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Hasanpour Razmanjani N, Reisi P. Effects of selective orexin receptor-2 and cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonists on the response of medial prefrontal cortex neurons to tramadol. Synapse 2022; 76:e22232. [PMID: 35313383 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol is widely used to control pain in various diseases, but the relevant mechanisms are less known despite the severe risks of abuse. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is one of the critical centers of the reward system. Studies have shown that orexins and endocannabinoids are likely to play an important role in addiction. In this study, the effect of orexin receptor-2 (OX2R) and endocannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1R) blockade on the neuronal activity of mPFC was investigated in response to tramadol in male rats. Tramadol was injected intraperitoneally, and its effects on the firing of mPFC pyramidal neurons were investigated using in vivo extracellular single-unit recording. Tramadol affected the pyramidal neuronal activity of the mPFC. AM251 (18 nmol/4 μl), as a selective CB1R antagonist, and TCS-OX2-29 (50 nmol/4 μl), as a selective OX2R antagonist, individually or simultaneously were microinjected into the lateral ventricle of the brain (intracerebroventricular, ICV). The results showed that the ratio of neurons with the excitatory/inhibitory or no responses was significantly changed by tramadol (p < .05). These changes were prevented by blockade of CB1Rs alone or blockade of OX2Rs and CB1Rs simultaneously (p < .05). However, blockade of these receptors in the vehicle group had no significant effect on neuronal activity. The findings of this study indicate the potential role of orexin and endocannabinoid systems in mediating the effects of tramadol in mPFC and the possible interaction between the two systems via OX2 and CB1 receptors. However, further studies are needed to identify these effects by examining intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Nasrollahi S, Karimi S, Hamidi G, Naderitehrani M, Abed A. Blockade of the orexin 1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens' shell reversed the reduction effect of olanzapine on motivation for positive reinforcers. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136137. [PMID: 34311049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Effort-based choice of high reward requires one to decide how much effort to expend for a certain amount of reward. Orexin is a crucial neuropeptide in the physiological aspect especially a variety of affective and cognitive processes. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a region of the neural system that serves effort-related high reward choices andthe Orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) is distributed extensively throughout the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbS). Olanzapine (OLZ), a typical antipsychotic drug, has a high affinity to D2 as an antagonist, and also partial agonistic-like action at D2 receptors has been reported. We examined the interaction of OLZ with the orexinergic receptor 1 in AcbS on effort- related high reward choice when two goal arms were different in the amount of accessible reward. The animals had to pass the barrier for receiving a high reward in one arm (HRA) or obtain a low reward in the other arm without any cost. Before surgery, all animals were selecting the HRA on almost every trial.During test days, the rats received local injections of either DMSO 20% /0.5 µl, as vehicle or SB334867 (30, 100, 300 nM/0.5 µl), as selective OX1R antagonist, within the AcbS. Other group received OLZ (32 µM/0.5 µl DMSO20%) / vehicle alone or 5 min after administration of SB334867 (300 nM/0.5 µl). The results showed that administration of OLZ in the AcbS alters rat's preference for high reward. On the other hand, blocked of the OX1R (300 nM/0.5 µl) in this region could reverse the effect of OLZ, however, administration of the OX1R antagonists alone in the AcbS led to decreasing rat's preference for high reward. This result indicates that the orexin-1 antagonist might affect some effects of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Nasrollahi
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholamali Hamidi
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Monireh Naderitehrani
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Abed
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Fartootzadeh R, Alaei H, Reisi P. Mutual assistance of nucleus accumbens cannabinoid receptor-1 and orexin receptor-2 in response to nicotine: a single-unit study. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:173-181. [PMID: 34084204 PMCID: PMC8102922 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.310524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: The nucleus accumbens (NAc) express both orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R). Orexin and cannabinoid regulate the addictive properties of nicotine. In this study, the effect of the CB1R blockade on the electrical activity of NAc neurons in response to nicotine, and its probable interaction with the OX2R in this event, within this area, were examined via the single-unit recording. Experimental approach: The spontaneous firing rate of NAc was initially recorded for 15 min, and then 5 min before subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg)/saline, AM251 and TCS-OX2-29 were injected into the NAc. Neuronal responses were recorded for 70 min, after nicotine administration. Findings/Results: Nicotine excited the NAc neurons significantly and intra-NAc microinjection of AM251 (25 and 125 ng/rat), as a selective CB1R antagonist, prevented the nicotine-induced increases of NAc neuronal responses. Moreover, microinjection of AM251 (125 ng/rat), before saline injection, could not affect the percentage of change of the neuronal response. Finally, simultaneous intra-NAc administration of the effective or ineffective doses of AM251 and TCS-OX2-29 (a selective antagonist of OX2R) prevented the nicotine- induced increases of NAc neuronal responses, so that there was a significant difference between the group received ineffective doses of both