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Noor Z, Guo S, Zhao Z, Qin Y, Shi G, Ma H, Zhang Y, Li J, Yu Z. Identification and involvement of DAX1 gene in spermatogenesis of boring giant clam Tridacna crocea. Gene 2024; 911:148338. [PMID: 38438056 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenital critical region on X chromosome gene 1), a key sex determinant in various species, plays a vital role in gonad differentiation and development and controls spermatogenesis. However, the identity and function of DAX1 are still unclear in bivalves. In the present study, we identified a DAX1 (designed as Tc-DAX1) gene from the boring giant clam Tridacna crocea, a tropical marine bivalve. The full length of Tc-DAX1 was 1877 bp, encoding 462 amino acids, with a Molecular weight of 51.81 kDa and a theoretical Isoelectric point of 5.87 (pI). Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis indicated a putative ligand binding domain (LBD) conserved regions clustered with molluscans DAX1 homologs. The tissue distributions in different reproductive stages revealed a dimorphic pattern, with the highest expression trend in the male reproductive stage, indicating its role in spermatogenesis. The DAX1 expression data from embryonic stages shows its highest expression profile (P < 0.05) in the zygote stage, followed by decreasing trends in the larvae stages (P > 0.05). The localization of DAX1 transcripts has also been confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization, showing high positive signals in the fertilized egg, 2, and 4-cell stage, and gastrula. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of the Tc-DAX1 transcripts shows a significantly lower expression profile in the ds-DAX1 group compared to the ds-EGFP group. Subsequent histological analysis of gonads revealed that spermatogenesis was affected in a ds-DAX1 group compared to the ds-EGFP group. All these results indicate that Tc-DAX1 is involved in the spermatogenesis and early embryonic development of T. crocea, providing valuable information for the breeding and aquaculture of giant clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Noor
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Shuming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yanpin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Gongpengyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya 572024, China.
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Kong D, Zhao X, Pan Y, Song N. Gonadal transcriptome analysis of sex-biased gene and genome-wide investigation of dmrt gene family in Acanthogobius ommaturus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101204. [PMID: 38342067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Acanthogobius ommaturus is one of the largest goby fish, and widely distributed in the Northwestern Pacific as an annual benthic fish. This study aims to report the gonadal transcriptome of A. ommaturus and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sexes. A total of 5460 (27.94 %) DEGs were detected from genome, with 3301 (16.89 %) biased towards males and 2159 (11.05 %) towards females. Analysis of 76 known vertebrate sex-related genes revealed multiple key genes, including the male-biased genes dmrt1 (Doublesex and Mab-3 related transcription factor 1) and amh (Anti-Mullerian Hormone), and the female-biased genes foxl2 (Forkhead Box L2) and cyp19a1a (Cytochrome P450 Aromatase 19 Subfamily A1). Furthermore, a genome-wide gene family analysis focused on the most significantly differentially expressed male-biased gene, dmrt1, was conducted using the chromosomal-level genome. Six Aodmrt genes were identified and subjected to phylogenetic and protein interaction network analyses. To validate the expression pattern, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed and compared with gonadal transcriptome data. The results showed that only dmrt1 exhibited significant male-bias, while the expression levels and sex differences of other dmrt genes in the gonads were inconclusive. Interestingly, the other dmrt genes displayed higher expression levels in other tissues, suggesting currently unknown functions. In conclusion, this study provides valuable genetic information contributing to the understanding of the sex determination mechanism of A. ommaturus and bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Wei WY, Gong Y, Guo XF, Liu M, Zhou YL, Li Z, Zhou L, Wang ZW, Gui JF. Gonadal transcriptomes reveal sex-biased expression genes associated with sex determination and differentiation in red-tail catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:183. [PMID: 37024792 PMCID: PMC10077648 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red-tail catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides) is an important commercially farmed catfish in southern China. Males of red-tail catfish grow faster than females, suggesting that all-male catfish will produce more significant economic benefits in aquaculture practice. However, little research has been reported on sex determination and gonadal development in red-tail catfish. RESULTS In this study, we performed the first transcriptomic analysis of male and female gonads at four developmental stages at 10, 18, 30, and 48 days post hatching (dph) using RNA-seq technology. A total of 23,588 genes were screened in 24 sequenced samples, of which 28, 213, 636, and 1381 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at four developmental stages, respectively. Seven candidate genes of sex determination and differentiation were further identified. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) further confirmed that anti-Mullerian hormone (amh), growth differentiation factor 6a (gdf6a), testis-specific gene antigen 10 (tsga10), and cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A (cyp17a) were highly expressed mainly in the male, while cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A polypeptide 1b (cyp19a1b), forkhead box L2 (foxl2), and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 1 (hsd17b1) were highly expressed in the female. The KEGG pathway enrichment data showed that these identified DEGs were mainly involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis and TGF-β signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Based on RNA-seq data of gonads at the early developmental stages, seven DEGs shared by the four developmental stages were identified, among which amh and gdf6a may be the male-biased expression genes, while foxl2, cyp19a1b and hsd17b1 may be the female-biased expression genes in red-tail catfish. Our study will provide crucial genetic information for the research on sex control in red-tail catfish, as well as for exploring the evolutionary processes of sex determination mechanisms in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wei
