1
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Miller MC, Zheng Y, Suylen D, Ippel H, Cañada FJ, Berbís MA, Jiménez-Barbero J, Tai G, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Targeting the CRD F-face of Human Galectin-3 and Allosterically Modulating Glycan Binding by Angiostatic PTX008 and a Structurally Optimized Derivative. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:713-723. [PMID: 33156953 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arene PTX008 is an angiostatic agent that inhibits tumor growth in mice by binding to galectin-1, a β-galactoside-binding lectin. To assess the affinity profile of PTX008 for galectins, we used 15 N,1 H HSQC NMR spectroscopy to show that PTX008 also binds to galectin-3 (Gal-3), albeit more weakly. We identified the contact site for PTX008 on the F-face of the Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. STD NMR revealed that the hydrophobic phenyl ring crown of the calixarene is the binding epitope. With this information, we performed molecular modeling of the complex to assist in improving the rather low affinity of PTX008 for Gal-3. By removing the N-dimethyl alkyl chain amide groups, we produced PTX013 whose reduced alkyl chain length and polar character led to an approximately eightfold stronger binding than PTX008. PTX013 also binds Gal-1 more strongly than PTX008, whereas neither interacts strongly, if at all, with Gal-7. In addition, PTX013, like PTX008, is an allosteric inhibitor of galectin binding to the canonical ligand lactose. This study broadens the scope for galectin targeting by calixarene-based compounds and opens the perspective for selective galectin blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F Javier Cañada
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Alvaro Berbís
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- NMR and Molecular Recognition Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 28009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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2
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Eckardt V, Miller MC, Blanchet X, Duan R, Leberzammer J, Duchene J, Soehnlein O, Megens RT, Ludwig AK, Dregni A, Faussner A, Wichapong K, Ippel H, Dijkgraaf I, Kaltner H, Döring Y, Bidzhekov K, Hackeng TM, Weber C, Gabius HJ, von Hundelshausen P, Mayo KH. Chemokines and galectins form heterodimers to modulate inflammation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e47852. [PMID: 32080959 PMCID: PMC7132340 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and galectins are simultaneously upregulated and mediate leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Until now, these effector molecules have been considered to function independently. Here, we tested the hypothesis that they form molecular hybrids. By systematically screening chemokines for their ability to bind galectin‐1 and galectin‐3, we identified several interacting pairs, such as CXCL12 and galectin‐3. Based on NMR and MD studies of the CXCL12/galectin‐3 heterodimer, we identified contact sites between CXCL12 β‐strand 1 and Gal‐3 F‐face residues. Mutagenesis of galectin‐3 residues involved in heterodimer formation resulted in reduced binding to CXCL12, enabling testing of functional activity comparatively. Galectin‐3, but not its mutants, inhibited CXCL12‐induced chemotaxis of leukocytes and their recruitment into the mouse peritoneum. Moreover, galectin‐3 attenuated CXCL12‐stimulated signaling via its receptor CXCR4 in a ternary complex with the chemokine and receptor, consistent with our structural model. This first report of heterodimerization between chemokines and galectins reveals a new type of interaction between inflammatory mediators that can underlie a novel immunoregulatory mechanism in inflammation. Thus, further exploration of the chemokine/galectin interactome is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Eckardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xavier Blanchet
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rundan Duan
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Leberzammer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johan Duchene
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Remco Ta Megens
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelio Dregni
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Faussner
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ippel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Dijkgraaf
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kiril Bidzhekov
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Kaltner H, García Caballero G, Sinowatz F, Schmidt S, Manning JC, André S, Gabius HJ. Galectin-related protein: An integral member of the network of chicken galectins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2298-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Ippel H, Miller MC, Vértesy S, Zheng Y, Cañada FJ, Suylen D, Umemoto K, Romanò C, Hackeng T, Tai G, Leffler H, Kopitz J, André S, Kübler D, Jiménez-Barbero J, Oscarson S, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Intra- and intermolecular interactions of human galectin-3: assessment by full-assignment-based NMR. Glycobiology 2016; 26:888-903. [PMID: 26911284 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is an adhesion/growth-regulatory protein with a modular design comprising an N-terminal tail (NT, residues 1-111) and the conserved carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD, residues 112-250). The chimera-type galectin interacts with both glycan and peptide motifs. Complete (13)C/(15)N-assignment of the human protein makes NMR-based analysis of its structure beyond the CRD possible. Using two synthetic NT polypeptides covering residues 1-50 and 51-107, evidence for transient secondary structure was found with helical conformation from residues 5 to 15 as well as proline-mediated, multi-turn structure from residues 18 to 32 and around PGAYP repeats. Intramolecular interactions occur between the CRD F-face (the 5-stranded β-sheet behind the canonical carbohydrate-binding 6-stranded β-sheet of the S-face) and NT in full-length galectin-3, with the sequence P(23)GAW(26)…P(37)GASYPGAY(45) defining the primary binding epitope within the NT. Work with designed peptides indicates that the PGAX motif is crucial for self-interactions between NT/CRD. Phosphorylation at position Ser6 (and Ser12) (a physiological modification) and the influence of ligand binding have minimal effect on this interaction. Finally, galectin-3 molecules can interact weakly with each other via the F-faces of their CRDs, an interaction that appears to be assisted by their NTs. Overall, our results add insight to defining binding sites on galectin-3 beyond the canonical contact area for β-galactosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024 Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kimiko Umemoto