antagonists and the AM251 ineffective dose. Conclusion and implications: The results suggest that the CB1R can modulate the NAc reaction to the nicotine, and it can be concluded that there is a potential interplay between the OX2R and CB1R in the NAc, in relation to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fartootzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Interaction between cocaine use and sleep behavior: A comprehensive review of cocaine's disrupting influence on sleep behavior and sleep disruptions influence on reward seeking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173194. [PMID: 33940055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, orexin (hypocretin), and adenosine systems have dual roles in reward and sleep/arousal suggesting possible mechanisms whereby drugs of abuse may influence both reward and sleep/arousal. While considerable variability exists across studies, drugs of abuse such as cocaine induce an acute sleep loss followed by an immediate recovery pattern that is consistent with a normal response to loss of sleep. Under more chronic cocaine exposure conditions, an abnormal recovery pattern is expressed that includes a retention of sleep disturbance under withdrawal and into abstinence conditions. Conversely, experimentally induced sleep disturbance can increase cocaine seeking. Thus, complementary, sleep-related therapeutic approaches may deserve further consideration along with development of non-human models to better characterize sleep disturbance-reward seeking interactions across drug experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Research Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75126, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
| | - Robert W Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
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5
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Blockade of orexin receptors in the ventral tegmental area reduced the extinction period of the lateral hypothalamic-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 32:54-61. [PMID: 33399296 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The orexinergic connection between the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in modulating the reward circuit. The conditioned place preference (CPP) can be induced by microinjection of carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, into the LH. The current research was conducted to understand whether intra-VTA orexin receptors (OXRs) could influence the duration of the extinction period or maintenance of the intra-LH carbachol-induced CPP. To this end, the rats unilaterally received intra-LH carbachol (250 nM) within a 3-day conditioning period. Animals that have already passed the conditioning test were unilaterally administered by intra-VTA microinjection of SB334867, an OX1R antagonist, or TCS OX2 29, an OX2R antagonist during the extinction phase of the LH stimulation-induced CPP. For the first time, our data indicated that daily intra-VTA administration of either SB334867 (30 nM) or TCS OX2 29 (10 and 30 nM) during the extinction period decreased the maintenance of intra-LH carbachol-induced CPP. In conclusion, OXRs in the VTA play crucial roles in the maintenance of reward processes.
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Mahmoudi M, Maleki-Roveshti M, Karimi-Haghighi S, Haghparast A. Chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus induced seeking behaviors in rats: Involvement of orexin receptors in the ventral tegmental area. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Mozafari R, Jamali S, Pourhamzeh M, Koruji M, Ahadi R, Haghparast A. The blockade of D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors within the dentate gyrus attenuates food deprivation stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-extinguished conditioned place preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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D1- but not D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist in the CA1 region of the hippocampus reduced stress-induced reinstatement in extinguished morphine-conditioning place preference in the food-deprived rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:196-206. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Zarrabian S, Riahi E, Karimi S, Razavi Y, Haghparast A. The potential role of the orexin reward system in future treatments for opioid drug abuse. Brain Res 2020; 1731:146028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Role of orexinergic receptors in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Azizi F, Fartootzadeh R, Alaei H, Reisi P. Electrophysiological study of the response of ventral tegmental area non-dopaminergic neurons to nicotine after concurrent blockade of orexin receptor-2 and cannabinoid receptors-1. Brain Res 2019; 1719:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Functional crosstalk of nucleus accumbens CB1 and OX2 receptors in response to nicotine-induced place preference. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:160-164. [PMID: 30659912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have evaluated the existence of functional interaction between orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) and cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc), in nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) of Wistar male rat. Nicotine (0.5 mg/kg; s.c.) in the course of conditioning, produced a significant place preference, without any effect on the locomotor activity. Intra-NAcc administration of ineffective and effective doses of TCS-OX2-29 (2 and 6 ng/rat), a selective OX2R antagonist and AM251 (10 and 50 ng/rat), a selective CB1R antagonist, showed a significant interaction between OX2R and CB1R in the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP (p < 0.01), and the locomotor activity (p < 0.05). No significant interaction was observed between these two receptors in the expression of nicotine-induced CPP. Our findings provide insight into the possible interaction of OX2R and CB1R of the NAcc in nicotine addiction. We propose a potential interaction between cannabinoid and orexinergic systems within the NAcc, in producing the rewarding effects.
