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Li D, Jia J, Zeng H, Zhong X, Chen H, Yi C. Efficacy of exercise rehabilitation for managing patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2175-2188. [PMID: 38488551 PMCID: PMC11034587 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and degenerative neurological disease characterized by the deterioration of cognitive functions. While a definitive cure and optimal medication to impede disease progression are currently unavailable, a plethora of studies have highlighted the potential advantages of exercise rehabilitation for managing this condition. Those studies show that exercise rehabilitation can enhance cognitive function and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by AD. Therefore, exercise rehabilitation has been regarded as one of the most important strategies for managing patients with AD. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the currently available findings on exercise rehabilitation in patients with AD, with a focus on the exercise types which have shown efficacy when implemented alone or combined with other treatment methods, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these positive effects. Specifically, we explain how exercise may improve the brain microenvironment and neuronal plasticity. In conclusion, exercise is a cost-effective intervention to enhance cognitive performance and improve quality of life in patients with mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, it can potentially become both a physical activity and a tailored intervention. This review may aid the development of more effective and individualized treatment strategies to address the challenges imposed by this debilitating disease, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jinning Jia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Huichang County People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Martin SL, Uribe C, Strafella AP. PET imaging of synaptic density in Parkinsonian disorders. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25253. [PMID: 37814917 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and altered synaptic pruning are present in people with Parkinsonian disorders. Dopamine loss and alpha-synuclein accumulation, two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, contribute to synaptic dysfunction and reduced synaptic density in PD. Atypical Parkinsonian disorders are likely to have unique spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic density, differentiating them from PD. Therefore, quantification of synaptic density has the potential to support diagnoses, monitor disease progression, and treatment efficacy. Novel radiotracers for positron emission tomography which target the presynaptic vesicle protein SV2A have been developed to quantify presynaptic density. The radiotracers have successfully investigated synaptic density in preclinical models of PD and people with Parkinsonian disorders. Therefore, this review will summarize the preclinical and clinical utilization of SV2A radiotracers in people with Parkinsonian disorders. We will evaluate how SV2A abundance is associated with other imaging modalities and the considerations for interpreting SV2A in Parkinsonian pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carme Uribe
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Unitat de Psicologia Medica, Departament de Medicina, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Neurology Division, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Wan C, Song X, Zhang Z, Hu W, Chen Y, Sun W, Liu Z, Wang S, Meng W. Voluntary exercise during puberty promotes spatial memory and hippocampal DG/CA3 synaptic transmission in mice. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad497. [PMID: 38124544 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been shown to have an impact on memory and hippocampal function across different age groups. Nevertheless, the influence and mechanisms underlying how voluntary exercise during puberty affects memory are still inadequately comprehended. This research aims to examine the impacts of self-initiated physical activity throughout adolescence on spatial memory. Developing mice were exposed to a 4-wk voluntary wheel running exercise protocol, commencing at the age of 30 d. After engaging in voluntary wheel running exercise during development, there was an enhancement in spatial memory. Moreover, hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 neurons rather than CA1 neurons exhibited an increase in the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of NR2A/NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and α1GABAA subunit of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, as well as dendritic spine density, specifically within dentate gyrus and CA3 regions rather than CA1 region. The findings suggest that voluntary exercise during development can enhance spatial memory in mice by increasing synapse numbers and improving synaptic transmission in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 regions, but not in CA1 region. This study sheds light on the neural mechanisms underlying how early-life exercise improves cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Xueqing Song
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Zhuyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 33001, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
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Gelfo F, Petrosini L, Mandolesi L, Landolfo E, Caruso G, Balsamo F, Bonarota S, Bozzali M, Caltagirone C, Serra L. Land/Water Aerobic Activities: Two Sides of the Same Coin. A Comparative Analysis on the Effects in Cognition of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1181-1197. [PMID: 38552114 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Evidence in the literature indicates that aerobic physical activity may have a protective role in aging pathologies. However, it has not been clarified whether different types of aerobic exercise produce different effects. In particular, these potential differences have not been explored in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present narrative review has the specific aim of evaluating whether land (walking/running) and water (swimming) aerobic activities exert different effects on cognitive functions and neural correlates in AD patients. In particular, the investigation is carried out by comparing the evidence provided from studies on AD animal models and on patients. On the whole, we ascertained that both human and animal studies documented beneficial effects of land and water aerobic exercise on cognition in AD. Also, the modulation of numerous biological processes is documented in association with structural modifications. Remarkably, we found that aerobic activity appears to improve cognition per se, independently from the specific kind of exercise performed. Aerobic exercise promotes brain functioning through the secretion of molecular factors from skeletal muscles and liver. These molecular factors stimulate neuroplasticity, reduce neuroinflammation, and inhibit neurodegenerative processes leading to amyloid-β accumulation. Additionally, aerobic exercise improves mitochondrial activity, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing ATP production. Aerobic activities protect against AD, but implementing exercise protocols for patients is challenging. We suggest that health policies and specialized institutions should direct increasing attention on aerobic activity as lifestyle modifiable factor for successful aging and age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Balsamo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonarota
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini', University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Yang J, Yuan S, Jian Y, Lei Y, Hu Z, Yang Q, Yan X, Zheng L, Li J, Liu W. Aerobic exercise regulates GPR81 signal pathway and mediates complement- microglia axis homeostasis on synaptic protection in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2023; 331:122042. [PMID: 37634815 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Memory impairment is a major clinical manifestation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, while regular exercise may prevent and delay degenerative changes in memory functions, and our aim is to explore the influence and molecular mechanisms of aerobic exercise on the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. MAIN METHODS 3-month-old male APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and C57BL/6J wild-type mice were randomly divided into four groups: wild-type and APP/PS1 mice with sedentary (WT-SED, AD-SED), and running (WT-RUN, AD-RUN) for 12-weeks. The spatial learning and memory function, RNA-sequencing, spine density, synaptic associated protein, mRNA and protein expression involved in G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) signaling pathway, and complement factors in brain were measured. KEY FINDINGS Aerobic exercise improved spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice, potentially attributed to increased dendritic spine density. Subsequently, potential underlying mechanisms were identified through RNA sequencing: regular aerobic exercise could activate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and upregulate synaptic function-related proteins to promote synaptic growth, possibly by modulating GPR81. Notably, regular aerobic exercise inhibited microglial activation, reversed the microglial phenotype, reduced the production of initiation factor C1q and central factor C3 in the complement cascade in the brain, prevented the colocalization of microglia and PSD-95, and thus prevented synaptic loss. SIGNIFICANCE Physical exercise could play a critical role in improving cognitive function in AD by promoting synaptic growth and preventing synaptic loss, which may be related to the regulation of the GPR81/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and inhibition of complement-mediated microglial phagocytosis of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Shunling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Ye Jian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Zelin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Qiming Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Xinjun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- College of Physical Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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Yoshida T, Mori T, Shimizu H, Tachibana A, Yoshino Y, Ochi S, Yamazaki K, Ozaki Y, Kawabe K, Horiuchi F, Komori K, Iga JI, Ueno SI. Analysis of factors related to cognitive impairment in a community-based, complete enumeration survey in Japan: the Nakayama study. Psychogeriatrics 2023; 23:876-884. [PMID: 37483119 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients with cognitive disorders is rapidly increasing in the world, becoming not only a medical problem, but also a social problem. There have been many reports that various factors are associated with cognitive dysfunction, but the factors have not yet been fully identified. This was a community-based complete enumeration study which aimed to identify risk and protective factors for dementia. METHODS The first phase included all residents aged 65 years or older in a town in Japan. They completed many examinations, such as living conditions questionnaires, physical examination, Mini-Mental State Examination, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. The participants with suspected cognitive impairment underwent additional examinations for detailed evaluation in the second phase. Statistical analysis was performed to identify risk and protective factors for dementia after all participants were diagnosed. RESULTS There were 927 participants in the baseline evaluation; 611 (65.9%) were healthy, 165 (17.8%) had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 151 (16.3%) had dementia. The age-standardised prevalence of dementia was 9.5%. Statistical analyses for amnestic MCI and Alzheimer's disease showed that risk factors for cognitive decline were diabetes mellitus, low activities of daily living, and living alone, and that protective factors were history of exercise and drinking habit. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that several lifestyle-related diseases and factors are associated with cognitive decline. These results support similar findings from previous studies and will be helpful for preventing dementia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Yoshida
- Department of Psychiatry, Zaidan Niihama Hospital, Niihama, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Heisei Hospital, Ozu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Heisei Hospital, Ozu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tachibana
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Matsukaze Hospital, Shikokuchuou, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Fumie Horiuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Zaidan Niihama Hospital, Niihama, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
