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Man JHK, Breur M, van Gelder CAGH, Marcon G, Maderna E, Giaccone G, Altelaar M, van der Knaap MS, Bugiani M. Region-specific and age-related differences in astrocytes in the human brain. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 140:102-115. [PMID: 38763075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Astrocyte heterogeneity and its relation to aging in the normal human brain remain poorly understood. We here analyzed astrocytes in gray and white matter brain tissues obtained from donors ranging in age between the neonatal period to over 100 years. We show that astrocytes are differently distributed with higher density in the white matter. This regional difference in cellular density becomes less prominent with age. Additionally, we confirm the presence of morphologically distinct astrocytes, with gray matter astrocytes being morphologically more complex. Notably, gray matter astrocytes morphologically change with age, while white matter astrocytes remain relatively consistent in morphology. Using regional mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we did, however, identify astrocyte specific proteins with regional differences in abundance, reflecting variation in cellular density or expression level. Importantly, the expression of some astrocyte specific proteins region-dependently decreases with age. Taken together, we provide insights into region- and age-related differences in astrocytes in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie H K Man
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A G H van Gelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Marcon
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; DAME, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maderna
- Division of Neurology 5 - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Division of Neurology 5 - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Salvagno M, Geraldini F, Coppalini G, Robba C, Gouvea Bogossian E, Annoni F, Vitali E, Sterchele ED, Balestra C, Taccone FS. The Impact of Inotropes and Vasopressors on Cerebral Oxygenation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:117. [PMID: 38391692 PMCID: PMC10886736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are critical neurological conditions that necessitate specialized care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Managing cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) is of primary importance in these patients. To maintain targeted MAP and CPP, vasopressors and/or inotropes are commonly used. However, their effects on cerebral oxygenation are not fully understood. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to date review regarding the current uses and pathophysiological issues related to the use of vasopressors and inotropes in TBI and SAH patients. According to our findings, despite achieving similar hemodynamic parameters and CPP, the effects of various vasopressors and inotropes on cerebral oxygenation, local CBF and metabolism are heterogeneous. Therefore, a more accurate understanding of the cerebral activity of these medications is crucial for optimizing patient management in the ICU setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salvagno
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federico Geraldini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Coppalini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Diagnostiche e Integrate, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Gouvea Bogossian
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filippo Annoni
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Vitali
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elda Diletta Sterchele
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Department Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Motor Sciences Department, Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Cha H, Choi JH, Jeon H, Kim JH, Kim M, Kim SJ, Park W, Lim JS, Lee E, Ahn JS, Kim JH, Hong SH, Park JE, Jung JH, Yoo HJ, Lee S. Aquaporin-4 Deficiency is Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Alterations in astrocyte-neuron Lactate Shuttle. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6212-6226. [PMID: 37436602 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment refers to notable declines in cognitive abilities including memory, language, and emotional stability leading to the inability to accomplish essential activities of daily living. Astrocytes play an important role in cognitive function, and homeostasis of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) system is essential for maintaining cognitive functions. Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is a water channel expressed in astrocytes and has been shown to be associated with various brain disorders, but the direct relationship between learning, memory, and AQP-4 is unclear. We examined the relationship between AQP-4 and cognitive functions related to learning and memory. Mice with genetic deletion of AQP-4 showed significant behavioral and emotional changes including hyperactivity and instability, and impaired cognitive functions such as spatial learning and memory retention. 18 F-FDG PET imaging showed significant metabolic changes in the brains of AQP-4 knockout mice such as reductions in glucose absorption. Such metabolic changes in the brain seemed to be the direct results of changes in the expression of metabolite transporters, as the mRNA levels of multiple glucose and lactate transporters in astrocytes and neurons were significantly decreased in the cortex and hippocampus of AQP-4 knockout mice. Indeed, AQP-4 knockout mice showed significantly higher accumulation of both glucose and lactate in their brains compared with wild-type mice. Our results show that the deficiency of AQP-4 can cause problems in the metabolic function of astrocytes and lead to cognitive impairment, and that the deficiency of AQP4 in astrocyte endfeet can cause abnormalities in the ANLS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeuk Cha
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwool Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Moinay Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seo Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyeup Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ahn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Hong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuroradiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Jung
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Toader C, Tataru CP, Florian IA, Covache-Busuioc RA, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Ciurea AV. From Homeostasis to Pathology: Decoding the Multifaceted Impact of Aquaporins in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14340. [PMID: 37762642 PMCID: PMC10531540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), integral membrane proteins facilitating selective water and solute transport across cell membranes, have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Particularly noteworthy is their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and fluid balance in neural compartments, as dysregulated AQP expression is implicated in various degenerative and acute brain pathologies. This article provides an exhaustive review on the evolutionary history, molecular classification, and physiological relevance of aquaporins, emphasizing their significance in the central nervous system (CNS). The paper journeys through the early studies of water transport to the groundbreaking discovery of Aquaporin 1, charting the molecular intricacies that make AQPs unique. It delves into AQP distribution in mammalian systems, detailing their selective permeability through permeability assays. The article provides an in-depth exploration of AQP4 and AQP1 in the brain, examining their contribution to fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, it elucidates the interplay between AQPs and the glymphatic system, a critical framework for waste clearance and fluid balance in the brain. The dysregulation of AQP-mediated processes in this system hints at a strong association with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Alzheimer's Disease. This relationship is further explored in the context of acute cerebral events such as stroke and autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Moreover, the article scrutinizes AQPs at the intersection of oncology and neurology, exploring their role in tumorigenesis, cell migration, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Lastly, the article outlines emerging aquaporin-targeted therapies, offering a glimpse into future directions in combatting CNS malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Petru Tataru
- Department of Opthamology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Florian
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37702572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Dan Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Dai Z, Sun D. Biogenic Imaging Contrast Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207090. [PMID: 37401173 PMCID: PMC10477908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging contrast agents are widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, among which biogenic imaging contrast agents (BICAs) are developing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research ranging from subcellular level to individual level. The unique properties of BICAs, including expression by cells as reporters and specific genetic modification, facilitate various in vitro and in vivo studies, such as quantification of gene expression, observation of protein interactions, visualization of cellular proliferation, monitoring of metabolism, and detection of dysfunctions. Furthermore, in human body, BICAs are remarkably helpful for disease diagnosis when the dysregulation of these agents occurs and can be detected through imaging techniques. There are various BICAs matched with a set of imaging techniques, including fluorescent proteins for fluorescence imaging, gas vesicles for ultrasound imaging, and ferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, bimodal and multimodal imaging can be realized through combining the functions of different BICAs, which helps overcome the limitations of monomodal imaging. In this review, the focus is on the properties, mechanisms, applications, and future directions of BICAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
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7