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13
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Berrendero F, Flores Á, Robledo P. When orexins meet cannabinoids: Bidirectional functional interactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Edalat P, Kavianpour M, Zarrabian S, Haghparast A. Role of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors in the CA1 region of hippocampus in the forced swim stress- and food deprivation-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking behaviors in rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Effects of concurrent blockade of OX2 and CB1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area on nicotine-induced place preference in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 684:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala mediated the restraint stress-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behaviors in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Coccurello R, Maccarrone M. Hedonic Eating and the "Delicious Circle": From Lipid-Derived Mediators to Brain Dopamine and Back. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:271. [PMID: 29740277 PMCID: PMC5928395 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatable food can be seductive and hedonic eating can become irresistible beyond hunger and negative consequences. This is witnessed by the subtle equilibrium between eating to provide energy intake for homeostatic functions, and reward-induced overeating. In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to study neural circuits, and to identify potential factors responsible for the derangement of homeostatic eating toward hedonic eating and addiction-like feeding behavior. Here, we examined recent literature on “old” and “new” players accountable for reward-induced overeating and possible liability to eating addiction. Thus, the role of midbrain dopamine is positioned at the intersection between selected hormonal signals involved in food reward information processing (namely, leptin, ghrelin, and insulin), and lipid-derived neural mediators such as endocannabinoids. The impact of high fat palatable food and dietary lipids on endocannabinoid formation is reviewed in its pathogenetic potential for the derangement of feeding homeostasis. Next, endocannabinoid signaling that regulates synaptic plasticity is discussed as a key mechanism acting both at hypothalamic and mesolimbic circuits, and affecting both dopamine function and interplay between leptin and ghrelin signaling. Outside the canonical hypothalamic feeding circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the notion of “feeding center,” we focused on lateral hypothalamus as neural substrate able to confront food-associated homeostatic information with food salience, motivation to eat, reward-seeking, and development of compulsive eating. Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. We suggested a pivotal role for endocannabinoids in food reward processing within the lateral hypothalamus, and for orexin neurons to integrate endocrine signals with food reinforcement and hedonic eating. In addition, the role played by different stressors in the reinstatement of preference for palatable food and food-seeking behavior is also considered in the light of endocannabinoid production, activation of orexin receptors and disinhibition of dopamine neurons. Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Farahimanesh S, Karimi S, Haghparast A. Role of orexin-1 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (CA1 region) in expression and extinction of the morphine-induced conditioned place preference in the rats. Peptides 2018; 101:25-31. [PMID: 29269074 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexinergic system is involved in reward processing and drug addiction. Objectives here, we investigated the effect of intra-hippocampal CA1 administration of orexin-1 receptor (OX1r) antagonist on the expression, and extinction of morphine-induced place preference in rats. Conditioned place preference (CPP) was induced by subcutaneous injection of morphine (5 mg/kg) during a 3-day conditioning phase. Two experimental plots were designed; SB334867 as a selective OX1r antagonist was dissolved in 12% DMSO, prepared in solutions with different concentrations (3, 30, and 300 nM), and microinjected into the CA1 and some neighboring regions (0.5 μl/side), bilaterally. CPP score and locomotor activity were recorded during the CPP test. Results demonstrated that intra-CA1 administration of the OX1r antagonist attenuates the expression of morphine-induced CPP. Furthermore, higher concentrations of SB334867 facilitated the extinction period of morphine-induced CPP and reduced its latency. Nevertheless, solely administration of DMSO did not have any influence on the CPP scores and locomotion in both phases. Our findings suggest that OX1rs in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are involved in the expression of morphine CPP. Moreover, blockade of OX1rs could facilitate extinction and may extinguish the ability of drug-related cues. It seems that the antagonist might be considered as a propitious therapeutic agent in suppressing drug-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Farahimanesh
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Farahimanesh S, Zarrabian S, Haghparast A. Role of orexin receptors in the ventral tegmental area on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in the rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 66:45-51. [PMID: 28890208 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides and their role in reward processing and drug addiction has been demonstrated. The extent of involvement of each orexin receptor in the acquisition and expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) for morphine is still a matter of controversy. We investigated the functional differences between orexin-1 and -2 receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the acquisition and expression of morphine CPP. A total of 86 adult male Wistar rats weighing 250±30g (age 7-8weeks) received intra-VTA microinjection of either SB334867 (0.1, 1 and 10nM), a selective orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist, or TCS-OX2-29 (1, 5 and 25nM), a selective orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) antagonist. To measure the acquisition, the animals received each antagonist (SB334867 or TCS-OX2-29) 5min prior to subcutaneous injection of morphine (5mg/kg) during the conditioning phase. To measure the CPP expression, the animals received each antagonist on the post-conditioning phase. The CPP conditioning score was recorded by Ethovision software. Data showed that intra-VTA microinjection of OX1-R antagonist significantly attenuated morphine CPP acquisition, during the conditioning phase, and expression, during the post-conditioning phase. Intra-VTA microinjection of OX2-R antagonist also significantly attenuated morphine CPP acquisition and expression in the mentioned phases. Our results showed the orexin role in learning and memory and indicate that orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) function in the VTA is essential for both acquisition and expression of morphine reward in rats in the CPP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Farahimanesh
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Haghparast A, Fatahi Z, Arezoomandan R, Karimi S, Taslimi Z, Zarrabian S. Functional roles of orexin/hypocretin receptors in reward circuit. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:139-154. [PMID: 29054286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since its first discovery in 1998, it has become clear that the orexinergic system plays an important role in regulating a number of functions including food, sex, social connections, and most prominently reward-related behaviors. Orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus project extensively to other brain areas, two most important of which are the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens that are involved in reward processing. In this review, we have presented the work in our laboratory along with the work of others and have discussed the possible functions we can infer from the research. We discuss the anatomy of the orexinergic system and its components followed by a presentation of other connected brain areas. The second part of this review discusses observed results from the morphine conditioned place preference test that sheds light on the possible role of the involved areas in reward processing. The complex circuits involved in reward processing are only beginning to be understood and we need to deepen our understanding regarding the nature of the interactions between all brain areas involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Arezoomandan
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Role of intra-accumbal orexin receptors in the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in the rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 660:1-5. [PMID: 28889006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin receptor shave essential role in the induction of reward-related behaviors to several drugs of abuse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of bilateral administration of SB334867, as an orexin-1 receptor antagonist, and TCS OX2 29, as an orexin-2 receptor antagonist, into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in the rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n=80; 220-250g) were entered in a CPP paradigm. Bilateral microinjections of different doses of SB334867 (1, 3, 10 and 30nM) or TCS OX2 29 (3, 10, 30 and 100nM) into the NAc (0.5μl/side) were done 5min before subcutaneous injection of morphine (5mg/kg) during 3-dayconditioning (acquisition) phase. The CPP scores and locomotor activity of animals were recorded by video tracking system and Ethovision software. The results demonstrated that intra-NAc microinjection of 3, 10 and 30nM solutions of SB334867 markedly decreased the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-accumbal injection of 10, 30 and 100nM solutions of TCS OX2 29 significantly attenuated the acquisition of morphine CPP as well. In addition, contribution of orexin-1 receptors to development of morphine reward-related behaviors was more than orexin-2 receptors. Our results suggest that both orexin-1 and -2 receptors in the NAc are involved in the development of morphine-induced CPP. It seems that orexin-1 receptors in this region are more effective in development of drug seeking behaviors in the rats.
