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Eck SR, Bangasser DA. The effects of early life stress on motivated behaviors: A role for gonadal hormones. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:86-100. [PMID: 33022296 PMCID: PMC7744121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated behaviors are controlled by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, consisting of projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), with input from structures including the medial preoptic area (mPOA). Sex differences are present in this circuit, and gonadal hormones (e.g., estradiol and testosterone) are important for regulating DA transmission. Early life stress (ELS) also regulates the mesocorticolimbic DA system. ELS modifies motivated behaviors and the underlying DA circuitry, increasing risk for disorders such as substance use disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia. ELS has been shown to change gonadal hormone signaling in both sexes. Thus, one way that ELS could impact mesocorticolimbic DA is by altering the efficacy of gonadal hormones. This review provides evidence for this idea by integrating the gonadal hormone, motivation, and ELS literature to argue that ELS alters gonadal hormone signaling to impact motivated behavior. We also discuss the importance of these effects in the context of understanding risk and treatments for psychiatric disorders in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Eck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Rotolo RA, Kalaba P, Dragacevic V, Presby RE, Neri J, Robertson E, Yang JH, Correa M, Bakulev V, Volkova NN, Pifl C, Lubec G, Salamone JD. Behavioral and dopamine transporter binding properties of the modafinil analog (S, S)-CE-158: reversal of the motivational effects of tetrabenazine and enhancement of progressive ratio responding. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3459-3470. [PMID: 32770257 PMCID: PMC7572767 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atypical dopamine (DA) transport blockers such as modafinil and its analogs may be useful for treating motivational symptoms of depression and other disorders. Previous research has shown that the DA depleting agent tetrabenazine can reliably induce motivational deficits in rats, as evidenced by a shift towards a low-effort bias in effort-based choice tasks. This is consistent with human studies showing that people with major depression show a bias towards low-effort activities. OBJECTIVES Recent studies demonstrated that the atypical DA transport (DAT) inhibitor (S)-CE-123 reversed tetrabenazine-induced motivational deficits, increased progressive ratio (PROG) lever pressing, and increased extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens. In the present studies, a recently synthesized modafinil analog, (S, S)-CE-158, was assessed in a series of neurochemical and behavioral studies in rats. RESULTS (S, S)-CE-158 demonstrated the ability to reverse the effort-related effects of tetrabenazine and increase selection of high-effort PROG lever pressing in rats tested on PROG/chow feeding choice task. (S, S)-CE-158 showed a high selectivity for inhibiting DAT compared with other monoamine transporters, and systemic administration of (S, S)-CE-158 increased extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens during the behaviorally active time course, which is consistent with the effects of (S)-CE-123 and other DAT inhibitors that enhance high-effort responding. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide an initial neurochemical characterization of a novel atypical DAT inhibitor, and demonstrate that this compound is active in models of effort-related choice. This research could contribute to the development of novel compounds for the treatment of motivational dysfunctions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A. Rotolo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rose E. Presby
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Julia Neri
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Emily Robertson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jen-Hau Yang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St., Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Natalia N. Volkova
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St., Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Christian Pifl
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - John D. Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Corresponding authors: John D. Salamone () and Gert Lubec ()
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Jaromin E, Sadowska ET, Koteja P. The effect of monoamines reuptake inhibitors on aerobic exercise performance in bank voles from a selection experiment. Curr Zool 2019; 65:409-419. [PMID: 31413714 PMCID: PMC6688583 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise performance depends on both physiological abilities (e.g., muscle strength) and behavioral characteristics (e.g., motivation). We tested the hypothesis that evolution of increased aerobic exercise performance can be facilitated by evolution of neuropsychological mechanisms responsible for motivation to undertake physical activity. We used a unique model system: lines of bank voles Myodes glareolus selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism ("aerobic" A lines). In generation 21, voles from the 4 A lines achieved a 57% higher "voluntary maximum" swim-induced aerobic metabolism (VO2swim) than voles from 4 unselected, "control" C lines. In C lines, VO2swim was 9% lower than the maximum forced-exercise aerobic metabolism (VO2run; P = 0.007), while in A lines it was even higher than VO2run, although not significantly (4%, P = 0.15). Thus, we hypothesized that selection changed both the aerobic capacity and the neuronal mechanisms behind motivation to undertake activity. We investigated the influence of reuptake inhibitors of dopamine (DARI), serotonin (SSRI), and norepinephrine (NERI) on VO2swim. The drugs decreased VO2swim both in C and A lines (% decrease compared with saline: DARI 8%, P < 0.001; SSRI 6%, P < 0.001; NERI 8%, P < 0.001), but the proportional response differed between selection directions only for NERI (stronger effect in C lines: P = 0.008) and the difference was marginally non-significant for SSRI (P = 0.07) and DARI (P = 0.06). Thus, the results suggest that all the 3 monoamines are involved in signaling pathways controlling the motivation to be active and that norepinephrine could have played a role in the evolution of increased aerobic exercise performance in our animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaromin
