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Ning W, Lv S, Wang Q, Xu Y. The pivotal role of microglia in injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1829-1848. [PMID: 38993136 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes, including vascular spasm, cellular apoptosis, blood-brain barrier damage, cerebral edema, and white matter injury. Microglia, which are the key immune cells in the central nervous system, maintain homeostasis in the neural environment, support neurons, mediate apoptosis, participate in immune regulation, and have neuroprotective effects. Increasing evidence has shown that microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and affect the process of injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, microglia play certain neuroprotective roles in the recovery phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several approaches aimed at modulating microglia function are believed to attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage injury. This provides new targets and ideas for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage is still lacking. This review describes the activation of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage and their roles in the pathological processes of vasospasm, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and cerebral white matter lesions. It also discusses the neuroprotective roles of microglia during recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and therapeutic advances aimed at modulating microglial function after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Currently, microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage are targeted with TLR inhibitors, nuclear factor-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibitors, glycine/tyrosine kinases, NLRP3 signaling pathway inhibitors, Gasdermin D inhibitors, vincristine receptor α receptor agonists, ferroptosis inhibitors, genetic modification techniques, stem cell therapies, and traditional Chinese medicine. However, most of these are still being evaluated at the laboratory stage. More clinical studies and data on subarachnoid hemorrhage are required to improve the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ning
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shi Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Xu C, Jiang F, Mao Y, Wei W, Song J, Jia F, Du X, Zhong D, Li G. Disulfiram attenuates cell and tissue damage and blood‒brain barrier dysfunction after intracranial haemorrhage by inhibiting the classical pyroptosis pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21860. [PMID: 39300102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
No single treatment significantly reduces the mortality rate and improves neurological outcomes after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). New evidence suggests that pyroptosis-specific proteins are highly expressed in the perihaematomal tissues of patients with ICH and that the disulfiram (DSF) inhibits pyroptosis. An ICH model was established in C57BL/6 mice by intracranial injection of collagenase, after which DSF was used to treat the mice. Cell model of ICH was constructed, and DSF was used to treat the cells. HE, TUNEL, Nissl, FJC and IF staining were performed to evaluate the morphology of brain tissues; Western blotting and ELISA were performed to measure the protein expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/Caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) classical pyroptosis pathway and Toll-likereceptor4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathway and blood‒brain barrier-associated factoes, and the wet/dry weight method was used to determine the brain water content. The expression of proteins related to the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was upregulated in tissues surrounding the haematoma compared with that in control tissues; Moreover, the expression of the blood-brain barrier structural proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) was downregulated, and the expression of Aquaporin Protein-4 (AQP4) and matrix metalloprotein 9 (MMP-9) was upregulated. DSF significantly inhibited these changes, reduced the haematoma volume, decreased the brain water content, reduced neuronal death and degeneration and improved neurological function after ICH. ICH activated the classical pyroptosis pathway and TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, disruped the expression of blood-brain barrier structural proteins, and exacerbated brain injury and neurological dysfunction. DSF inhibited these changes and exerted the therapeutic effects on pathological changes and dysfunction caused by ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanfu Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feihong Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinshu Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Huang X, Lan Z, Hu Z. Role and mechanisms of mast cells in brain disorders. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1445867. [PMID: 39253085 PMCID: PMC11381262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1445867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells serve as crucial effector cells within the innate immune system and are predominantly localized in the skin, airways, gastrointestinal tract, urinary and reproductive tracts, as well as in the brain. Under physiological conditions, brain-resident mast cells secrete a diverse array of neuro-regulatory mediators to actively participate in neuroprotection. Meanwhile, as the primary source of molecules causing brain inflammation, mast cells also function as the "first responders" in brain injury. They interact with neuroglial cells and neurons to facilitate the release of numerous inflammatory mediators, proteases, and reactive oxygen species. This process initiates and amplifies immune-inflammatory responses in the brain, thereby contributing to the regulation of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the potential mechanisms through which mast cells in the brain may modulate neuroprotection and their pathological implications in various neurological disorders. It is our contention that the inhibition of mast cell activation in brain disorders could represent a novel avenue for therapeutic breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yu HL, Liu X, Yin Y, Liu XN, Feng YY, Tahir MM, Miao XZ, He XX, He ZX, Zhu XJ. Netrin-1 Is an Important Mediator in Microglia Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7079. [PMID: 39000184 PMCID: PMC11241722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia migrate to the cerebral cortex during early embryonic stages. However, the precise mechanisms underlying microglia migration remain incompletely understood. As an extracellular matrix protein, Netrin-1 is involved in modulating the motility of diverse cells. In this paper, we found that Netrin-1 promoted microglial BV2 cell migration in vitro. Mechanism studies indicated that the activation of GSK3β activity contributed to Netrin-1-mediated microglia migration. Furthermore, Integrin α6/β1 might be the relevant receptor. Single-cell data analysis revealed the higher expression of Integrin α6 subunit and β1 subunit in microglia in comparison with classical receptors, including Dcc, Neo1, Unc5a, Unc5b, Unc5c, Unc5d, and Dscam. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) measurement confirmed the high binding affinity between Integrin α6/β1 and Netrin-1. Importantly, activation of Integrin α6/β1 with IKVAV peptides mirrored the microglia migration and GSK3 activation induced by Netrin-1. Finally, conditional knockout (CKO) of Netrin-1 in radial glial cells and their progeny led to a reduction in microglia population in the cerebral cortex at early developmental stages. Together, our findings highlight the role of Netrin-1 in microglia migration and underscore its therapeutic potential in microglia-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education and Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (H.-L.Y.); (X.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-Y.F.); (M.M.T.); (X.-Z.M.); (X.-X.H.); (Z.-X.H.)
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Wang R, Ji L, Yuan S, Liu X, Liang Z, Chen W, Wang B, Hu S, Liu Z, Zeng Z, Song Y, Wu T, Chen B. Microglial forkhead box O3a deficiency attenuates LPS-induced neuro-inflammation and depressive-like behaviour through regulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38881194 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Depression is closely linked with microglial activation and neuro-inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) plays an important role in M2 activation of microglia. Forkhead box (FOX) O3a has been implicated in the regulation of mood-relevant behaviour. However, little is known about the inflammatory mechanisms of in the microglia of the brain. Here, we have investigated the role of microglial FOXO3a/PPAR-γ in the development of depression. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of FOXO3a on microglia inflammation was analysed in vitro and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behaviours in vivo. ChIP-seq and Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the interaction between FOXO3a and PPAR-γ. Behavioural changes were measured, while inflammatory cytokines, microglial phenotype and morphological properties were determined by ELISA, qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunostaining. KEY RESULTS Overexpression of FOXO3a significantly attenuated expression of PPAR-γ and enhanced the microglial polarization towards the M1 phenotype, while knockdown of FOXO3a had the opposite effect. FOXO3a binds to the promoters of PPAR-γ and decreases its transcription activity. Importantly, deacetylation and activation of FOXO3a regulate LPS-induced neuro-inflammation by inhibiting the expression of PPAR-γ in microglia cells, supporting the antidepressant potential of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Microglial FOXO3a deficiency in mice alleviated LPS-induced neuro-inflammation and depression-like behaviours but failed to reduce anxiety behaviour, whereas pharmacological inhibition of PPAR-γ by GW9662 restored LPS-induced microglial activation and depressive-like behaviours in microglial FOXO3a-deficient mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOXO3a/PPAR-γ axis plays an important role in microglial activation and depression, identifying a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianru Ji
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders); Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders); Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiamin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders); Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bocheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suifa Hu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders); Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Zeng