- Department of Chemistry, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cecilia Romanò
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tilman Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guihua Tai
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024 Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology Section, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Kübler
- Mechanismen Biomolekularer Interaktionen, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Science Foundation, 28009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Kaltner H, Singh T, Manning JC, Raschta AS, André S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. Network monitoring of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins: localization of the five canonical chicken proteins in embryonic and maturing bone and cartilage and their introduction as histochemical tools. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:2051-70. [PMID: 26340709 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Divergence from an ancestral gene leads to a family of homologous proteins. Whether they are physiologically distinct, similar, or even redundant is an open question in each case. Defining profiles of tissue localization is a step toward giving diversity a functional meaning. Due to the significance of endogenous sugar receptors (lectins) as effectors for a wide range of cellular activities we have focused on galectins. The comparatively low level of network complexity constituted by only five canonical proteins makes chicken galectins (CGs) an attractive choice to perform comprehensive analysis, here studied on bone/cartilage as organ system. Galectin expression was monitored by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using non-cross-reactive antibodies. Overall, three galectins (CG-1B, CG-3, CG-8) were present with individual expression patterns, one was found exclusively in the mesenchyme (CG-1A), the fifth (CG-2) not being detectable. The documented extents of separation are a sign for functional divergence; in cases with overlapping stainings, as for example in the osteoprogenitor layer or periosteum, cooperation may also be possible. Recombinant production enabled the introduction of the endogenous lectins as tools for binding-site localization. Their testing revealed developmental regulation and cell-type-specific staining. Of relevance for research on mammalian galectins, this study illustrates that certain cell types can express more than one galectin, letting functional interrelationships appear likely. Thus, complete network analysis irrespective of its degree of complexity is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Kaltner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanuja Singh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Sarah Raschta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
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6
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Rauthu SR, Shiao TC, André S, Miller MC, Madej É, Mayo KH, Gabius HJ, Roy R. Defining the Potential of Aglycone Modifications for Affinity/Selectivity Enhancement against Medically Relevant Lectins: Synthesis, Activity Screening, and HSQC-Based NMR Analysis. Chembiochem 2014; 16:126-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Michel AK, Nangia-Makker P, Raz A, Cloninger MJ. Lactose-functionalized dendrimers arbitrate the interaction of galectin-3/MUC1 mediated cancer cellular aggregation. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2106-12. [PMID: 25138772 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
By using lactose-functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as a tunable multivalent platform, we studied cancer cell aggregation in three different cell lines (A549, DU-145, and HT-1080) with galectin-3. We found that small lactose-functionalized G(2)-dendrimer 1 inhibited galectin-3-induced aggregation of the cancer cells. In contrast, dendrimer 4 (a larger, generation 6 dendrimer with 100 carbohydrate end groups) caused cancer cells to aggregate through a galectin-3 pathway. This study indicates that inhibition of cellular aggregation occurred because 1 provided competitive binding sites for galectin-3 (compared to its putative cancer cell ligand, TF-antigen on MUC1). Dendrimer 4, in contrast, provided an excess of ligands for galectin-3 binding; this caused crosslinking and aggregation of cells to be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Michel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, 103 Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bozeman, MT 59717 (USA)
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8
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Kopitz J, Vértesy S, André S, Fiedler S, Schnölzer M, Gabius HJ. Human chimera-type galectin-3: defining the critical tail length for high-affinity glycoprotein/cell surface binding and functional competition with galectin-1 in neuroblastoma cell growth regulation. Biochimie 2014; 104:90-9. [PMID: 24909114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many human proteins have a modular design with receptor and structural domains. Using adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin-3 as model, we describe an interdisciplinary strategy to define the functional significance of its tail established by nine non-triple helical collagen-like repeats (I-IX) and the N-terminal peptide. Genetic engineering with sophisticated mass spectrometric product analysis provided the tools for biotesting, i.e. eight protein variants with different degrees of tail truncation. Evidently,various aspects of galectin-3 activity (cis binding and cell bridging) are affected by tail shortening in a different manner. Thus, this combined approach reveals an unsuspected complexity of structure-function relationship, encouraging further application beyond this chimera-type galectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kopitz
- Abteilung für Angewandte Tumorbiologie, Zentrum Pathologie, Klinikum der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sabine Fiedler
- Funktionelle Proteomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Funktionelle Proteomanalyse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, Germany
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9
