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Vaishnavi A, Scherzer MT, Kinsey CG, Parkman GL, Truong A, Ghazi P, Schuman S, Battistone B, Garrido-Laguna I, McMahon M. Inhibition of MEK1/2 Forestalls the Onset of Acquired Resistance to Entrectinib in Multiple Models of NTRK1-Driven Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107994. [PMID: 32755586 PMCID: PMC7478141 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NTRK1 gene fusions are actionable drivers of numerous human malignancies. Here, we show that expression of the TPR-NTRK1 fusion kinase in immortalized mouse pancreatic ductal epithelial (IMPE) (pancreas) or mouse lung epithelial (MLE-12) cells is sufficient to promote rapidly growing tumors in mice. Both tumor models are exquisitely sensitive to targeted inhibition with entrectinib, a tropomyosin-related kinase A (TRKA) inhibitor. Initial regression of NTRK1-driven tumors is driven by induced expression of BIM, such that BIM silencing leads to a diminished response to entrectinib in vivo. However, the emergence of drug-resistant disease limits the long-term durability of responses. Based on the reactivation of RAF>MEK>ERK signaling observed in entrectinib-treated tumors, we show that the combination of entrectinib plus the MEK1/2 inhibitor cobimetinib dramatically forestalls the onset of drug resistance in vivo. Collectively, these data provide a mechanistic rationale for rapid clinical deployment of combined inhibition of TRKA plus MEK1/2 in NTRK1-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vaishnavi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael T Scherzer
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Conan G Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gennie L Parkman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Amanda Truong
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Phaedra Ghazi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sophia Schuman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Benjamin Battistone
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Liu C, Miao L, Sun W, Wu X, Yan F, Sun H, Zheng C. Assessment of transfection of AdCMV-EGFP to rat submandibular gland cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:147-53. [PMID: 25108736 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficiency of transfecting adenoviral vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (AdCMV-EGFP) into rat submandibular gland cells and the effects of gene transfer on cell proliferation and secretory function. Isolated submandibular gland cells were transfected with different titers (or multiplicity of infection, MOI) of AdCMV-EGFP. The transfection efficiency was evaluated by quantifying EGFP-positive cells by inverted fluorescence microscopy, cell proliferation by MTT assay, and cell secretory activity by measuring α-amylase in culture medium. A transfection efficiency of up to 70.8% was achieved in submandibular gland cells. MTT assay showed that increased viral titers resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, which occurs on day 5 post-transfection. Simultaneously, the amylase levels started to reduce with a significant decrease on day 7 after transfection. The results show that AdCMV-EGFP transfection of submandibular gland cells at higher MOI results in cytotoxicity, decreased cell proliferation, and secretory function. However, the lower adenoviral titers (e.g., 200 particles/cell) could be an efficient and safe labeling tool for gene transfer to submandibular gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Institue and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Tu Y, Chen C, Sun HT, Cheng SX, Liu XZ, Qu Y, Li XH, Zhang S. Combination of temperature-sensitive stem cells and mild hypothermia: a new potential therapy for severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2393-403. [PMID: 22655683 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great potential for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the micro-environment of reduced oxygen and accumulated toxins leads to low survival rates of grafted cells, which dramatically limits their clinical application. Mild hypothermia has been demonstrated to improve the micro-environment after severe TBI. Thus, we speculate that combinational therapy of mild hypothermia may promote survival of grafted cells, especially temperature-sensitive stem cells, which show the most activity in mild temperatures. In this study, we first isolated mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord (UCSMCs) and generated the temperature-sensitive UCSMCs (tsUCSMCs) by infection with a retrovirus carrying the temperature-sensitive tsA58 SV40 LT antigen gene. We demonstrated that tsUCSMCs grew and proliferated with more activity at 33°C than at 37°C by counting cell numbers with a hematocytometer, measuring the cell cycle with flow cytometry, and detecting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) with immunofluorescence staining. Thereafter, we established the rat severe TBI model by fluid percussion, and injected PBS, UCSMCs, or tsUCSMCs into the injured region, and subject the animals to normothermia or mild hypothermia (33°C). We found that, compared with UCSMC or tsUCSMC treatment alone, their combination with hypothermia could significantly improve motor and cognitive function with more survival of the grafted cells. Furthermore, we observed that combined therapy with hypothermia and tsUCSMCs exerted the most protective effect on the recovery of neurological function of all the tested treatments, with the highest survival and proliferation rates, and the lowest apoptosis rate. Thus this may represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tu
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics College of the Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