- Department for Bipolar Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders); Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baodong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Yin Y, Yan Y, Jin X, Fu Y, Chen Y. Netrin-1 Promotes M2 Type Activation and Inhibits Pyroptosis of Microglial Cells by Depressing RAC1/Nf-?B Pathway to Alleviate Inflammatory Pain. Physiol Res 2024; 73:305-314. [PMID: 38710054 PMCID: PMC11081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 (NTN-1) plays a vital role in the progress of nervous system development and inflammatory diseases. However, the role and underlying mechanism of NTN-1 in inflammatory pain (IP) are unclear. BV2 microglia were treated with LPS to mimic the cell status under IP. Adeno-associated virus carrying the NTN-1 gene (AAV-NTN-1) was used to overexpress NTN-1. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced mouse was recruited as an in vivo model. MTT and commercial kits were utilized to evaluate cell viability and cell death of BV2 cells. The mRNA expressions and secretions of cytokines were measured using the ELISA method. Also, the pyroptosis and activation of BV2 cells were investigated based on western blotting. To verify the role of Rac1/NF-kappaB signaling, isochamaejasmin (ISO) and AAV-Rac1 were presented. The results showed that NTN-1 expression was decreased in LPS-treated BV2 microglia and spinal cord tissues of CFA-injected mice. Overexpressing NTN-1 dramatically reversed cell viability and decreased cell death rate of BV2 microglia under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, while the level of pyroptosis was inhibited. Besides, AAV-NTN-1 rescued the activation of microglia and inflammatory injury induced by LPS, decreasing IBA-1 expression, as well as iNOS, IL-1beta and IL-6 secretions. Meanwhile AAV-NTN-1 promoted the anti-inflammation response, including increases in Arg-1, IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In addition, the LPS-induced activation of Rac1/NF-kappaB signaling was depressed by NTN-1 overexpression. The same results were verified in a CFA-induced mouse model. In conclusion, NTN-1 alleviated IP by suppressing pyroptosis and promoting M2 type activation of microglia via inhibiting Rac1/NF-?B signaling, suggesting the protective role of NTN-1 in IP. Keywords: Netrin-1, Inflammatory pain, Pyroptosis, Microglia M2 activation, Rac1/NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Chen J, Wang Y, Li M, Zhu X, Liu Z, Chen Q, Xiong K. Netrin-1 Alleviates Early Brain Injury by Regulating Ferroptosis via the PPARγ/Nrf2/GPX4 Signaling Pathway Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:219-237. [PMID: 36631632 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. Netrin-1 (NTN-1) can alleviate early brain injury (EBI) following SAH by enhancing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is an important transcriptional factor modulating lipid metabolism. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death related to lipid metabolism. However, the specific function of ferroptosis in NTN-1-mediated neuroprotection following SAH is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects and the possible molecular basis of NTN-1 in SAH-induced EBI by modulating neuronal ferroptosis using the filament perforations model of SAH in mice and the hemin-stimulated neuron injury model in HT22 cells. NTN-1 or a vehicle was administered 2 h following SAH. We examined neuronal death, brain water content, neurological score, and mortality. NTN-1 treatment led to elevated survival probability, greater survival of neurons, and increased neurological score, indicating that NTN-1-inhibited ferroptosis ameliorated neuron death in vivo/in vitro in response to SAH. Furthermore, NTN-1 treatment enhanced the expression of PPARγ, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which are essential regulators of ferroptosis in EBI after SAH. The findings show that NTN-1 improves neurological outcomes in mice and protects neurons from death caused by neuronal ferroptosis. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying NTN-1 neuroprotection is correlated with the inhibition of ferroptosis, attenuating cell death via the PPARγ/Nrf2/GPX4 pathway and coenzyme Q10-ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (CoQ10-FSP1) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, China
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuanghua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Zhang K, Qin Z, Chen J, Guo G, Jiang X, Wang F, Zhuang J, Zhang Z. TRPV1 modulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation via calcium in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1096-1110. [PMID: 38180747 PMCID: PMC10866436 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in early brain injury (EBI) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in the development of neuroinflammation after SAH, but the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after SAH is still unclear. TRPV1 is a non-selective calcium channel that is involved in the pathology of neuroinflammation, but its role in SAH has not been revealed. Our study showed that TRPV1 was significantly upregulated after SAH and was predominantly expressed in microglia/macrophages. Antagonism of TRPV1 was effective in ameliorating neurological impairment, brain edema, neuronal damage, and reducing the inflammatory response (evidenced by reducing the number of CD16/32 positive microglia/macrophages, inhibiting the expression of CD16, CD32, CD86, IL-1b, TNF-a and blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation). However, this effect can be abolished by NLRP3 inflammasome antagonist MCC950. In vitro experiment confirmed that TRPV1 activated NLRP3 inflammasome by increasing intracellular calcium levels. In conclusion, TRPV1 mediates EBI after SAH via calcium/NLRP3, and TRPV1 is a potential therapeutic target after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Gengyin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiaokun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
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Hu D, Mo X, Luo J, Wang F, Huang C, Xie H, Jin L. 17-DMAG ameliorates neuroinflammation and BBB disruption via SOX5 mediated PI3K/Akt pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110698. [PMID: 37517381 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can result in secondary brain injury due to inflammation and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which are closely associated with patient prognosis. The potential of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor 17-DMAG in promoting neuroprotection has been observed in certain vascular diseases. However, the precise role of 17-DMAG treatment in ICH is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that treatment with 17-DMAG (5 mg/kg) effectively reduced hematoma expansion and resulted in improved neurological outcomes. Meanwhile, the injection of 17-DMAG had a positive effect on reducing BBB disruption in rats with ICH. This effect was achieved by increasing the levels of BBB tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as zo-1, claudin-5, and occludin. As a result, the leakage of EB extravasation, brain edema and IgG in the peri-hematoma tissue were reduced. Furthermore, the injection of 17-DMAG decreased the infiltration of neutrophils into the brain tissues surrounding the hematoma in ICH rats and also reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Next, we used integrative mass spectrometry (MS) and molecular docking analysis to confirm that sex determining region Y-box protein 5 (SOX5) is a potential direct target of 17-DMAG in ICH. SOX5 encodes a positive regulator of the PI3K/Akt axis, and treatment with 17-DMAG resulted in a noticeable increase in SOX5 accumulation. To further investigate the role of SOX5, we employed virus-regulated SOX5 silencing and found that suppressing SOX5 blocked the ability of 17-DMAG to suppress neutrophil trafficking. Additionally, silencing SOX5 blocked the protective effects of 17-DMAG on the BBB by inhibiting PI3K, p-Akt, and BBB TJPs levels, which led to an increase in EB and IgG leakage in the peri-hematoma tissue after ICH. Similarly, when SOX5 was knocked down, the protective effects of 17-DMAG were lost. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the injection of 17-DMAG has the potential to mitigate neuroinflammation and prevent the disruption of the BBB caused by ICH, resulting in improved neurological outcomes in rats. These positive effects are attributed to the regulation of SOX5 and activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings highlight the possibility of targeting SOX5 and the PI3K/Akt pathway as a novel therapeutic approach for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Mo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jihang Luo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hesong Xie
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Shao J, Meng Y, Yuan K, Wu Q, Zhu S, Li Y, Wu P, Zheng J, Shi H. RU.521 mitigates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury via regulating microglial polarization and neuroinflammation mediated by the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:264. [PMID: 37770901 PMCID: PMC10537158 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often attributed to neuroinflammation. The cGAS-STING axis, a cytoplasmic pathway responsible for detecting dsDNA, plays a significant role in mediating neuroinflammation in neurological diseases. However, the effects of inhibiting cGAS with the selective small molecule inhibitor RU.521 on brain injury and the underlying mechanisms after SAH are still unclear. METHODS The expression and microglial localization of cGAS following SAH were investigated with western blot analysis and immunofluorescent double-staining, respectively. RU.521 was administered after SAH. 2'3'-cGAMP, a second messenger converted by activated cGAS, was used to activate cGAS-STING. The assessments were carried out by adopting various techniques including neurological function scores, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, western blot analysis, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, morphological analysis, Morris water maze test, Golgi staining, CCK8, flow cytometry in the in vivo and in vitro settings. RESULTS Following SAH, there was an observed increase in the expression levels of cGAS in rat brain tissue, with peak levels observed at 24 h post-SAH. RU.521 resulted in a reduction of brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to an improvement in neurological deficits after SAH. RU.521 had beneficial effects on neuronal apoptosis and microglia activation, as well as improvements in microglial morphology. Additionally, RU.521 prompted a shift in microglial phenotype from M1 to M2. We also noted a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and an increase in the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, RU.521 treatment was associated with improvements in cognitive function and an increase in the number of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. The therapeutic effects were mediated by the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway and were found to be abolished by 2'3'-cGAMP. In vitro, RU.521 significantly reduced apoptosis and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION The study showed that SAH leads to neuroinflammation caused by microglial activation, which contributes to early brain injury. RU.521 improved neurological outcomes and reduced neuroinflammation by regulating microglial polarization through the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway in early brain injury after SAH. RU.521 may be a promising candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammatory pathology after SAH. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuxiao Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kaikun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiaowei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiaolin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 246#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Li X, Xu S, Liu J, Zhao Y, Han H, Li X, Wang Y. Treatment with 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Delays Choroid Plexus Infiltration and BCSFB Injury in MRL/lpr Mice Coinciding with Activation of the PPARγ/NF-κB/TNF-α Pathway and Suppression of TGF-β/Smad Signaling. Inflammation 2023; 46:556-572. [PMID: 36269513 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involving the nervous system with high morbidity and mortality. A key hypothesis in NPSLE is that a disrupted barrier allows autoantibodies and immune components of peripheral blood to penetrate into the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in inflammation and damage. The blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which consists of the choroid plexus and the hypothalamic tanycytes, has long been regarded as an immunological sanctuary site. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] is the active form of vitamin D, which plays multiple roles in inflammation and immunoregulation. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 against BCSFB dysfunction in NPSLE in MRL/lpr mice and explored the mechanism by which 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the progression of NPSLE. In this study, we found that supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 markedly improved serological and immunological indices, delayed inflammatory infiltration, delayed neuronal deformation, and upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins in the brain. Furthermore, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 downregulated proinflammatory cytokines such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and it reduced the expression of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 delayed cell infiltration into the choroid plexus and decreased markers suggestive of cognitive decline in MRL/lpr mice, and the mechanism may be related to protection against BCSFB disruption through activation of the anti-inflammatory PPARγ/NF-κB/TNF-α pathway as well as upregulation of BDNF and inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. These findings provide a novel direction for the study of NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangli Xu