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Xin W, Pan Y, Wei W, Tatenhorst L, Graf I, Popa-Wagner A, Gerner ST, Huber S, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Huttner HB, Doeppner TR. Preconditioned extracellular vesicles from hypoxic microglia reduce poststroke AQP4 depolarization, disturbed cerebrospinal fluid flow, astrogliosis, and neuroinflammation. Theranostics 2023; 13:4197-4216. [PMID: 37554272 PMCID: PMC10405850 DOI: 10.7150/thno.84059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke stimulates reactive astrogliosis, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) depolarization and neuroinflammation. Preconditioned extracellular vesicles (EVs) from microglia exposed to hypoxia, in turn, reduce poststroke brain injury. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of such effects are elusive, especially with regards to inflammation, AQP4 polarization, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Methods: Primary microglia and astrocytes were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. For analyzing the role of AQP4 expression patterns under hypoxic conditions, a co-culture model of astrocytes and microglia was established. Further studies applied a stroke model, where some mice also received an intracisternal tracer infusion of rhodamine B. As such, these in vivo studies involved the analysis of AQP4 polarization, CSF flow, astrogliosis, and neuroinflammation as well as ischemia-induced brain injury. Results: Preconditioned EVs decreased periinfarct AQP4 depolarization, brain edema, astrogliosis, and inflammation in stroke mice. Likewise, EVs promoted postischemic CSF flow and cerebral blood perfusion, and neurological recovery. Under in vitro conditions, hypoxia stimulated M2 microglia polarization, whereas EVs augmented M2 microglia polarization and repressed M1 microglia polarization even further. In line with this, astrocytes displayed upregulated AQP4 clustering and proinflammatory cytokine levels when exposed to OGD, which was reversed by preconditioned EVs. Reduced AQP4 depolarization due to EVs, however, was not a consequence of unspecific inflammatory regulation, since LPS-induced inflammation in co-culture models of astrocytes and microglia did not result in altered AQP4 expression patterns in astrocytes. Conclusions: These findings show that hypoxic microglia may participate in protecting against stroke-induced brain damage by regulating poststroke inflammation, astrogliosis, AQP4 depolarization, and CSF flow due to EV release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Sekikawa N, Hirai H, Sugimoto K, Kusano Y. Concurrent bacterial liver abscess and mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion in a patient with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Int 2023; 14:312-317. [PMID: 37397901 PMCID: PMC10307750 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-023-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A 34-year-old man with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes was admitted to our hospital because of fever, headache, vomiting, and impaired consciousness. His hemoglobin A1c level was as high as 11.0%. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a bacterial liver abscess, while head magnetic resonance imaging simultaneously showed a high-signal lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging and a low-signal lesion on the apparent diffusion coefficient map of the splenium of the corpus callosum. No significant findings were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. The latter findings led to a diagnosis of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesions. His impaired consciousness resolved on Day 5 after treatment with ceftriaxone and metronidazole infusion and intensive insulin therapy; magnetic resonance imaging on Day 20 showed that the lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum had disappeared. We propose that when a person with poorly controlled diabetes develops a bacterial infection and presents with impaired consciousness and headache, clinicians should consider the complications of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Sekikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shirakawa Kosei General Hospital, 2-1 Toyochi Kamiyajirou, Shirakawa, Fukushima 961-0005 Japan
- Diabetes Center, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8558 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shirakawa Kosei General Hospital, 2-1 Toyochi Kamiyajirou, Shirakawa, Fukushima 961-0005 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugimoto
- Diabetes Center, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8558 Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kusano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shirakawa Kosei General Hospital, 2-1 Toyochi Kamiyajirou, Shirakawa, Fukushima 961-0005 Japan
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9
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Mohammed SR, Elmasry K, El-Gamal R, El-Shahat MA, Sherif RN. Alteration of Aquaporins 1 and 4 immunohistochemical and gene expression in the cerebellum of diabetic albino rat. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102076. [PMID: 36989704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins. AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in cerebellum amongst others. This study was designed to assess the effect of diabetes on AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cerebellum of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin 45 mg/kg in 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Six rats from control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at one, four, and eight weeks post diabetic confirmation. After eight weeks, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and cerebellar mRNA expression for AQP1 and AQP4 genes were performed. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for cerebellar sections was performed for all groups. Diabetes caused degenerative changes in Purkinje cells with a significant increase in the cerebellar level of MDA and AQP1 immunoreactivity and a significant decrease in GSH level and AQP4 expression levels. However, the alteration in the AQP1 mRNA level was not statistically significant. GFAP immunoreactivity was increased in 8 W diabetic rats following its decrease in 1 W diabetic rats. Diabetes caused some alteration in the AQPs 1 and 4 expression in the cerebellum of diabetic rats which may contribute to diabetes-induced cerebellar complications.
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10
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Peng S, Liu J, Liang C, Yang L, Wang G. Aquaporin-4 in glymphatic system, and its implication for central nervous system disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106035. [PMID: 36796590 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance function is essential for maintaining brain tissue homeostasis, and the glymphatic system is the main pathway for removing brain interstitial solutes. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundantly expressed aquaporin in the central nervous system (CNS) and is an integral component of the glymphatic system. In recent years, many studies have shown that AQP4 affects the morbidity and recovery process of CNS disorders through the glymphatic system, and AQP4 shows notable variability in CNS disorders and is part of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in AQP4 as a potential and promising target for regulating and improving neurological impairment. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiological role that AQP4 plays in several CNS disorders by affecting the clearance function of the glymphatic system. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the self-regulatory functions in CNS disorders that AQP4 were involved in and provide new therapeutic alternatives for incurable debilitating neurodegenerative disorders of CNS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Peng
- 56 Xinjian southern St, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basical Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- 172 Tongzipo Rd, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Chuntian Liang
- 56 Xinjian southern St, Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- 56 Xinjian southern St, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basical Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- 56 Xinjian southern St, Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; 146 JieFang forth Rd, Department of Neurology, SanYa Central Hospital (Hainan Third People's Hospital), Hainan Medical University, SanYa, Hainan 572000, China.
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11
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Alghanimy A, Martin C, Gallagher L, Holmes WM. The effect of a novel AQP4 facilitator, TGN-073, on glymphatic transport captured by diffusion MRI and DCE-MRI. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282955. [PMID: 36920936 PMCID: PMC10016657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a low resistance pathway, by which cerebrospinal fluid enters the brain parenchyma along perivascular spaces via AQP4 channels. It is hypothesised that the resulting convective flow of the interstitial fluid provides an efficient mechanism for the removal of waste toxins from the brain. Therefore, enhancing AQP4 function might protect against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which the accumulation of harmful proteins and solutes is a hallmark feature. Here, we test the effect of a putative AQP4 facilitator, TGN-073, on glymphatic transport in a normal rat brain by employing different MRI techniques. Surgical procedures were undertaken to catheterise the cisterna magna, thereby enabling infusion of the MRI tracer. Followed by the intraperitoneal injection of either TGN-073, or the vehicle. Using a paramagnetic contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) as the MRI tracer, dynamic 3D T1 weighted imaging of the glymphatic system was undertaken over two hours. Further, the apparent diffusion coefficient was measured in different brain regions using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). While physiological parameters and arterial blood gas analysis were monitored continuously. We found that rats treated with TGN-073 showed the distribution of Gd-DTPA was more extensive and parenchymal uptake was higher compared with the vehicle group. Water diffusivity was increased in the brain of TGN-073 treated group, which indicates greater water flux. Also, MRI showed the glymphatic transport and distribution in the brain is naturally heterogeneous, which is consistent with previous studies. Our results indicate that compounds such as TGN-073 can improve glymphatic function in the brain. Since glymphatic impairment due to AQP4 dysfunction is potentially associated with several neurological disorders such as AD, dementia and traumatic brain injury, enhancing AQP4 functionality might be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alghanimy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Conor Martin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William M. Holmes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Xing R, Cheng J, Yu J, Li S, Ma H, Zhao Y. Trifluoperazine reduces apoptosis and inflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury by preventing the accumulation of Aquaporin4 on the surface of brain cells. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:797-809. [PMID: 37213674 PMCID: PMC10198142 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.82677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, no specific and standard treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been developed. Therefore, studies on new therapeutic drugs for TBI treatment are urgently needed. Trifluoperazine (TFP) is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that reduces edema of the central nervous system. However, the specific working mechanism of TFP is not fully understood in TBI. In this study, the immunofluorescence co-localization analysis revealed that the area and intensity covered by Aquaporin4 (AQP4) on the surface of brain cells (astrocyte endfeet) increased significantly after TBI. In contrast, TFP treatment reversed these phenomena. This finding showed that TFP inhibited AQP4 accumulation on the surface of brain cells (astrocyte endfeet). The tunel fluorescence intensity and fluorescence area were lower in the TBI+TFP group compared to the TBI group. Additionally, the brain edema, brain defect area, and modified neurological severity score (mNSS) were lower in the TBI+TFP. The RNA-seq was performed on the cortical tissues of rats in the Sham, TBI, and TBI+TFP groups. A total of 3774 genes differently expressed between the TBI and the Sham group were identified. Of these, 2940 genes were up-regulated and 834 genes were down-regulated. A total of 1845 differently expressed genes between the TBI+TFP and TBI group were also identified, in which 621 genes were up-regulated and 1224 genes were down-regulated. Analysis of the common differential genes in the three groups showed that TFP could reverse the expression of apoptosis and inflammation genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly enriched in the signaling pathways regulating inflammation. In conclusion, TFP alleviates brain edema after TBI by preventing the accumulation of AQP4 on the surface of brain cells. Generally, TFP alleviates apoptosis and inflammatory response induced by TBI, and promotes the recovery of nerve function in rats after TBI. Thus, TFP is a potential therapeutic agent for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchun Xing
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiangtao Yu
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Haoli Ma, ; Yan Zhao,
| | - Yan Zhao
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Resuscitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Haoli Ma, ; Yan Zhao,