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Soga Y, Komori H, Miyazaki T, Arita N, Terada M, Kamada K, Tanaka Y, Fujino T, Hiasa Y, Matsuura B, Onji M, Nose M. Toll-like receptor 3 signaling induces chronic pancreatitis through the Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2009; 217:175-84. [PMID: 19282652 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.217.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays important roles in host defense against pathogens, but may also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases under certain conditions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize various pathogens and induce innate immunity. We herein present a mouse model for chronic pancreatitis, which was induced by TLR3 signaling that generated the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated cytotoxicity. An analogue of viral double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which is recognized by TLR3, was injected into autoimmune-prone strains: MRL/Mp mice (MRL/+), MRL/Mp mice with a deficit of Fas (MRL/lpr) and MRL/Mp mice with a deficit of functional FasL (MRL/gld). The pancreatitis in MRL/+ mice was initiated by the destruction of pancreatic ductules, and its severity was significantly higher than that in MRL/lpr mice or MRL/gld mice. Using a pancreatic duct epithelial cell line MRL/S-1 newly established from the MRL/gld mouse that lacks FasL, we showed that treatment with poly I:C significantly induced the expression of Fas on the cultured cells. MRL/S-1 cells were destructed when co-cultured with splenocytes bearing intact FasL prepared from MRL/+ or MRL/lpr mice, but the magnitude of cytotoxicity was smaller with splenocytes of MRL/gld mice. Likewise, synthetic FasL protein showed cytotoxicity on MRL/S-1 cells. Furthermore, MRL/S-1 cells expressed higher levels of chemokines after the treatment with poly I:C, suggesting that the poly I:C-mediated induction of chemokines may be responsible for recruitment of lymphoid cells to the pancreatic periductular regions. These findings indicate that TLR3 signaling generates the Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity, thereby leading to the development of chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Soga
- Department of Pathogenomics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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Kawata S, Suzuki J, Maruoka M, Mizutamari M, Ishida-Kitagawa N, Yogo K, Jat PS, Shishido T. Retrovirus-mediated conditional immortalization and analysis of established cell lines of osteoclast precursor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:97-104. [PMID: 17005159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast precursor cells (OPCs) have previously been established from bone marrow cells of SV40 temperature-sensitive T antigen-expressing transgenic mice. Here, we use retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to conditionally immortalize OPCs by expressing temperature-sensitive large T antigen (tsLT) from wild type bone marrow cells. The immortalized OPCs proliferated at the permissive temperature of 33.5 degrees C, but stopped growing at the non-permissive temperature of 39 degrees C. In the presence of receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL), the OPCs differentiated into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells and formed multinucleate osteoclasts at 33.5 degrees C. From these OPCs, we cloned two types of cell lines. Both differentiated into TRAP-positive cells, but one formed multinucleate osteoclasts while the other remained unfused in the presence of RANKL. These results indicate that the established cell lines are useful for analyzing mechanisms of differentiation, particularly multinucleate osteoclast formation. Retrovirus-mediated conditional immortalization should be a useful method to immortalize OPCs from primary bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Kawata
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Koizumi M, Doi R, Fujimoto K, Ito D, Toyoda E, Mori T, Kami K, Kawaguchi Y, Gittes GK, Imamura M. Pancreatic epithelial cells can be converted into insulin-producing cells by GLP-1 in conjunction with virus-mediated gene transfer of pdx-1. Surgery 2005; 138:125-33. [PMID: 16153418 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulates insulin secretion and proliferation by islet cells in vitro and in vivo, associated with an activation of pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene-1 (pdx-1) function. The effect of GLP-1 on the conditionally immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells (IMPE cells) is not clear when they are treated in conjunction with the adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of pdx-1. METHODS IMPE cells were established from the pancreas of H-2K(b)-tsA58 transgenic mice. IMPE cells were maintained at 33 degrees C with 10 U/mL interferon (IFN)-gamma and the experiments were performed at 39 degrees C without IFN-gamma. IMPE cells were infected with 20 multiplicities of Ad-pdx-1 or control Ad-lacZ at 39 degrees C without IFN-gamma and were incubated with various concentrations of GLP-1. After 48 hours, immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for insulin and pdx-1 expression were examined. Immunoreactive insulin in the cell lysate and supernatant was also analyzed. The glucose concentration in the culture medium was changed to test the insulin secretory responsiveness of the IMPE cells. RESULTS The treatment with GLP-1 in conjunction with Ad-pdx-1 induced insulin production by IMPE cells, but the treatment with either GLP-1 or Ad-pdx-1 alone failed to induce insulin production. Insulin production and secretion were increased by GLP-1 and by glucose in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the insulin-producing IMPE cells acquired a rapid insulin secretory responsiveness to the changes of extracellular glucose concentration. CONCLUSIONS GLP-1 and pdx-1 work together to induce insulin-producing cells from IMPE cells, which bear unique characteristics of pancreatic ductal cells. The results suggest that GLP-1 may be another important determiner of pancreatic endocrine differentiation as is pdx-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Koizumi
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Japan