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yingzhe Zhao
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Huirong Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology II, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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Wang J, Yang S, Li H, Shen H, Lu X, Li X, Chen G. Downregulation of mitochondrial calcium uptake family 3 attenuates secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114302. [PMID: 36549422 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one type of stroke with a high incidence and mortality. Mitochondria provide energy for various life processes and regulate calcium-mediated signaling pathways by taking up calcium ions from cytoplasm. Mitochondrial calcium uptake family 3 (MICU3) is a tissue-specific enhancer of mitochondrial calcium uptake. The effects and mechanisms of MICU3 in ICH are unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of MICU3 in ICH in rats and neuronal models. First, we constructed ICH model both in vivo and in vitro and observed increased expression of MICU3. Then lentivirus was transduced to knock down MICU3. We observed that knockdown of MICU3 significantly reduced mitochondrial uptake of calcium in primary neurons. Moreover, the downregulation of MICU3 attenuated cell apoptosis and decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recovery of neurobehavioral and cognitive function also benefited from downregulation of MICU3. The findings demonstrated that MICU3 played an important role in cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and maintenance of mitochondrial structure and function, and promoted rehabilitation of neurobehavior. In conclusion, MICU3 is expected to be a molecular marker and a potential therapeutic target for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
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Li R, Zhang X, Gu L, Yuan Y, Luo X, Shen W, Xie Z. CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 over-expression alleviates neuronal ferroptosis and brain injury by inhibiting lipid peroxidation via AKT/mTOR pathway following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Neurochem 2023; 165:426-444. [PMID: 36802066 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and regulating this process is considered a potential therapy for alleviating further brain injury. A previous study showed that CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) can inhibit ferroptosis in cancer. Thus, we investigated the effects of CISD2 on ferroptosis and the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective role in mice after ICH. CISD2 expression markedly increased after ICH. CISD2 over-expression significantly decreased the number of Fluoro-Jade C-positive neurons and alleviated brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits at 24 h after ICH. In addition, CISD2 over-expression up-regulated the expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR, ferritin heavy chain 1, glutathione peroxidase 4, ferroportin, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase activity, which are markers of ferroptosis. Additionally, CISD2 over-expression down-regulated the levels of malonaldehyde, iron content, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, transferrin receptor 1, and cyclooxygenase-2 at 24 h after ICH. It also alleviated mitochondrial shrinkage and decreased the density of the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, CISD2 over-expression increased the number of GPX4-positive neurons following ICH induction. Conversely, knockdown of CISD2 aggravated neurobehavioral deficits, brain edema, and neuronal ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MK2206, an AKT inhibitor, suppressed p-AKT and p-mTOR and reversed the effects of CISD2 over-expression on markers of neuronal ferroptosis and acute neurological outcome. Taken together, CISD2 over-expression alleviated neuronal ferroptosis and improved neurological performance, which may be mediated through the AKT/mTOR pathway after ICH. Thus, CISD2 may be a potential target to mitigate brain injury via the anti-ferroptosis effect after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingui Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lu X, Xu G, Lin Z, Zou F, Liu S, Zhang Y, Fu W, Jiang J, Ma X, Song J. Engineered exosomes enriched in netrin-1 modRNA promote axonal growth in spinal cord injury by attenuating inflammation and pyroptosis. Biomater Res 2023; 27:3. [PMID: 36647161 PMCID: PMC9843879 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) brings a heavy burden to individuals and society, and there is no effective treatment at present. Exosomes (EX) are cell secreted vesicles containing molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, which hold promise for the treatment of SCI. Netrin-1 is an axon guidance factor that regulates neuronal growth. We investigated the effects of engineered EX enriched in netrin-1 chemically synthetic modified message RNA (modRNA) in treating SCI in an attempt to find a novel therapeutic approach for SCI. METHODS Netrin-1 modRNA was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to obtain EX enriched with netrin-1 (EX-netrin1). We built an inflammatory model in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro to study the therapeutic effect of EX-netrin1 on SCI. For experiments in vitro, ELISA, CCK-8 assay, immunofluorescence staining, lactate dehydrogenase release experiments test, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot were conducted. At the same time, we constructed a rat model of SCI. MRI, hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining were used to assess the extent of SCI in rats. RESULTS In vitro experiments showed that EX had no effect on the viability of oligodendrocytes and PC12 cells. EX-netrin1 could attenuate LPS-induced inflammation and pyroptosis and accelerate axonal/dentritic growth in PC12 cells/oligodendrocytes. In addition, netrin-1 could activate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway upon binding to its receptor unc5b. When Unc5b and PI3K were inhibited, the effect of EX-netrin1 was weakened, which could be reversed by PI3K or mTOR activator. Our in vivo experiments indicated that EX-netrin1 could promote recovery in rats with SCI. CONCLUSION We found that EX-netrin1 regulated inflammation, pyroptosis and axon growth in SCI via the Unc5b/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which provides a new strategy for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhidi Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Zhang Y, Lan J, Zhao D, Ruan C, Zhou J, Tan H, Bao Y. Netrin-1 upregulates GPX4 and prevents ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury via the UNC5B/Nrf2 signaling pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:216-227. [PMID: 36468399 PMCID: PMC9804081 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the regulatory role of Netrin-1 (NTN1) in ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. METHODS We assessed the expression pattern of NTN1 by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence after establishing the TBI model in mice. After treatment with NTN1 shRNA or recombinant NTN1, we determined the biochemical and morphological changes associated with ferroptosis and netrin-1-related pathways. We used Nissl staining to assess lesion volume and Morris water maze and beam-walking test to evaluate ethological manifestation. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of NTN1 were upregulated after TBI. The application of NTN1 shRNA increased the number of FJB positive cells, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) levels. However, the application of NTN1 recombinant had the opposite effect. Furthermore, knockdown or inhibition of GPX4, Nrf2, and UNC5B counteracted the effects of NTN1 recombinant. Intravenous injection of NTN1 recombinant reduced neuronal loss after CCI and improved motor and cognitive function. CONCLUSION NTN1 had a neuroprotective effect after TBI and inhibited ferroptosis via activating the UNC5B/Nrf2 pathway. These findings may provide potential therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jin Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cijie Ruan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haoyuan Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinghui Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Choi SW, Oh H, Park SY, Cho W, El-Aty AA, Baygutalp NK, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Netrin-1 attenuates hepatic steatosis via UNC5b/PPARγ-mediated suppression of inflammation and ER stress. Life Sci 2022; 311:121149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Antitoxic Effects of Curcumin against Obesity-Induced Multi-Organs' Biochemical and Histopathological Abnormalities in an Animal Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9707278. [PMID: 36248416 PMCID: PMC9560822 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9707278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a significant public health problem that is characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and enhanced inflammatory responses associated with immune cell invasion of adipose tissues. This study assessed several biochemical abnormalities, apoptosis, oxidative stress status, and associated histological changes in the liver, duodenum, and heart brought on by high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. It also assessed the mechanistic benefits of curcumin in reversing these inflammatory, metabolic, and histological impairments. Methods Rats were assigned into three groups each including ten rats: the control group (CD), the high-fat diet group (HFD), and the high-fat diet + curcumin (HFDC) group. Serum glucose, insulin, and triglycerides (TAGs) were observed. In addition, apoptosis (indicated by hepatic DNA fragmentation) and oxidative stress status (indicated by hepatic MPO, GSH, and SOD) were assessed. Histopathological examinations included the GIT (liver and duodenum) and heart in addition to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays of the adipose tissue genetic expressions for inflammatory signaling pathways (TLR4, IL-6, and TNF-α). Results The overall findings showed that the HFD group exhibited significantly higher levels of glucose, TAGs, and insulin than the control group (P < 0.01). The histological abnormalities of the studied organs in the HFD group were paralleled by these biochemical abnormalities, which were strongly associated with increased apoptosis, increased oxidative stress, and increased expression of the inflammatory signaling markers. There were significant improvements in the HFDC group in terms of biochemical, inflammatory, and histological investigations. Conclusions This study's findings concluded that obesity is significantly associated with biochemical and microscopic alterations in many organs. Curcumin exerted potent antitoxic, antioxidant, tissue-protective, and antiobesity effects. Curcumin is recommended to be added to various dietary regimens to prevent or delay the organs' dysfunction among obese people.