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Kübler D, Seidler J, André S, Kumar S, Schwartz-Albiez R, Lehmann WD, Gabius HJ. Phosphorylation of multifunctional galectins by protein kinases CK1, CK2, and PKA. Anal Biochem 2013; 449:109-17. [PMID: 24333252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is known to have a strong impact on protein functions. We analyzed members of the lectin family of multifunctional galectins as targets of the protein kinases CK1, CK2, and PKA. Galectins are potent growth regulators able to bind both glycan and peptide motifs at intra- and extracellular sites. Performing in vitro kinase assays, galectin phosphorylation was detected by phosphoprotein staining and autoradiography. The insertion of phosphoryl groups varied to a large extent depending on the type of kinase applied and the respective galectin substrate. Sites of phosphorylation observed in the recombinant galectins were determined by a strategic combination of phosphopeptide enrichment and nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoUPLC-MS/MS). By in silico modeling, phosphorylation sites were visualized three-dimensionally. Our results reveal galectin-type-specific Ser-/Thr-dependent phosphorylation beyond the known example of galectin-3. These data are the basis for functional studies and also illustrate the analytical sensitivity of the applied methods for further work on human lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kübler
- Biomolecular Interactions, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Wolf-Dieter Lehmann
- Core Facility Molecular Structural Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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10
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Berbís MÁ, André S, Cañada FJ, Pipkorn R, Ippel H, Mayo KH, Kübler D, Gabius HJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Peptides derived from human galectin-3 N-terminal tail interact with its carbohydrate recognition domain in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:126-31. [PMID: 24269589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multi-functional effector protein that functions in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, as well as extracellularly following non-classical secretion. Structurally, Gal-3 is unique among galectins with its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) attached to a rather long N-terminal tail composed mostly of collagen-like repeats (nine in the human protein) and terminating in a short non-collagenous terminal peptide sequence unique in this lectin family and not yet fully explored. Although several Ser and Tyr sites within the N-terminal tail can be phosphorylated, the physiological significance of this post-translational modification remains unclear. Here, we used a series of synthetic (phospho)peptides derived from the tail to assess phosphorylation-mediated interactions with (15)N-labeled Gal-3 CRD. HSQC-derived chemical shift perturbations revealed selective interactions at the backface of the CRD that were attenuated by phosphorylation of Tyr 107 and Tyr 118, while phosphorylation of Ser 6 and Ser 12 was essential. Controls with sequence scrambling underscored inherent specificity. Our studies shed light on how phosphorylation of the N-terminal tail may impact on Gal-3 function and prompt further studies using phosphorylated full-length protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Álvaro Berbís
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rüdiger Pipkorn
- Central Peptide Synthesis Unit, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dieter Kübler
- Biomolecular Interactions, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Ermakova E, Miller MC, Nesmelova IV, López-Merino L, Berbís MA, Nesmelov Y, Tkachev YV, Lagartera L, Daragan VA, André S, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Solís D, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Lactose binding to human galectin-7 (p53-induced gene 1) induces long-range effects through the protein resulting in increased dimer stability and evidence for positive cooperativity. Glycobiology 2013; 23:508-23. [PMID: 23376190 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The product of p53-induced gene 1 is a member of the galectin family, i.e., galectin-7 (Gal-7). To move beyond structural data by X-ray diffraction, we initiated the study of the lectin by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism spectroscopies, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In concert, our results indicate that lactose binding to human Gal-7 induces long-range effects (minor conformational shifts and changes in structural dynamics) throughout the protein that result in stabilization of the dimer state, with evidence for positive cooperativity. Monte Carlo fits of (15)N-Gal-7 HSQC titrations with lactose using a two-site model yield K1 = 0.9 ± 0.6 × 10(3) M(-1) and K2 = 3.4 ± 0.8 × 10(3) M(-1). Ligand binding-induced stabilization of the Gal-7 dimer was supported by several lines of evidence: MD-based calculations of interaction energies between ligand-loaded and ligand-free states, gel filtration data and hetero-FRET spectroscopy that indicate a highly reduced tendency for dimer dissociation in the presence of lactose, CD-based thermal denaturation showing that the transition temperature of the lectin is significantly increased in the presence of lactose, and saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR using a molecular probe of the monomer state whose presence is diminished in the presence of lactose. MD simulations with the half-loaded ligand-bound state also provided insight into how allosteric signaling may occur. Overall, our results reveal long-range effects on Gal-7 structure and dynamics, which factor into entropic contributions to ligand binding and allow further comparisons with other members of the galectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ermakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Amano M, Eriksson H, Manning JC, Detjen KM, André S, Nishimura SI, Lehtiö J, Gabius HJ. Tumour suppressor p16(INK4a) - anoikis-favouring decrease in N/O-glycan/cell surface sialylation by down-regulation of enzymes in sialic acid biosynthesis in tandem in a pancreatic carcinoma model. FEBS J 2013; 279:4062-80. [PMID: 22943525 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumour suppressor p16(INK4a) is known to exert cell-cycle control via cyclin-dependent kinases. An emerging aspect of its functionality is the orchestrated modulation of N/O-glycosylation and galectin expression to induce anoikis in human Capan-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Using chemoselective N/O-glycan enrichment technology (glycoblotting) and product characterization, we first verified a substantial decrease in sialylation. Tests combining genetic (i.e. transfection with α2,6-sialyltransferase-specific cDNA) or metabolic (i.e. medium supplementation with N-acetylmannosamine to track down a bottleneck