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Samardžija B, Juković M, Zaharija B, Renner É, Palkovits M, Bradshaw NJ. Co-Aggregation and Parallel Aggregation of Specific Proteins in Major Mental Illness. Cells 2023; 12:1848. [PMID: 37508512 PMCID: PMC10378145 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted proteostasis is an emerging area of research into major depressive disorder. Several proteins have been implicated as forming aggregates specifically in the brains of subsets of patients with psychiatric illnesses. These proteins include CRMP1, DISC1, NPAS3 and TRIOBP-1. It is unclear, however, whether these proteins normally aggregate together in the same individuals and, if so, whether each protein aggregates independently of each other ("parallel aggregation") or if the proteins physically interact and aggregate together ("co-aggregation"). MATERIALS AND METHODS Post mortem insular cortex samples from major depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease patients, suicide victims and control individuals had their insoluble fractions isolated and tested by Western blotting to determine which of these proteins are insoluble and, therefore, likely to be aggregating. The ability of the proteins to co-aggregate (directly interact and form common aggregate structures) was tested by systematic pairwise expression of the proteins in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which were then examined by immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Many individuals displayed multiple insoluble proteins in the brain, although not enough to imply interaction between the proteins. Cell culture analysis revealed that only a few of the proteins analyzed can consistently co-aggregate with each other: DISC1 with each of CRMP1 and TRIOBP-1. DISC1 was able to induce aggregation of full length TRIOBP-1, but not individual domains of TRIOBP-1 when they were expressed individually. CONCLUSIONS While specific proteins are capable of co-aggregating, and appear to do so in the brains of individuals with mental illness and potentially also with suicidal tendency, it is more common for such proteins to aggregate in a parallel manner, through independent mechanisms. This information aids in understanding the distribution of protein aggregates among mental illness patients and is therefore important for any future diagnostic or therapeutic approaches based on this aspect of mental illness pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobana Samardžija
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Juković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Beti Zaharija
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Éva Renner
- Human Brain Tissue Bank & Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank & Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Chen J, Liu Y, Zhou K, Zhang W, Wen B, Xu K, Liu Y, Chen L, Huang Y, He B, Hang W, Chen J. DISC1 inhibits GSK3β activity to prevent tau hyperphosphorylation under diabetic encephalopathy. Biofactors 2023; 49:173-184. [PMID: 36070513 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially in those patients with long T2D history. Persistent high glucose (HG) stimulation leads to neuron damage and manifests like Alzheimer's disease's pathological features such as neurofilament tangle. However, the precise mechanism of high-glucose-induced tau hyperphosphorylation is not fully revealed. We here gave evidence that Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 protein (DISC1) could interact with glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and inhibit its activity to prevent tau hyperphosphorylation. By using DB/DB mice as animal model and HG-treated N2a cell as cell model, we found that DISC1 was downregulated both in vivo and in vitro, complicated with Tau hyperphosphorylation and GSK3β activation. Further, we identified DISC1 interacted with GSK3β by its 198th-237th amino acid residues. Overexpression of full length DISC1 but not mutated DISC1 lacking this domain could prevent HG induced tau hyperphosphorylation. Taken together, our work revealed DISC1 could be an important negative modulators of tau phosphorylation, and suggested that preservation of DISC1 could prevent HG induced neuron damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Keru Zhou
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yazhou Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lichuan People's Hospital, Lichuan, China
| | - Benhong He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lichuan People's Hospital, Lichuan, China
| | - Weijian Hang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Greenwood TA. Genetic Influences on Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:291-314. [PMID: 36029459 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and debilitating psychotic disorder that is highly heritable and relatively common in the population. The clinical heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia is substantial, with patients exhibiting a broad range of deficits and symptom severity. Large-scale genomic studies employing a case-control design have begun to provide some biological insight. However, this strategy combines individuals with clinically diverse symptoms and ignores the genetic risk that is carried by many clinically unaffected individuals. Consequently, the majority of the genetic architecture underlying schizophrenia remains unexplained, and the pathways by which the implicated variants contribute to the clinically observable signs and symptoms are still largely unknown. Parsing the complex, clinical phenotype of schizophrenia into biologically relevant components may have utility in research aimed at understanding the genetic basis of liability. Cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia that is associated with impaired quality of life and poor functional outcome. Here, we examine the value of quantitative measures of cognitive dysfunction to objectively target the underlying neurobiological pathways and identify genetic variants and gene networks contributing to schizophrenia risk. For a complex disorder, quantitative measures are also more efficient than diagnosis, allowing for the identification of associated genetic variants with fewer subjects. Such a strategy supplements traditional analyses of schizophrenia diagnosis, providing the necessary biological insight to help translate genetic findings into actionable treatment targets. Understanding the genetic basis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia may thus facilitate the development of novel pharmacological and procognitive interventions to improve real-world functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Cukkemane A, Becker N, Zielinski M, Frieg B, Lakomek NA, Heise H, Schröder GF, Willbold D, Weiergräber OH. Conformational heterogeneity coupled with β-fibril formation of a scaffold protein involved in chronic mental illnesses. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:639. [PMID: 34921141 PMCID: PMC8683410 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mental illnesses (CMIs) pose a significant challenge to global health due to their complex and poorly understood etiologies and hence, absence of causal therapies. Research of the past two decades has revealed dysfunction of the disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein as a predisposing factor involved in several psychiatric disorders. DISC1 is a multifaceted protein that serves myriads of functions in mammalian cells, for instance, influencing neuronal development and synapse maintenance. It serves as a scaffold hub forming complexes with a variety (~300) of partners that constitute its interactome. Herein, using combinations of structural and biophysical tools, we demonstrate that the C-region of the DISC1 protein is highly polymorphic, with important consequences for its physiological role. Results from solid-state NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy indicate that the protein not only forms symmetric oligomers but also gives rise to fibrils closely resembling those found in certain established amyloid proteinopathies. Furthermore, its aggregation as studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is an exergonic process, involving a negative enthalpy change that drives the formation of oligomeric (presumably tetrameric) species as well as β-fibrils. We have been able to narrow down the β-core region participating in fibrillization to residues 716-761 of full-length human DISC1. This region is absent in the DISC1Δ22aa splice variant, resulting in reduced association with proteins from the dynein motor complex, viz., NDE-like 1 (NDEL1) and lissencephaly 1 (LIS1), which are crucial during mitosis. By employing surface plasmon resonance, we show that the oligomeric DISC1 C-region has an increased affinity and shows cooperativity in binding to LIS1 and NDEL1, in contrast to the noncooperative binding mode exhibited by the monomeric version. Based on the derived structural models, we propose that the association between the binding partners involves two neighboring subunits of DISC1 C-region oligomers. Altogether, our findings highlight the significance of the DISC1 C-region as a crucial factor governing the balance between its physiological role as a multifunctional scaffold protein and aggregation-related aberrations with potential significance for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Cukkemane
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nina Becker
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XJülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mara Zielinski
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Frieg
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nils-Alexander Lakomek
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XJülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Henrike Heise
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XJülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gunnar F. Schröder
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XJülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Physics Department, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Jülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Oliver H. Weiergräber
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XJülich Centre for Structural Biology (JuStruct), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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5
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Mizuki Y, Sakamoto S, Okahisa Y, Yada Y, Hashimoto N, Takaki M, Yamada N. Mechanisms Underlying the Comorbidity of Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:367-382. [PMID: 33315097 PMCID: PMC8130204 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia is high, and life expectancy is shorter by 10 to 20 years. Metabolic abnormalities including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the main reasons. The prevalence of T2DM in patients with schizophrenia may be epidemiologically frequent because antipsychotics induce weight gain as a side effect and the cognitive dysfunction of patients with schizophrenia relates to a disordered lifestyle, poor diet, and low socioeconomic status. Apart from these common risk factors and risk factors unique to schizophrenia, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of common susceptibility genes between schizophrenia and T2DM. Functional proteins translated from common genetic susceptibility genes are known to regulate neuronal development in the brain and insulin in the pancreas through several common cascades. In this review, we discuss common susceptibility genes, functional cascades, and the relationship between schizophrenia and T2DM. Many genetic and epidemiological studies have reliably associated the comorbidity of schizophrenia and T2DM, and it is probably safe to think that common cascades and mechanisms suspected from common genes' functions are related to the onset of both schizophrenia and T2DM. On the other hand, even when genetic analyses are performed on a relatively large number of comorbid patients, the results are sometimes inconsistent, and susceptibility genes may carry only a low or moderate risk. We anticipate future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mizuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shimonoseki Hospital