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Luo Y, Liao S, Yu J. Netrin-1 in Post-stroke Neuroprotection: Beyond Axon Guidance Cue. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1879-1887. [PMID: 35236266 PMCID: PMC9886807 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302150723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke, especially ischemic stroke, is a leading disease associated with death and long-term disability with limited therapeutic options. Neuronal death caused by vascular impairment, programmed cell death and neuroinflammation has been proven to be associated with increased stroke severity and poor stroke recovery. In light of this, a development of neuroprotective drugs targeting injured neurons is urgently needed for stroke treatment. Netrin-1, known as a bifunctional molecule, was originally described to mediate the repulsion or attraction of axonal growth by interacting with its different receptors. Importantly, accumulating evidence has shown that netrin-1 can manifest its beneficial functions to brain tissue repair and neural regeneration in different neurological disease models. OBJECTIVE In this review, we focus on the implications of netrin-1 and its possibly involved pathways on neuroprotection after ischemic stroke, through which a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of netrin-1 may pave the way to novel treatments. METHODS Peer-reviewed literature was recruited by searching databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science till the year 2021. CONCLUSION There has been certain evidence to support the neuroprotective function of netrin-1 by regulating angiogenesis, autophagy, apoptosis and neuroinflammation after stroke. Netrin-1 may be a promising drug candidate in reducing stroke severity and improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Songjie Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080 China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. Tel: +862087755766-8291; E-mails: ;
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080 China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. Tel: +862087755766-8291; E-mails: ;
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Jia J, Jin C, Li Y. Analysis of differential gene expression profiles uncovers mechanisms of Xuesaitong injection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 103:154224. [PMID: 35691081 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xuesaitong injection (XST), a well-known traditional Chinese patent medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The exact mechanisms of XST in ischemic stroke remain to be thoroughly elucidated. PURPOSE This study aims to characterize the candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways of XST in ischemic stroke by bioinformatics analysis, and to explore new clues for the underlying mechanisms of XST. METHODS A dataset (GSE61616) was performed to screen out DEGs for deep analysis. Series Test of Cluster analysis for DEGs was carried out. For all DEGs, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for visualization. The screened hub gene expression characteristics were verified in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. In vivo studies have demonstrated the mechanisms of XST against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury. RESULTS A total of 8066 DEGs were screened out and the expression of genes in profile 8 was suggested to have clinical significance. The MAPK signaling pathway was indicated as the most significantly enriched pathway in profile 8. Bdnf was identified as the most significant hub gene according to node degree. Animal experiments demonstrated that XST attenuated CIR injury. XST increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) levels in MCAO. Furthermore, the knockdown of BDNF by siRNA abolished the in vivo effects of XST on brain injury, neurodegeneration and apoptosis after CIR. CONCLUSION The integrated strategy, based on bioinformatics analyses with experimental verification, provides a novel cellular mechanism by which XST alleviates CIR injury. The BDNF-TrkB pathway was highly thought to play a vital role in the neuroprotective effects of XST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chaohui Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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20
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Intervention of neuroinflammation in the traumatic brain injury trajectory: In vivo and clinical approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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The Prognostic Value of Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) Receptor and Serum Netrin-1 in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133700. [PMID: 35806983 PMCID: PMC9267364 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common neurological disease. Netrin-1 and deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptor are potential biomarkers associated with nerve regeneration and immune regulation. We aimed to investigate the ability of the DCC receptor and Netrin-1 to predict a high ICP level after operation in severe traumatic brain injury and their prognostic significance. This study is a prospective observational study. We selected 23 patients with traumatic brain injury who had undergone surgical operations as subjects. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the contusion tissue that was removed by the operation to determine the expression of DCC receptor. At the same time, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect the serum Netrin-1 content. Determination of intracranial pressure (ICP) value was measured by intraventricular catheter. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at six months after trauma was defined as the main study endpoint. The results showed that serum Netrin-1 concentrations of patients in the critical TBI group (GCS 3–5 points) was significantly lower than that in the severe TBI group (GCS 6–8 points). The ICP peak and average mannitol consumption in the high Netrin-1 group were significantly lower than those in the low Netrin-1 group. DCC receptor-positive patients had a significantly lower ICP peak. There was no significant difference in six month-GOS scores between patients in the high and low Netrin-1 groups, while DCC receptor concentrations below 3.82 ng/mL predicted poor prognosis (GOS 1–3 points). In conclusion, the expression level of the DCC receptor can better evaluate the postoperative high ICP level and prognosis than the level of serum Netrin-1 in severe traumatic brain injury.
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22
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Wei B, Liu W, Jin L, Guo S, Fan H, Jin F, Wei C, Fang D, Zhang X, Su S, Duan C, Li X. Dexmedetomidine Inhibits Gasdermin D-Induced Pyroptosis via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway to Attenuate Neuroinflammation in Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:899484. [PMID: 35800132 PMCID: PMC9253293 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.899484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one kind of life-threatening stroke, which leads to severe brain damage. Pyroptosis plays a critical role in early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. Previous reports suggest that SAH-induced brain edema, cell apoptosis, and neuronal injury could be suppressed by dexmedetomidine (Dex). In this study, we used a rat model of SAH to investigate the effect of Dex on pyroptosis in EBI after SAH and to determine the mechanisms involved. Pyroptosis was found in microglia in EBI after SAH. Dex significantly alleviated microglia pyroptosis via reducing pyroptosis executioner GSDMD and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines induced by SAH. Furthermore, the reduction of GSDMD by Dex was abolished by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Dex reduces microglia pyroptosis in EBI after SAH via the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wei
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenquan Guo
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fa Jin
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Wei
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dazhao Fang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixing Su
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Xu N, Li X, Weng J, Wei C, He Z, Doycheva DM, Lenahan C, Tang W, Zhou J, Liu Y, Xu Q, Liu Y, He X, Tang J, Zhang JH, Duan C. Adiponectin Ameliorates GMH-Induced Brain Injury by Regulating Microglia M1/M2 Polarization Via AdipoR1/APPL1/AMPK/PPARγ Signaling Pathway in Neonatal Rats. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873382. [PMID: 35720361 PMCID: PMC9203698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN), a fat-derived plasma hormone, is a classic anti-inflammatory agent. Multiple studies have demonstrated the beneficial role of APN in acute brain injury, but the effect of APN in germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is unclear, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely undefined. In the current study, we used a GMH rat model with rh-APN treatment, and we observed that APN demonstrated a protective effect on neurological function and an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation after GMH. To further explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects, we found that the expression of Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) primarily colocalized with microglia and neurons in the brain. Moreover, AdiopR1, but not AdipoR2, was largely increased in GMH rats. Meanwhile, further investigation showed that APN treatment promoted AdipoR1/APPL1-mediated AMPK phosphorylation, further increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression, and induced microglial M2 polarization to reduce the neuroinflammation and enhance hematoma resolution in GMH rats. Importantly, either knockdown of AdipoR1, APPL1, or LKB1, or specific inhibition of AMPK/PPARγ signaling in microglia abrogated the protective effect of APN after GMH in rats. In all, we propose that APN works as a potential therapeutic agent to ameliorate the inflammatory response following GMH by enhancing the M2 polarization of microglia via AdipoR1/APPL1/AMPK/PPARγ signaling pathway, ultimately attenuating inflammatory brain injury induced by hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Xu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xifeng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Weng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Wenhui Tang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Medical Science, Shunde Polytechnic College, Foshan, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuying He
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Chuanzhi Duan
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Solár P, Zamani A, Lakatosová K, Joukal M. The blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35410231 PMCID: PMC8996682 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Lakatosová
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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25
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Activation of RKIP Binding ASC Attenuates Neuronal Pyroptosis and Brain Injury via Caspase-1/GSDMD Signaling Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:1037-1054. [PMID: 35355228 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis has been proven to be responsible for secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A recent study reported that Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibited assembly and activation of inflammasome in macrophages. Our present study aimed to investigate the effects of RKIP on inflammasome-mediated neuronal pyroptosis and underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in experimental ICH. Here, we showed that RKIP expression was decreased both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with ICH and in the peri-hematoma tissues after experimental ICH. In mouse ICH model, activation of RKIP remarkably improved neurological deficits, reduced brain water content and BBB disruption, and promoted hematoma absorption at 24 h after ICH, as well as alleviated neuronal degeneration, reduced membrane pore formation, and downregulated pyroptotic molecules NLRP3, caspase-1 P20, GSDMD-N, and mature IL-1β. Besides, RKIP activation decreased the number of caspase-1 P20-positive neurons after ICH. However, RKIP inhibitor reserved the neuroprotective effects of RKIP at 24 h following ICH. Moreover, RKIP could bind with ASC, then interrupt the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome. Mechanistically, inhibiting the caspase-1 by VX-765 attenuated brain injury and suppressed neuronal pyroptosis after RKIP inhibitor-pretreated ICH. In conclusion, our findings indicated that activation of RKIP could attenuate neuronal pyroptosis and brain injury after ICH, to some extent, through ASC/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. Thus, RKIP may be a potential target to attenuate brain injury via its anti-pyroptosis effect after ICH.