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13
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Fan L, Wu P, Li X, Tie L. Aquaporins in Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:125-135. [PMID: 36717490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and the development of related diseases, especially in cerebral ischemia, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism accounting for the association between AQPs and vascular function-related diseases, which may lead to novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of those diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological roles of AQPs in vascular tissues and summarize recent progress in the research on AQPs related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Abulizi A, Dawuti A, Yang B. Aquaporins in Tumor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:303-315. [PMID: 36717503 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches have demonstrated that aquaporins (AQPs), including water-selective channels, aquaglyceroporins and superaquaporins, are generally expressed in various tumors, such as lung, colorectal, liver, brain, breast tumors, etc. Therefore, it is imperative to study the accurate relationship between AQPs and tumor, which may provide innovative approaches to treat and prevent tumor development. In this chapter, we mainly reviewed the expression and pathophysiological function of AQPs in tumor, and summarize recent work on AQPs in tumor. Although, the underlying mechanism of AQP in tumor is not very clear, growing evidences suggest that cell migration, adhesion, angiogenesis, and division contribute to tumor development, in which AQPs might be involved. Therefore, it is still necessary to conduct further studies to determine the specific roles of AQPs in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudumijiti Abulizi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Awaguli Dawuti
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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15
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Tang D, Pu B, Liu S, Li H. Identification of cuproptosis-associated subtypes and signature genes for diagnosis and risk prediction of Ulcerative colitis based on machine learning. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142215. [PMID: 37090740 PMCID: PMC10113635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and debilitating inflammatory bowel disease that impairs quality of life. Cuproptosis, a recently discovered form of cell death, has been linked to many inflammatory diseases, including UC. This study aimed to examine the biological and clinical significance of cuproptosis-related genes in UC. Methods Three gene expression profiles of UC were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to form the combined dataset. Differential analysis was performed based on the combined dataset to identify differentially expressed genes, which were intersected with cuproptosis-related genes to obtain differentially expressed cuproptosis-related genes (DECRGs). Machine learning was conducted based on DECRGs to identify signature genes. The prediction model of UC was established using signature genes, and the molecular subtypes related to cuproptosis of UC were identified. Functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis were used to evaluate the biological characteristics and immune infiltration landscape of signature genes and molecular subtypes. Results Seven signature genes (ABCB1, AQP1, BACE1, CA3, COX5A, DAPK2, and LDHD) were identified through the machine learning algorithms, and the nomogram built from these genes had excellent predictive performance. The 298 UC samples were divided into two subtypes through consensus cluster analysis. The results of the functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis revealed significant differences in gene expression patterns, biological functions, and enrichment pathways between the cuproptosis-related molecular subtypes of UC. The immune infiltration analysis also showed that the immune cell infiltration in cluster A was significantly higher than that of cluster B, and six of the characteristic genes (excluding BACE1) had higher expression levels in subtype B than in subtype A. Conclusions This study identified several promising signature genes and developed a nomogram with strong predictive capabilities. The identification of distinct subtypes of UC enhances our current understanding of UC's underlying pathogenesis and provides a foundation for personalized diagnosis and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadong Tang
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baoping Pu
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiru Liu
- Department of Anorectal Disease, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Anorectal Disease, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Li,
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16
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Xiao M, Hou J, Xu M, Li S, Yang B. Aquaporins in Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:99-124. [PMID: 36717489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Acute Methylglyoxal-Induced Damage in Blood-Brain Barrier and Hippocampal Tissue. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1337-1347. [PMID: 36057040 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound formed mostly via the glycolytic pathway. Elevated blood glucose levels can cause MG accumulation in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Under these disease conditions, the high reactivity of MG leads to modification of proteins and other biomolecules, generating advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are considered mediators in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and astrocyte response in the hippocampus to acute insult induced by MG when it was intracerebroventricularly administered to rats. Seventy-two hours later, BBB integrity was lost, as assessed by the entry of Evans dye into the brain tissue and albumin in the cerebrospinal fluid, and a decrease in aquaporin-4 and connexin-43 in the hippocampal tissue. MG did not induce changes in the hippocampal contents of RAGE in this short interval, but decreased the expression of S100B, an astrocyte-secreted protein that binds RAGE. The expression of two important transcription factors of the antioxidant response, NF-κB and Nrf2, was unchanged. However, hemeoxigenase-1 was upregulated in the MG-treated group. These data corroborate the idea that hippocampal cells are targets of MG toxicity and that BBB dysfunction and specific glial alterations induced by this compound may contribute to the behavioral and cognitive alterations observed in these animals.
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18
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Sulforaphane Upregulates Cultured Mouse Astrocytic Aquaporin-4 Expression through p38 MAPK Pathway. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1144124. [PMID: 35991296 PMCID: PMC9385362 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1144124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and/or aggregation are common pathological features associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Abnormal protein aggregation may be caused by misfolding of the protein and/or dysfunction of the protein clearance system. Recent studies have demonstrated that the specific water channel protein, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), plays a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involving protein clearance system. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of sulforaphane (SFN) in the upregulation of AQP4 expression, along with its underlying mechanism using cultured mouse astrocytes as a model system. At low concentrations, SFN was found to increase cell proliferation and result in the activation of astrocytes. However, high SFN concentrations were found to suppress cell proliferation of astrocytes. In addition, our study found that a 1 μM concentration of SFN resulted in the upregulation of AQP4 expression and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in cultured mouse astrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that the upregulation of AQP4 expression was significantly attenuated when cells were pretreated with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings from this study revealed that SFN exerts hormesis effect on cultured mouse astrocytes and can upregulate astrocytic AQP4 expression by targeting the p38 MAPK pathway.
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19
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane water channel proteins, which were initially characterized as a novel protein family that plays a vital role in transcellular and transepithelial water movement. AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP8 are primarily water selective, whereas AQP3, AQP7, AQP9, and AQP10 (called “aqua-glyceroporins”) also transport glycerol and other small solutes. Recently, multiple reports have suggested that AQPs have important roles in cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, each of which is important in human carcinogenesis. Here, we review recent data concerning the involvement of AQPs in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and explore the expression profiles from various resected cancer samples to further dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the potential role of AQPs during the development of genomic instability and performed modeling to describe the integration of binding between AQPs with various SH3 domain binning adaptor molecules. Throughout review and discussion of numerous reports, we have tried to provide key evidence that AQPs play key roles in tumor biology, which may provide a unique opportunity in designing a novel class of anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul So Moon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, United States.,HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, Lutherville, MD, United States
| | - David Moon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, United States.,HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, Lutherville, MD, United States
| | - Sung Koo Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, United States.,HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, Lutherville, MD, United States
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20
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Cellular Distribution of Brain Aquaporins and Their Contribution to Cerebrospinal Fluid Homeostasis and Hydrocephalus. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040530. [PMID: 35454119 PMCID: PMC9025855 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aquaporins facilitate the movement of water between the four water compartments: blood, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. This work analyzes the expression of the four most abundant aquaporins (AQPs) (AQP1, AQP4, AQP9, and AQP11) in the brains of mice and discuss their contribution to hydrocephalus. We analyzed available data from single-cell RNA sequencing of the central nervous system of mice to describe the expression of aquaporins and compare their distribution with that based on qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. Expression of AQP1 in the apical cell membrane of choroid plexus epithelial cells and of AQP4 in ependymal cells, glia limitans, and astrocyte processes in the pericapillary end foot is consistent with the involvement of both proteins in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. The expression of both aquaporins compensates for experimentally induced hydrocephalus in the animals. Recent data demonstrate that hypoxia in aged animals alters AQP4 expression in the choroidal plexus and cortex, increasing the ventricle size and intraventricular pressure. Cerebral distensibility is reduced in parallel with a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid drainage and cognitive deterioration. We propose that aged mice chronically exposed to hypoxia represent an excellent experimental model for studying the pathophysiological characteristics of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and roles for AQPs in such disease.