| | - Shinji Sakamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuji Yada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center
| | - Nozomu Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center
| | - Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Norihito Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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6
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Wang X, Ye F, Wen Z, Guo Z, Yu C, Huang WK, Rojas Ringeling F, Su Y, Zheng W, Zhou G, Christian KM, Song H, Zhang M, Ming GL. Structural interaction between DISC1 and ATF4 underlying transcriptional and synaptic dysregulation in an iPSC model of mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1346-1360. [PMID: 31444471 PMCID: PMC8444148 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are a collection of heterogeneous mental disorders arising from a contribution of genetic and environmental insults, many of which molecularly converge on transcriptional dysregulation, resulting in altered synaptic functions. The underlying mechanisms linking the genetic lesion and functional phenotypes remain largely unknown. Patient iPSC-derived neurons with a rare frameshift DISC1 (Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1) mutation have previously been shown to exhibit aberrant gene expression and deficits in synaptic functions. How DISC1 regulates gene expression is largely unknown. Here we show that Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), a DISC1 binding partner, is more abundant in the nucleus of DISC1 mutant human neurons and exhibits enhanced binding to a collection of dysregulated genes. Functionally, overexpressing ATF4 in control neurons recapitulates deficits seen in DISC1 mutant neurons, whereas transcriptional and synaptic deficits are rescued in DISC1 mutant neurons with CRISPR-mediated heterozygous ATF4 knockout. By solving the high-resolution atomic structure of the DISC1-ATF4 complex, we show that mechanistically, the mutation of DISC1 disrupts normal DISC1-ATF4 interaction, and results in excessive ATF4 binding to DNA targets and deregulated gene expression. Together, our study identifies the molecular and structural basis of an DISC1-ATF4 interaction underlying transcriptional and synaptic dysregulation in an iPSC model of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chuan Yu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Kai Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Pathology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Francisca Rojas Ringeling
- The Human Genetics Pre-doctoral Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yijing Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guomin Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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7
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Kermath BA, Vanderplow AM, Cahill ME. Dysregulated Prefrontal Cortical RhoA Signal Transduction in Bipolar Disorder with Psychosis: New Implications for Disease Pathophysiology. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:59-71. [PMID: 31220216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While research has identified alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function as a key factor to the etiology of bipolar disorder, few studies have uncovered robust changes in protein signal transduction pathways in this disorder. Given the direct relevance of protein-based expressional alterations to cellular functions and because many of the key regulatory mechanisms for the disease pathogenesis likely include alterations in protein activity rather than changes in expression alone, the identification of alterations in discrete signal transduction pathways in bipolar disorder would have broad implications for understanding the disease pathophysiology. As prior microarray data point to a previously unrecognized involvement of the RhoA network in bipolar disorder, here we investigate the protein expression and activity of key components of a RhoA signal transduction pathway in dorsolateral prefrontal cortical homogenates from subjects with bipolar disorder. The results of this investigation implicate overactivation of prefrontal cortical RhoA signaling in specific subtypes of bipolar disorder. The specificity of these findings is demonstrated by a lack of comparable changes in schizophrenia; however, our findings do identify convergence between both disorders at the level of activity-mediated actin cytoskeletal regulation. These findings have implications for understanding the altered cortical synaptic connectivity of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Kermath
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda M Vanderplow
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael E Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Paskus JD, Herring BE, Roche KW. Kalirin and Trio: RhoGEFs in Synaptic Transmission, Plasticity, and Complex Brain Disorders. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:505-518. [PMID: 32513570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the actin cytoskeleton are a primary mechanism mediating the morphological and functional plasticity that underlies learning and memory. The synaptic Ras homologous (Rho) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Kalirin and Trio have emerged as central regulators of actin dynamics at the synapse. The increased attention surrounding Kalirin and Trio stems from the growing evidence for their roles in the etiology of a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent findings revealing the unique and diverse functions of these paralog proteins in neurodevelopment, excitatory synaptic transmission, and plasticity. We additionally survey the growing literature implicating these proteins in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Paskus
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bruce E Herring
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Vázquez-Bourgon J, Ayesa-Arriola R, Fatjó-Vilas M, Roiz-Santiañez R, Fañanás L, Crespo-Facorro B. Effect of DISC1 Polymorphisms on the Long-term Course of Neurocognitive Deficits in Non-affective Psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 30:861-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNeurocognitive deficits are core symptoms of schizophrenia that determine a poorer outcome. High variability in the progression of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia has been described. It is still unknown whether genetic variations can affect the course of cognitive deficits. Variations in the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene have previously been associated with neurocognitive deficits. This study investigated the association between 3 DISC1 polymorphisms (rs6675281 (Leu607Phe), rs1000731, and rs821616 (Ser704Cys)) and long-term (3 years) cognitive performance. One-hundred-thirty-three Caucasian drug-naive patients experiencing a first episode of non-affective psychosis were genotyped. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and after 3 years of initiating treatment. Other clinical and socio-demographic variables were recorded to eliminate potential confounding effects. Patients carrying the A allele of rs1000731 exhibited a significant improvement in Working Memory and Attention domains, and the homozygosity of the A allele of rs821616 showed a significant improvement in Motor Dexterity performance over 3 years of follow-up. In conclusion, DISC1 gene variations may affect the course of cognitive deficits found in patients suffering from the first episode of non-affective psychosis.
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10
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Wilkinson B, Evgrafov O, Zheng D, Hartel N, Knowles JA, Graham NA, Ichida J, Coba MP. Endogenous Cell Type-Specific Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 Interactomes Reveal Protein Networks Associated With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:305-316. [PMID: 29961565 PMCID: PMC6251761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) has been implicated in a number of psychiatric diseases along with neurodevelopmental phenotypes such as the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. While there has been significant effort directed toward understanding the function of DISC1 through the determination of its protein-protein interactions within an in vitro setting, endogenous interactions involving DISC1 within a cell type-specific setting relevant to neural development remain unclear. METHODS Using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) genome engineering technology, we inserted an endogenous 3X-FLAG tag at the C-terminus of the canonical DISC1 gene in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We further differentiated these cells and used affinity purification to determine protein-protein interactions involving DISC1 in iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells and astrocytes. RESULTS We were able to determine 151 novel cell type-specific proteins present in DISC1 endogenous interactomes. The DISC1 interactomes can be clustered into several subcomplexes that suggest novel DISC1 cell-specific functions. In addition, the DISC1 interactome in iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells associates in a connected network containing proteins found to harbor de novo mutations in patients affected by schizophrenia and contains a subset of novel interactions that are known to harbor syndromic mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous DISC1 interactomes within iPSC-derived human neural progenitor cells and astrocytes are able to provide context to DISC1 function in a cell type-specific setting relevant to neural development and enables the integration of psychiatric disease risk factors within a set of defined molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wilkinson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Oleg Evgrafov
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - DongQing Zheng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nicolas Hartel
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Justin Ichida
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC
| | - Marcelo P. Coba
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Corresponding Author: Marcelo P. Coba, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, 1501 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Phone: 323-442-4345.