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin-Fen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Master-Key Regulators of Sex Determination in Fish and Other Vertebrates-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032468. [PMID: 36768795 PMCID: PMC9917144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, mainly single genes with an allele ratio of 1:1 trigger sex-determination (SD), leading to initial equal sex-ratios. Such genes are designated master-key regulators (MKRs) and are frequently associated with DNA structural variations, such as copy-number variation and null-alleles. Most MKR knowledge comes from fish, especially cichlids, which serve as a genetic model for SD. We list 14 MKRs, of which dmrt1 has been identified in taxonomically distant species such as birds and fish. The identification of MKRs with known involvement in SD, such as amh and fshr, indicates that a common network drives SD. We illustrate a network that affects estrogen/androgen equilibrium, suggesting that structural variation may exert over-expression of the gene and thus form an MKR. However, the reason why certain factors constitute MKRs, whereas others do not is unclear. The limited number of conserved MKRs suggests that their heterologous sequences could be used as targets in future searches for MKRs of additional species. Sex-specific mortality, sex reversal, the role of temperature in SD, and multigenic SD are examined, claiming that these phenomena are often consequences of artificial hybridization. We discuss the essentiality of taxonomic authentication of species to validate purebred origin before MKR searches.
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Begum S, Gnanasree SM, Anusha N, Senthilkumaran B. Germ cell markers in fishes - A review. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ferchaud AL, Mérot C, Normandeau E, Ragoussis J, Babin C, Djambazian H, Bérubé P, Audet C, Treble M, Walkusz W, Bernatchez L. Chromosome-level assembly reveals a putative Y-autosomal fusion in the sex determination system of the Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 12:6428537. [PMID: 34791178 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the commercial importance of Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), important gaps still persist in our knowledge of this species, including its reproductive biology and sex determination mechanism. Here, we combined single-molecule sequencing of long reads (Pacific Sciences) with chromatin conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C) data to assemble the first chromosome-level reference genome for this species. The high-quality assembly encompassed more than 598 Megabases (Mb) assigned to 1 594 scaffolds (scaffold N50 = 25 Mb) with 96% of its total length distributed among 24 chromosomes. Investigation of the syntenic relationship with other economically important flatfish species revealed a high conservation of synteny blocks among members of this phylogenetic clade. Sex determination analysis revealed that, similar to other teleost fishes, flatfishes also exhibit a high level of plasticity and turnover in sex-determination mechanisms. A low-coverage whole-genome sequence analysis of 198 individuals revealed that Greenland Halibut possesses a male heterogametic XY system and several putative candidate genes implied in the sex determination of this species. Our study also suggests for the first time in flatfishes that a putative Y-autosomal fusion could be associated with a reduction of recombination typical of the early steps of sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Ferchaud
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Claire Mérot
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill Genome Centre and Department for Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Charles Babin
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Haig Djambazian
- McGill Genome Centre and Department for Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Pierre Bérubé
- McGill Genome Centre and Department for Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Margaret Treble
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg Department, Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Freshwater Institute Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N6, Canada
| | - Wocjciech Walkusz
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg Department, Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Freshwater Institute Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N6, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Lin CJ, Jeng SR, Lei ZY, Yueh WS, Dufour S, Wu GC, Chang CF. Involvement of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Family Genes in Gonadal Differentiation in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica, According to Sex-Related Gene Expressions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113007. [PMID: 34831230 PMCID: PMC8616510 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gonochoristic feature with environmental sex determination that occurs during the yellow stage in the eel provides an interesting model to investigate the mechanisms of gonadal development. We previously studied various sex-related genes during gonadal sex differentiation in Japanese eels. In the present study, the members of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily were investigated. Transcript levels of anti-Müllerian hormone, its receptor, gonadal soma-derived factor (amh, amhr2, and gsdf, respectively) measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed a strong sexual dimorphism. Transcripts were dominantly expressed in the testis, and their levels significantly increased with testicular differentiation. In contrast, the expressions of amh, amhr2, and gsdf transcripts were low in the ovary of E2-feminized female eels. In situ hybridization detected gsdf (but not amh) transcript signals in undifferentiated gonads. amh and gsdf signals were localized to Sertoli cells and had increased significantly with testicular differentiation. Weak gsdf and no amh signals were detected in early ovaries of E2-feminized female eels. Transcript levels of amh and gsdf (not amhr2) decreased during human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-induced spermatogenesis in males. This study suggests that amh, amhr2, and especially gsdf might be involved in the gene pathway regulating testicular differentiation of Japanese eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ju Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Shan-Ru Jeng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.-R.J.); (G.-C.W.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Zhen-Yuan Lei
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
| | - Wen-Shiun Yueh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Laboratory Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chung Wu
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-R.J.); (G.-C.W.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-R.J.); (G.-C.W.); (C.-F.C.)