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21
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Wei T, Zhou M, Gu L, Yang H, Zhou Y, Li M. A Novel Gating Mechanism of Aquaporin-4 Water Channel Mediated by Blast Shockwaves for Brain Edema. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2486-2492. [PMID: 35271290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the principal water channel in the brain, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a vital role in brain edema, but its role in blast brain edema is unclear. On the basis of molecular simulations, we reveal the atomically detailed picture of AQP4 in response to blast shockwaves. The results show that the shockwave alone closes the AQP4 channel; however, shock-induced bubble collapse opens it. The jet from bubble collapse forcefully increases the distance between helices and the tilt angles of six helices relative to the membrane vertical direction in a very short time. The average channel size increases about 2.6 times, and the water flux rate is nearly 20 times higher than for normal states. It is responsible for abnormal water transport and a potential cause of acute blast brain edema. Additionally, the open AQP4 channel quickly returns to its normal state, which is in turn helpful for edema absorption. Thus, a novel gating mechanism for AQP4 related to the secondary structure change has been provided, which is different from the previous residue-mediated gating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lingzhi Gu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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22
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Wagner K, Unger L, Salman MM, Kitchen P, Bill RM, Yool AJ. Signaling Mechanisms and Pharmacological Modulators Governing Diverse Aquaporin Functions in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031388. [PMID: 35163313 PMCID: PMC8836214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small integral membrane proteins that facilitate the bidirectional transport of water across biological membranes in response to osmotic pressure gradients as well as enable the transmembrane diffusion of small neutral solutes (such as urea, glycerol, and hydrogen peroxide) and ions. AQPs are expressed throughout the human body. Here, we review their key roles in fluid homeostasis, glandular secretions, signal transduction and sensation, barrier function, immunity and inflammation, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Evidence from a wide variety of studies now supports a view of the functions of AQPs being much more complex than simply mediating the passive flow of water across biological membranes. The discovery and development of small-molecule AQP inhibitors for research use and therapeutic development will lead to new insights into the basic biology of and novel treatments for the wide range of AQP-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wagner
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Lucas Unger
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (L.U.); (P.K.)
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK;
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (L.U.); (P.K.)
| | - Roslyn M. Bill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (L.U.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (A.J.Y.); Tel.: +44-121-204-4274 (R.M.B.); +61-8-8313-3359 (A.J.Y.)
| | - Andrea J. Yool
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (A.J.Y.); Tel.: +44-121-204-4274 (R.M.B.); +61-8-8313-3359 (A.J.Y.)
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Kang EJ, Cho S, Lim C, Lee B, Kim YK, Kim KM. Effects of the methanol fraction of modified Seonghyangjeongki-san water extract on transient ischaemic brain injury in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:840-853. [PMID: 34184969 PMCID: PMC8245089 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1941130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recently in Korean medicine, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Seonghyangjeongki-san (SHJKS) were reported. However, studies on the specific mechanisms of action of SHJKS for the treatment of ischaemic stroke are still lacking. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the mechanism of action of the water extract methanol fraction of modified SHJKS (SHJKSmex) on cerebral ischaemic injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered SHJKSmex (30, 100, or 300 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days (2 days, 1 day, and 1 h, respectively) before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Twenty-four hours after MCAO, the infarct volumes were measured, brain edoema indices were calculated, and neurological deficit scores were determined. Inflammation-related substances in the ipsilateral hemisphere were determined by western blotting, dichlorofluorescin diacetate, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS SHJKSmex pre-treatment at 300 mg/kg decreased infarct volume by 87% and mean brain water content by 90% of the MCAO control group. Moreover, SHJKSmex effectively suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, reactive oxygen species, interleukin 1, and caspases-8 and -9 and increased the B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein ratio (Bcl-2/Bax) in ischaemic mouse brain. The hippocampal pyramidal cell densities were significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg SHJKSmex-administered group compared to the MCAO control group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS SHJKSmex protected the brain from ischaemic stroke in mice through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Our findings suggest that SHJKSmex is a promising therapeutic candidate for the development of a new formulation for ischaemia-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- Inju Hospital of Korean Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Lee SE, Lim C, Cho S. Angelica gigas root ameliorates ischaemic stroke-induced brain injury in mice by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:662-671. [PMID: 34062098 PMCID: PMC8172223 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1928241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Traditionally, the root of Angelica gigas Nakai (Umbelliferae), has long been used to treat ischaemic diseases and is considered safe in humans. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effects of a methanol extract of A. gigas root (AGmex) on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced brain injury in mice, and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hours of transient MCAO (tMCAO) was induced in C57BL/6 mice (MCAO control group and AGmex groups), AGmex was administered to the AGmex group at 300-3,000 mg/kg bw at 1, 1, and 24 h before tMCAO or at 1000 mg/kg bw at 1 h before and after tMCAO. Infarction volumes, tissue staining, and western blotting were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of AGmex. RESULTS The median effective dose (ED50) could not be measured because the AGmex treatment did not reduce the infarction volume caused by 2 h of tMCAO to within 50%; however, pre-treatment with AGmex twice at 1,000 mg/kg bw before tMCAO significantly reduced the infarction volumes. The proteins related to cell growth, differentiation, and death were upregulated by this treatment, and the major recovery mechanisms appeared to involve the attenuation of the mitochondrial function of Bcl-2/Bax and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways in ischaemic neurons. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence supporting the use of A. gigas root against ischaemic stroke and suggests a novel developmental starting point for the treatment of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Lee
- Research Institute for Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Republic of Korea
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25
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Physical Exercise as a Modulator of Vascular Pathology and Thrombin Generation to Improve Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1124-1138. [PMID: 34846694 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and occurrence of coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) have important implications for multiple secondary injury processes. Given the extent of post-traumatic changes in neuronal function, significant alterations in some targets, such thrombin (a protease that plays a physiological role in maintaining blood coagulation), play an important role in TBI-induced pathophysiology. Despite the magnitude of thrombin in synaptic plasticity being concentration-dependent, the mechanisms underlying TBI have not been fully elucidated. The understanding of this post-injury neurovascular dysregulation is essential to establish scientific-based rehabilitative strategies. One of these strategies may be supporting physical exercise, considering its relevance in reducing damage after a TBI. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effect of physical exercise on neurovascular dysregulation after TBI. To complete this picture, this review will describe how the interactions established between blood-borne factors (such as thrombin) and physical exercise alter the TBI pathophysiology.