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26
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Gu L, Sun M, Li R, Zhang X, Tao Y, Yuan Y, Luo X, Xie Z. Didymin Suppresses Microglia Pyroptosis and Neuroinflammation Through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway Following Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810582. [PMID: 35154128 PMCID: PMC8828494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been proven to exert an important effect on brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Previous studies reported that Didymin possessed anti-inflammatory properties after acute hepatic injury, hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, and death. However, the role of Didymin in microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation after ICH is unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of Didymin on neuroinflammation mediated by microglial pyroptosis in mouse models of ICH and shed some light on the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we observed that Didymin treatment remarkably improved neurobehavioral performance and decreased BBB disruption and brain water content. Microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration in the peri-hematoma tissue after ICH were strikingly mitigated by Didymin as well. At the molecular level, administration of Didymin significantly unregulated the expression of Rkip and downregulated the expression of pyroptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines such as Nlrp3 inflammasome, GSDMD, caspase-1, and mature IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO after ICH. Besides, Didymin treatment decreased the number of Caspase-1-positive microglia and GSDMD-positive microglia after ICH. Inversely, Locostatin, an Rkip-specific inhibitor, significantly abolished the anti-pyroptosis and anti-neuroinflammation effects of Didymin. Moreover, Rkip binding with Asc could interrupt the activation and assembly of the inflammasome. Mechanistically, inhibition of Caspase-1 by VX-765 attenuated brain injury and suppressed microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation by downregulation of GSDMD, mature IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO based on Locostatin-treated ICH. Taken together, Didymin alleviated microglial pyroptosis and neuroinflammation, at least in part through the Asc/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway via upregulating Rkip expression after ICH. Therefore, Didymin may be a potential agent to attenuate neuroinflammation via its anti-pyroptosis effect after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingui Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjiang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Profiling Microglia in a Mouse Model of Machado–Joseph Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020237. [PMID: 35203447 PMCID: PMC8869404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and specific disease associated microglia (DAM) profiles have been defined for several of these NDs. Yet, the microglial profile in Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) remains unexplored. Here, we characterized the profile of microglia in the CMVMJD135 mouse model of MJD. This characterization was performed using primary microglial cultures and microglial cells obtained from disease-relevant brain regions of neonatal and adult CMVMJD135 mice, respectively. Machine learning models were implemented to identify potential clusters of microglia based on their morphological features, and an RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to identify molecular perturbations and potential therapeutic targets. Our findings reveal morphological alterations that point to an increased activation state of microglia in CMVMJD135 mice and a disease-specific transcriptional profile of MJD microglia, encompassing a total of 101 differentially expressed genes, with enrichment in molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, immune response, cell proliferation, cell death, and lipid metabolism. Overall, these results allowed us to define the cellular and molecular profile of MJD-associated microglia and to identify genes and pathways that might represent potential therapeutic targets for this disorder.
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28
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Lin F, Li R, Tu WJ, Chen Y, Wang K, Chen X, Zhao J. An Update on Antioxidative Stress Therapy Research for Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:772036. [PMID: 34938172 PMCID: PMC8686680 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.772036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main reasons for disability and death in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) may be early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Despite studies reporting and progressing when DCI is well-treated clinically, the prognosis is not well-improved. According to the present situation, we regard EBI as the main target of future studies, and one of the key phenotype-oxidative stresses may be called for attention in EBI after laboratory subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We summarized the research progress and updated the literature that has been published about the relationship between experimental and clinical SAH-induced EBI and oxidative stress (OS) in PubMed from January 2016 to June 2021. Many signaling pathways are related to the mechanism of OS in EBI after SAH. Several antioxidative stress drugs were studied and showed a protective response against EBI after SAH. The systematical study of antioxidative stress in EBI after laboratory and clinical SAH may supply us with new therapies about SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Runting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,The General Office of Stroke Prevention Project Committee, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Qin B, Peng Y, Zhong C, Cai Y, Zhou S, Chen H, Zhuang J, Zeng H, Xu C, Xu H, Li J, Ying G, Gu C, Chen G, Wang L. Mast Cells Mediate Inflammatory Injury and Aggravate Neurological Impairment in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Through Microglial PAR-2 Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:710481. [PMID: 34646122 PMCID: PMC8503547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.710481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and disability. Aberrant neuroinflammation has been identified as a critical factor accounting for the poor prognosis of SAH patients. Mast cells (MCs), the sentinel cells of the immune system, play a critical in the early immune reactions and participate in multiple pathophysiological process. However, the exact role of MCs on the pathophysiological process after SAH has not been fully understood. The current study was conducted to determine the role of MCs and MC stabilization in the context of SAH. Mouse SAH model was established by endovascular perforation process. Mice received saline or cromolyn (MC stabilizer) or compound 48/80 (MCs degranulator). Post-SAH evaluation included neurobehavioral test, western blot, immunofluorescence, and toluidine blue staining. We demonstrated that SAH induced MCs activation/degranulation. Administration of MC stabilizer cromolyn conferred a better neurologic outcome and decreased brain edema when compared with SAH+vehicle group. Furthermore, cromolyn significantly inhibited neuroinflammatory response and alleviated neuronal damage after SAH. However, pharmacological activation of MCs with compound 48/80 dramatically aggravated SAH-induced brain injury and exacerbated neurologic outcomes. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of microglial PAR-2 significantly reversed MCs-induced inflammatory response and neurological impairment. Additionally, the effect of MCs-derived tryptase in mediating neuroinflammation was also abolished by the microglial PAR-2 blockage in vitro. Taken together, MCs yielded inflammatory injury through activating microglia-related neuroinflammation after SAH. These data shed light on the notion that MCs might be a novel and promising therapeutic target for SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Liu Z, Wang B, Guo Q. MiR-26b-5p-modified hUB-MSCs derived exosomes attenuate early brain injury during subarachnoid hemorrhage via MAT2A-mediated the p38 MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:107-115. [PMID: 34284075 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) is a major cause of adverse outcomes following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There is evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - derived exosomes are involved in the repair of SAH. Exosomes were extracted from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hubMSCs) and identified. OxyHb treated PC12 cells were transfected with exosomes alone or together with miR-26b-5p inhibitor. Hub-MSCs derived exosomes promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and reduce inflammatory mediator expression. Transfection of miR-26b-5p inhibitor abolished the promoting effect of exosomes on the proliferation of PC12 cells, as well as the inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis. In addition, methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A) was one target gene of miR-26b-5p. OxyHb treated PC12 cells were transfected with exosomes alone or together with pcDNA-MAT2A and observed that the promoting effect of exosomes on PC12 cell proliferation was abolished by pcDNA-MAT2A, which was the same as the effect of miR-26b-5p inhibitor. OxyHb treated PC cells incubated with exosomes were transfected with miR-26b-5p inhibitor alone or together with si-MAT2A, respectively, and it was observed that exosomes decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and STAT3 proteins, inhibited cell apoptosis and inflammatory mediator expression, and miR-26b-5p inhibitor abrogated the effects of exosomes, while transfection of si-MAT2A reversed the effects of miR-26b-5p inhibitor. Moreover, injection of miR-26b-5p inhibitor resulted in increased MAT2A and pathway protein expression, increased inflammatory mediators, and aggravated neurological symptoms in the brain tissues of SAH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Liu
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qihang Guo
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158344. [PMID: 34361110 PMCID: PMC8347220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and regeneration axons extend a cytoskeletal-rich structure known as the growth cone, which detects and integrates signals to reach its final destination. The guidance cues “signals” bind their receptors, activating signaling cascades that result in the regulation of the growth cone cytoskeleton, defining growth cone advance, pausing, turning, or collapse. Even though much is known about guidance cues and their isolated mechanisms during nervous system development, there is still a gap in the understanding of the crosstalk between them, and about what happens after nervous system injuries. After neuronal injuries in mammals, only axons in the peripheral nervous system are able to regenerate, while the ones from the central nervous system fail to do so. Therefore, untangling the guidance cues mechanisms, as well as their behavior and characterization after axotomy and regeneration, are of special interest for understanding and treating neuronal injuries. In this review, we present findings on growth cone guidance and canonical guidance cues mechanisms, followed by a description and comparison of growth cone pathfinding mechanisms after axotomy, in regenerative and non-regenerative animal models.