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Sex Determination and Differentiation in Teleost: Roles of Genetics, Environment, and Brain. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100973. [PMID: 34681072 PMCID: PMC8533387 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The fish reproductive system is a complex biological system. Nonetheless, reproductive organ development is conserved, which starts with sex determination and then sex differentiation. The sex of a teleost is determined and differentiated from bipotential primordium by genetics, environmental factors, or both. These two processes are species-specific. There are several prominent genes and environmental factors involved during sex determination and differentiation. At the cellular level, most of the sex-determining genes suppress the female pathway. For environmental factors, there are temperature, density, hypoxia, pH, and social interaction. Once the sexual fate is determined, sex differentiation takes over the gonadal developmental process. Environmental factors involve activation and suppression of various male and female pathways depending on the sexual fate. Alongside these factors, the role of the brain during sex determination and differentiation remains elusive. Nonetheless, GnRH III knockout has promoted a male sex-biased population, which shows brain involvement during sex determination. During sex differentiation, LH and FSH might not affect the gonadal differentiation, but are required for regulating sex differentiation. This review discusses the role of prominent genes, environmental factors, and the brain in sex determination and differentiation across a few teleost species.
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Nakamoto M, Uchino T, Koshimizu E, Kuchiishi Y, Sekiguchi R, Wang L, Sudo R, Endo M, Guiguen Y, Schartl M, Postlethwait JH, Sakamoto T. A Y-linked anti-Müllerian hormone type-II receptor is the sex-determining gene in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009705. [PMID: 34437539 PMCID: PMC8389408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication and genome compaction are thought to have played important roles in teleost fish evolution. Ayu (or sweetfish), Plecoglossus altivelis, belongs to the superorder Stomiati, order Osmeriformes. Stomiati is phylogenetically classified as sister taxa of Neoteleostei. Thus, ayu holds an important position in the fish tree of life. Although ayu is economically important for the food industry and recreational fishing in Japan, few genomic resources are available for this species. To address this problem, we produced a draft genome sequence of ayu by whole-genome shotgun sequencing and constructed linkage maps using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. Syntenic analyses of ayu and other teleost fish provided information about chromosomal rearrangements during the divergence of Stomiati, Protacanthopterygii and Neoteleostei. The size of the ayu genome indicates that genome compaction occurred after the divergence of the family Osmeridae. Ayu has an XX/XY sex-determination system for which we identified sex-associated loci by a genome-wide association study by genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-genome resequencing using wild populations. Genome-wide association mapping using wild ayu populations revealed three sex-linked scaffolds (total, 2.03 Mb). Comparison of whole-genome resequencing mapping coverage between males and females identified male-specific regions in sex-linked scaffolds. A duplicate copy of the anti-Müllerian hormone type-II receptor gene (amhr2bY) was found within these male-specific regions, distinct from the autosomal copy of amhr2. Expression of the Y-linked amhr2 gene was male-specific in sox9b-positive somatic cells surrounding germ cells in undifferentiated gonads, whereas autosomal amhr2 transcripts were detected in somatic cells in sexually undifferentiated gonads of both genetic males and females. Loss-of-function mutation for amhr2bY induced male to female sex reversal. Taken together with the known role of Amh and Amhr2 in sex differentiation, these results indicate that the paralog of amhr2 on the ayu Y chromosome determines genetic sex, and the male-specific amh-amhr2 pathway is critical for testicular differentiation in ayu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamoto
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Uchino
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yudai Kuchiishi
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sekiguchi
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Sudo
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Endo
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Manfred Schartl
- University of Wuerzburg, Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - John H. Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Vining B, Ming Z, Bagheri-Fam S, Harley V. Diverse Regulation but Conserved Function: SOX9 in Vertebrate Sex Determination. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040486. [PMID: 33810596 PMCID: PMC8066042 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination occurs early during embryogenesis among vertebrates. It involves the differentiation of the bipotential gonad to ovaries or testes by a fascinating diversity of molecular switches. In most mammals, the switch is SRY (sex determining region Y); in other vertebrates it could be one of a variety of genes including Dmrt1 or dmy. Downstream of the switch gene, SOX9 upregulation is a central event in testes development, controlled by gonad-specific enhancers across the 2 Mb SOX9 locus. SOX9 is a ‘hub’ gene of gonadal development, regulated positively in males and negatively in females. Despite this diversity, SOX9 protein sequence and function among vertebrates remains highly conserved. This article explores the cellular, morphological, and genetic mechanisms initiated by SOX9 for male gonad differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Vining
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (B.V.); (Z.M.); (S.B.-F.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (B.V.); (Z.M.); (S.B.-F.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (B.V.); (Z.M.); (S.B.-F.)