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26
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Mahan VL. Effects of lactate and carbon monoxide interactions on neuroprotection and neuropreservation. Med Gas Res 2021; 11:158-173. [PMID: 34213499 PMCID: PMC8374456 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.318862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate, historically considered a waste product of anerobic metabolism, is a metabolite in whole-body metabolism needed for normal central nervous system (CNS) functions and a potent signaling molecule and hormone in the CNS. Neuronal activity signals normally induce its formation primarily in astrocytes and production is dependent on anerobic and aerobic metabolisms. Functions are dependent on normal dynamic, expansive, and evolving CNS functions. Levels can change under normal physiologic conditions and with CNS pathology. A readily combusted fuel that is sshuttled throughout the body, lactate is used as an energy source and is needed for CNS hemostasis, plasticity, memory, and excitability. Diffusion beyond the neuron active zone impacts activity of neurons and astrocytes in other areas of the brain. Barriergenesis, function of the blood-brain barrier, and buffering between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis and brain metabolism are affected by lactate. Important to neuroprotection, presence or absence is associated with L-lactate and heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (a gasotransmitter) neuroprotective systems. Effects of carbon monoxide on L-lactate affect neuroprotection - interactions of the gasotransmitter with L-lactate are important to CNS stability, which will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Mahan
- Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Deshmukh KP, Rahmani Dabbagh S, Jiang N, Tasoglu S, Yetisen AK. Recent Technological Developments in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Edema. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeya P. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London Imperial College Road, Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koc University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer Istanbul 34450 Turkey
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koc University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer Istanbul 34450 Turkey
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul 34684 Turkey
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London Imperial College Road, Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
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28
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Al-Natour B, Rankin R, McKenna R, McMillan H, Zhang SD, About I, Khan AA, Galicia JC, Lundy FT, El-Karim IA. Identification and validation of novel biomarkers and therapeutics for pulpitis using connectivity mapping. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1571-1580. [PMID: 33964033 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To create an irreversible pulpitis gene signature from microarray data of healthy and inflamed dental pulps, followed by a bioinformatics approach using connectivity mapping to identify therapeutic compounds that could potentially treat pulpitis. METHODOLOGY The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, an international public repository of genomics data sets, was searched for human microarray datasets assessing pulpitis. An irreversible pulpitis gene expression signature was generated by differential expression analysis. The statistically significant connectivity map (ssCMap) method was used to identify compounds with a highly correlating gene expression pattern. qPCR was used to validate novel pulpitis genes. An ex vivo pulpitis model was used to test the effects of the compounds identified, and the level of inflammatory cytokines was measured with qPCR, ELISA and multiplex array. Means were compared using the t-test or ANOVA with the level of significance set at p ≤ .05. RESULTS Pulpitis gene signatures were created using differential gene expression analysis at cutoff points p = .0001 and .000018. Top upregulated genes were selected as potential pulpitis biomarkers. Among these, IL8, IL6 and MMP9 were previously identified as pulpitis biomarkers. Novel upregulated genes, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21), metallothionein 1H (MT1H) and aquaporin 9 (AQP9) were validated in the pulp tissue of teeth clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis using qPCR. ssCMap analysis identified fluvastatin (Statin) and dequalinium chloride (Quaternary ammonium) as compounds with the strongest correlation to the gene signatures (p = .0001). Fluvastatin reduced IL8, IL6, CCL21, AQP9 (p < .001) and MMP9 (p < .05) in the ex vivo pulpitis model, while dequalinium chloride reduced AQP9 (p < .001) but had no significant effect on the other biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS AQP9, MT1H and CCL21 were identified and validated as novel biomarkers for pulpitis. Fluvastatin and dequalinium chloride identified by the ssCMap as potential therapeutics for pulpitis reduced selected pulpitis biomarkers in an ex vivo pulpitis model. In vivo testing of these licenced drugs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banan Al-Natour
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Robby Rankin
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Robyn McKenna
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Hayley McMillan
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France
| | - Asma A Khan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Johnah C Galicia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry (Endodontics), University College London Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ikhlas A El-Karim
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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29
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Obenaus A, Badaut J. Role of the noninvasive imaging techniques in monitoring and understanding the evolution of brain edema. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:1191-1200. [PMID: 34048088 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human brain injury elicits accumulation of water within the brain due to a variety of pathophysiological processes. As our understanding of edema emerged two temporally (and cellular) distinct processes were identified, cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. The emergence of both types of edema is reflected by the temporal evolution and is influenced by the underlying pathology (type and extent). However, this two-edema compartment model does not adequately describe the transition between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. Hence, a third category has been proposed, termed ionic edema, that is observed in the transition between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. Magnetic resonance neuroimaging of edema today primarily utilizes T2-weighted (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Clinical diagnostics and translational science studies have clearly demonstrated the temporal ability of both T2WI and DWI to monitor edema content and evolution. DWI measures water mobility within the brain reflecting cytotoxic edema. T2WI at later time points when vasogenic edema develops visualizes increased water content in the brain. Clinically relevant imaging modalities, including ultrasound and positron emission tomography, are not typically used to assess edema. In sum, edema imaging is an important cornerstone of clinical diagnostics and translational studies and can guide effective therapeutics manage edema and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jérôme Badaut
- Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,CNRS UMR5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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30
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Bodnar CN, Watson JB, Higgins EK, Quan N, Bachstetter AD. Inflammatory Regulation of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Tale Directed by Interleukin-1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688254. [PMID: 34093593 PMCID: PMC8176952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several barriers separate the central nervous system (CNS) from the rest of the body. These barriers are essential for regulating the movement of fluid, ions, molecules, and immune cells into and out of the brain parenchyma. Each CNS barrier is unique and highly dynamic. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and other cellular constituents each have intricate functions that are essential to sustain the brain's health. Along with damaging neurons, a traumatic brain injury (TBI) also directly insults the CNS barrier-forming cells. Disruption to the barriers first occurs by physical damage to the cells, called the primary injury. Subsequently, during the secondary injury cascade, a further array of molecular and biochemical changes occurs at the barriers. These changes are focused on rebuilding and remodeling, as well as movement of immune cells and waste into and out of the brain. Secondary injury cascades further damage the CNS barriers. Inflammation is central to healthy remodeling of CNS barriers. However, inflammation, as a secondary pathology, also plays a role in the chronic disruption of the barriers' functions after TBI. The goal of this paper is to review the different barriers of the brain, including (1) the blood-brain barrier, (2) the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, (3) the meningeal barrier, (4) the blood-retina barrier, and (5) the brain-lesion border. We then detail the changes at these barriers due to both primary and secondary injury following TBI and indicate areas open for future research and discoveries. Finally, we describe the unique function of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 as a central actor in the inflammatory regulation of CNS barrier function and dysfunction after a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James B. Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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31
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Sylvain NJ, Salman MM, Pushie MJ, Hou H, Meher V, Herlo R, Peeling L, Kelly ME. The effects of trifluoperazine on brain edema, aquaporin-4 expression and metabolic markers during the acute phase of stroke using photothrombotic mouse model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183573. [PMID: 33561476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays the major role in stroke-associated morbidity and mortality. The overlap between cellular and vasogenic edema makes treating this condition complicated, and to date, there is no pathogenically oriented drug treatment for edema. Water balance in the brain is tightly regulated, primarily by aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels, which are mainly expressed in perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Targeting AQP4 could be a useful therapeutic approach for treating brain edema; however, there is no approved drug for stroke treatment that can directly block AQP4. In this study, we demonstrate that the FDA-approved drug trifluoperazine (TFP) effectively reduces cerebral edema during the early acute phase in post-stroke mice using a photothrombotic stroke model. This effect was combined with an inhibition of AQP4 expression at gene and protein levels. Importantly, TFP does not appear to induce any deleterious changes on brain electrolytes or metabolic markers, including total protein or lipid levels. Our results support a possible role for TFP in providing a beneficial extra-osmotic effect on brain energy metabolism, as indicated by the increase of glycogen levels. We propose that targeting AQP4-mediated brain edema using TFP is a viable therapeutic strategy during the early and acute phase of stroke that can be further investigated during later stages to help in developing novel CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vedashree Meher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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32
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Aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-9 gene variations in sudden infant death syndrome. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:719-725. [PMID: 33462668 PMCID: PMC8036210 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that a vulnerability in the development and regulation of brain function is involved in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The aim of this study was to investigate the genes encoding the brain aquaporins (AQPs) AQP1 and AQP9 in SIDS. The hypothesis was that specific variants of these genes are part of the genetic vulnerability predisposing infants to sudden unexpected death. The study included 168 SIDS cases with a median age of 15.5 (range 2–52) weeks and 372 adolescent/adult deceased controls with a median age of 44 (range 11–91) years. In the AQP1 gene, the rs17159702 CC/CT genotypes were found to be associated with SIDS (p = 0.02). In the AQP9 gene, the combination of a TT genotype of rs8042354, rs2292711 and rs13329178 was more frequent in SIDS cases than in controls (p = 0.03). In the SIDS group, an association was found between genetic variations in the AQP1 gene and maternal smoking and between the 3xTT combination in the AQP9 gene and being found lifeless in a prone position. In conclusion, this study adds further evidence to the involvement of brain aquaporins in SIDS, suggesting that specific variants of AQP genes constitute a genetic predisposition, making the infant vulnerable to sudden death together with external risk factors and probably other genetic factors.