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11
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Bradshaw NJ, Ukkola-Vuoti L, Pankakoski M, Zheutlin AB, Ortega-Alonso A, Torniainen-Holm M, Sinha V, Therman S, Paunio T, Suvisaari J, Lönnqvist J, Cannon TD, Haukka J, Hennah W. The NDE1 genomic locus can affect treatment of psychiatric illness through gene expression changes related to microRNA-484. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170153. [PMID: 29142105 PMCID: PMC5717342 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of familial schizophrenia in Finland have observed significant associations with a group of biologically related genes, DISC1, NDE1, NDEL1, PDE4B and PDE4D, the ‘DISC1 network’. Here, we use gene expression and psychoactive medication use data to study their biological consequences and potential treatment implications. Gene expression levels were determined in 64 individuals from 18 families, while prescription medication information has been collected over a 10-year period for 931 affected individuals. We demonstrate that the NDE1 SNP rs2242549 associates with significant changes in gene expression for 2908 probes (2542 genes), of which 794 probes (719 genes) were replicable. A significant number of the genes altered were predicted targets of microRNA-484 (p = 3.0 × 10−8), located on a non-coding exon of NDE1. Variants within the NDE1 locus also displayed significant genotype by gender interaction to early cessation of psychoactive medications metabolized by CYP2C19. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-484 can affect the expression of CYP2C19 in a cell culture system. Thus, variation at the NDE1 locus may alter risk of mental illness, in part through modification of miR-484, and such modification alters treatment response to specific psychoactive medications, leading to the potential for use of this locus in targeting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Liisa Ukkola-Vuoti
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju Pankakoski
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Alfredo Ortega-Alonso
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Torniainen-Holm
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vishal Sinha
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian Therman
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jari Haukka
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - William Hennah
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland .,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Medicum, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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NDE1 positively regulates oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7644. [PMID: 29769557 PMCID: PMC5955916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS), undergo morphological differentiation characterized by elaborated branched processes to enwrap neuronal axons. However, the basic molecular mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte morphogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we describe the essential roles of Nuclear Distribution E Homolog 1 (NDE1), a dynein cofactor, in oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. In the mouse corpus callosum, Nde1 mRNA expression was detected in oligodendrocyte lineage cells at the postnatal stage. In vitro analysis revealed that downregulation of NDE1 by siRNA impaired the outgrowth and extensive branching of oligodendrocyte processes and led to a decrease in the expression of myelin-related markers, namely, CNPase and MBP. In myelinating co-cultures with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, NDE1-knockdown oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) failed to develop into MBP-positive oligodendrocytes with multiple processes contacting DRG axons. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that NDE1 interacts with the dynein intermediate chain (DIC) in oligodendrocytes, and an overexpressed DIC-binding region of NDE1 exerted effects on oligodendrocyte morphogenesis that were similar to those following NDE1 knockdown. Furthermore, NDE1-knockdown-impaired oligodendrocyte process formation was rescued by siRNA-resistant wild-type NDE1 but not by DIC-binding region-deficient NDE1 overexpression. These results suggest that NDE1 plays a crucial role in oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation via interaction with dynein.
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13
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Teng S, Thomson PA, McCarthy S, Kramer M, Muller S, Lihm J, Morris S, Soares DC, Hennah W, Harris S, Camargo LM, Malkov V, McIntosh AM, Millar JK, Blackwood DH, Evans KL, Deary IJ, Porteous DJ, McCombie WR. Rare disruptive variants in the DISC1 Interactome and Regulome: association with cognitive ability and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1270-1277. [PMID: 28630456 PMCID: PMC5984079 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD) are common psychiatric illnesses. All have been associated with lower cognitive ability, and show evidence of genetic overlap and substantial evidence of pleiotropy with cognitive function and neuroticism. Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein directly interacts with a large set of proteins (DISC1 Interactome) that are involved in brain development and signaling. Modulation of DISC1 expression alters the expression of a circumscribed set of genes (DISC1 Regulome) that are also implicated in brain biology and disorder. Here we report targeted sequencing of 59 DISC1 Interactome genes and 154 Regulome genes in 654 psychiatric patients and 889 cognitively-phenotyped control subjects, on whom we previously reported evidence for trait association from complete sequencing of the DISC1 locus. Burden analyses of rare and singleton variants predicted to be damaging were performed for psychiatric disorders, cognitive variables and personality traits. The DISC1 Interactome and Regulome showed differential association across the phenotypes tested. After family-wise error correction across all traits (FWERacross), an increased burden of singleton disruptive variants in the Regulome was associated with SCZ (FWERacross P=0.0339). The burden of singleton disruptive variants in the DISC1 Interactome was associated with low cognitive ability at age 11 (FWERacross P=0.0043). These results identify altered regulation of schizophrenia candidate genes by DISC1 and its core Interactome as an alternate pathway for schizophrenia risk, consistent with the emerging effects of rare copy number variants associated with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teng
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - P A Thomson
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S McCarthy
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - M Kramer
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - S Muller
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - J Lihm
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - S Morris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Soares
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Harris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L M Camargo
- UCB New Medicines, One Broadway, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Malkov
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J K Millar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D H Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K L Evans
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC/University of Edinburgh Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W R McCombie
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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14
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Sialana FJ, Wang AL, Fazari B, Kristofova M, Smidak R, Trossbach SV, Korth C, Huston JP, de Souza Silva MA, Lubec G. Quantitative Proteomics of Synaptosomal Fractions in a Rat Overexpressing Human DISC1 Gene Indicates Profound Synaptic Dysregulation in the Dorsal Striatum. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:26. [PMID: 29467617 PMCID: PMC5808171 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a key protein involved in behavioral processes and various mental disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. A transgenic rat overexpressing non-mutant human DISC1, modeling aberrant proteostasis of the DISC1 protein, displays behavioral, biochemical and anatomical deficits consistent with aspects of mental disorders, including changes in the dorsal striatum, an anatomical region critical in the development of behavioral disorders. Herein, dorsal striatum of 10 transgenic DISC1 (tgDISC1) and 10 wild type (WT) littermate control rats was used for synaptosomal preparations and for performing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics, using isobaric labeling (TMT10plex). Functional enrichment analysis was generated from proteins with level changes. The increase in DISC1 expression leads to changes in proteins and synaptic-associated processes including membrane trafficking, ion transport, synaptic organization and neurodevelopment. Canonical pathway analysis assigned proteins with level changes to actin cytoskeleton, Gαq, Rho family GTPase and Rho GDI, axonal guidance, ephrin receptor and dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signaling. DISC1-regulated proteins proposed in the current study are also highly associated with neurodevelopmental and mental disorders. Bioinformatics analyses from the current study predicted that the following biological processes may be activated by overexpression of DISC1, i.e., regulation of cell quantities, neuronal and axonal extension and long term potentiation. Our findings demonstrate that the effects of overexpression of non-mutant DISC1 or its misassembly has profound consequences on protein networks essential for behavioral control. These results are also relevant for the interpretation of previous as well as for the design of future studies on DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - An-Li Wang
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benedetta Fazari
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Kristofova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Smidak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja V Trossbach
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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15
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A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:713-722. [PMID: 28373692 PMCID: PMC5761721 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in central nervous system (CNS) function. Recent studies reporting that microdeletions incorporating the KATNAL1 locus in humans result in intellectual disability and microcephaly suggest that KATNAL1 may play a prominent role in the CNS; however, such associations lack the functional data required to highlight potential mechanisms which link the gene to disease symptoms. Here we identify and characterise a mouse line carrying a loss of function allele in Katnal1. We show that mutants express behavioural deficits including in circadian rhythms, sleep, anxiety and learning/memory. Furthermore, in the brains of Katnal1 mutant mice we reveal numerous morphological abnormalities and defects in neuronal migration and morphology. Furthermore we demonstrate defects in the motile cilia of the ventricular ependymal cells of mutants, suggesting a role for Katnal1 in the development of ciliary function. We believe the data we present here are the first to associate KATNAL1 with such phenotypes, demonstrating that the protein plays keys roles in a number of processes integral to the development of neuronal function and behaviour.
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16
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A polygenic score for schizophrenia predicts glycemic control. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1295. [PMID: 29249829 PMCID: PMC5802590 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is substantially comorbid with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the molecular basis of this effect is incompletely understood. Here, we show that a cortical schizophrenia expression score predicts glycemic control from pancreatic islet cell expression. We used machine learning to identify a cortical expression signature in 212 schizophrenia patients and controls, which explained ~25% of the illness-associated variance. The algorithm was predicted in expression data from 51 subjects (9 with T2D), explained up to 26.3% of the variance in the glycemic control indicator HbA1c and could significantly differentiate T2D patients from controls. The cross-tissue prediction was driven by processes previously linked to diabetes. Genes contributing to this prediction were involved in the electron transport chain as well as kidney development and support oxidative stress as a molecular process underlying the comorbidity between both conditions. Together, the present results suggest a molecular commonality between schizophrenia and glycemic markers of type 2 diabetes.