- Office of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Juzen-Yurinoki Hospital, Niihama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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Guo L, Li S, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Cui H, Li Y. Effects of exercise intensity on spatial memory performance and hippocampal synaptic function in SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023:107791. [PMID: 37380098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory impairment is commonly noted in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is regarded as a progressive synaptic failure disease. Exercise is a nonpharmacological strategy that may help prevent cognitive decline and reduce the risk of AD, which is usually thought to be related to synaptic damage in the hippocampus. However, the effects of exercise intensity on hippocampal memory and synaptic function in AD remain unclear. In this study, senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice were randomly assigned to the control group (Con), low-intensity exercise group (Low), and moderate-intensity exercise group (Mid). Here, we showed that eight weeks of treadmill exercise beginning in four-month-old mice improved spatial memory and recognition memory in six-month-old SAMP8 mice, while the Con group exhibited impaired spatial memory and recognition memory. Treadmill exercise also improved hippocampal neuron morphology in SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, dendritic spine density and the levels of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95) and Synaptophysin (SYN) increased significantly in the Low and Mid groups as compared with the Con group. We further showed that moderate-intensity exercise (60% of maximum speed) was more efficacious in increasing dendritic spine density、PSD95 and SYN, than low-intensity exercise (40% of maximum speed). In conclusion, the positive effect of treadmill exercise is closely related to exercise intensity, with moderate-intensity exercise showing the most optimal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Guo
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yan Li
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Ying N, Luo H, Li B, Gong K, Shu Q, Liang F, Gao H, Huang T, Zheng H. Exercise Alleviates Behavioral Disorders but Shapes Brain Metabolism of APP/PS1 Mice in a Region- and Exercise-Specific Manner. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37126732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exercise plays a beneficial role in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its effects on brain metabolism are still far from being understood. Here, we examined behavioral changes of APP/PS1 mice after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and analyzed metabolomics profiles in the hippocampus, cortex, and hypothalamus by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to explore potential metabolic mechanisms. The results demonstrate that both HIIT and MICT alleviated anxiety/depressive-like behaviors as well as learning and memory impairments of AD mice. Metabolomics analysis reveals that energy metabolism, neurotransmitter metabolism, and membrane metabolism were significantly altered in all three brain regions after both types of exercises. Amino acid metabolism was detected to be affected in the cortex and hypothalamus after HIIT and in the hippocampus and hypothalamus after MICT. However, only HIIT significantly altered astrocyte-neuron metabolism in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of AD mice. Therefore, our study suggests that exercise can shape brain metabolism of AD mice in a region- and exercise-specific manner, indicating that the precise modification of brain metabolism by a specific type of exercise might be a novel perspective for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hanqi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Baixia Li
- School of Physical Education and Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kaiyan Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fei Liang
- College of Physical Education, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Lu Y, Bu FQ, Wang F, Liu L, Zhang S, Wang G, Hu XY. Recent advances on the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced improvements of cognitive dysfunction. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:9. [PMID: 36850004 PMCID: PMC9972637 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is of great significance for maintaining human health. Exercise can provide varying degrees of benefits to cognitive function at all stages of life cycle. Currently, with the aging of the world's population and increase of life expectancy, cognitive dysfunction has gradually become a disease of high incidence, which is accompanied by neurodegenerative diseases in elderly individuals. Patients often exhibit memory loss, aphasia and weakening of orientation once diagnosed, and are unable to have a normal life. Cognitive dysfunction largely affects the physical and mental health, reduces the quality of life, and causes a great economic burden to the society. At present, most of the interventions are aimed to maintain the current cognitive level and delay deterioration of cognition. In contrast, exercise as a nonpharmacological therapy has great advantages in its nontoxicity, low cost and universal application. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of exercise on cognition are complex, and studies have been extensively centered on neural plasticity, the direct target of exercise in the brain. In addition, mitochondrial stability and energy metabolism are essential for brain status. Meanwhile, the organ-brain axis responds to exercise and induces release of cytokines related to cognition. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on cognition, and point out directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Fa-Qian Bu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Li Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guan Wang
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiu-Ying Hu
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Guo L, Yang X, Zhang Y, Xu X, Li Y. Effect of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1077732. [PMID: 36704501 PMCID: PMC9872519 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1077732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive decline is a central manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its process is inseparable from changes in synaptic plasticity. The aim of this review was to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in AD animal models. Materials and methods Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from April to May 2022. The risk of bias was evaluated by Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). The Morris water maze (MWM) test and synaptic plasticity were considered outcome measures. Data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analyses using the software Stata. Heterogeneity was examined by using I2 test. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also assessed. Results A total of 20 randomized controlled studies were eligible for study inclusion. Compared with controls, exercise decreased escape latency (SMD = -0.86, 95% CI: -1.21 to -0.50, P < 0.001), increased platform crossover numbers (SMD = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.57-2.11, P = 0.001) and time in the target quadrant (SMD = 1.65, 95% CI: 0.95-2.36, P < 0.001) and the expression of PSD95 (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.25-1.21, P = 0.003) in AD animals. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that exercise before AD had a greater effect on escape latency (SMD = -0.88, 95% CI: -1.25 to -0.52, P < 0.001), platform crossover numbers (SMD = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.23-2.18, P < 0.001), time in the target quadrant (SMD = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.19-2.87, P < 0.001) and the expression of PSD95 (SMD = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.19-1.69, P = 0.014) than exercise after AD. The results of the subgroup analysis also showed that treadmill running might be an appropriate exercise type. Conclusion Our findings suggested that exercise had a potential effect on improving cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. It can play a better neuroprotective role before AD. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42022328438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Guo