- Institute of Environmetal Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Gomita Y, Esumi S, Kitamura Y, Motoda H, Sendo T, Sagara H, Araki H, Mio M, Inoue S, Kano Y. Intracranial self-stimulation and immobilization had different effects on neurite extension and the p38 MAPK pathway in PC12m3 cells. Life Sci 2017; 190:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gomita Y, Esumi S, Sugiyama N, Kitamura Y, Koike Y, Motoda H, Sendo T, Kano Y. Intracranial self-stimulation-reward induces neurite extension in PC12m3 cells and activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yohn SE, Errante EE, Rosenbloom-Snow A, Somerville M, Rowland M, Tokarski K, Zafar N, Correa M, Salamone JD. Blockade of uptake for dopamine, but not norepinephrine or 5-HT, increases selection of high effort instrumental activity: Implications for treatment of effort-related motivational symptoms in psychopathology. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:270-280. [PMID: 27329556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in behavioral activation, exertion of effort, and other psychomotor/motivational symptoms are frequently seen in people with depression and other disorders. Depressed people show a decision bias towards selection of low effort activities, and animal tests of effort-related decision making are being used as models of motivational dysfunctions seen in psychopathology. The present studies investigated the ability of drugs that block dopamine transport (DAT), norepinephrine transport (NET), and serotonin transport (SERT) to modulate work output in rats responding on a test of effort-related decision making (i.e., a progressive ratio (PROG)/chow feeding choice task). With this task, rats choose between working for a preferred food (high carbohydrate pellets) by lever pressing on a PROG schedule vs. obtaining a less preferred lab chow that is freely available in the chamber. The present studies focused on the effects of the selective DAT inhibitor GBR12909, the selective SERT inhibitor fluoxetine, and the selective NET inhibitors desipramine and atomoxetine. Acute and repeated administration of GBR12909 shifted choice behavior, increasing measures of PROG lever pressing but decreasing chow intake. In contrast, fluoxetine, desipramine and atomoxetine failed to increase lever pressing output, and actually decreased it at higher doses. In the behaviorally effective dose range, GBR12909 elevated extracellular dopamine levels in accumbens core as measured by microdialysis, but fluoxetine, desipramine and atomoxetine decreased extracellular dopamine. Thus, blockade of DAT increases selection of the high effort instrumental activity, while inhibition of SERT or NET does not. These results have implications for the use of monoamine uptake inhibitors for the treatment of effort-related psychiatric symptoms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Yohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Emily E Errante
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | | | - Matthew Somerville
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Margaret Rowland
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Kristin Tokarski
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Nadia Zafar
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA; Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06261-1020, USA.
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Not All Antidepressants Are Created Equal: Differential Effects of Monoamine Uptake Inhibitors on Effort-Related Choice Behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:686-94. [PMID: 26105139 PMCID: PMC4707815 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Motivated behavior can be characterized by behavioral activation and high work output. Moreover, people with depression and other disorders show effort-related motivational symptoms, such as anergia, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue. Effort-based decision making is studied using tasks offering choices between high effort options leading to highly valued reinforcers vs low effort/low reward options, and such tasks could be useful as animal models of motivational symptoms. In the present studies the effort-related effects of the vesicular monoamine transport (VMAT-2) inhibitor tetrabenazine (TBZ) were investigated. TBZ blocks vesicular storage and also produces depressive symptoms in humans. Moreover, TBZ alters effort-based choice in rats, biasing animals toward low effort alternatives. The present studies investigated the ability of acute administration of various monoamine uptake inhibitors to reverse the effects of TBZ. Effort-related effects of TBZ were attenuated by the catecholamine uptake inhibitor and antidepressant bupropion, and this effect of bupropion was reversed by either D1 or D2 family antagonism. The effort-related effects of TBZ were also attenuated by the selective dopamine uptake blocker GBR12909. The 5-HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine and the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desipramine failed to reverse the effects of TBZ, and higher doses of these drugs, given alone or in combination with TBZ, led to further behavioral impairments. These results indicate that drugs acting on dopamine transmission are relatively effective at reversing the effort-related effects of TBZ, and are consistent with the hypothesis that drugs that enhance dopamine transmission may be effective at treating effort-related psychiatric symptoms in humans.
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van Enkhuizen J, Milienne-Petiot M, Geyer MA, Young JW. Modeling bipolar disorder in mice by increasing acetylcholine or dopamine: chronic lithium treats most, but not all features. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3455-67. [PMID: 26141192 PMCID: PMC4537820 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bipolar disorder (BD) is a disabling and life-threatening disease characterized by states of depression and mania. New and efficacious treatments have not been forthcoming partly due to a lack of well-validated models representing both facets of BD. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that cholinergic- and dopaminergic-pharmacological manipulations would model depression and mania respectively, each attenuated by lithium treatment. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice received the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine or saline before testing for "behavioral despair" (immobility) in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Physostigmine effects on exploration and sensorimotor gating were assessed using the cross-species behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigms. Other C57BL/6 J mice received chronic lithium drinking water (300, 600, or 1200 mg/l) before assessing their effects alone in the BPM or with physostigmine on FST performance. Another group was tested with acute GBR12909 (dopamine transporter inhibitor) and chronic lithium (1000 mg/l) in the BPM. RESULTS Physostigmine (0.03 mg/kg) increased immobility in the TST and FST without affecting activity, exploration, or PPI. Lithium (600 mg/l) resulted in low therapeutic serum concentrations and normalized the physostigmine-increased immobility in the FST. GBR12909 induced mania-like behavior in the BPM of which hyper-exploration was attenuated, though not reversed, after chronic lithium (1000 mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS Increased cholinergic levels induced depression-like behavior and hyperdopaminergia induced mania-like behavior in mice, while chronic lithium treated some, but not all, facets of these effects. These data support a cholinergic-monoaminergic mechanism for modeling BD aspects and provide a way to assess novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Correspondence: Jared W. Young, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, California, 92093-0804, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205,
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Esumi S, Kawasaki Y, Nakamoto A, Sagara H, Gomita Y, Kitamura Y, Sendo T. Differential effects of nomifensine and imipramine on motivated behavior in the runway model of intracranial self-stimulation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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