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17
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Bradshaw NJ, Hayashi MAF. NDE1 and NDEL1 from genes to (mal)functions: parallel but distinct roles impacting on neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric illness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1191-1210. [PMID: 27742926 PMCID: PMC11107680 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1, also known as NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1, also known as NudEL) are the mammalian homologues of the fungus nudE gene, with important and at least partially overlapping roles for brain development. While a large number of studies describe the various properties and functions of these proteins, many do not directly compare the similarities and differences between NDE1 and NDEL1. Although sharing a high degree structural similarity and multiple common cellular roles, each protein presents several distinct features that justify their parallel but also unique functions. Notably both proteins have key binding partners in dynein, LIS1 and DISC1, which impact on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric illnesses. Both are implicated in schizophrenia through genetic and functional evidence, with NDE1 also strongly implicated in microcephaly, as well as other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions through copy number variation, while NDEL1 possesses an oligopeptidase activity with a unique potential as a biomarker in schizophrenia. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the various cellular roles of these proteins in a "bottom-up" manner, from their biochemistry and protein-protein interactions on the molecular level, up to the consequences for neuronal differentiation, and ultimately to their importance for correct cortical development, with direct consequences for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Human Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 11 (ARHGEF11) Regulates Dendritic Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010067. [PMID: 28036092 PMCID: PMC5297702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of synaptic connectivity during perinatal and adolescent periods have been hypothesized to be related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 (ARHGEF11) is a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for RhoA, which is a critical regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and organization of dendritic spines and inhibitor of spine maintenance. ARHGEF11 variants are reported to be associated with a higher risk for the onset of schizophrenia in a Japanese population; however, how ARHGEF11 contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in dendritic spines is unknown. Therefore, we first studied the distribution, binding, and function of ARHGEF11 in the dendritic spines of the rat cerebral cortex. After subcellular fractionation of the rat cerebral cortex, ARHGEF11 was detected with synaptophysin and post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in the P2 fractions including synaptosomal fractions containing presynaptic and postsynaptic density proteins. Endogenous ARHGEF11 was coimmunoprecipitated with synaptophysin or PSD-95. In cortical primary neurons at 28 days in vitro, immunostaining revealed that ARHGEF11 located in the dendrites and dendritic spines and colocalized with PSD-95 and synaptophysin. Overexpression of exogenous ARHGEF11 significantly decreased the number of spines (p = 0.008). These results indicate that ARHGEF11 is likely to be associated with synaptic membranes and regulation of spine.
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19
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Bradshaw NJ. Cloning of the promoter of NDE1, a gene implicated in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders through copy number variation. Neuroscience 2016; 324:262-70. [PMID: 26975893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation at 16p13.11 has been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, with duplication of this region being more common in individuals with schizophrenia. A prominent candidate gene within this locus is NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1) given its known importance for neurodevelopment, previous associations with mental illness and its well characterized interaction with the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein. In order to accurately model the effect of NDE1 duplication, it is important to first gain an understanding of how the gene is expressed. The complex promoter system of NDE1, which produces three distinct transcripts, each encoding for the same full-length NDE1 protein (also known as NudE), was therefore cloned and tested in human cell lines. The promoter for the longest of these three NDE1 transcripts was found to be responsible for the majority of expression in these systems, with its extended 5' untranslated region (UTR) having a limiting effect on its expression. These results thus highlight and clone the promoter elements required to generate systems in which the NDE1 protein is exogenously expressed under its native promoter, providing a biologically relevant model of 16p13.11 duplication in major mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Johnstone M, Maclean A, Heyrman L, Lenaerts AS, Nordin A, Nilsson LG, De Rijk P, Goossens D, Adolfsson R, St Clair DM, Hall J, Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Del-Favero J, Blackwood DHR, Pickard BS. Copy Number Variations in DISC1 and DISC1-Interacting Partners in Major Mental Illness. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:175-190. [PMID: 27239468 PMCID: PMC4872463 DOI: 10.1159/000438788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Robust statistical, genetic and functional evidence supports a role for DISC1 in the aetiology of major mental illness. Furthermore, many of its protein-binding partners show evidence for involvement in the pathophysiology of a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Copy number variants (CNVs) are suspected to play an important causal role in these disorders. In this study, CNV analysis of DISC1 and its binding partners PAFAH1B1, NDE1, NDEL1, FEZ1, MAP1A, CIT and PDE4B in Scottish and Northern Swedish population-based samples was carried out using multiplex amplicon quantification. Here, we report the finding of rare CNVs in DISC1, NDE1 (together with adjacent genes within the 16p13.11 duplication), NDEL1 (including the overlapping MYH10 gene) and CIT. Our findings provide further evidence for involvement of DISC1 and its interaction partners in neuropsychiatric disorders and also for a role of structural variants in the aetiology of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Maclean
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lien Heyrman
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Lenaerts
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelie Nordin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Peter De Rijk
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Goossens
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David M St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Boyd PJ, Cunliffe VT, Roy S, Wood JD. Sonic hedgehog functions upstream of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (disc1): implications for mental illness. Biol Open 2015; 4:1336-43. [PMID: 26405049 PMCID: PMC4610215 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DISRUPTED-IN-SCHIZOPHRENIA (DISC1) has been one of the most intensively studied genetic risk factors for mental illness since it was discovered through positional mapping of a translocation breakpoint in a large Scottish family where a balanced chromosomal translocation was found to segregate with schizophrenia and affective disorders. While the evidence for it being central to disease pathogenesis in the original Scottish family is compelling, recent genome-wide association studies have not found evidence for common variants at the DISC1 locus being associated with schizophrenia in the wider population. It may therefore be the case that DISC1 provides an indication of biological pathways that are central to mental health issues and functional studies have shown that it functions in multiple signalling pathways. However, there is little information regarding factors that function upstream of DISC1 to regulate its expression and function. We herein demonstrate that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling promotes expression of disc1 in the zebrafish brain. Expression of disc1 is lost in smoothened mutants that have a complete loss of Shh signal transduction, and elevated in patched mutants which have constitutive activation of Shh signalling. We previously demonstrated that disc1 knockdown has a dramatic effect on the specification of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) in the hindbrain and Shh signalling is known to be essential for the specification of these cells. We show that disc1 is prominently expressed in olig2-positive midline progenitor cells that are absent in smo mutants, while cyclopamine treatment blocks disc1 expression in these cells and mimics the effect of disc1 knock down on OPC specification. Various features of a number of psychiatric conditions could potentially arise through aberrant Hedgehog signalling. We therefore suggest that altered Shh signalling may be an important neurodevelopmental factor in the pathobiology of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Boyd
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Vincent T Cunliffe
- Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119288, Singapore
| | - Jonathan D Wood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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22
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Variations in Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 gene modulate long-term longitudinal differences in cortical thickness in patients with a first-episode of psychosis. Brain Imaging Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Suárez-Rama JJ, Arrojo M, Sobrino B, Amigo J, Brenlla J, Agra S, Paz E, Brión M, Carracedo Á, Páramo M, Costas J. Resequencing and association analysis of coding regions at twenty candidate genes suggest a role for rare risk variation at AKAP9 and protective variation at NRXN1 in schizophrenia susceptibility. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 66-67:38-44. [PMID: 25943950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fraction of genetic risk to develop schizophrenia may be due to low-frequency variants. This multistep study attempted to find low-frequency variants of high effect at coding regions of eleven schizophrenia susceptibility genes supported by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and nine genes for the DISC1 interactome, a susceptibility gene-set. During the discovery step, a total of 125 kb per sample were resequenced in 153 schizophrenia patients and 153 controls from Galicia (NW Spain), and the cumulative role of low-frequency variants at a gene or at the DISC1 gene-set were analyzed by burden and variance-based tests. Relevant results were meta-analyzed when appropriate data were available. In addition, case-only putative damaging variants were genotyped in a further 419 cases and 398 controls. The discovery step revealed a protective effect of rare missense variants at NRXN1, a result supported by meta-analysis (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47-0.94, P = 0.021, based on 3848 patients and 3896 controls from six studies). The follow-up step based on case-only putative damaging variants revealed a promising risk variant at AKAP9. This variant, K873R, reached nominal significance after inclusion of 240 additional Spanish controls from databases. The variant, located in an ADCY2 binding region, is absent from large public databases. Interestingly, GWAS revealed an association between common ADCY2 variants and bipolar disorder, a disorder with considerable genetic overlap with schizophrenia. These data suggest a role of rare missense variants at NRXN1 and AKAP9 in schizophrenia susceptibility, probably related to alteration of the excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance, deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Suárez-Rama
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sobrino
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Amigo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Brenlla
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago(CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Santiago Agra
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago(CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Paz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago(CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Brión
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mario Páramo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago(CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Costas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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24
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Neurexin-Neuroligin Synaptic Complex Regulates Schizophrenia-Related DISC1/Kal-7/Rac1 "Signalosome". Neural Plast 2015; 2015:167308. [PMID: 26078884 PMCID: PMC4452847 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins (NXs) and neuroligins (NLs) are cell adhesion molecules that are localized at opposite sites of synaptic membranes. They interact with each other to promote the assembly, maintenance, and function of synapses in the central nervous system. Both NX and NL are cleaved from a membrane-attached intracellular domain in an activity-dependent manner, generating the soluble ectodomain of NX or NL. Expression of the NX1 and NX3 genes in the brain appears to be regulated by a schizophrenia-related protein, DISC1. Here, we show that soluble ecto-NX1β can regulate the expression of DISC1 and induce signaling downstream of DISC1. We also show that NL1 binds to a well-characterized DISC1 interaction partner, Kal-7, and this interaction can be compromised by DISC1. Our results indicate that the NX/NL synaptic complex is intrinsically involved in the regulation of DISC1 function, thus contributing to a better understanding of the pathology of schizophrenia.