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33
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Li Q, Yu W, Qu Y, Wang JQ, Mao N, Kang H. Acute toxic encephalopathy following bromadiolone intoxication: a case report. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:8. [PMID: 33407227 PMCID: PMC7789786 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-02034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinically, bromadiolone poisoning is characterized by severe bleeding complications in various organs and tissues. Bromadiolone-induced toxic encephalopathy is extremely rare. Here, we report a special case of bromadiolone-induced reversible toxic encephalopathy in a patient who had symmetrical lesions in the deep white matter. Case presentation A 23-year-old woman mainly presented with dizziness, fatigue, alalia and unsteady gait after the ingestion of bromadiolone. The laboratory examinations showed normal coagulation levels. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed apparent diffusion restriction in the bilateral deep white matter. The clinical manifestations and MRI alterations were reversible within one month of treatment with vitamin K. The neuropsychological assessment showed no neurodegenerative changes at the 2-year follow-up. Conclusion With the increased use of bromadiolone as a rodenticide, more cases of ingestion have been reported annually over the past several years. Bromadiolone-induced toxic encephalopathy has no special clinical manifestations and is potentially reversible with timely treatment. Because of the reversible restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, transient intramyelinic cytotoxic oedema is thought to be the cause rather than persistent ischaemia. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is still unknown and may be coagulant-independent. This clinical case extends the current knowledge about neurotoxicity in cases of bromadiolone poisoning and indicates that MRI is useful for the early detection of bromadiolone-induced toxic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 264000, Yantai, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Mao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Hai Kang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 264000, Yantai, China. .,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China. .,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
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Jorgačevski J, Zorec R, Potokar M. Insights into Cell Surface Expression, Supramolecular Organization, and Functions of Aquaporin 4 Isoforms in Astrocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122622. [PMID: 33297299 PMCID: PMC7762321 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system (CNS). Its expression is confined to non-neuronal glial cells, predominantly to astrocytes that represent a heterogeneous glial cell type in the CNS. The membrane of astrocyte processes, which align brain capillaries and pia, is particularly rich in AQP4. Several isoforms of AQP4 have been described; however, only some (AQP4a (M1), AQP4 c (M23), AQP4e, and AQP4ex) have been identified in the plasma membrane assemblies of astrocytes termed orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs). Intracellular splicing isoforms (AQP4b, AQP4d, AQP4f, AQP4-Δ4) have been documented, and most of them are postulated to have a role in the cell surface distribution of the plasma membrane isoforms and in the formation of OAPs in murine and human astrocytes. Although OAPs have been proposed to play various roles in the functioning of astrocytes and CNS tissue as a whole, many of these still need to be described. OAPs are studied primarily from the perspective of understanding water permeability regulation through the plasma membrane and of their involvement in cell adhesion and in the dynamics of astrocytic processes. This review describes the cellular distribution of various AQP4 isoforms and their implications in OAP assembly, which is regulated by several intracellular and extracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.J.); (R.Z.)
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.J.); (R.Z.)
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.J.); (R.Z.)
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1543-7020; Fax: +386-1543-7036
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Sadashima S, Honda H, Suzuki SO, Shijo M, Aishima S, Kai K, Kira J, Iwaki T. Accumulation of Astrocytic Aquaporin 4 and Aquaporin 1 in Prion Protein Plaques. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:419-429. [PMID: 32167542 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease with P102L mutation and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with V180I mutation are 2 major hereditary prion diseases in Japan. GSS and some familial CJD [V180I] exhibit characteristic prion protein (PrP) plaques. Overexpression of the astrocytic water channel proteins aquaporin (AQP) 1 and AQP4 was recently reported in sporadic CJD. To clarify the pathological characteristics of AQP1 and AQP4 in prion disease patient brains with plaque-type deposition, we investigated 5 patients with GSS, 2 patients with CJD [V180I], and 2 age-matched control cases without neurological diseases using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence methods. We demonstrated that there is the intense expression of AQP1 and AQP4 around prion plaques, especially in distal astrocytic processes deep inside these plaques. Similar results have been reported in the senile plaques and ghost tangles of Alzheimer disease brains and a protective role of AQP4 in which AQP4 is redistributed toward the plaques and works as a barrier against the deleterious effects of these plaques has been suggested. Our results, which show a similar clustering of AQPs around PrP plaques, therefore support the possibility that AQPs also have a protective role in plaque formation in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Junichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tice C, McDevitt J, Langford D. Astrocytes, HIV and the Glymphatic System: A Disease of Disrupted Waste Management? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:523379. [PMID: 33134185 PMCID: PMC7550659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.523379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the glial-lymphatic or glymphatic fluid clearance pathway in the rodent brain led researchers to search for a parallel system in humans and to question the implications of this pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed that several features of the glymphatic system may be present in humans. In both rodents and humans, this pathway promotes the exchange of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the arterial perivascular spaces into the brain parenchyma. This process is facilitated in part by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels located primarily on astrocytic end feet that abut cerebral endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier. Decreased expression or mislocalization of AQP4 from astrocytic end feet results in decreased interstitial flow, thereby, promoting accumulation of extracellular waste products like hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Accumulation of pTau is a neuropathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is accompanied by mislocalization of APQ4 from astrocyte end feet to the cell body. HIV infection shares many neuropathological characteristics with AD. Similar to AD, HIV infection of the CNS contributes to abnormal aging with altered AQP4 localization, accumulation of pTau and chronic neuroinflammation. Up to 30% of people with HIV (PWH) suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), and changes in AQP4 may be clinically important as a contributor to cognitive disturbances. In this review, we provide an overview and discussion of the potential contributions of NeuroHIV to glymphatic system functions by focusing on astrocytes and AQP4. Although HAND encompasses a wide range of neurocognitive impairments and levels of neuroinflammation vary among and within PWH, the potential contribution of disruption in AQP4 may be clinically important in some cases. In this review we discuss implications for possible AQP4 disruption on NeuroHIV disease trajectory and how HIV may influence AQP4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Tice
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jane McDevitt
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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N-Glycanase 1 Transcriptionally Regulates Aquaporins Independent of Its Enzymatic Activity. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4620-4631.e4. [PMID: 31875565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with pathogenic mutations in NGLY1 cannot make tears and have global developmental delay and liver dysfunction. Traditionally, NGLY1 cleaves intact N-glycans from misfolded, retrotranslocated glycoproteins before proteasomal degradation. We demonstrate that Ngly1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts, NGLY1 knockout human cells, and patient fibroblasts are resistant to hypotonic lysis. Ngly1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts swell slower and have reduced aquaporin1 mRNA and protein expression. Ngly1 knockdown and overexpression confirms that Ngly1 regulates aquaporin1 and hypotonic cell lysis. Patient fibroblasts and NGLY1 knockout cells show reduced aquaporin11 mRNA, supporting NGLY1 as regulating expression of multiple aquaporins across species. Complementing Ngly1-deficient cells with catalytically inactive NGLY1 (p.Cys309Ala) restores normal hypotonic lysis and aquaporin1 protein. We show that transcription factors Atf1/Creb1 regulate aquaporin1 and that the Atf1/Creb1 signaling pathway is disrupted in Ngly1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These results identify a non-enzymatic, regulatory function of NGLY1 in aquaporin transcription, possibly related to alacrima and neurological symptoms.