in sialic acid biosynthesis) engineering with cytofluorometric analysis of lectin binding indicated a role of limited substrate availability, especially for α2,6-sialylation, which switches off reactivity for anoikis-triggering homodimeric galectin-1. Quantitative MS analysis of protein level changes confirmed an enhanced galectin-1 presence along with an influence on glycosyltransferases (β1,4-galactosyltransferase-IV, α2,3-sialyltransferase-I) and detected p16(INK4a) -dependent down-regulation of two enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway for sialic acid [i.e. the bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) and N-acetylneuraminic acid 9-phosphate synthase] (P < 0.001). By contrast, quantitative assessment for the presence of nuclear CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (which is responsible for providing the donor for enzymatic sialylation that also acts as feedback inhibitor of the epimerase activity of GNE) revealed a trend for an increase. Partial restoration of sialylation in GNE-transfected cells supports the implied role of sialic acid availability for the glycophenotype. Fittingly, the extent of anoikis was reduced in double-transfected (p16(INK4a) /GNE) cells. Thus, a second means of modulating cell reactivity to the growth effector galectin-1 is established in addition to the common route of altering α2,6-sialyltransferase expression: regulating enzymes of the pathway for sialic acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Amano
- Field of Drug Discovery Research, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Quattroni P, Li Y, Lucchesi D, Lucas S, Hood DW, Herrmann M, Gabius HJ, Tang CM, Exley RM. Galectin-3 binds Neisseria meningitidis and increases interaction with phagocytic cells. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1657-75. [PMID: 22827322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is expressed and secreted by immune cells and has been implicated in multiple aspects of the inflammatory response. It is a glycan binding protein which can exert its functions within cells or exogenously by binding cell surface ligands, acting as a molecular bridge or activating signalling pathways. In addition, this lectin has been shown to bind to microorganisms. In this study we investigated the interaction between galectin-3 and Neisseria meningitidis, an important extracellular human pathogen, which is a leading cause of septicaemia and meningitis. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that galectin-3 is expressed during meningococcal disease and colocalizes with bacterial colonies in infected tissues from patients. We show that galectin-3 binds to N. meningitidis and we demonstrate that this interaction requiresfull-length, intact lipopolysaccharide molecules. We found that neither exogenous nor endogenous galectin-3 contributes to phagocytosis of N. meningitidis; instead exogenous galectin-3 increases adhesion to monocytes and macrophages but not epithelial cells. Finally we used galectin-3 deficient (Gal-3(-/-) ) mice to evaluate the contribution of galectin-3 to meningococcal bacteraemia. We found that Gal-3(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of bacteraemia compared with wild-type mice after challenge with live bacteria, indicating that galectin-3 confers an advantage to N. meningitidis during systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Quattroni
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Sarter K, Janko C, Andre S, Munoz LE, Schorn C, Winkler S, Rech J, Kaltner H, Lorenz HM, Schiller M, Andreoli L, Manfredi AA, Isenberg DA, Schett G, Herrmann M, Gabius HJ. Autoantibodies against galectins are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Glycobiology 2012; 23:12-22. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Wang GN, André S, Gabius HJ, Murphy PV. Bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters: synthesis, structure-activity profiles as lectin inhibitors and impact of combining both valency and headgroup tailoring on selectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6893-907. [PMID: 22842468 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The emerging functional versatility of cellular glycans makes research on the design of synthetic inhibitors a timely topic. In detail, the combination of ligand (or headgroup or contact site) structure with spatial parameters that depend on topological and geometrical factors underlies the physiological selectivity of glycan-protein (lectin) recognition. We herein tested a panel of bi-, tri- and tetravalent compounds against two plant agglutinins and adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins (galectins). In addition, we examined the impact of headgroup tailoring (converting lactose to 2'-fucosyllactose) in combination with valency increase in two assay types of increasing biorelevance (from solid-phase binding to cell binding). Compounds were prepared using copper-catalysed azide alkyne cycloaddition from peracetylated lactosyl or 2'-fucosyllactosyl azides. Significant inhibition was achieved for the plant toxin with a tetravalent compound. Different levels of sensitivity were noted for the three groups of the galectin family. The headgroup extension to 2'-fucosyllactose led to a selectivity gain, especially for the chimera-type galectin-3. Valency increase established discrimination against the homodimeric proteins, whereas the combination of valency with the headgroup extension led to discrimination against the tandem-repeat-type galectin-8 for chicken galectins but not human galectins-3 and -4. Thus, detailed structure-activity profiling of glycoclusters combined with suitably modifying the contact site for the targeted lectin will help minimize cross-reactivity among this class of closely related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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André S, Cañada FJ, Shiao TC, Largartera L, Diercks T, Bergeron-Brlek M, el Biari K, Papadopoulos A, Ribeiro JP, Touaibia M, Solís D, Menéndez M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Roy R, Gabius HJ. Fluorinated Carbohydrates as Lectin Ligands: Biorelevant Sensors with Capacity to Monitor Anomer Affinity in 19F-NMR-Based Inhibitor Screening. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Wu AM, Singh T, Liu JH, André S, Lensch M, Siebert HC, Krzeminski M, Bonvin AMJJ, Kaltner H, Wu JH, Gabius HJ. Adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins: insights into their ligand selectivity using natural glycoproteins and glycotopes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:117-41. [PMID: 21618107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Wu
- Glyco-Immunochemistry Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.