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25
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Mizuki Y, Takaki M, Okahisa Y, Sakamoto S, Kodama M, Ujike H, Uchitomi Y. Human Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 gene is associated with schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:552-8. [PMID: 25319871 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 (ARHGEF11) gene is one of the candidate genes for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ARHGEF11 is mapped to chromosome 1q21, which has susceptible risk loci for T2DM and schizophrenia. We hypothesized that ARHGEF11 contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. METHOD We selected eight single nucleotide polymorphisms of ARHGEF11 that had significant associations with T2DM for a case-control association study of 490 patients with schizophrenia and 500 age-matched and sex-matched controls. RESULTS We did not find any differences in allelic, genotypic associations, or minor allele frequencies with schizophrenia. Analysis of the rs6427340-rs6427339 haplotype and the rs822585-rs6427340-rs6427339 haplotype combination provided significant evidence of an association with schizophrenia (global permutations p = 0.00047 and 0.0032, respectively). C-C of the rs6427340-rs6427339 haplotype and A-C-C of the rs822585-rs6427340-rs6427339 haplotype carried higher risk factors for schizophrenia (permutation p = 0.0010 and 0.0018, respectively). A-C-T of the rs822585-rs6427340-rs6427339 haplotype had a possible protective effect (permutation p = 0.031). CONCLUSION These results provide new evidence that ARHGEF11 may constitute a risk factor for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mizuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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26
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Remmers C, Sweet RA, Penzes P. Abnormal kalirin signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res Bull 2014; 103:29-38. [PMID: 24334022 PMCID: PMC3989394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in dendritic spines structure and function play a critical role in a number of physiological processes, including synaptic transmission and plasticity, and are intimately linked to cognitive function. Alterations in dendritic spine morphogenesis occur in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders and likely underlie the cognitive and behavioral changes associated with these disorders. The neuronal guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) kalirin is emerging as a key regulator of structural and functional plasticity at dendritic spines. Moreover, a series of recent studies have genetically and functionally linked kalirin signaling to several disorders, including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Kalirin signaling may thus represent a disease mechanism and provide a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Remmers
- Department of Physiology, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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27
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Vázquez-Bourgon J, Mata I, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Ayesa-Arriola R, Suárez Pinilla P, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Crespo-Facorro B. A Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 Gene Variant is Associated with Clinical Symptomatology in Patients with First-Episode Psychosis. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:186-91. [PMID: 24843375 PMCID: PMC4023094 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DISC1 gene is one of the main candidate genes for schizophrenia since it has been associated to the illness in several populations. Moreover, variations in several DISC1 polymorphisms, and in particular Ser704Cys SNP, have been associated in schizophrenic patients to structural and functional modifications in two brain areas (pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus) that play a central role in the genesis of psychotic symptoms. This study tested the association between Ser704Cys DISC1 polymorphism and the clinical onset of psychosis. METHODS Two hundred and thirteen Caucasian drug-naive patients experiencing a first episode of non-affective psychosis were genotyped for rs821616 (Ser704Cys) SNP of the DISC1 gene. The clinical severity of the illness was assessed using SAPS and SANS scales. Other clinical and socio-demographic variables were recorded to rule out possible confounding effects. RESULTS Patients homozygous for the Ser allele of the Ser704Cys DISC1 SNP had significantly (p<0.05) higher rates at the positive symptoms dimension (SAPS-SANS scales) and hallucinations item, compared to Cys carriers. CONCLUSION DISC1 gene variations may modulate the clinical severity of the psychosis at the onset of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Mata
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiáñez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Suárez Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Vázquez-Barquero
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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28
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Oliva CA, Vargas JY, Inestrosa NC. Wnts in adult brain: from synaptic plasticity to cognitive deficiencies. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:224. [PMID: 24348327 PMCID: PMC3847898 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system the Wnt signaling pathway has been implicated in a wide spectrum of physiological processes, including neuronal connectivity and synapse formation. Wnt proteins and components of the Wnt pathway are expressed in the brain since early development to the adult life, however, little is known about its role in mature synapses. Here, we review evidences indicating that Wnt proteins participate in the remodeling of pre- and post-synaptic regions, thus modulating synaptic function. We include the most recent data in the literature showing that Wnts are constantly released in the brain to maintain the basal neural activity. Also, we review the evidences that involve components of the Wnt pathway in the development of neurological and mental disorders, including a special emphasis on in vivo studies that relate behavioral abnormalities to deficiencies in Wnt signaling. Finally, we include the evidences that support a neuroprotective role of Wnt proteins in Alzheimer’s disease. We postulate that deregulation in Wnt signaling might have a fundamental role in the origin of neurological diseases, by altering the synaptic function at stages where the phenotype is not yet established but when the cognitive decline starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Oliva
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Biologïa Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Y Vargas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Biologïa Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Biologïa Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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29
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Bradshaw NJ, Hennah W, Soares DC. NDE1 and NDEL1: twin neurodevelopmental proteins with similar 'nature' but different 'nurture'. Biomol Concepts 2013; 4:447-64. [PMID: 24093049 PMCID: PMC3787581 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element 1 (NDE1, also known as NudE) and NDE-like 1 (NDEL1, also known as Nudel) are paralogous proteins essential for mitosis and neurodevelopment that have been implicated in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The two proteins possess high sequence similarity and have been shown to physically interact with one another. Numerous lines of experimental evidence in vivo and in cell culture have demonstrated that these proteins share common functions, although instances of differing functions between the two have recently emerged. We review the key aspects of NDE1 and NDEL1 in terms of recent advances in structure elucidation and cellular function, with an emphasis on their differing mechanisms of post-translational modification. Based on a review of the literature and bioinformatics assessment, we advance the concept that the twin proteins NDE1 and NDEL1, while sharing a similar 'nature' in terms of their structure and basic functions, appear to be different in their 'nurture', the manner in which they are regulated both in terms of expression and of post-translational modification within the cell. These differences are likely to be of significant importance in understanding the specific roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in neurodevelopment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, University Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and National Institute for, Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance, Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dinesh C. Soares
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (MRC IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Western General, Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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30
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Costas J, Suárez-Rama JJ, Carrera N, Paz E, Páramo M, Agra S, Brenlla J, Ramos-Ríos R, Arrojo M. Role of DISC1 interacting proteins in schizophrenia risk from genome-wide analysis of missense SNPs. Ann Hum Genet 2013; 77:504-12. [PMID: 23909765 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A balanced translocation affecting DISC1 cosegregates with several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, in a Scottish family. DISC1 is a hub protein of a network of protein-protein interactions involved in multiple developmental pathways within the brain. Gene set-based analysis has been proposed as an alternative to individual analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to get information from genome-wide association studies. In this work, we tested for an overrepresentation of the DISC1 interacting proteins within the top results of our ranked list of genes based on our previous genome-wide association study of missense SNPs in schizophrenia. Our data set consisted of 5100 common missense SNPs genotyped in 476 schizophrenic patients and 447 control subjects from Galicia, NW Spain. We used a modification of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis adapted for SNPs, as implemented in the GenGen software. The analysis detected an overrepresentation of the DISC1 interacting proteins (permuted P-value=0.0158), indicative of the role of this gene set in schizophrenia risk. We identified seven leading-edge genes, MACF1, UTRN, DST, DISC1, KIF3A, SYNE1, and AKAP9, responsible for the overrepresentation. These genes are involved in neuronal cytoskeleton organization and intracellular transport through the microtubule cytoskeleton, suggesting that these processes may be impaired in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Costas
- Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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31
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Penzes P, Buonanno A, Passafaro M, Sala C, Sweet RA. Developmental vulnerability of synapses and circuits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurochem 2013; 126:165-82. [PMID: 23574039 PMCID: PMC3700683 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia (SZ), and Alzheimer's disease, pose an immense burden to society. Symptoms of these disorders become manifest at different stages of life: early childhood, adolescence, and late adulthood, respectively. Progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the genetic substrates, cellular mechanisms, brain circuits, and endophenotypes of these disorders. Multiple lines of evidence implicate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic circuits in the cortex and hippocampus as key cellular substrates of pathogenesis in these disorders. Excitatory/inhibitory balance--modulated largely by dopamine--critically regulates cortical network function, neural network activity (i.e. gamma oscillations) and behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of synaptic pathology and neuronal network activity may thus provide essential insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders and can reveal novel drug targets to treat them. Here, we discuss recent genetic, neuropathological, and molecular studies that implicate alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic circuits in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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32
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Goudarzi S, Smith LJM, Schütz S, Hafizi S. Interaction of DISC1 with the PTB domain of Tensin2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1663-72. [PMID: 23233134 PMCID: PMC11113815 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The gene for Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is amongst the most significant risk genes for schizophrenia. The DISC1 protein is an intracellular scaffolding molecule thought to act an important hub for protein interactions involved in signalling for neural cell differentiation and function. Tensin2 is an intracellular actin-binding protein that bridges the intracellular portion of transmembrane receptors to the cytoskeleton, thereby regulating signalling for cell shape and motility. In this study, we probed in molecular detail a novel interaction between DISC1 and Tensin2. Western blot and confocal microscopic analyses revealed widespread expression of both DISC1 and Tensin2 proteins throughout the mouse brain. Furthermore, we have developed novel anti-DISC1 antibodies that verified the predominant expression of a 105-kDa isoform of DISC1 in the rodent brain as well as in human cells. In the mouse brain, both proteins showed region-specific expression patterns, including strong expression in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. DISC1-Tensin2 colocalisation was most clearly observed in the Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum. Biochemical coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed an interaction between endogenous DISC1 and Tensin2 proteins in the mouse brain. Further pulldown studies in human cells using Myc-tagged Tensin2 constructs revealed that DISC1 specifically interacts with the C-terminal PTB domain of Tensin2 in a phosphorylation-independent manner. This new knowledge on the DISC1-Tensin2 interaction, as part of the wider DISC1 interactome, should further elucidate the signalling pathways that are perturbed in schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Goudarzi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
| | - Luke J. M. Smith
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
| | - Steffen Schütz
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science (IBBS), University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT UK
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Thomson PA, Malavasi ELV, Grünewald E, Soares DC, Borkowska M, Millar JK. DISC1 genetics, biology and psychiatric illness. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2013; 8:1-31. [PMID: 23550053 PMCID: PMC3580875 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are highly heritable, and in many individuals likely arise from the combined effects of genes and the environment. A substantial body of evidence points towards DISC1 being one of the genes that influence risk of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, and functional studies of DISC1 consequently have the potential to reveal much about the pathways that lead to major mental illness. Here, we review the evidence that DISC1 influences disease risk through effects upon multiple critical pathways in the developing and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pippa A Thomson
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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DISC1-related signaling pathways in adult neurogenesis of the hippocampus. Gene 2013; 518:223-30. [PMID: 23353011 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a multifunctional scaffold protein which plays an important role in neurogenesis and neural development in the adult brain, especially in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Accumulated research has unveiled the role of DISC1 in several aspects of neural development and neurogenesis, such as neuronal maturation, proliferation, migration, positioning, differentiation, dendritic growth, axonal outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity. Studies on the function of this protein have explored multiple facets, including variants and missense mutants in genetics, proteins interactivity and signaling pathways in molecular biology, and pathogenesis and treatment targets of major mental illness, and more. In this review, we present several signaling pathways discussed in recent research, such as the AKT signaling pathway, GABA signaling pathway, GSK3β signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and NMDA-R signaling pathway. DISC1 interacts, directly or indirectly, with these signaling pathways and they co-regulate the process of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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35
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Rao S, Ge S, Shelly M. Centrosome positioning and primary cilia assembly orchestrate neuronal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Rizig MA, McQuillin A, Ng A, Robinson M, Harrison A, Zvelebil M, Hunt SP, Gurling HM. A gene expression and systems pathway analysis of the effects of clozapine compared to haloperidol in the mouse brain implicates susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1218-30. [PMID: 22767372 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112450780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine has markedly superior clinical properties compared to other antipsychotic drugs but the side effects of agranulocytosis, weight gain and diabetes limit its use. The reason why clozapine is more effective is not well understood. We studied messenger RNA (mRNA) gene expression in the mouse brain to identify pathways changed by clozapine compared to those changed by haloperidol so that we could identify which changes were specific to clozapine. Data interpretation was performed using an over-representation analysis (ORA) of gene ontology (GO), pathways and gene-by-gene differences. Clozapine significantly changed gene expression in pathways related to neuronal growth and differentiation to a greater extent than haloperidol; including the microtubule-associated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling and GO terms related to axonogenesis and neuroblast proliferation. Several genes implicated genetically or functionally in schizophrenia such as frizzled homolog 3 (FZD3), U2AF homology motif kinase 1 (UHMK1), pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were changed by clozapine but not by haloperidol. Furthermore, when compared to untreated controls clozapine specifically regulated transcripts related to the glutamate system, microtubule function, presynaptic proteins and pathways associated with synaptic transmission such as clathrin cage assembly. Compared to untreated controls haloperidol modulated expression of neurotoxic and apoptotic responses such as NF-kappa B and caspase pathways, whilst clozapine did not. Pathways involving lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and appetite regulation were also more affected by clozapine than by haloperidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie A Rizig
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, University College London, London, UK
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37
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Kalirin, a key player in synapse formation, is implicated in human diseases. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:728161. [PMID: 22548195 PMCID: PMC3324156 DOI: 10.1155/2012/728161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation is considered to be crucial for learning and memory. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of synapse formation is a key to understanding learning and memory. Kalirin-7, a major isoform of Kalirin in adult rodent brain, is an essential component of mature excitatory synapses. Kalirin-7 interacts with multiple PDZ-domain-containing proteins including PSD95, spinophilin, and GluR1 through its PDZ-binding motif. In cultured hippocampal/cortical neurons, overexpression of Kalirin-7 increases spine density and spine size whereas reduction of endogenous Kalirin-7 expression decreases synapse number, and spine density. In Kalirin-7 knockout mice, spine length, synapse number, and postsynaptic density (PSD) size are decreased in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons; these morphological alterations are accompanied by a deficiency in long-term potentiation (LTP) and a decreased spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) frequency. Human Kalirin-7, also known as Duo or Huntingtin-associated protein-interacting protein (HAPIP), is equivalent to rat Kalirin-7. Recent studies show that Kalirin is relevant to many human diseases such as Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, ischemic stroke, schizophrenia, depression, and cocaine addiction. This paper summarizes our recent understanding of Kalirin function.
