two variables. Both analyses were conducted on anorexia nervosa (AN) patients. RESULTS Findings from the systematic review were conflicting, with some studies reporting a significant relationship between OCs and ED diagnoses and/or ED symptomatology and others refuting it. A non-significant association of instrumental delivery [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.06, 95%CI: 0.69, 1.65] and prematurity [pooled OR 1.17, 95%CI: 0.91, 1.52] with AN was revealed in our meta-analysis. CONCLUSION The current literature on OCs as risk factors for a later ED is contradictory. The range of different occurrences considered as OCs and methodological limitations hinder ultimate conclusions. Upcoming studies should pool datasets together to obtain sufficient power to assess OCs and EDs in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Krug
- Eating Disorders Unit of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK.
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Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Sallis H, Kolliakou A, Falcone MA, Paparelli A, Sirianni M, La Cascia C, Stilo SA, Marques TR, Handley R, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, David AS, Morgan C, Powell J, Murray RM. Confirmation that the AKT1 (rs2494732) genotype influences the risk of psychosis in cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:811-6. [PMID: 22831980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of psychosis. One study has suggested that genetic variation in the AKT1 gene might influence this effect. METHODS In a case-control study of 489 first-episode psychosis patients and 278 control subjects, we investigated the interaction between variation at the AKT1 rs2494732 single nucleotide polymorphism and cannabis use in increasing the risk of psychosis. RESULTS The rs2494732 locus was not associated with an increased risk of a psychotic disorder, with lifetime cannabis use, or with frequency of use. We did, however, find that the effect of lifetime cannabis use on risk of psychosis was significantly influenced by the rs2494732 locus (likelihood ratio statistic for the interaction = 8.54; p = .014). Carriers of the C/C genotype with a history of cannabis use showed a greater than twofold increased likelihood of a psychotic disorder (odds ratio = 2.18 [95% confidence interval: 1.12, 4.31]) when compared with users who were T/T carriers. Moreover, the interaction between the rs2494732 genotype and frequency of use was also significant at the 5% level (likelihood ratio = 13.39; p = .010). Among daily users, C/C carriers demonstrated a sevenfold increase in the odds of psychosis compared with T/T carriers (odds ratio = 7.23 [95% confidence interval: 1.37, 38.12]). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide strong support for the initial report that genetic variation at rs2494732 of AKT1 influences the risk of developing a psychotic disorder in cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stahl
- King's College—Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Hannah Sallis
- King's College—Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Winkley K, Sallis H, Kariyawasam D, Leelarathna LH, Chalder T, Edmonds ME, Stahl D, Ismail K. Five-year follow-up of a cohort of people with their first diabetic foot ulcer: the persistent effect of depression on mortality. Diabetologia 2012; 55:303-10. [PMID: 22057196 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Depressive disorders are associated with mortality within 18 months of presentation of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). The main aim of this study was to determine whether depressive disorder is still associated with increased mortality in people with their first foot ulcer at 5 years. METHODS This is a 5-year follow-up of a cohort of 253 patients presenting with their first DFU. At baseline, the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) 2.1 was used to define those who met DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th edition) criteria for depressive disorder. Cox regression analysis controlled for potential covariates: age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, smoking, mean HbA(1c), diabetes complications and ulcer severity. The main outcome was mortality at 5 years. RESULTS The prevalence of DSM-IV depressive disorder at baseline was 32.2% (n = 82). There were 92 (36.4%) deaths over the 5 years of follow-up. In the Cox regression (n = 246), after adjusting for covariates, baseline DSM-IV depressive disorder was significantly associated with a twofold increased risk of mortality for any depressive episode (HR 2.09, 95% CI 1.34, 3.25), minor (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.00, 3.74) or major depressive disorders (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.31, 3.65), compared with patients who were not depressed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Depression is associated with a persistent twofold increased risk of mortality in people with their first DFU at 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Winkley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London & Institute of Psychiatry, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 8AZ, UK.
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