| | - Vincent Harley
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; (B.V.); (Z.M.); (S.B.-F.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8572-2527
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11
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Li B, Tian Y, Wen H, Qi X, Wang L, Zhang J, Li J, Dong X, Zhang K, Li Y. Systematic identification and expression analysis of the Sox gene family in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 38:100817. [PMID: 33677158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sox gene family encodes a set of transcription factors characterized by a conserved Sry-related high mobility group (HMG)-box domain, which performs a series of essential biological functions in diverse tissues and developmental processes. In this study, the Sox gene family was systematically characterized in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). A total of 26 Sox genes were identified and classified into eight subfamilies, namely, SoxB1, SoxB2, SoxC, SoxD, SoxE, SoxF, SoxH and SoxK. The phylogenetic relationship, exon-intron and domain structure analyses supported their annotation and classification. Comparison of gene copy numbers and chromosome locations among different species indicated that except tandem duplicated paralogs of Sox17/Sox32, duplicated Sox genes in spotted sea bass were generated from teleost-specific whole genome duplication during evolution. In addition, qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression profiles of Sox genes during development and adulthood. The results showed that the expression of 16 out of 26 Sox genes was induced dramatically at different starting points after the multicellular stage, which is consistent with embryogenesis. At the early stage of sex differentiation, 9 Sox genes exhibited sexually dimorphic expression patterns, among which Sox3, Sox19 and Sox6b showed the most significant ovary-biased expression. Moreover, the distinct expression pattern of Sox genes was observed in different adult tissues. Our results provide a fundamental resource for further investigating the functions of Sox genes in embryonic processes, sex determination and differentiation as well as controlling the homeostasis of adult tissues in spotted sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jinku Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ximeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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12
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13
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Lin G, Gao D, Lu J, Sun X. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Sexual Dimorphism of Gene Expression Patterns during Gonad Differentiation in the Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:18-30. [PMID: 32996005 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), one of the most economically-important fish species in China, exhibits sexually dimorphic growth. An understanding of sex-related gene expression patterns in the tongue sole may inform sex regulation and breeding processes that increase fish production. However, the gene expression patterns during gonad development in the tongue sole remain unknown. In this study, transcriptome sequencing analyses were performed during gonad differentiation in the tongue sole, namely, at 62 days post-hatching (dph), 100 dph, 120 dph, and 150 dph. Differentially expressed genes associated with sex differentiation and gonad development were identified at each time point. Trend analysis showed that gene expression patterns varied over time. These expression patterns either explained common, non-sexually-dimorphic features or indicated significant sexual dimorphism. Transcript structure analyses identified both sex and time differences among samples. This study investigated the time-dependent expression patterns of several sex-related genes, including Dmrt1, Amh, Foxl2, aromatase encoding gene, Esr, and the Sox gene family, during gonad differentiation in the tongue sole. These results might clarify the significant sexual differences during early development in the tongue sole and might provide insight into the mechanisms controlling sex differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genmei Lin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dong Gao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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14
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Nagahama Y, Chakraborty T, Paul-Prasanth B, Ohta K, Nakamura M. Sex determination, gonadal sex differentiation, and plasticity in vertebrate species. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:1237-1308. [PMID: 33180655 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of sex determination (SD) mechanisms, encompassing environmental to genetic, have been found to exist among vertebrates, covering a spectrum from fixed SD mechanisms (mammals) to functional sex change in fishes (sequential hermaphroditic fishes). A major landmark in vertebrate SD was the discovery of the SRY gene in 1990. Since that time, many attempts to clone an SRY ortholog from nonmammalian vertebrates remained unsuccessful, until 2002, when DMY/dmrt1by was discovered as the SD gene of a small fish, medaka. Surprisingly, however, DMY/dmrt1by was found in only 2 species among more than 20 species of medaka, suggesting a large diversity of SD genes among vertebrates. Considerable progress has been made over the last 3 decades, such that it is now possible to formulate reasonable