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Malavasi ELV, Ogawa F, Porteous DJ, Millar JK. DISC1 variants 37W and 607F disrupt its nuclear targeting and regulatory role in ATF4-mediated transcription. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2779-92. [PMID: 22422769 PMCID: PMC3363331 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a strong genetic candidate for psychiatric illness, encodes a multicompartmentalized molecular scaffold that regulates interacting proteins with key roles in neurodevelopment and plasticity. Missense DISC1 variants are associated with the risk of mental illness and with brain abnormalities in healthy carriers, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined the effect of rare and common DISC1 amino acid substitutions on subcellular targeting. We report that both the rare putatively causal variant 37W and the common variant 607F independently disrupt DISC1 nuclear targeting in a dominant-negative fashion, predicting that DISC1 nuclear expression is impaired in 37W and 607F carriers. In the nucleus, DISC1 interacts with the transcription factor Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), which is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses, emotional behaviour and memory consolidation. At basal cAMP levels, wild-type DISC1 inhibits the transcriptional activity of ATF4, an effect that is weakened by both 37W and 607F independently, most likely as a consequence of their defective nuclear targeting. The common variant 607F additionally reduces DISC1/ATF4 interaction, which likely contributes to its weakened inhibitory effect. We also demonstrate that DISC1 modulates transcriptional responses to endoplasmic reticulum stress, and that this modulatory effect is ablated by 37W and 607F. By showing that DISC1 amino acid substitutions associated with psychiatric illness affect its regulatory function in ATF4-mediated transcription, our study highlights a potential mechanism by which these variants may impact on transcriptional events mediating cognition, emotional reactivity and stress responses, all processes of direct relevance to psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L V Malavasi
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Bradshaw NJ, Porteous DJ. DISC1-binding proteins in neural development, signalling and schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1230-41. [PMID: 21195721 PMCID: PMC3275753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the decade since Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was first identified it has become one of the most convincing risk genes for major mental illness. As a multi-functional scaffold protein, DISC1 has multiple identified protein interaction partners that highlight pathologically relevant molecular pathways with potential for pharmaceutical intervention. Amongst these are proteins involved in neuronal migration (e.g. APP, Dixdc1, LIS1, NDE1, NDEL1), neural progenitor proliferation (GSK3β), neurosignalling (Girdin, GSK3β, PDE4) and synaptic function (Kal7, TNIK). Furthermore, emerging evidence of genetic association (NDEL1, PCM1, PDE4B) and copy number variation (NDE1) implicate several DISC1-binding partners as risk factors for schizophrenia in their own right. Thus, a picture begins to emerge of DISC1 as a key hub for multiple critical developmental pathways within the brain, disruption of which can lead to a variety of psychiatric illness phenotypes.
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Key Words
- disc1
- schizophrenia
- neurodevelopment
- signalling
- synapse
- association studies
- app, amyloid precursor protein
- atf4, activating transcription factor 4
- bace1, β-site app-cleaving enzyme-1
- bbs4, bardet–biedl syndrome 4
- cep290, centrosomal protein 290 kda
- cnv, copy number variation
- cre, camp response element
- dbz, disc1-binding zinc finger
- disc1, disrupted in schizophrenia 1
- dixdc1, dishevelled-axin domain containing-1
- fez1, fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1
- glur, glutamate receptor
- gsk3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- kal7, kalirin-7
- lef/tcf, lymphoid enhancer factor/t cell factor
- lis1, lissencephaly 1
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- nde1, nuclear distribution factor e homologue 1 or nuclear distribution element 1
- ndel1, nde-like 1
- nrg, neuregulin
- pacap, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
- pcm1, pericentriolar material 1
- pcnt, pericentrin
- pde4, phosphodiesterase 4
- pi3 k, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase
- psd, post-synaptic density
- rac1, ras-related c3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- tnik, traf2 and nck interacting kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH4 2XU, UK
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Tomppo L, Ekelund J, Lichtermann D, Veijola J, Järvelin MR, Hennah W. DISC1 conditioned GWAS for psychosis proneness in a large Finnish birth cohort. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30643. [PMID: 22363459 PMCID: PMC3281861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic evidence implicates the DISC1 gene in the etiology of a number of mental illnesses. Previously, we have reported association between DISC1 and measures of psychosis proneness, the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS) and Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RPAS), in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC66). As part of the studies of this Finnish birth cohort genome-wide association analysis has recently been performed. Methodology In the present study, we re-analyzed the genome-wide association data with regard to these two measures of psychosis proneness, conditioning on our previous DISC1 observation. From the original NFBC66 sample (N = 12 058), 4 561 individuals provided phenotype and genotype data. No markers were significant at the genome-wide level. However, several genes with biological relevance to mental illnesses were highlighted through loci displaying suggestive evidence for association (≥3 SNP with P<10E-4). These included the protein coding genes, CXCL3, KIAA1128, LCT, MED13L, TMCO7, TTN, and the micro RNA MIR620. Conclusions By conditioning a previous genome-wide association study on DISC1, we have been able to identify eight genes as associating to psychosis proneness. Further, these molecules predominantly link to the DISC1 pathway, strengthening the evidence for the role of this gene network in the etiology of mental illness. The use of quantitative measures of psychosis proneness in a large population cohort will make these findings, once verified; more generalized to a broad selection of disorders related to psychoses and psychosis proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Tomppo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Park C, Park SK. Molecular links between mitochondrial dysfunctions and schizophrenia. Mol Cells 2012; 33:105-10. [PMID: 22358509 PMCID: PMC3887718 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with both neurochemical and neurodevelopmental components in the pathogenesis. Growing pieces of evidence indicate that schizophrenia has pathological components that can be attributable to the abnormalities of mitochondrial function, which is supported by the recent finding suggesting mitochondrial roles for Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). In this minireview, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the molecular links between mitochondrial dysfunctions and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, covering recent findings from human genetics, functional genomics, proteomics, and molecular and cell biological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cana Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
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42
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Abstract
This study describes the construction and preliminary analysis of a database of summary level genetic findings for bipolar disorder from the literature. The database is available for noncommercial use at http://bioprogramming.bsd.uchicago.edu/BDStudies/. This may be the first complete collection of published gene-specific linkage and association findings on bipolar disorder, including genome-wide association studies. Both the positive and negative findings have been incorporated so that the statistical and contextual significance of each finding may be compared semi-quantitatively and qualitatively across studies of mixed technologies. The database is appropriate for searching a literature populated by mainly underpowered studies, and if 'hits' are viewed as tentative knowledge for future hypothesis generation. It can serve as the basis for a mega-analysis of candidate genes. Herein, we discuss the most robust and best replicated gene findings to date in a contextual manner.