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Martín-Santamaría S, André S, Buzamet E, Caraballo R, Fernández-Cureses G, Morando M, Ribeiro JP, Ramírez-Gualito K, de Pascual-Teresa B, Cañada FJ, Menéndez M, Ramström O, Jiménez-Barbero J, Solís D, Gabius HJ. Symmetric dithiodigalactoside: strategic combination of binding studies and detection of selectivity between a plant toxin and human lectins. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5445-55. [PMID: 21660340 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioglycosides offer the advantage over O-glycosides to be resistant to hydrolysis. Based on initial evidence of this recognition ability for glycosyldisulfides by screening dynamic combinatorial libraries, we have now systematically studied dithiodigalactoside on a plant toxin (Viscum album agglutinin) and five human lectins (adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins with medical relevance e.g. in tumor progression and spread). Inhibition assays with surface-presented neoglycoprotein and in solution monitored by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy, flanked by epitope mapping, as well as isothermal titration calorimetry revealed binding properties to VAA (K(a): 1560 ± 20 M(-1)). They were reflected by the structural model and the affinity on the level of toxin-exposed cells. In comparison, galectins were considerably less reactive, with intrafamily grading down to very minor reactivity for tandem-repeat-type galectins, as quantitated by radioassays for both domains of galectin-4. Model building indicated contact formation to be restricted to only one galactose moiety, in contrast to thiodigalactoside. The tested glycosyldisulfide exhibits selectivity between the plant toxin and the tested human lectins, and also between these proteins. Therefore, glycosyldisulfides have potential as chemical platform for inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
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Habermann FA, André S, Kaltner H, Kübler D, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. Galectins as tools for glycan mapping in histology: comparison of their binding profiles to the bovine zona pellucida by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:539-52. [PMID: 21584695 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene divergence has given rise to the galectin family of mammalian lectins. Since selective binding to distinct β-galactosides underlies the known bioactivities of galectins, they could find application in cyto- and histochemistry. The pertinent question on the characteristics of their individual reactivity profiles therefore needs to be answered. Toward this end, comparative studies of a panel of galectins in defined systems are required. We here characterise the staining profiles of seven human lectins as well as five natural derivatives originating from proteolytic truncation and serine phosphorylation and one engineered variant. As test system, bovine germinal vesicle oocytes with their glycoprotein envelope (zona pellucida), which presents bi- to tetraantennary complex-type N-glycans with N-acetyllactosamine repeats and core fucosylation, were processed. Technically, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used, first with plant lectins to map the sialylation status. Hereby, α2,3/6-sialylation was detected in the superficial filamentous meshwork of the zona pellucida, while sialic acid-free glycan chains were found to characterise the main inner part of the compact layer of the zona pellucida. Galectin staining was specific and non-uniform. Significant differences in reactivity were detected for the superficial filamentous meshwork and the compact layer of the zona pellucida between galectins-1 to -4 versus galectins-8 and -9. The typical staining profiles intimate a spatially organised display of N-glycans in the different layers of the zona pellucida, underscoring the potential of galectins as cyto- and histochemical tools. Our results encourage further comparative analysis and research to trace the underlying structural and/or topological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix A Habermann
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Dvořánková B, Szabo P, Lacina L, Gal P, Uhrova J, Zima T, Kaltner H, André S, Gabius HJ, Sykova E, Smetana K. Human galectins induce conversion of dermal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and production of extracellular matrix: potential application in tissue engineering and wound repair. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 194:469-80. [PMID: 21494018 DOI: 10.1159/000324864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the galectin family of endogenous lectins are potent adhesion/growth-regulatory effectors. Their multifunctionality opens possibilities for their use in bioapplications. We studied whether human galectins induce the conversion of human dermal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (MFBs) and the production of a bioactive extracellular matrix scaffold is suitable for cell culture. Testing a panel of galectins of all three subgroups, including natural and engineered variants, we detected activity for the proto-type galectin-1 and galectin-7, the chimera-type galectin-3 and the tandem-repeat-type galectin-4. The activity of galectin-1 required the integrity of the carbohydrate recognition domain. It was independent of the presence of TGF-β1, but it yielded an additive effect. The resulting MFBs, relevant, for example, for tumor progression, generated a matrix scaffold rich in fibronectin and galectin-1 that supported keratinocyte culture without feeder cells. Of note, keratinocytes cultured on this substratum presented a stem-like cell phenotype with small size and keratin-19 expression. In vivo in rats, galectin-1 had a positive effect on skin wound closure 21 days after surgery. In conclusion, we describe the differential potential of certain human galectins to induce the conversion of dermal fibroblasts into MFBs and the generation of a bioactive cell culture substratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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André S, Renaudet O, Bossu I, Dumy P, Gabius HJ. Cyclic neoglycodecapeptides: how to increase their inhibitory activity and selectivity on lectin/toxin binding to a glycoprotein and cells. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:427-37. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Kaltner H, Kübler D, López-Merino L, Lohr M, Manning JC, Lensch M, Seidler J, Lehmann WD, André S, Solís D, Gabius HJ. Toward Comprehensive Analysis of the Galectin Network in Chicken: Unique Diversity of Galectin-3 and Comparison of its Localization Profile in Organs of Adult Animals to the Other Four Members of this Lectin Family. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:427-44. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Alge-Priglinger CS, André S, Schoeffl H, Kampik A, Strauss RW, Kernt M, Gabius HJ, Priglinger SG. Negative regulation of RPE cell attachment by carbohydrate-dependent cell surface binding of galectin-3 and inhibition of the ERK-MAPK pathway. Biochimie 2010; 93:477-88. [PMID: 21094672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion and spreading of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on fibronectin-rich extracellular matrices is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). In the present study we explored the capacity of galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding endogenous lectin, to inhibit early PVR-associated cellular events from a therapeutic perspective. We assessed the relative expression levels of galectin-3 in native RPE and dedifferentiated, cultured RPE. Galectin-3 was constitutively expressed under in vivo and in vitro conditions and was abundant in cultured cells. Treatment of human RPE cells with soluble galectin-3 disclosed no toxicity within control limits up to 250 μg/ml. When added to the medium, galectin-3 dose-dependently inhibited attachment and spreading of the cells on fibronectin by more than 75%. When coated on the plastic surface, galectin-3 alone impaired attachment and spreading of RPE cells, and reduced attachment but not spreading on fibronectin. Galectin-3 bound to the cell surface, and, as determined by the use of the competing sugar β-lactose, galectin-3-mediated effects were dependent on carbohydrate binding. To ascertain the role of the ability of galectin-3 to form pentamers, we proteolytically removed the N-terminal, cross-linking section. The remaining C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain alone failed to bind to cells and was functionally inactive. These results emphasize the relevance of both properties, i.e., glycan-binding and cross-linking of glycan moieties, for the inhibitory activity of galectin-3. Incubation of mobilized RPE cells with galectin-3 significantly disturbed microfilament assembly and, in correlation with decreased attachment, inhibited ERK phosphorylation. Therefore, galectin-3, acting as a cross-linking lectin on the cell surface, negatively regulates attachment and spreading of RPE cells in vitro. This effect, at least in part, is attributed to an inhibition of the ERK-MAPK pathway, which prevents cytoskeletal rearrangements needed for RPE cell attachment and spreading. Further investigation at this pathway may disclose a promising nouveau perspective for treatment and prophylaxis of early PVR.
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André S, Lahmann M, Gabius HJ, Oscarson S. Glycocluster design for improved avidity and selectivity in blocking human lectin/plant toxin binding to glycoproteins and cells. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2270-9. [PMID: 21028902 DOI: 10.1021/mp1002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blocking lectin/toxin binding to human cells by suitable inhibitors can therapeutically protect them from harmful effects. Clustered design of ligand presentation holds the promise of affinity increase relative to the free sugar and inherent selectivity among lectin targets. Using first a solid-phase assay with a glycoprotein presenting N-glycans as lectin-reactive probe, we assessed the inhibitory potency of bi- to tetravalent clusters on a plant toxin and three human adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins. Enhanced avidity relative to the free sugar was detected together with lectin-type selectivity. These effects were confirmed on the level of cells in vitro, also for two leguminous lectins. The lack of toxicity in cell proliferation assays excluded concerns to further work on these compounds. The given cluster design and the strategic combination of the two assay systems of increasing biorelevance will thus be helpful to take the next steps in drug development, e.g. tailoring the sugar headgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 München, Germany
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Krzeminski M, Singh T, André S, Lensch M, Wu AM, Bonvin AMJJ, Gabius HJ. Human galectin-3 (Mac-2 antigen): defining molecular switches of affinity to natural glycoproteins, structural and dynamic aspects of glycan binding by flexible ligand docking and putative regulatory sequences in the proximal promoter region. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1810:150-61. [PMID: 21070836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human galectin-3 (Mac-2 antigen) is a cell-type-specific multifunctional effector owing to selective binding of distinct cell-surface glycoconjugates harboring β-galactosides. The structural basis underlying the apparent preferences for distinct glycoproteins and for expression is so far unknown. METHODS We strategically combined solid-phase assays on 43 natural glycoproteins with a new statistical approach to fully flexible computational docking and also processed the proximal promoter region in silico. RESULTS The degree of branching in N-glycans and clustering of core 1 O-glycans are positive modulators for avidity. Sialylation of N-glycans in α2-6 linkage and of core 1 O-glycans in α2-3 linkage along with core 2 branching was an unfavorable factor, despite the presence of suited glycans in the vicinity. The lectin-ligand contact profile was scrutinized for six natural di- and tetrasaccharides enabling a statistical grading by analyzing flexible docking trajectories. The computational analysis of the proximal promoter region delineated putative sites for Lmo2/c-Ets-1 binding and new sites with potential for RUNX binding. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results identify new features of glycan selectivity and ligand contact by combining solid-phase assays with in silico work as well as of reactivity potential of the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Krzeminski