paradigms of how SD and gonadal sex differentiation may work in some model vertebrate species. This review outlines our current understanding of vertebrate SD and gonadal sex differentiation, with a focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. An impressive number of genes and factors have been discovered that play important roles in testicular and ovarian differentiation. An antagonism between the male and female pathway genes exists in gonads during both sex differentiation and, surprisingly, even as adults, suggesting that, in addition to sex-changing fishes, gonochoristic vertebrates including mice maintain some degree of gonadal sexual plasticity into adulthood. Importantly, a review of various SD mechanisms among vertebrates suggests that this is the ideal biological event that can make us understand the evolutionary conundrums underlying speciation and species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nagahama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan.,Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tapas Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan.,Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukouka, Japan.,Karatsu Satellite of Aqua-Bioresource Innovation Center, Kyushu University, Karatsu, Japan
| | - Bindhu Paul-Prasanth
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.,Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kohei Ohta
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukouka, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakamura
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, Okinawa, Japan
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15
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Molecular identification and expression analysis of foxl2 and sox9b in Oryzias celebensis. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Lu L, Li Y, Wei Y, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Tian H, Wang W, Ru S. Genotoxic biomarkers and histological changes in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol and 17β-trenbolone. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110601. [PMID: 31706722 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting pollutants in marine environments have aroused great concern for their adverse effects on the reproduction of marine organisms. This study aimed to seek promising biomarkers for estrogenic/androgenic chemicals. First, two possible male-specific genes, SRY-box containing gene 9a2 (sox9a2) and gonadal soma-derived factor (gsdf), were cloned from marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Then the responses of sox9a2, gsdf, choriogenin (chgH and chgL), vitellogenin (vtg1 and vtg2), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a and cyp19b) were investigated after exposure to 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and 17β-trenbolone (TB) at 2, 10, and 50 ng/L. The results showed that gsdf was specifically expressed in the testes and easily induced in the ovaries after TB exposure, indicating that gsdf was a potential biomarker of environmental androgens. ChgL was a useful biomarker of weak estrogen pollution for its high sensitivity to low levels of EE2. In addition, both EE2 and TB exposure damaged gonadal structures and inhibited gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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17
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Oakes JA, Li N, Wistow BRC, Griffin A, Barnard L, Storbeck KH, Cunliffe VT, Krone NP. Ferredoxin 1b Deficiency Leads to Testis Disorganization, Impaired Spermatogenesis, and Feminization in Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2401-2416. [PMID: 31322700 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The roles of steroids in zebrafish sex differentiation, gonadal development, and function of the adult gonad are poorly understood. Herein, we used ferredoxin 1b (fdx1b) mutant zebrafish to explore such processes. Fdx1b is an essential electron-providing cofactor to mitochondrial steroidogenic enzymes, which are crucial for glucocorticoid and androgen production in vertebrates. Fdx1b-/- zebrafish mutants develop into viable adults in which concentrations of androgens and cortisol are significantly reduced. Adult fdx1b-/- mutant zebrafish display predominantly female secondary sex characteristics but may possess either ovaries or testes, confirming that androgen signaling is dispensable for testicular differentiation in this species, as previously demonstrated in androgen receptor mutant zebrafish. Adult male fdx1b-/- mutant zebrafish exhibit reduced characteristic breeding behaviors and impaired sperm production, resulting in infertility in standard breeding scenarios. However, eggs collected from wild-type females can be fertilized by the sperm of fdx1b-/- mutant males by in vitro fertilization. The testes of fdx1b-/- mutant males are disorganized and lack defined seminiferous tubule structure. Expression of several promale and spermatogenic genes is decreased in the testes of fdx1b-/- mutant males, including promale transcription factor sox9a and spermatogenic genes igf3 and insl3. This study establishes an androgen- and cortisol-deficient fdx1b zebrafish mutant as a model for understanding the effects of steroid deficiency on sex development and reproductive function. This model will be particularly useful for further investigation of the roles of steroids in spermatogenesis, gonadal development, and regulation of reproductive behavior, thus enabling further elucidation of the physiological consequences of endocrine disruption in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Oakes