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Tung LW, Lu GL, Lee YH, Yu L, Lee HJ, Leishman E, Bradshaw H, Hwang LL, Hung MS, Mackie K, Zimmer A, Chiou LC. Orexins contribute to restraint stress-induced cocaine relapse by endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition of dopaminergic neurons. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12199. [PMID: 27448020 PMCID: PMC4961842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are associated with drug relapse in rodents. Here, we show that acute restraint stress in mice activates lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons, increases levels of orexin A and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and reinstates extinguished cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP). This stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP depends on type 1 orexin receptors (OX1Rs), type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) in the VTA. In dopaminergic neurons of VTA slices, orexin A presynaptically inhibits GABAergic transmission. This effect is prevented by internal GDP-β-S or inhibiting OX1Rs, CB1Rs, phospholipase C or DAGL, and potentiated by inhibiting 2-AG degradation. These results suggest that restraint stress activates LH orexin neurons, releasing orexins into the VTA to activate postsynaptic OX1Rs of dopaminergic neurons and generate 2-AG through a Gq-protein-phospholipase C-DAGL cascade. 2-AG retrogradely inhibits GABA release through presynaptic CB1Rs, leading to VTA dopaminergic disinhibition and reinstatement of cocaine CPP. Stress is a major cause of relapse to cocaine seeking behaviour. Tung et al. show that orexin mediates stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking behaviour in mice by endocannabinoid-dependent disinhibition in the ventral tegmental area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Tung
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ling Lu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung Yu
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Emma Leishman
- Gill Center and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- Gill Center and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute for Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Medicine &Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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Parsania S, Moradi M, Fatahi Z, Haghparast A. Involvement of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the acquisition, expression and extinction of lateral hypothalamic-induced conditioned place preference in the rats. Brain Res 2016; 1639:149-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Siahposht-Khachaki A, Fatahi Z, Haghparast A. Reduction of the Morphine Maintenance by Blockade of the NMDA Receptors during Extinction Period in Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm of Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016; 7:341-350. [PMID: 27872695 PMCID: PMC5102563 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the nucleus
accumbens is a component of drug-induced reward mechanism. In addition, NMDA
receptors play a major role in brain reward system and activation of these
receptors can change firing pattern of dopamine neurons. Blockade of glutamatergic
neurotransmission reduces the expression of conditioned place preference (CPP)
induced by morphine. Therefore, in this study, by using an NMDA receptor
antagonist, DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid sodium salt (AP5), the role of
NMDA receptors on the maintenance and reinstatement of morphine-CPP was
investigated. Methods: Forty-three adult male albino Wistar rats were used in this study. After
subcutaneous administration of effective dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) during CPP
paradigm, the animals received intracerebroventricular doses of AP5(1, 5, and 25
mM/5μL saline) during extinction period (free morphine stage).
Conditioning score was recorded during extinction period and reinstatement phase.