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Wang D, Chen F, Han Z, Yin Z, Ge X, Lei P. Relationship Between Amyloid-β Deposition and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695479. [PMID: 34349624 PMCID: PMC8326917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the predominant pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production and deposition of Aβ are important factors affecting AD progression and prognosis. The deposition of neurotoxic Aβ contributes to damage of the blood-brain barrier. However, the BBB is also crucial in maintaining the normal metabolism of Aβ, and dysfunction of the BBB aggravates Aβ deposition. This review characterizes Aβ deposition and BBB damage in AD, summarizes their interactions, and details their respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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Weiland J, Beez A, Westermaier T, Kunze E, Sirén AL, Lilla N. Neuroprotective Strategies in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (aSAH). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5442. [PMID: 34064048 PMCID: PMC8196706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains a disease with high mortality and morbidity. Since treating vasospasm has not inevitably led to an improvement in outcome, the actual emphasis is on finding neuroprotective therapies in the early phase following aSAH to prevent secondary brain injury in the later phase of disease. Within the early phase, neuroinflammation, thromboinflammation, disturbances in brain metabolism and early neuroprotective therapies directed against delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) came into focus. Herein, the role of neuroinflammation, thromboinflammation and metabolism in aSAH is depicted. Potential neuroprotective strategies regarding neuroinflammation target microglia activation, metalloproteases, autophagy and the pathway via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), NF-κB and finally the release of cytokines like TNFα or IL-1. Following the link to thromboinflammation, potential neuroprotective therapies try to target microthrombus formation, platelets and platelet receptors as well as clot clearance and immune cell infiltration. Potential neuroprotective strategies regarding metabolism try to re-balance the mismatch of energy need and supply following aSAH, for example, in restoring fuel to the TCA cycle or bypassing distinct energy pathways. Overall, this review addresses current neuroprotective strategies in aSAH, hopefully leading to future translational therapy options to prevent secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Weiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (E.K.); (A.-L.S.)
| | - Alexandra Beez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (E.K.); (A.-L.S.)
| | - Thomas Westermaier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (E.K.); (A.-L.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helios-Amper Klinikum Dachau, Krankenhausstr. 15, 85221 Dachau, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Kunze
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (E.K.); (A.-L.S.)
| | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (E.K.); (A.-L.S.)
| | - Nadine Lilla
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (A.B.); (T.W.); (E.K.); (A.-L.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Interleukin 6 and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084133. [PMID: 33923626 PMCID: PMC8073154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a prominent proinflammatory cytokine. Neuroinflammation in general, and IL-6 signaling in particular, appear to play a major role in the pathobiology and pathophysiology of aneurysm formation and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Most importantly, elevated IL-6 CSF (rather than serum) levels appear to correlate with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI, “vasospasm”) and secondary (“vasospastic”) infarctions. IL-6 CSF levels may also reflect other forms of injury to the brain following SAH, i.e., early brain damage and septic complications of SAH and aneurysm treatment. This would explain why many researchers have found an association between IL-6 levels and patient outcomes. These findings clearly suggest CSF IL-6 as a candidate biomarker in SAH patients. However, at this point, discrepant findings in variable study settings, as well as timing and other issues, e.g., defining proper clinical endpoints (i.e., secondary clinical deterioration vs. angiographic vasospasm vs. secondary vasospastic infarct) do not allow for its routine use. It is also tempting to speculate about potential therapeutic measures targeting elevated IL-6 CSF levels and neuroinflammation in SAH patients. Corticosteroids and anti-platelet drugs are indeed used in many SAH cases (not necessarily with the intention to interfere with detrimental inflammatory signaling), however, no convincing benefit has been demonstrated yet. The lack of a robust clinical perspective against the background of a relatively large body of data linking IL-6 and neuroinflammation with the pathophysiology of SAH is somewhat disappointing. One underlying reason might be that most relevant studies only report correlative data. The specific molecular pathways behind elevated IL-6 levels in SAH patients and their various interactions still remain to be delineated. We are optimistic that future research in this field will result in a better understanding of the role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of SAH, which in turn, will translate into the identification of suitable biomarkers and even potential therapeutic targets.
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Shu Y, Huang J, Gao M, Gan S, Zhu S, Xu S, Yang Z, Liao Y, Lu W. Small Interfering RNA Targeting DMP1 Protects Mice Against Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105760. [PMID: 33845422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is an extracellular matrix phosphoprotein that is known to facilitate mineralization of collagen in bone and promote osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is the major pathogenesis in secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern of DMP1 in the mouse brain and explore the role of DMP1 in BBB disruption and brain injury in a mouse model of ICH. Mice were subjected to autologous blood injection-induced ICH. Immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis, neurobehavioral tests, brain water content measurements, Evans blue permeability assay, and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Small interfering RNA targeting DMP1 (DMP1 siRNA) was administered at 72 h prior to ICH. Results showed that DMP1 is expressed extensively in the mouse brain, and is upregulated in the ICH model. Administration of DMP1 siRNA effectively ameliorated BBB disruption, attenuated brain edema, and improved neurological function after ICH. Moreover, the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin were upregulated, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was downregulated in the ICH model. DMP1 siRNA administration reversed the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and MMP-9. These results demonstrated that DMP1 upregulation plays an essential role in inducing BBB disruption and brain injury after ICH. The inhibition of DMP1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for ICH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 521 Hospital of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an 7100065, China.