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38
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de Bellis M, Cibelli A, Mola MG, Pisani F, Barile B, Mastrodonato M, Banitalebi S, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Abbrescia P, Frigeri A, Svelto M, Nicchia GP. Orthogonal arrays of particle assembly are essential for normal aquaporin-4 expression level in the brain. Glia 2020; 69:473-488. [PMID: 32946135 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet are endowed with aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-based assemblies called orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) whose function is still unclear. To investigate the function of OAPs and of AQP4 tetramers, we have generated a novel "OAP-null" mouse model selectively lacking the OAP forming M23-AQP4 isoform. We demonstrated that AQP4 transcript levels were not reduced by using qPCR. Blue native (BN)/SDS-PAGE and Western blot performed on OAP-null brain and primary astrocyte cultures showed the complete depletion of AQP4 assemblies, the selective expression of M1-AQP4-based tetramers, and a substantial reduction in AQP4 total expression level. Fluorescence quenching and super-resolution microscopy experiments showed that AQP4 tetramers were functionally expressed in astrocyte plasma membrane and their dimensions were reduced compared to wild-type assemblies. Finally, as shown by light and electron microscopy, OAP depletion resulted in a massive reduction in AQP4 expression and a loss of perivascular AQP4 staining at astrocyte endfeet, with only sparse labeling throughout the brain areas analyzed. Our study relies on the unique property of AQP4 to form OAPs, using a novel OAP-null mouse model for the first time, to show that (a) AQP4 assembly is essential for normal AQP4 expression level in the brain and (b) most of AQP4 is organized into OAPs under physiological conditions. Therefore, AQP4 tetramers cannot be used by astrocytes as an alternative to OAPs without affecting AQP4 expression levels, which is important in the physiological and pathological conditions in which OAP aggregation/disaggregation dynamics have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela de Bellis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Shervin Banitalebi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Anatomy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pasqua Abbrescia
- School of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- School of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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39
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Etemadifar M, Sabeti F, Ebrahimian S, Momeni F. Dorsal midbrain involvement in MRI as a core clinical manifestation for NMOSD diagnosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 43:102150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Guo H, Yin A, Ma Y, Fan Z, Tao L, Tang W, Ma Y, Hou W, Cai G, Zhuo L, Zhang J, Li Y, Xiong L. Astroglial N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects the brain from cerebral edema induced by stroke. Glia 2020; 69:281-295. [PMID: 32652708 PMCID: PMC7754347 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema is a grave complication of brain ischemia and is the main cause of herniation and death. Although astrocytic swelling is the main contributor to cytotoxic edema, the molecular mechanism involved in this process remains elusive. N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a well‐studied tumor suppressor gene, is mainly expressed in astrocytes in mammalian brains. Here, we found that NDRG2 deficiency leads to worsened cerebral edema, imbalanced Na+ transfer, and astrocyte swelling after ischemia. We also found that NDRG2 deletion in astrocytes dramatically changed the expression and distribution of aquaporin‐4 and Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1, which are strongly associated with cell polarity, in the ischemic brain. Brain edema and astrocyte swelling were significantly alleviated by rescuing the expression of astrocytic Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1 in NDRG2‐knockout mouse brains. In addition, the upregulation of astrocytic NDRG2 by lentiviral constructs notably attenuated brain edema, astrocytic swelling, and blood–brain barrier destruction. Our results indicate a particular role of NDRG2 in maintaining astrocytic polarization to facilitate Na+ and water transfer balance and to protect the brain from ischemic edema. These findings provide insight into NDRG2 as a therapeutic target in cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Yaqun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lixia Zhuo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology & Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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41
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins that mainly facilitate the water translocation through the plasma cell membrane. For several years these proteins have been extensively examined for their biologic role in health and their potential implication in different diseases. Technological improvements associated with the methods employed to evaluate the functions of the AQPs have provided us with significant new knowledge. In this chapter, we will examine the role of AQPs in health and disease based on the latest currently available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios E Magouliotis
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece.
| | | | - Alexis A Svokos
- Geisinger Lewisburg-Women's Health, Lewisburg, PA, United States
| | - Konstantina A Svokos
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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42
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Zhang G, Ma W, Dong H, Shu J, Hou W, Guo Y, Wang M, Wei X, Ren J, Zhang J. Based on Histogram Analysis: ADC aqp Derived from Ultra-high b-Value DWI could be a Non-invasive Specific Biomarker for Rectal Cancer Prognosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10158. [PMID: 32576929 PMCID: PMC7311405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQP) are not only water channel protein, but also potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for rectal cancer. Some previous studies have demonstrated the AQP expression could be estimated by ADCaqp value derived from ultra-high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). We aim to determine whether ADCaqp could be a new and specific biomarker for indicating the AQP expression and prognostic factors of rectal cancer. 76 untreated patients with rectal cancer confirmed by colonoscopy biopsy were enrolled. ADCaqp value was generated from ultra-high b-value DWI with five b-values (1700–3500 s/mm2). AQP (AQP1, 3 and 5)staining intensity was estimated by both of software (QuPath) and manual manner. The relationships between histogram features of ADCaqp and AQP staining intensity were analyzed. The correlations between histogram features of ADCaqp and differentiation degrees (good, moderate, poor), T stage (T1–2 vs T3–4), and lymph node status (N+ vs N−) were also evaluated respectively. The mean, 75th percentile and 97.5th percentile of ADCaqp were correlated with AQP1 staining intensity (r = 0.237, 0.323 and 0.362, respectively, all P < 0.05) . No correlation was found between the histogram features of ADCaqp and AQP3 or AQP5 staining intensity. The mean, 50th percentile, 75th percentile and 97.5th percentile of ADCaqp value exhibited significant differences between differentiation status (all P < 0.05). Histogram features of ADCaqp value showed no significant differences in two subgroups of T stage and lymph node status (all P > 0.05). Histogram analysis showed that the ADCaqp value derived from ultra-high b-value DWI of rectal cancer could reflect AQP1’s expression and rectal cancer’s malignancy degree. ADCaqp might be a new imaging biomarker for evaluating rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Wanling Ma
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Research Equipment Management Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Weihuan Hou
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocheng Wei
- MR Research China, GE Healthcare Greater China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jialiang Ren
- MR Research China, GE Healthcare Greater China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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43
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Yu B, Zhang J, Li H, Sun X. Silencing of aquaporin1 activates the Wnt signaling pathway to improve cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2020; 755:144904. [PMID: 32540373 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins robustly presenting in the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence suggests the crucial role of AQP1 in the pathogenesis of CNS injury but scarce data are provided for the potential role of AQP1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of AQP1 on cognitive function in a mouse model of AD. METHODS A mouse model of AD was established by using the β-amyloid isoform Aβ1-42, and then assessed by the step-through test and water maze experiment. The expression of AQP1 was quantified in the AD model. The effects of AQP1 on the cognitive function of AD mice and the Wnt signaling pathway were elucidated using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Furthermore, hippocampal neurons were isolated and treated with Aβ1-42 for in vitro experiments and the effects of the Wnt signaling pathway on hippocampal neuron apoptosis were analyzed with the use of inhibitor or activator of this pathway. RESULTS AQP1 was highly-expressed in the AD mouse model while AQP1 silencing improved cognitive function in AD mice. Besides, silencing of AQP1 exhibited protective effects on hippocampal neurons in AD mice. Furthermore, AQP1 inhibited the Wnt signaling pathway while AQP1 promoted neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby damaging the cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS AQP1 silencing attenuates the cognitive impairment in AD through activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, highlighting a novel therapeutic target against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshuai Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 117000, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Benxi Central Hospital, Benxi 117000, PR China
| | - Junzhu Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Benxi Central Hospital, Benxi 117000, PR China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 117000, PR China.