Besides, another group of the animals received a single dose administration of
AP5(5 mM) just before the administration of ineffective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg)
in reinstatement phase. Results: The results revealed that two doses of this antagonist (5 and 25 mM) significantly
shortened the extinction period of morphine-CPP but did not reduce reinstatement
induced by priming dose of morphine. Moreover, the single dose administration of
AP5(5 mM) just before prime-morphine injection decreased reinstatement of
morphine-CPP. Conclusion: These findings indicate that blockade of NMDA receptors during extinction period
reduces maintenance but not reinstatement of morphine. In addition, blocking these
receptors in reinstatement phase decreases reinstatement to extinguished
morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Siahposht-Khachaki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ramsar International Branch, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yazdi F, Jahangirvand M, Pirasteh AH, Moradi M, Haghparast A. Functional interaction between OX2 and CB1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens in response to place preference induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sadeghzadeh F, Babapour V, Haghparast A. Role of dopamine D1-like receptor within the nucleus accumbens in acute food deprivation- and drug priming-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:172-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Blockade of D1-like dopamine receptors within the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens attenuates antinociceptive responses induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Fatahi Z, Assar N, Mahmoudi D, Pahlevani P, Moradi M, Haghparast A. Functional interaction between the orexin-1 and CB1 receptors within the nucleus accumbens in the conditioned place preference induced by the lateral hypothalamus stimulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Riahi E, Arezoomandan R, Fatahi Z, Haghparast A. The electrical activity of hippocampal pyramidal neuron is subjected to descending control by the brain orexin/hypocretin system. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 119:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Role of intra-hippocampal orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors in conditioned place preference induced by chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lasheras MC, Laorden ML, Milanés MV, Núñez C. Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor mediates the activity of the reward system evoked by morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Neuropharmacology 2014; 95:168-80. [PMID: 25556110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different neurotransmitter systems are involved in behavioural and molecular responses to morphine. The brain stress system is activated by acute administration of drugs of abuse, being CRF the main neuropeptide of this circuitry. In this study we have studied the role of CRF1R in the rewarding effects of morphine using the CPP paradigm. For that, animals were treated with a CRF1R antagonist (CP-154,526) or vehicle during 6 days. Thirty min after receiving the antagonist, mice were injected with morphine on the same days that CP-154,526 was administered; another group received saline on the same days that vehicle was administered, and both groups were immediately conditioned. Control animals received vehicle and saline every day. On day 7, animals were tested for morphine-induced CPP. c-Fos, TH and OXA immunohistochemistry, NA turnover (HPLC), and corticosterone plasma concentration (RIA) were evaluated. Administration of a CRF1R antagonist CP-154,526 blocked the morphine-induced CPP and the increased NA turnover in the NAc in morphine-paired mice. CP-154-526 antagonised the enhancement in c-Fos expression evoked by morphine-induced CPP in the VTA and NAc, and the activation of the orexinergic neurons in the LLH. Present work demonstrates that morphine-induced CPP activates different brain areas involved in reward, and points out a critical role of CRF1R in molecular changes involved in morphine-conducted behaviours. Thus, our study supports a therapeutic potential of CRF1R antagonists in addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Lasheras
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Laorden
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; IMIB (Institute of Biomedical Investigation of Murcia)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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32
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Bayat AH, Haghparast A. Effect of insulin deficiency on the rewarding properties of methamphetamine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 128:8-13. [PMID: 25444864 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The reward is a positive behavioural response to the pleasant stimuli that can be induced by drugs, such as psychostimulants. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that many people throughout the world suffer from. Methamphetamine (METH), as a psychostimulant, engages the dopaminergic system in the reward circuitry and the synapses of dopaminergic terminals can be modified by insulin. In this study, in order to assess the effect of insulin deficiency on reward, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals were used as an appropriate model. One hundred and thirty-two adult male rats were divided into nine groups (three non-diabetic and six diabetic groups) to determine the most effective dose of METH (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2mg/kg ip), and insulin replacement (10U/kg; ip) during the acquisition period in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. The diabetes model was induced by a single injection of STZ (60mg/kg; ip). The conditioning score was considered to be the difference in time spent in drug- and saline-paired compartments. The results demonstrated that the most effective doses of METH were 1 and 2mg/kg in non-diabetic animals. Although the place preference was not shown in non-diabetic animals at the dose of 0.5mg/kg, this dose significantly induced place preference to METH in STZ-diabetic rats. Additionally, insulin replacement could reverse the METH-induced CPP in diabetic animals. Our findings suggest that the positive effect of insulin deficiency on METH rewarding properties is dependent on insulin level in part, and the replacement of the insulin in diabetic rats as a treatment can improve the rewarding properties of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hossein Bayat
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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33