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43
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Deletion of densin-180 results in abnormal behaviors associated with mental illness and reduces mGluR5 and DISC1 in the postsynaptic density fraction. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16194-207. [PMID: 22072671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5877-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Densin is an abundant scaffold protein in the postsynaptic density (PSD) that forms a high-affinity complex with αCaMKII and α-actinin. To assess the function of densin, we created a mouse line with a null mutation in the gene encoding it (LRRC7). Homozygous knock-out mice display a wide variety of abnormal behaviors that are often considered endophenotypes of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. At the cellular level, loss of densin results in reduced levels of α-actinin in the brain and selective reduction in the localization of mGluR5 and DISC1 in the PSD fraction, whereas the amounts of ionotropic glutamate receptors and other prominent PSD proteins are unchanged. In addition, deletion of densin results in impairment of mGluR- and NMDA receptor-dependent forms of long-term depression, alters the early dynamics of regulation of CaMKII by NMDA-type glutamate receptors, and produces a change in spine morphology. These results indicate that densin influences the function of mGluRs and CaMKII at synapses and contributes to localization of mGluR5 and DISC1 in the PSD fraction. They are consistent with the hypothesis that mutations that disrupt the organization and/or dynamics of postsynaptic signaling complexes in excitatory synapses can cause behavioral endophenotypes of mental illness.
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Yin DM, Chen YJ, Sathyamurthy A, Xiong WC, Mei L. Synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:493-516. [PMID: 22351070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia alters basic brain processes of perception, emotion, and judgment to cause hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and cognitive deficits. Unlike neurodegeneration diseases that have irreversible neuronal degeneration and death, schizophrenia lacks agreeable pathological hallmarks, which makes it one of the least understood psychiatric disorders. With identification of schizophrenia susceptibility genes, recent studies have begun to shed light on underlying pathological mechanisms. Schizophrenia is believed to result from problems during neural development that lead to improper function of synaptic transmission and plasticity, and in agreement, many of the susceptibility genes encode proteins critical for neural development. Some, however, are also expressed at high levels in adult brain. Here, we will review evidence for altered neurotransmission at glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic synapses in schizophrenia and discuss roles of susceptibility genes in neural development as well as in synaptic plasticity and how their malfunction may contribute to pathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia. We propose that mouse models with precise temporal and spatial control of mutation or overexpression would be useful to delineate schizophrenia pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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45
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Yanagi M, Southcott S, Lister J, Tamminga CA. Animal models of schizophrenia emphasizing construct validity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:411-44. [PMID: 22137438 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Achieving animal models of schizophrenia which are representative of clear aspects of the illness is critical to understanding pathophysiology and developing novel treatments for the complex syndrome. This chapter reviews the various approaches that have been used in the past to create animal models of schizophrenia, including pharmacological approaches, environmental risk conditions and schizophrenia risk genes. In addition, we present a new animal model which derives directly from human tissue and brain imaging data used to develop a human schizophrenia model. This chapter emphasizes the crucial need for construct validity and of modeling discrete elements of schizophrenia's illness presentation as the way to successful advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yanagi
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
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46
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Kalirin signaling: implications for synaptic pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 45:109-18. [PMID: 22194219 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spine morphogenesis and plasticity are intimately linked to cognition, and there is strong evidence that aberrant regulation of spine plasticity is associated with physiological, behavioral, and pathological conditions. The neuronal guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) kalirin is emerging as a key regulator of structural and functional plasticity at dendritic spines. Here, we review recent studies that have genetically and functionally linked kalirin signaling to a number of human disorders. Kalirin signaling may thus represent a disease mechanism and provide a novel therapeutic target.
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47
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Brandon NJ, Sawa A. Linking neurodevelopmental and synaptic theories of mental illness through DISC1. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:707-22. [PMID: 22095064 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders has blown away the diagnostic boundaries that are defined by currently used diagnostic manuals. The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene was originally discovered at the breakpoint of an inherited chromosomal translocation, which segregates with major mental illnesses. In addition, many biological studies have indicated a role for DISC1 in early neurodevelopment and synaptic regulation. Given that DISC1 is thought to drive a range of endophenotypes that underlie major mental conditions, elucidating the biology of DISC1 may enable the construction of new diagnostic categories for mental illnesses with a more meaningful biological foundation.
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48
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Soares DC, Carlyle BC, Bradshaw NJ, Porteous DJ. DISC1: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential for Major Mental Illness. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:609-632. [PMID: 22116789 PMCID: PMC3222219 DOI: 10.1021/cn200062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is well established
as a genetic risk factor across a spectrum of psychiatric disorders,
a role supported by a growing body of biological studies, making the
DISC1 protein interaction network an attractive therapeutic target.
By contrast, there is a relative deficit of structural information
to relate to the myriad biological functions of DISC1. Here, we critically
appraise the available bioinformatics and biochemical analyses on
DISC1 and key interacting proteins, and integrate this with the genetic
and biological data. We review, analyze, and make predictions regarding
the secondary structure and propensity for disordered regions within
DISC1, its protein-interaction domains, subcellular localization motifs,
and the structural and functional implications of common and ultrarare DISC1 variants associated with major mental illness. We
discuss signaling pathways of high pharmacological potential wherein
DISC1 participates, including those involving phosphodiesterase 4
(PDE4) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). These predictions and
priority areas can inform future research in the translational and
potentially guide the therapeutic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh C. Soares
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular
Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital,
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Becky C. Carlyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street,
Suite 901, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular
Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital,
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular
Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital,
Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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49
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Kuroda K, Yamada S, Tanaka M, Iizuka M, Yano H, Mori D, Tsuboi D, Nishioka T, Namba T, Iizuka Y, Kubota S, Nagai T, Ibi D, Wang R, Enomoto A, Isotani-Sakakibara M, Asai N, Kimura K, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Mizoguchi A, Sokabe M, Takahashi M, Yamada K, Kaibuchi K. Behavioral alterations associated with targeted disruption of exons 2 and 3 of the Disc1 gene in the mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4666-83. [PMID: 21903668 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a promising candidate gene for susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. DISC1 appears to be involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon/dendrite formation and synapse formation; during these processes, DISC1 acts as a scaffold protein by interacting with various partners. However, the lack of Disc1 knockout mice and a well-characterized antibody to DISC1 has made it difficult to determine the exact role of DISC1 in vivo. In this study, we generated mice lacking exons 2 and 3 of the Disc1 gene and prepared specific antibodies to the N- and C-termini of DISC1. The Disc1 mutant mice are viable and fertile, and no gross phenotypes, such as disorganization of the brain's cytoarchitecture, were observed. Western blot analysis revealed that the DISC1-specific antibodies recognize a protein with an apparent molecular mass of ~100 kDa in brain extracts from wild-type mice but not in brain extracts from DISC1 mutant mice. Immunochemical studies demonstrated that DISC1 is mainly localized to the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. A deficiency of full-length Disc1 induced a threshold shift in the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. The Disc1 mutant mice displayed abnormal emotional behavior as assessed by the elevated plus-maze and cliff-avoidance tests, thereby suggesting that a deficiency of full-length DISC1 may result in lower anxiety and/or higher impulsivity. Based on these results, we suggest that full-length Disc1-deficient mice and DISC1-specific antibodies are powerful tools for dissecting the pathophysiological functions of DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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PKA phosphorylation of NDE1 is DISC1/PDE4 dependent and modulates its interaction with LIS1 and NDEL1. J Neurosci 2011; 31:9043-54. [PMID: 21677187 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5410-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution factor E-homolog 1 (NDE1), Lissencephaly 1 (LIS1), and NDE-like 1 (NDEL1) together participate in essential neurodevelopmental processes, including neuronal precursor proliferation and differentiation, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth. NDE1/LIS1/NDEL1 interacts with Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and the cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). DISC1, PDE4, NDE1, and NDEL1 have each been implicated as genetic risk factors for major mental illness. Here, we demonstrate that DISC1 and PDE4 modulate NDE1 phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and identify a novel PKA substrate site on NDE1 at threonine-131 (T131). Homology modeling predicts that phosphorylation at T131 modulates NDE1-LIS1 and NDE1-NDEL1 interactions, which we confirm experimentally. DISC1-PDE4 interaction thus modulates organization of the NDE1/NDEL1/LIS1 complex. T131-phosphorylated NDE1 is present at the postsynaptic density, in proximal axons, within the nucleus, and at the centrosome where it becomes substantially enriched during mitosis. Mutation of the NDE1 T131 site to mimic PKA phosphorylation inhibits neurite outgrowth. Thus PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the NDE1/LIS1/NDEL1 complex is DISC1-PDE4 modulated and likely to regulate its neural functions.
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