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Göhler A, André S, Kaltner H, Sauer M, Gabius HJ, Doose S. Hydrodynamic properties of human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Biophys J 2010; 98:3044-53. [PMID: 20550917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is applied on homologous human lectins (i.e., adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins) to detect influence of ligand binding and presence of the linker peptide in tandem-repeat-type proteins on hydrodynamic properties. Among five tested proteins, lactose binding increased the diffusion constant only in the cases of homodimeric galectin-1 and the linkerless variant of tandem-repeat-type galectin-4. To our knowledge, the close structural similarity among galectins does not translate into identical response to ligand binding. Kinetic measurements show association and dissociation rate constants in the order of 1 to 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. Presence of the linker peptide in tandem-repeat-type protein leads to anomalous scaling with molecular mass. These results provide what we believe to be new insights into lectin responses to glycan binding, detectable so far only by small angle neutron scattering, and the structural relevance of the linker peptide. Methodologically, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is shown to be a rather simple technical tool to characterize hydrodynamic properties of these proteins at a high level of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Göhler
- Applied Laser Physics and Laser Spectroscopy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Díez-Revuelta N, Velasco S, André S, Kaltner H, Kübler D, Gabius HJ, Abad-Rodríguez J. Phosphorylation of adhesion- and growth-regulatory human galectin-3 leads to the induction of axonal branching by local membrane L1 and ERM redistribution. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:671-81. [PMID: 20124415 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine phosphorylation of the beta-galactoside-binding protein galectin-3 (Gal-3) impacts nuclear localization but has unknown consequences for extracellular activities. Herein, we reveal that the phosphorylated form of galectin-3 (pGal-3), adsorbed to substratum surfaces or to heparan sulphate proteoglycans, is instrumental in promoting axon branching in cultured hippocampal neurons by local actin destabilization. pGal-3 interacts with neural cell adhesion molecule L1, and enhances L1 association with Thy-1-rich membrane microdomains. Concomitantly, membrane-actin linker proteins ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) are recruited to the same membrane site via interaction with the intracellular domain of L1. We propose that the local regulation of the L1-ERM-actin pathway, at the level of the plasma membrane, underlies pGal-3-induced axon branching, and that galectin phosphorylation in situ could act as a molecular switch for the axon response to Gal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
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Muñoz FJ, Santos JI, Ardá A, André S, Gabius HJ, Sinisterra JV, Jiménez-Barbero J, Hernáiz MJ. Binding studies of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins with glycoconjugates monitored by surface plasmon resonance and NMR spectroscopy. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2986-92. [DOI: 10.1039/b927139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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André S, Specker D, Bovin NV, Lensch M, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ, Wittmann V. Carbamate-linked lactose: design of clusters and evidence for selectivity to block binding of human lectins to (neo)glycoproteins with increasing degree of branching and to tumor cells. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1716-28. [PMID: 19715307 DOI: 10.1021/bc900152w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various pathogenic processes are driven by protein(lectin)-glycan interactions, especially involving beta-galactosides at branch ends of cellular glycans. These emerging insights fuel the interest to design potent inhibitors to block lectins. As a step toward this aim, we prepared a series of ten mono- to tetravalent glycocompounds with lactose as a common headgroup. To obtain activated carbonate for ensuing carbamate formation, conditions for the facile synthesis of pure isomers from anomerically unprotected lactose were identified. To probe for the often encountered intrafamily diversity of human lectins, we selected representative members from the three subgroups of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins as receptors. Diversity of the glycan display was accounted for by using four (neo)glycoproteins with different degrees of glycan branching as matrices in solid-phase assays. Cases of increased inhibitory potency of lactose clusters compared to free lactose were revealed. Extent of relative inhibition was not directly associated with valency in the glycocompound and depended on the lectin type. Of note for screening protocols, efficacy of blocking appeared to decrease with increased degree of glycan branching in matrix glycoproteins. Binding to tumor cells was impaired with selectivity for galectins-3 and -4. Representative compounds did not impair growth of carcinoma cells up to a concentration of 5 mM of lactose moieties (valence-corrected value) per assay. The reported bioactivity and the delineation of its modulation by structural parameters of lectins and glycans set instructive examples for the further design of selective inhibitors and assay procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine André
- Institut fur Physiologische Chemie, Tierarztliche Fakultat, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munchen, Germany
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31
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Leyden R, Velasco-Torrijos T, André S, Gouin S, Gabius HJ, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Bivalent Lactosides Based on Terephthalamide, N,N′-Diglucosylterephthalamide, and Glycophane Scaffolds and Assessment of Their Inhibitory Capacity on Medically Relevant Lectins. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9010-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901667r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Leyden
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Trinidad Velasco-Torrijos
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastien Gouin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway
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32
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Frol'ová L, Smetana K, Borovská D, Kitanovicová A, Klimesová K, Janatková I, Malícková K, Lukás M, Drastich P, Benes Z, Tucková L, Manning JC, André S, Gabius HJ, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. Detection of galectin-3 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: new serum marker of active forms of IBD? Inflamm Res 2009; 58:503-12. [PMID: 19271150 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is an open question whether multifunctional galectin-3 can be a serum marker in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Western blots and commercial ELISA detected and quantitated the lectin immunocytochemistry using double labeling localized it in tissue sections. RESULTS Serum concentrations were significantly increased in specimen of patients with active and remission-stage ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, associated with emerging positivity of CD14(+) cells. CONCLUSION Enhanced concentration of galectin-3 in serum reflects presence of disease and points to its involvement in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Frol'ová
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4 142 20, Czech Republic
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33
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Sarter K, André S, Kaltner H, Lensch M, Schulze C, Urbonaviciute V, Schett G, Herrmann M, Gabius HJ. Detection and chromatographic removal of lipopolysaccharide in preparations of multifunctional galectins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:155-9. [PMID: 19101505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The functional spectrum of human galectins is currently explored, with a wide range of activities being described. The role of galectin-3 as adhesin for bacteria is based on its strong binding to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), which brings the possibility of such a contamination in galectin preparations to awareness. This assumption was verified in three independent functional assay systems using polymyxin B as inhibitor of LPS-dependent effects. Moreover, a commercial LPS quantification kit also revealed LPS in galectin preparations. Chromatography was effective in removing LPS, suggesting that such a technique needs to be applied to prevent assigning cellular responses to galectins rather than LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Sarter
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Szabo P, Dam TK, Smetana K, Dvoránková B, Kübler D, Brewer CF, Gabius HJ. Phosphorylated human lectin galectin-3: analysis of ligand binding by histochemical monitoring of normal/malignant squamous epithelia and by isothermal titration calorimetry. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 38:68-75. [PMID: 18983621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The human lectin galectin-3 is a multifunctional effector with special functions in regulation of adhesion and apoptosis. Its unique trimodular organization includes the 12-residue N-terminal sequence, a substrate for protein kinase CK1-dependent phosphorylation. As a step towards elucidating its significance, we prepared phosphorylated galectin-3, labelled it and used it as a tool in histochemistry. We monitored normal and malignant squamous epithelia. Binding was suprabasal with obvious positive correlation to the degree of differentiation and negative correlation to proliferation. The staining pattern resembled that obtained with the unmodified lectin. Basal cell carcinomas were invariably negative. The epidermal positivity profile was akin to distribution of the desmosomal protein desmoglein, as also seen with keratinocytes in vitro. In all cases, binding was inhibitable by the presence of lactose, prompting further investigation of the activity of the lectin site by a sensitive biochemical method, i.e. isothermal titration calorimetry. The overall affinity and the individual enthalpic and entropic contributions were determined. No effect of phosphorylation was revealed. This strategic combination of histo- and biochemical techniques applied to an endogenous effector after its processing by a protein kinase thus enabled a detailed monitoring of the binding properties of the post-translationally modified lectin. It underscores the value of using endogenous lectins as a histochemical tool. The documented approach has merit for applications beyond lectinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szabo
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lohr M, Kaltner H, Lensch M, André S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. Cell-type-specific expression of murine multifunctional galectin-3 and its association with follicular atresia/luteolysis in contrast to pro-apoptotic galectins-1 and -7. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:567-81. [PMID: 18597104 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a multifunctional protein with modular design. A distinct expression profile was determined in various murine organs when set into relation to homodimeric galectins-1 and -7. Fittingly, the signature of putative transcription-factor-binding sites in the promoter region of the galectin-3 gene affords a toolbox for a complex combinatorial regulation, distinct from the respective sequence stretches in galectins-1 and -7. A striking example for cell-type specificity was the ovary, where these two lectins were confined to the surface epithelium. Immunohistochemically, galectin-3 was found in macrophages of the cortical interstitium between developing follicles and medullary interstitium, matching the distribution of the F4/80 antigen. With respect to atresia and luteolysis strong signals in granulosa cells of atretic preantral but not antral follicles and increasing positivity in corpora lutea upon regression coincided with DNA fragmentation. Labeled galectin-3 revealed lactose-inhibitable binding to granulosa cells. Also, slender processes of vital granulosa cells which extended into the zona pellucida were positive. This study demonstrates cell-type specificity and cycle-associated regulation for galectin-3 with increased presence in atretic preantral follicles and in late stages of luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lohr
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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