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Postdoctoral Research Station in Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Xinyi Xu ✉
| | - Yan Li
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Yan Li ✉
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Yuan S, Yang J, Jian Y, Lei Y, Yao S, Hu Z, Liu X, Tang C, Liu W. Treadmill Exercise Modulates Intestinal Microbes and Suppresses LPS Displacement to Alleviate Neuroinflammation in the Brains of APP/PS1 Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194134. [PMID: 36235786 PMCID: PMC9572649 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with a deterioration in the function of gut microbiota. APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice were subjected to 12 weeks of treadmill exercise, followed by spatial memory tests. After the behavioral study, the amyloid (Aβ) pathology, gut microbes and metabolites, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) displacement, and degree of neuroinflammation were analyzed. We found that this strategy of exercise enriched gut microbial diversity and alleviated neuroinflammation in the brain. Notably, exercise led to reductions in pathogenic bacteria such as intestinal Allobaculum, increases in probiotic bacteria such as Akkermansia, increased levels of intestine–brain barrier proteins, and attenuated LPS displacement. These results suggest that prolonged exercise can effectively modulate gut microbes and the intestinal barrier and thereby reduce LPS displacement and ultimately alleviate AD-related neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Jialun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Ye Jian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Sisi Yao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Zelin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Changfa Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Correspondence:
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Medicinal Herbs and Their Derived Ingredients Protect against Cognitive Decline in In Vivo Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911311. [PMID: 36232612 PMCID: PMC9569503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has pathological hallmarks including amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation. Currently approved single-target drugs cannot effectively ameliorate AD. Medicinal herbs and their derived ingredients (MHDIs) have multitarget and multichannel properties, engendering exceptional AD treatment outcomes. This review delineates how in in vivo models MHDIs suppress Aβ deposition by downregulating β- and γ-secretase activities; inhibit oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant activities and reducing lipid peroxidation; prevent tau hyperphosphorylation by upregulating protein phosphatase 2A expression and downregulating glycogen synthase kinase-3β expression; reduce inflammatory mediators partly by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2-mediated signaling and downregulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling; attenuate synaptic dysfunction by increasing presynaptic protein, postsynaptic protein, and acetylcholine levels and preventing acetylcholinesterase activity; and protect against neuronal apoptosis mainly by upregulating Akt/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling and downregulating p38 MAPK/JNK/Bcl-2-associated x protein (Bax)/caspase-3-, Bax/apoptosis-inducing factor-, C/EBP homologous protein/glucose-regulated protein 78-, and autophagy-mediated apoptotic signaling. Therefore, MHDIs listed in this review protect against Aβ-induced cognitive decline by inhibiting Aβ accumulation, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, synaptic damage, and neuronal apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus during the early and late AD phases.
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Ebrahimnejad M, Azizi P, Alipour V, Zarrindast MR, Vaseghi S. Complicated Role of Exercise in Modulating Memory: A Discussion of the Mechanisms Involved. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1477-1490. [PMID: 35195832 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown the beneficial effects of exercise on learning and memory. However, many studies have reported controversial results, indicating that exercise can impair learning and memory. In this article, we aimed to review basic studies reporting inconsistent complicated effects of exercise on memory in rodents. Also, we discussed the mechanisms involved in the effects of exercise on memory processes. In addition, we tried to find scientific answers to justify the inconsistent results. In this article, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (involved in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis), and vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammatory markers, apoptotic factors, and antioxidant system was discussed in the modulation of exercise effects on memory. The role of intensity and duration of exercise, and type of memory task was also investigated. We also mentioned to the interaction of exercise with the function of neurotransmitter systems, which complicates the prediction of exercise effect via altering the level of BDNF. Eventually, we suggested that changes in the function of neurotransmitter systems following different types of exercise (depending on exercise intensity or age of onset) should be investigated in further studies. It seems that exercise-induced changes in the function of neurotransmitter systems may have a stronger role than age, type of memory task, or exercise intensity in modulating memory. Importantly, high levels of interactions between neurotransmitter systems and BDNF play a critical role in the modulation of exercise effects on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Azizi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Alipour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, P.O. Box: 1419815477, Karaj, Iran.
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