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44
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Filchenko I, Blochet C, Buscemi L, Price M, Badaut J, Hirt L. Caveolin-1 Regulates Perivascular Aquaporin-4 Expression After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:371. [PMID: 32523952 PMCID: PMC7261922 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema is a hallmark of many brain disorders including stroke. During vasogenic edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability increases, contributing to the entry of plasma proteins followed by water. Caveolae and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) are involved in these BBB permeability changes. The expression of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel relates to brain swelling, however, its regulation is poorly understood. Here we tested whether Cav-1 regulates AQP4 expression in the perivascular region after brain ischemia in mice. We showed that Cav-1 knockout mice had enhanced hemispheric swelling and decreased perivascular AQP4 expression in perilesional and contralateral cortical regions compared to wild-type. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes displayed less branching and ramification in Cav-1 knockout mice compared to wild-type animals. There was a positive correlation between the area of perivascular AQP4-immunolabelling and branch length of Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in wild-type mice, not seen in Cav-1 knockout mice. In summary, we show for the first time that loss of Cav-1 results in decreased AQP4 expression and impaired perivascular AQP4 covering after cerebral ischemia associated with altered reactive astrocyte morphology and enhanced brain swelling. Therapeutic approaches targeting Cav-1 may provide new opportunities for improving stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Filchenko
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Blochet
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lara Buscemi
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Price
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lorenz Hirt
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Shi Q, Wu YZ, Yang X, Xiao K, Maimaitiming A, Gao LP, Chen C, Gao C, Guo Y, Dong XP. Significant enhanced expressions of aquaporin-1, -4 and -9 in the brains of various prion diseases. Prion 2020; 13:173-184. [PMID: 31814527 PMCID: PMC6746548 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1660487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues, among them AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are expressed predominately with relatively special distributing features in various brain regions. The aberrant changes of AQP1 and AQP4 have been observed in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate the underlying alteration of brain AQPs in prion diseases, scrapie strains of 139A, ME7 and S15 infected mice were tested in this study. Western blots revealed markedly increased levels of AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 in the brain tissues of all tested scrapie-infected mice collected at terminal stage. Analyses of the AQPs levels in the brain tissues collected at different time-points during incubation period showed time-dependent increased in 139A and ME7-infected mice, especially at the middle-late stage. The AQP1 levels also increased in the cortex regions of some human prion diseases, including the patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and G114V genetic CJD (gCJD). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays verified that the AQPs-positive cells were astrocyte-like morphologically; meanwhile, numerous various sizes of AQPs-positive particles and dots were also observable in the brain sections of scrapie-infected mice. Immunofluorescent assays (IFAs) illustrated that the signals of AQPs colocalized with those of the GFAP positive proliferative astrocytes, and more interestingly, appeared to overlap also with the signals of PrP in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Moreover, IHC assays with a commercial doublestain system revealed that distributing areas of AQPs overlapped not only with that of the activated large astrocytes, but also with that of abundantly deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues of scrapie murine models. Our data here propose the solid evidences that the expressions of brain AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are all aberrantly enhanced in various murine models of scrapie infection. The closely anatomical association between the accumulated AQPs and deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues indicates that the abnormally increased water channel proteins participate in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Adalaiti Maimaitiming
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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46
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Omolaoye TS, du Plessis SS. Male infertility: A proximate look at the advanced glycation end products. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gayen M, Bhomia M, Balakathiresan N, Knollmann-Ritschel B. Exosomal MicroRNAs Released by Activated Astrocytes as Potential Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072312. [PMID: 32230793 PMCID: PMC7177648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuroinflammation results in the activation of glial cells which exacerbates the neuroinflammatory process by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in disruption of glial transmission networks. The glial cells, including astrocytes, play a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. Activated astrocytes release several factors as part of the inflammatory process including cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules involved in normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. MiRNAs have been implicated as important cell signaling molecules, and they are potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases, including neurological disorders. Exosomal miRNAs released by astrocytic response to neuroinflammation is not yet studied. In this study, primary human astrocytes were activated by IL-1β stimulation and we examined astrocytic exosomal miRNA cargo released in a neuroinflammatory stress model. Results indicate that acute neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by IL-1β generates the release of a specific subset of miRNAs via exosomes, which may have a potential role in regulating the inflammatory response. Additionally, these miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers of neuroinflammation associated with neurological disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoshi Gayen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Manish Bhomia
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (N.B.); (B.K.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nagaraja Balakathiresan
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (N.B.); (B.K.-R.)
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Lisjak M, Potokar M, Zorec R, Jorgačevski J. Indirect Role of AQP4b and AQP4d Isoforms in Dynamics of Astrocyte Volume and Orthogonal Arrays of Particles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030735. [PMID: 32192013 PMCID: PMC7140617 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) plays a key role in the regulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). It is predominantly expressed in astrocytes lining blood–brain and blood–liquor boundaries. AQP4a (M1), AQP4c (M23), and AQP4e, present in the plasma membrane, participate in the cell volume regulation of astrocytes. The function of their splicing variants, AQP4b and AQP4d, predicted to be present in the cytoplasm, is unknown. We examined the cellular distribution of AQP4b and AQP4d in primary rat astrocytes and their role in cell volume regulation. The AQP4b and AQP4d isoforms exhibited extensive cytoplasmic localization in early and late endosomes/lysosomes and in the Golgi apparatus. Neither isoform localized to orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) in the plasma membrane. The overexpression of AQP4b and AQP4d isoforms in isoosmotic conditions reduced the density of OAPs; in hypoosmotic conditions, they remained absent from OAPs. In hypoosmotic conditions, the AQP4d isoform was significantly redistributed to early endosomes, which correlated with the increased trafficking of AQP4-laden vesicles. The overexpression of AQP4d facilitated the kinetics of cell swelling, without affecting the regulatory volume decrease. Therefore, although they reside in the cytoplasm, AQP4b and AQP4d isoforms may play an indirect role in astrocyte volume changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Lisjak
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.L.); (M.P.); (R.Z.)
| | - Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.L.); (M.P.); (R.Z.)
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.L.); (M.P.); (R.Z.)
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.L.); (M.P.); (R.Z.)
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38615437081
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Carrageta DF, Bernardino RL, Alves MG, Oliveira PF. CFTR regulation of aquaporin-mediated water transport. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 112:163-177. [PMID: 32061340 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion channel responsible for the direct transport of bicarbonate and chloride. CFTR-dependent ionic transport is crucial for pH regulation and fluid homeodynamics among epithelial surfaces. Particularly, CFTR performs an essential role in the male reproductive tract, which requires a tight regulation of water and electrolytes in order to produce healthy spermatozoa. The absence or malfunction of CFTR results in cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal disease among Caucasians, that is characterized by an impaired fluid and ionic homeostasis in the whole organism. Due to the wide expression and importance of CFTR, the male reproductive tract is highly affected by cystic fibrosis, resulting in male infertility. Although CFTR is not permeable to water, this protein acts as a regulator of other protein channels, such as aquaporins. In fact, CFTR acts as a molecular partner of aquaporins in epithelial cells, regulating fluid homeodynamics. Herein, up-to-date data concerning the regulation of aquaporin-mediated water transport by CFTR will be discussed, highlighting the role of both channels in the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Carrageta
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel L Bernardino
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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50
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The Pattern of AQP4 Expression in the Ageing Human Brain and in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041225. [PMID: 32059400 PMCID: PMC7072949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of lymphatics, fluid and solutes such as amyloid-β (Aβ) are eliminated from the brain along basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries—the Intramural Peri-Arterial Drainage (IPAD) pathway. IPAD fails with age and insoluble Aβ is deposited as plaques in the brain and in IPAD pathways as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA); fluid accumulates in the white matter as reflected by hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI. Within the brain, fluid uptake by astrocytes is regulated by aquaporin 4 (AQP4). We test the hypothesis that expression of astrocytic AQP4 increases in grey matter and decreases in white matter with onset of CAA. AQP4 expression was quantitated by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy in post-mortem occipital grey and white matter from young and old non-demented human brains, in CAA and in WMH. Results: AQP4 expression tended to increase with normal ageing but AQP4 expression in severe CAA was significantly reduced when compared to moderate CAA (p = 0.018). AQP4 expression tended to decline in the white matter with CAA and WMH, both of which are associated with impaired IPAD. Adjusting the level of AQP4 activity may be a valid therapeutic target for restoring homoeostasis in the brain as IPAD fails with age and CAA.
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