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Yazdi-Ravandi S, Razavi Y, Haghparast A, Goudarzvand M, Haghparast A. Orexin A induced antinociception in the ventral tegmental area involves D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 126:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen Q, de Lecea L, Hu Z, Gao D. The hypocretin/orexin system: an increasingly important role in neuropsychiatry. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:152-97. [PMID: 25044006 DOI: 10.1002/med.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretins, also named as orexins, are excitatory neuropeptides secreted by neurons specifically located in lateral hypothalamus and perifornical areas. Orexinergic fibers are extensively distributed in various brain regions and involved in a number of physiological functions, such as arousal, cognition, stress, appetite, and metabolism. Arousal is the most important function of orexin system as dysfunction of orexin signaling leads to narcolepsy. In addition to narcolepsy, orexin dysfunction is associated with serious neural disorders, including addiction, depression, and anxiety. However, some results linking orexin with these disorders are still contradictory, which may result from differences of detection methods or the precision of tools used in measurements; strategies targeted to orexin system (e.g., antagonists to orexin receptors, gene delivery, and cell transplantation) are promising new tools for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, though studies are still in a stage of preclinical or clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Chen
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Sleep and Psychology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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35
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Liu C, Lee S, Elmquist JK. Circuits controlling energy balance and mood: inherently intertwined or just complicated intersections? Cell Metab 2014; 19:902-9. [PMID: 24630814 PMCID: PMC4047152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports of adverse psychiatric events from seemingly different types of weight loss therapies highlight a previously underestimated overlap between CNS circuits that control energy balance and those that regulate mood. In this Perspective, we discuss a few potential brain sites where the homeostatic and the hedonic pathways may intersect and suggest that a better understanding of both pathways is necessary for the development of more effective and safer antiobesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Zarepour L, Fatahi Z, Sarihi A, Haghparast A. Blockade of orexin-1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area could attenuate the lateral hypothalamic stimulation-induced potentiation of rewarding properties of morphine. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:179-85. [PMID: 24793540 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The orexins (hypocretins) are lateral hypothalamic (LH) neuropeptides that have been implicated in a variety of behaviors ranging from feeding to sleep and arousal. Evidence from animal models suggests a role for orexins in reward processing and drug addiction. In the present study, we investigated the direct effect of an orexin antagonist in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on acquisition and expression of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by concurrent stimulation of the LH. Eighty-one adult male Wistar rats weighing 220-280 g were unilaterally implanted by two separate cannulae into the LH and VTA. The CPP paradigm was done; conditioning score and locomotor activity were recorded by Ethovision software. The animals received SB334867 as a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist (0.1, 1 and 10 nmol/0.3 μl DMSO) in the VTA, just 5 min prior to intra-LH administration of ineffective dose of carbachol as a cholinergic agonist (62.5 nmol/0.5 μl saline) that stimulates orexin neurons in the LH and ineffective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) concurrently during conditioning phase (acquisition experiments) or post-conditioning phase (expression experiments). Data showed that the blockade of orexin-1 receptors in the VTA could inhibit the acquisition (development) but not expression of LH stimulation-induced morphine CPP in the rats. Our findings suggest that the orexinergic projections from the LH to the VTA are involved in the development of the LH stimulation-induced potentiation of morphine rewarding properties and orexin-1 receptors in the VTA have a substantial role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zarepour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Haghparast A, Shamsizadeh A, Samandari R, Omranifard A, Vaziri A, Razavi Y. Cannabinoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala are involved in the potentiation of morphine rewarding properties in the acquisition, but not expression of conditioned place preference in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1565:28-36. [PMID: 24721524 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in drug-seeking, relapse and the brain׳s emotional systems. Several lines of evidence indicate a functional interaction between opioid and endogenous cannabinoid systems. In the present study, we investigated the role of intra-BLA cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the potentiation, acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). One-hundred and forty-two adult male Wistar rats weighing 230-280g were bilaterally implanted by two separate cannulae into the BLA. The CPP paradigm was done, and conditioning score and locomotor activity were recorded by Ethovision software. Results showed that intra-BLA administration of different doses of WIN55,212-2 (1, 2 and 4mmol/0.3µl DMSO) as a cannabinoid receptor agonist during the conditioning phase induced place preference in animals that received the ineffective (2mg/kg) dose of morphine compared to respective control group in saline-treated animals. On the other hand, intra-BLA injection of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (45 and 90µmol/0.3µl DMSO) during the 3-day conditioning phase reduced morphine-induced CPP. Furthermore, microinjection of both AM251 (15, 45 and 90µmol) and WIN55,212-2 (1-4mmol), into the BLA had no effect on the expression of morphine (5mg/kg)-induced CPP. Our findings suggest that cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the BLA are involved in the development of reward-related behaviors and they can potentiate the rewarding effects of morphine. It seems that the glutamatergic projection from the BLA to the nucleus accumbens and reward-related learning in the hippocampus may be involved in the acquisition and expression of opioid reward-related behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Razieh Samandari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Omranifard
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anoumid Vaziri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Razavi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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38