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Kataoka K, Fujimoto K, Ito D, Koizumi M, Toyoda E, Mori T, Kami K, Doi R. Expression and prognostic value of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 gene product tuberin in human pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2005; 138:450-5. [PMID: 16213898 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation of either of 2 tumor suppressor genes, TSC1 or TSC2, which encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively. Several studies have shown that tuberin functions independently of hamartin and inhibits signaling pathways via the mammalian target of rapamycin, a critical regulator of cell proliferation. Recent studies have revealed that the signaling pathways regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin such as Akt and S6K1 are frequently activated in pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that tuberin might be involved in the proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We immunohistochemically examined the expression of tuberin in 42 pancreatic cancerous and noncancerous pancreatic tissue specimens using an antituberin antibody. The correlations between tuberin expression and various clinicopathologic features, including survival, were evaluated. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the level of tuberin expression in paired samples of pancreatic cancer and noncancerous tissue. RESULTS Twenty-four of the 42 pancreatic cancer samples (57%) were negative for tuberin expression. The patients with tuberin-negative tumors had a significantly higher incidence of pT3 or pT4 disease (primary tumor extent by the TNM classification) than those with tuberin-positive tumors (P = .024). Female patients had a significantly higher incidence of tuberin-positive tumors than male patients (P = .014). The survival rate of the tuberin-positive group tended to be better than that of the tuberin-negative group, but there was no significant difference (P = .4). Expression of TSC2 in cancer tissue was lower than in the corresponding noncancerous tissue for 7 of the 9 samples examined. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that reduced expression of tuberin might be involved in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Accordingly, tuberin may provide a new therapeutic target in patients with this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Kataoka
- Department of Surgery and Basic Surgical Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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Tabuchi Y, Kondo T, Suzuki Y, Obinata M. Genes involved in nonpermissive temperature-induced cell differentiation in Sertoli TTE3 cells bearing temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:947-56. [PMID: 15752748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli TTE3 cells, derived from transgenic mice bearing temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T (tsSV40LT)-antigen, proliferated continuously at a permissive temperature (33 degrees C) whereas inactivation of the large T-antigen by a nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) led to differentiation as judged by elevation of transferrin. To clarify the detailed mechanisms of differentiation, we investigated the time course of changes in gene expression using cDNA microarrays. Of the 865 genes analyzed, 14 genes showed increased levels of expression. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the mRNA levels of p21(waf1), milk fat globule membrane protein E8, heat-responsive protein 12, and selenoprotein P were markedly elevated. Moreover, the differentiated condition induced by the nonpermissive temperature significantly increased mRNA levels of these four genes in several cell lines from the transgenic mice bearing the oncogene. The present results regarding changes in gene expression will provide a basis for a further understanding of molecular mechanisms of differentiation in both Sertoli cells and cell lines transformed by tsSV40LT-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Life Scientific Research Center, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Ito D, Fujimoto K, Doi R, Koizumi M, Toyoda E, Mori T, Kami K, Kawaguchi Y, Whitehead R, Imamura M. Chronic exposure of transforming growth factor beta 1 confers a more aggressive tumor phenotype through downregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in conditionally immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells. Surgery 2004; 136:364-74. [PMID: 15300203 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) expression is markedly enhanced in invasive ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas, although the precise role of TGF-beta1 in pancreatic carcinogenesis remains unclear. We analyzed TGF-beta1 expression in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and the effects of chronic TGF-beta1 exposure on conditionally immortalized pancreatic epithelial (IMPE) cells. METHODS Sixty-one PanIN lesions were immunohistochemically stained with a polyclonal rabbit antibody against human TGF-beta1. Growth-inhibitory effects of short-term exposure to TGF-beta1 were examined in IMPE cells. IMPE cells resistant to TGF-beta1 (IMPE-Tr cells) were generated by continuous exposure to 1 ng/mL of TGF-beta1 for more than 50 days. Phenotypic alterations of IMPE-Tr cells were examined by soft agar and Matrigel assay and Western blot analysis. IMPE and IMPE-Tr cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice for an in vivo tumorigenicity assay. RESULTS Forty-six percent of PanINs (28/61) were positive for TGF-beta1 expression, whereas all the epithelia of normal pancreatic ducts were negative. TGF-beta1 treatment showed the marked growth-inhibitory effects (>75%) in IMPE cells, whereas its effects were not observed in IMPE-Tr cells. IMPE-Tr cells were more spindle shaped compared with IMPE cells. In soft agar and Matrigel, formations of many colonies were observed in IMPE-Tr cells, but not in IMPE cells. Interestingly, the expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) was induced by short-term exposure to TGF-beta1 in IMPE cells, whereas the induction was decreased in IMPE-Tr cells. All of the IMPE-Tr cell-injected mice (5/5) had subcutaneous tumors, although no tumor was found in the IMPE cell-injected mice. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta1 expression in PanINs and neoplastic transformation of IMPE cells by long-term exposure to TGF-beta1 suggest that TGF-beta1 may act as a tumor promoter in the early stage of pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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