| | - Shengwei Gan
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shujuan Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shiye Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Weitian Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Xie Y, Guo Z, Chen F, Xiao C, Xu J, Bo D. Serum netrin-1 as a potential biomarker for functional outcome of traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 518:22-27. [PMID: 33741358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased serum netrin-1 concentrations have been found after acute brain injury. We investigated the role of serum netrin in prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS In this prospective and observational study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum netrin-1 concentrations in 50 mild TBI patients (Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, 13-15), 83 moderate TBI patients (GCS score, 9-12), 69 severe TBI patients (GCS score, 3-8) and 50 healthy controls. Glasgow outcome scale score of 1-3 at 6 months after trauma was defined as poor outcome. RESULTS Serum netrin-1 concentrations were significantly lower in moderate or severe TBI patients than in controls and in severe TBI patients than in moderate TBI patients, while not in mild TBI patients than in controls. GCS score and Rotterdam computed tomography classification were closely correlated with serum netrin-1 concentrations among TBI patients. Forty-two (20.8%) patients had poor outcome. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that serum netrin-1 concentrations could distinguish patients with poor outcome from the other remainders significantly. In addition, serum netrin-1 concentrations were independently associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum netrin-1 might serve as a potential biomarker for prognosis of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhidong Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Fanghui Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Liangzhu Hospital of Yuhang District of Hangzhou City, 1657 Moganshan Road, 311113 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Bo
- Liangzhu Hospital of Yuhang District of Hangzhou City, 1657 Moganshan Road, 311113 Hangzhou, China
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Zhang T, Huang L, Peng J, Zhang JH, Zhang H. LJ529 attenuates mast cell-related inflammation via A 3R-PKCε-ALDH2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113686. [PMID: 33713658 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mast cells (MCs) has been recognized as an effector of inflammation or a trigger of inflammatory factors during stroke. LJ529 was reported to attenuate inflammation through a Gi protein-coupled Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) after ischemia. Here, we aim to study the protective effect and its mechanism of LJ529 in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rat model for mast cell-related inflammation. METHODS 155 Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were used in experiments. Endovascular perforation was used for SAH model. Intraperitoneal LJ529 was performed 1 h after SAH. Neurological scores were measured 24 h after SAH. Rotarod and morris water maze tests were evaluated for 21 days after SAH. Mast cell degranulation was assessed with Toluidine blue staining and Chymase/Typtase protein expressions. Mast cell-related inflammation was evaluated using IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 protein expressions. MRS1523, inhibitor of GPR18 and ε-V1-2, inhibitor of PKCε were respectively given intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 h and 30 min before SAH for mechanism studies. Pathway related proteins were investigated with western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Expression of A3R, PKCε increased after SAH. LJ529 treatment attenuated mast cell degranulation and inflammation. Meanwhile, both short-term and long-term neurological functions were improved after LJ529 treatment. Administration of LJ529 resulted in increased expressions of A3R, PKCε, ALDH2 proteins and decreased expressions of Chymase, Typtase, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 proteins. MRS1523 abolished the treatment effects of LJ529 on neurobehavior and protein levels. ε-V1-2 also reversed the outcomes of LJ529 administration through reduction in protein expressions downstream of PKCε. CONCLUSIONS LJ529 attenuated mast cell-related inflammation through inhibiting degranulation via A3R-PKCε-ALDH2 pathway after SAH. LJ529 may serve as a potential treatment strategy to relieve post-SAH brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Netrin-1 protects the SH-SY5Y cells against amyloid beta neurotoxicity through NF-κB/Nrf2 dependent mechanism. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9271-9277. [PMID: 33206363 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many evidence confirms that amyloid beta 1-42 fragment (Aβ1-42) causes neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death, which are related to progressive memory loss, cognitive impairments and mental disorders that will lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Netrin-1, as a member of the laminins, has been proved to inhibit apoptosis and inflammation outside of nervous system, in addition to having a vital role in morphogenesis and neurogenesis of neural system. This study was designed to assess the protective effects of netrin-1 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line exposed to Aβ1-42 and to explore some mechanisms that underlie netrin-1 effects. Cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblast-like cells were treated with netrin-1 prior to Aβ1-42 exposure and the effects were assessed by MTT and ELISA assay kits. Netrin- 1 pretreatment of Aβ1-42-exposed SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells attenuated Aβ1-42 induced toxic effects, increased cell viability and partially restored levels of 3 inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers including: nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Based on the findings of this study, netrin-1 represents a promising therapeutic bio agent to abrogate cellular inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation induced by Aβ1-42 in the SH-SY5Y cell model of AD.
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Luo X, Li L, Zheng W, Gu L, Zhang X, Li Y, Xie Z, Cheng Y. HLY78 protects blood-brain barrier integrity through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Luo X, Li L, Xu W, Cheng Y, Xie Z. HLY78 Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis via the LRP6/GSK3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1171-1181. [PMID: 32562163 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is one of the essential mechanisms of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Recently, HLY78 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in tumor cells and embryonic cells caused by carbon ion radiation through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This study was designed to explore the anti-apoptotic role of HLY78 in experimental SAH. The results demonstrated that HLY78 attenuated neuronal apoptosis and the neurological deficits after SAH through the activation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), which subsequently increased the level of phosphorylated glycogen synthesis kinase 3 beta (p-GSK3β) (Ser9), β-catenin, and Bcl-2, accompanied by a decrease of p-β-catenin, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3. An LRP6 small-interfering ribonucleic acid reversed the effects of HLY78. In conclusion, HLY78 attenuates neuronal apoptosis and improves neurological deficits through the LRP6/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway after SAH in rats. HLY78 is a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate early brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Guo X, Ding S, Li T, Wang J, Yu Q, Zhu L, Xu X, Zou G, Peng Y, Zhang X. Macrophage-derived netrin-1 is critical for neuroangiogenesis in endometriosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:226-237. [PMID: 31953174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Netrin-1 is an extracellular guidance cue of neuronal navigation, mediated through interaction with its main receptors, and is known to be crucial in the development of multiple chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the expression pattern and mechanism of netrin-1 in endometriosis are currently undefined. Here we report that netrin-1 expression peaked in peritoneal macrophages found in endometriosis. Netrin-1 induced angiogenesis in ovarian endometriomas through interaction with CD146 in vascular endothelial cells. Through another receptor, neogenin, netrin-1 promoted neurite growth and sensitization in endometriosis through the up-regulation of MAP4, TAU, and CGRP. Targeted knockdown of neogenin in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nerve cells compromised its response to netrin-1 through inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The inhibition of netrin-1 using a neutralizing antibody reduced vascular and nerve infiltration in rat endometriotic lesions. In summary, our results suggest that netrin-1 is an important factor that promotes neuroangiogenesis in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Guo
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shaojie Ding
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tiantian Li
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jianzhang Wang
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qin Yu
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Libo Zhu
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Gen Zou
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yangying Peng
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- The Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, PR China..
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Xu W, Mo J, Ocak U, Travis ZD, Enkhjargal B, Zhang T, Wu P, Peng J, Li T, Zuo Y, Shao A, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang JH. Activation of Melanocortin 1 Receptor Attenuates Early Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage viathe Suppression of Neuroinflammation through AMPK/TBK1/NF-κB Pathway in Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:294-308. [PMID: 31486022 PMCID: PMC7007470 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The hypothesis of this study was that activation of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) with BMS-470539 attenuates EBI by suppression of neuroinflammation after SAH. We utilized BMS-470539, MSG-606, and MRT-68601 to verify the neuroprotective effects of MC1R. We evaluated brain water content, short-term and long-term neurobehavior after SAH. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to assess the changes of protein levels. The results of western blotting suggested that the expressions of MC1R, phosphorylated-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), and phosphorylated-TANK binding kinase 1 (p-TBK1) were increased and reached their peak points at 24 h following SAH. Moreover, BMS-470539 treatment notably attenuated neurological deficits caused by SAH, and also notably improved long-term spatial learning and memory abilities after SAH. The underlying mechanisms of the neuroprotection of BMS-470539 involved the suppression of microglia activation, promotion of CD206+ microglia transformation and reduction of neutrophil infiltration by increasing the levels of p-AMPK and p-TBK1 while decreasing the levels of NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNFα. The neuroprotective effects of BMS-470539 were significantly abolished by MSG-606 and MRT-68601. The activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 notably attenuates EBI after SAH by suppression of microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration via the AMPK/TBK1/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jun Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yuchun Zuo
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Risley Hall, Room 219, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Liang H, Ke DQ, Chen ZY, Li ZL, Huang X. Target inhibition of caspase-8 alleviates brain damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1283-1289. [PMID: 31960814 PMCID: PMC7047790 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 plays an important role in the mediation of inflammation and the effect of its role in subarachnoid hemorrhage remains elusive. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome has been postulated to mediate inflammation during SAH. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of caspase-8 inhibition on SAH injury and further elucidate the molecular mechanisms. In this study, a subarachnoid hemorrhage model was established by endovascular perforation process in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Z-IETD-FMK (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg; an inhibitor of caspase-8) was delivered via intravenous (tail vein) injection immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage. After 12 hours of subarachnoid hemorrhage, western blot assay showed that the expression of cleaved caspase-8 was significantly increased at 12 hours, peaked at 24 hours, and then decreased at 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that caspase-8 was expressed in microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Z-IETD-FMK significantly improved neurological deficits and reduced brain water content 24 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The Morris water maze and rotarod test confirmed that Z-IETD-FMK significantly improved spatial learning and memory abilities and motor coordination at 21–27 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase-8 activation reduced the expression of pyrin domain-containing 3, caspase-1, and interleukin-1β after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In conclusion, our findings suggest that caspase-8 inhibition alleviates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injuries by suppressing inflammation. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (approval No. 2016-193) on February 25, 2016.