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Flores Á, Maldonado R, Berrendero F. The hypocretin/orexin receptor-1 as a novel target to modulate cannabinoid reward. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:499-507. [PMID: 23896204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Although there is a high prevalence of users who seek treatment for cannabis dependence, no accepted pharmacologic treatment is available to facilitate and maintain abstinence. The hypocretin/orexin system plays a critical role in drug addiction, but the potential participation of this system in the addictive properties of cannabinoids is unknown. METHODS We investigated the effects of hypocretins in the intravenous self-administration of the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 using hypocretin receptor-1 (Hcrtr-1) and hypocretin receptor-2 antagonists and Hcrtr-1 knockout mice. Additional groups of mice were trained to obtain water to rule out operant responding impairments. Activation of hypocretin neurons was analyzed by using double-label immunofluorescence of FosB/ΔFosB with hypocretin-1. Microdialysis studies were performed to evaluate dopamine extracellular levels in the nucleus accumbens after acute Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. RESULTS Systemic administration of the Hcrtr-1 antagonist SB334867 reduced intravenous self-administration of WIN55,212-2, as well as the maximum effort to obtain a WIN55,212-2 infusion, as revealed under a progressive ratio schedule. This role of Hcrtr-1 in the reinforcing and motivational properties of WIN55,212-2 was confirmed in Hcrtr-1 knockout mice. Contingent, but not noncontingent, WIN55,212-2 self-administration increased the percentage of hypocretin cells expressing FosB/ΔFosB in the lateral hypothalamus. The enhancement in dopamine extracellular levels in the nucleus accumbens induced by Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol was blocked in mice lacking the Hcrtr-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that Hcrtr-1 modulates the reinforcing properties of cannabinoids, which could have a clear therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Flores A, Maldonado R, Berrendero F. Cannabinoid-hypocretin cross-talk in the central nervous system: what we know so far. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:256. [PMID: 24391536 PMCID: PMC3868890 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging findings suggest the existence of a cross-talk between hypocretinergic and endocannabinoid systems. Although few studies have examined this relationship, the apparent overlap observed in the neuroanatomical distribution of both systems as well as their putative functions strongly point to the existence of such cross-modulation. In agreement, biochemical and functional studies have revealed the existence of heterodimers between CB1 cannabinoid receptor and hypocretin receptor-1, which modulates the cellular localization and downstream signaling of both receptors. Moreover, the activation of hypocretin receptor-1 stimulates the synthesis of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol culminating in the retrograde inhibition of neighboring cells and suggesting that endocannabinoids could contribute to some hypocretin effects. Pharmacological data indicate that endocannabinoids and hypocretins might have common physiological functions in the regulation of appetite, reward and analgesia. In contrast, these neuromodulatory systems seem to play antagonistic roles in the regulation of sleep/wake cycle and anxiety-like responses. The present review attempts to piece together what is known about this interesting interaction and describes its potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Africa Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
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Morphine-Induced Apoptosis in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Hippocampus After the Development but not Extinction of Reward-Related Behaviors in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:235-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Role of dorsal hippocampal orexin-1 receptors in associating morphine reward with contextual stimuli. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:237-48. [PMID: 23787292 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283635ee9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the role of orexin receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) in the development of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and modification of hippocampal c-Fos and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) levels. Orexin-A (0.5, 5, and 50 pmol) and the orexin-1 receptor antagonist, SB334867 (10, 20, and 40 nmol), were bilaterally infused into the dHPC immediately before conditioning with morphine (0.5 or 7.5 mg/kg) using the CPP task. Western blotting was then used to measure the protein levels of c-Fos, total CREB, and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in the hippocampus. Orexin did not enhance the rewarding efficacy of morphine (0.5 mg/kg), but caused a reduction in hippocampal c-Fos. Successful conditioning with morphine (7.5 mg/kg) was associated with increased levels of hippocampal c-Fos and CREB, but with decreased CREB phosphorylation. Intrahippocampal administration of SB334867 before conditioning sessions disrupted the rewarding effect of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) and blocked morphine-induced increases in hippocampal CREB protein levels. The results suggest that orexin signaling within the dHPC is necessary for the development of morphine CPP. Morphine reward is related to altered levels of hippocampal c-Fos and CREB. Inhibition of morphine-induced increases in CREB levels might be the underlying mechanism for the disruption of morphine CPP.
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Haghparast A, Omranifard A, Arezoomandan R, Ghalandari-Shamami M, Taslimi Z, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A. Involvement of dopaminergic receptors of the rat nucleus accumbens in decreasing the conditioned place preference induced by lateral hypothalamus stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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43
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Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Reisi Z, Vaziri A, Haghparast A, Shaigani P, Haghparast A. Involvement of orexin-2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in the antinociception induced by the lateral hypothalamus stimulation in rats. Peptides 2013; 47:94-8. [PMID: 23891649 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexin, which is mainly produced by orexin-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), plays an important role in pain modulation. Both kinds of orexin-1 (Ox1) and orexin-2 (Ox2) receptors have been found at high density in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the quantity of Ox1 receptors in the VTA is more than that in the NAc. Additionally, it seems that the functional interaction between the LH, VTA and NAc implicates pain processing and modulation. In this study, we tried to examine the involvement of Ox2 receptors in the NAc and VTA using tail-flick test as an animal model of acute pain following microinjection of effective dose of carbachol (125nmol/0.5μl saline) into the LH. In this set of experiments, different doses of TCS OX2 29 as an Ox2 receptor antagonist were microinjected into the VTA (1, 7 and 20nmol/0.3μl DMSO) and the NAc (2, 10, 20 and 40nmol/0.5μl DMSO) 5min prior to carbachol administration. Administration of TCS OX2 29 into the VTA and NAc dose-dependently blocked intra-LH carbachol-induced antinociception. However, the inhibitory effect of TCS OX2 29 as an Ox2 receptor antagonist was more potent in the VTA than that in the NAc. It seems that VTA orexinergic receptors are more effective on LH stimulation-induced antinociception and the modulation of pain descending inhibitory system originated from the LH than those of the same receptors in the nucleus accumbens in rats.
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Zarepour L, Komaki A, Shahidi S, Sarihi A, Haghparast A. Potentiation of rewarding properties of morphine by concurrent chemical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 107:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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45
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Rashidy-Pour A, Pahlevani P, Vaziri A, Shaigani P, Zarepour L, Vafaei AA, Haghparast A. Involvement of CB1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area in the potentiation of morphine rewarding properties in acquisition but not expression in the conditioned place preference model. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:259-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Karimi S, Azizi P, Shamsizadeh A, Haghparast A. Role of intra-accumbal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the potentiation, acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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47
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Sadeghi S, Reisi Z, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Haghparast A. Involvement of orexin-1 receptors in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens in antinociception induced by lateral hypothalamus stimulation in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 105:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Taslimi Z, Arezoomandan R, Omranifard A, Ghalandari-Shamami M, Riahi E, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A, Haghparast A. Orexin A in the ventral tegmental area induces conditioned place preference in a dose-dependent manner: involvement of D1/D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Peptides 2012; 37:225-32. [PMID: 22885169 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that orexin A in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is necessary for development of morphine place preference. Additionally, D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have critical roles in motivation and reward. However, little is known about the function of orexin in conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats and involvement of D1/D2 receptors in the NAc. In the present study, we investigated the effect of direct administration of orexin A into the VTA, and examined the role of intra-accumbal dopamine receptors in development (acquisition) of reward-related behaviors in the rats. Adult male Wistar rats were unilaterally implanted by two separate cannulae into the VTA and NAc. The CPP paradigm was used, and, conditioning score and locomotor activity were recorded by Ethovision software. The results showed that unilateral intra-VTA administration of orexin A (27, 53 and 107 ng/0.3 μl saline) during conditioning phase induced CPP in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective dose of intra-VTA orexin-A in eliciting CPP was 107 ng. However, intra-NAc administration of SCH 23390 (0.25, 1 and 4 μg/0.5 μl saline), a D1 receptor antagonist, and sulpiride (0.25, 1 and 4 μg/0.5 μl DMSO), a D2 receptor antagonist, inhibited the development of orexin-induced CPP. The inhibitory effect of D2 but not D1 receptor antagonist was exerted in a dose-dependent manner. It is supposed that the activation of VTA dopaminergic neuron by orexin impresses the D2 receptors more than D1 receptors in the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taslimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
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Mahler SV, Smith RJ, Moorman DE, Sartor GC, Aston-Jones G. Multiple roles for orexin/hypocretin in addiction. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 198:79-121. [PMID: 22813971 PMCID: PMC3643893 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59489-1.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are hypothalamic peptides involved in arousal and wakefulness, but also play a critical role in drug addiction and reward-related behaviors. Here, we review the roles played by orexins in a variety of animal models of drug addiction, emphasizing both commonalities and differences for orexin's involvement in seeking of the major classes of abused drugs, as well as food. One common theme that emerges is an involvement of orexins in drug seeking triggered by external stimuli (e.g., cues, contexts or stressors). We also discuss the functional neuronal circuits in which orexins are embedded, and how these circuits mediate addiction-related behaviors, with particular focus on the role of orexin and glutamate interactions within the ventral tegmental area. Finally, we attempt to contextualize the role of orexins in reward by discussing ways in which these peptides, expressed in only a few thousand neurons in the brain, can have such wide-ranging effects on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rachel J. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David E. Moorman
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gregory C. Sartor
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Barson JR, Chang GQ, Poon K, Morganstern I, Leibowitz SF. Galanin and the orexin 2 receptor as possible regulators of enkephalin in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: relation to dietary fat. Neuroscience 2011; 193:10-20. [PMID: 21821102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that the non-opioid peptides, galanin (GAL) and orexin (OX), are similar to the opioid enkephalin (ENK) in being stimulated by dietary fat and also in enhancing the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). This suggests that, when an HFD is provided, these non-opioids may stimulate the opioid system to promote excess consumption of this diet. Using single- and double-labeling immunohistochemistry, the present study sought to identify possible neuroanatomical substrates for this close relationship. Focusing on the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and particularly its anterior (aPVN), middle (mPVN) and posterior (pPVN) parts, the experiments examined whether GAL itself or the receptors for GAL and OX are stimulated by an HFD in the same areas and possibly the same neurons as ENK. Compared to animals fed a standard chow diet, rats consuming an HFD exhibited an increased density of medial parvocellular neurons immunoreactive (IR) for GAL in the mPVN and aPVN and for ENK in the mPVN and pPVN, distinguishing the mPVN as an area where both peptides were affected. While showing little evidence for GAL and ENK colocalization with a chow diet, double-labeling studies in HFD-fed rats revealed significant colocalization specifically in medial parvocellular neurons of the mPVN. Immediately posterior to this site, further analyses revealed a similar relationship between the OX 2 receptor (OX(2)R) and ENK in HFD-treated animals. While increasing the density of neurons immunoreactive for OX(2)R as well as for the GAL 1 receptor but not OX 1 receptor, HFD consumption increased the colocalization only of OX(2)R and ENK, specifically in the medial parvocellular neurons of the pPVN. These changes in HFD-fed rats, showing GAL and OX(2)R to colocalize with ENK exclusively in neurons of the medial parvocellular mPVN and pPVN, respectively, suggest possible neural substrates through which the non-opioid peptides may functionally interact with ENK when exposed to an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, 1230 York Avenue, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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