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Immune response mediates the cardiac damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113093. [PMID: 31676318 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a common adverse effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Autopsy of SAH patients shows immunocyte infiltration into the heart. In this study, a SAH model of endovascular perforation was performed in adult male mice in order to test whether SAH causes cardiac dysfunction in non-primary cardiac disease young adult male mice and whether immune response mediates SAH induced cardiac and neurological deficit. Splenectomy was performed on a subpopulation of mice one week prior to induction of the SAH. Neurological functional tests, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry were performed to investigate neurological and cardiac function and immune/inflammatory effects of SAH in mice with or without splenectomy. We found that SAH significantly induces ventricular fibrillation and cardiac dysfunction identified by significantly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, decreased heart rate, as well as increased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into heart and inflammatory factor expression in the heart compared to sham control mice. SAH also induces neurological deficit, increases astrocyte and microglial activity, and inflammatory cell infiltration into brain as well as up-regulates inflammatory factor expression in the brain tissue. Splenectomy not only significantly improves neurological function, but also reduces cardiac dysfunction compared to SAH alone mice. Splenectomy in SAH mice significantly reduces inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreases NADPH oxidase-2 and macrophage chemokine protein-1 expression in heart and brain when compared to non-splenectomy SAH mice. Our data suggest that, SAH induces acute cardiac dysfunction in non-primary cardiac disease mice. Secondary immune response may play an important role in mediating brain-heart damage after SAH.
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NDP-MSH binding melanocortin-1 receptor ameliorates neuroinflammation and BBB disruption through CREB/Nr4a1/NF-κB pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:192. [PMID: 31660977 PMCID: PMC6816206 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are two vital mechanisms of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recently, melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r) activation by Nle4-D-Phe7-α-MSH (NDP-MSH) was shown to play a neuroprotective role in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. This study aimed to investigate whether NDP-MSH could alleviate neuroinflammation and BBB disruption after experimental ICH, as well as the potential mechanisms of its neuroprotective roles. Methods Two hundred and eighteen male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to autologous blood-injection ICH model. NDP-MSH, an agonist of Mc1r, was administered intraperitoneally injected at 1 h after ICH insult. To further explore the related protective mechanisms, Mc1r small interfering RNA (Mc1r siRNA) and nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (Nr4a1) siRNA were administered via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection before ICH induction. Neurological test, BBB permeability, brain water content, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot analysis were implemented. Results The Expression of Mc1r was significantly increased after ICH. Mc1r was mainly expressed in microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells following ICH. Treatment with NDP-MSH remarkably improved neurological function and reduced BBB disruption, brain water content, and the number of microglia in the peri-hematoma tissue after ICH. Meanwhile, the administration of NDP-MSH significantly reduced the expression of p-NF-κB p65, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP-9 and increased the expression of p-CREB, Nr4a1, ZO-1, occludin, and Lama5. Inversely, the knockdown of Mc1r or Nr4a1 abolished the neuroprotective effects of NDP-MSH. Conclusions Taken together, NDP-MSH binding Mc1r attenuated neuroinflammation and BBB disruption and improved neurological deficits, at least in part through CREB/Nr4a1/NF-κB pathway after ICH.
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Liu J, Du J, Cheng X, Zhang X, Li Y, Fu X, Chen X. Effect of Netrin-1 Anti-Inflammatory Factor on Acute Lung Injury in Sepsis Rats. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7928-7935. [PMID: 31639817 PMCID: PMC6820332 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) often occurs early and seriously in the progress of sepsis. Netrin-1 is demonstrated to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent. However, whether netrin-1 can relieve sepsis-induced ALI remains unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS The sepsis rat model was built with the method of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The lung tissue changes were represented as the results of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. An in vitro lung injury model was simulated with LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells. The cell transfection effects were evaluated by Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR analysis. TNF-alpha, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels were detected by Western blot analysis in LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells. RESULTS Obvious inflammation caused by sepsis appeared in lung tissues with the increase of the W/D ratio and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Netrin-1 and its receptor UNC5B were reduced in sepsis. However, upregulation of netrin-1 alleviated the levels of inflammation and increased the UNC5B levels in BEAS-2B cells. CONCLUSIONS Netrin-1 protects against ALI in sepsis rats through its anti-inflammation effect and may provide a novel treatment to prevent lung injury caused by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Third Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Third Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiu Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiangzhou Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Third Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Third Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiujun Fu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xulin Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Yuan S, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhang P, Li X, Li H, Shen H, Chen G. RIP3 participates in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats by inducing necroptosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:144-158. [PMID: 31082470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrosis that is mediated by a variety of proteins including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and receptor-interacting proteins (RIPs). TNF-α, a critical inflammatory molecule, is one of the initiating signals in the necroptosis pathway, and RIP3 acts as a switch that commits the cell to necroptosis. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common type of hemorrhagic stroke with high mortality and disability rates. RIP3 has been studied in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, but its role in SAH has not been investigated in depth. Here, we used an autologous-blood injection model to study the role of RIP3 in brain injury induced by SAH in rats. Several indexes such as brain edema, loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and behavioral tests of neurological function were used to evaluate brain damage in SAH-injured rats. We found that the expression of RIP3 was increased in the rat brain after SAH, reaching the highest point 24 h post-injury. We also showed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of RIP3 or TNF-α reduced the brain damage induced by SAH, whereas overexpression of RIP3 aggravated brain injury and neurological damage. Additionally, we verified the presence of RIP3-mediated necroptosis in an in vitro SAH model of primary cultured neurons treated with conditioned medium from primary microglia activated by oxygen hemoglobin (OxyHb). Collectively, our findings indicated that RIP3 contributed to brain damage after SAH by inducing necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Chen JL, Yuan DH, Yang SJ, Gu C, Zhou HS, Shao GF. Serum netrin-1 serves as a prognostic biomarker of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ko CL, Lin JA, Chen KY, Hsu AC, Wu SY, Tai YT, Lin KH, Chung WC, Li MH. Netrin-1 Dampens Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Lung Injury in Mice. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:293-302. [PMID: 31329475 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to explore the effects of netrin-1 on hypobaric hypoxia-induced lung injury in mice. Methods: We exposed 6-8-week-old C57BL/6 mice to hypobaric stress at 340 mmHg for 30 minutes followed by 260 mmHg for different periods (6, 12, 18, and 24 hours) to observe the severity of lung injury (O2 concentration, 21%; 54.6 mmHg). The wet/dry weight ratio and protein leakage from the mouse lung were used to determine the suitable exposure time. Netrin-1 was injected into the tail vein of mice before 18-hour decompression. Inflammatory cytokines, lung injury scores, and activity of nuclear factor κB were evaluated. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was also examined. Results: Protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly higher in the 18-hour group (p < 0.05). Pulmonary pathology revealed neutrophil infiltration, alveolar septum thickening, and tissue edema. Injury score and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 levels were also increased. Intrinsic apoptosis pathway was activated. Hypoxia decreased the expression of Bcl2 protein, the number of active caspase-3-stained cells, and UNC5HB receptors. Pretreatment with netrin-1 reduced protein leakage, inhibited neutrophil migration, lowered the injury score, attenuated apoptosis, and increased UNC5HB receptor expression. Conclusion: Netrin-1 dampens hypobaric hypoxia-induced lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil migration and attenuating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lung Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-An Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Yen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Chih Hsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Wu
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Huan Lin
- Division of Psychiatry, Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Chung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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50
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Li P, Zhao G, Ding Y, Wang T, Flores J, Ocak U, Wu P, Zhang T, Mo J, Zhang JH, Tang J. Rh-IFN-α attenuates neuroinflammation and improves neurological function by inhibiting NF-κB through JAK1-STAT1/TRAF3 pathway in an experimental GMH rat model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:174-185. [PMID: 30711510 PMCID: PMC6591046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) and induces secondary brain injury. Interferon-α (IFN-α) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in infectious diseases via activating IFNAR and its downstream signaling. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Recombinant human IFN-α (rh-IFN-α) and the underlying mechanisms in a rat GMH model. Two hundred and eighteen P7 rat pups of both sexes were subjected to GMH by an intraparenchymal injection of bacterial collagenase. Rh-IFN-α was administered intraperitoneally. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of IFNAR, and siRNA of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) were administered through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections. JAK1 inhibitor ruxolitinib was given by oral lavage. Post-GMH evaluation included neurobehavioral function, Nissl staining, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that endogenous IFN-α and phosphorylated IFNAR levels were increased after GMH. Administration of rh-IFN-α improved neurological functions, attenuated neuroinflammation, inhibited microglial activation, and ameliorated post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus after GMH. These observations were concomitant with IFNAR activation, increased expression of phosphorylated JAK1, phosphorylated STAT1 and TRAF3, and decreased levels of phosphorylated NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α. Specifically, knockdown of IFNAR, JAK1 and TRAF3 abolished the protective effects of rh-IFN-α. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that rh-IFN-α treatment attenuated neuroinflammation, neurological deficits and hydrocephalus formation through inhibiting microglial activation after GMH, which might be mediated by IFNAR/JAK1-STAT1/TRAF3/NF-κB signaling pathway. Rh-IFN-α may be a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate brain injury via its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China; Traumatic Research Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jun Mo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States.
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