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda R C Wistow
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aliesha Griffin
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Vincent T Cunliffe
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nils P Krone
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Tai ZP, Li DD, Ling SC, Zhang DG, Cui HY, Tan XY. Identification of full-length cDNA sequences for three development-relevant genes from yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and their transcriptional responses to high fat diet. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 225:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Yan H, Shen X, Cui X, Wu Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Liu Q, Jiang Y. Identification of genes involved in gonadal sex differentiation and the dimorphic expression pattern in Takifugu rubripes gonad at the early stage of sex differentiation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:1275-1290. [PMID: 29777416 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the expression of mRNAs in the gonads at the critical stage of molecular sex differentiation stage might help to clarify the regulatory network during early sex differentiation and provide new information on the role of sex-related genes in gonadal function. In this study, transcriptomic analysis of sex-related genes expression profiles in fugu gonads at 60 and 90 days after hatching (dah) was conducted firstly, and a total of 112,504,991 clean reads, encompassing 28.35 Gb of sequences were retrieved. Twenty-three thousand eight hundred ten genes were found to be expressed in juvenile fugu gonads, and we mainly focused on the differentially expressed genes that have the potential to be involved in the gonadal sex differentiation. For 60-dah juveniles, we identified 1014 genes that were upregulated in the ovary and 1570 that were upregulated in the testis. For 90-dah juveniles, we identified 1287 genes that were upregulated in the ovary and 1500 that were upregulated in the testis. The dimorphic expression patterns of 15 genes in gonads at 30 and 40 dah were further investigate using qPCR. Cyp11b and star were expressed at higher levels in XY than in XX, while cyp11a1 and cyp19a1a were expressed at higher levels in XX than in XY at 30 dah. At 40 dah, the levels of gsdf, dmrt1, dmrt3, cyp11c1, star, and hsd3b expression were higher in XY, while the levels of foxl2, cyp19a1a, wnt9b, and foxD4 expression were higher in XX. Sox9, cyp11a1, cyp17a1, cyp17a2, and nr5a2 were expressed at similar levels in XX and XY at 40 dah. This is the first report of gonadal transcriptome of fugu at early sex differentiation stage, and our results provide an archive for further study on molecular mechanism underlying sex differentiation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yan
- College of Fisheries and life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xufang Shen
- College of Fisheries and life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xin Cui
- College of Fisheries and life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- College of Fisheries and life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lianshun Wang
- College of Fisheries and life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yusheng Jiang
- College of Fisheries and life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
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20
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Gong Q, Lai J, Song M, Du J, Deng X. Gonadal transcriptome sequencing of the critically endangered Acipenser dabryanus to discover candidate sex-related genes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5389. [PMID: 30065900 PMCID: PMC6065465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acipenser dabryanus, an endemic Chinese species, has been listed as a first-class protected animal in China. Sturgeons are among the oldest and most primitive group of existing fish in the world and occupy a special place in the evolutionary history of fish. Thus, a study of the reproduction and sex differentiation of sturgeon will be of great value for fish as well as the whole vertebrate group. Methods In this study, we conducted comparative analysis of the testes and ovaries transcriptomes of A. dabryanus to screen for sex-differentiation and sexual development-related genes. Results The transcriptome sequencing of six cDNA libraries generated 265 million clean reads, encompassing 79 Gb of sequences. The N50 and mean length of the identified 91,375 unigenes were 1,718 and 989 bp, respectively. A total of 6,306, 9,961, 13,170, 15,484, and 23,588 unigenes were annotated in the clusters of orthologous groups, gene ontology categories, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway, euKaryotic orthologous groups, and NCBI non-redundant protein databases, respectively. A total of 5,396 differentially expressed genes were found between the two sexes, with 1,938 predicted to be up-regulated in ovaries and 3,458 in testes. A total of 73 candidate genes known to be involved in sex differentiation and sexual development were searched in the transcriptome of A. dabryanus of which 52 showed significant similarity. We highlighted six genes that are differentially expressed between the two sexes and may play important roles in sex differentiation and gonad maintenance. In addition, 24,271 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 550,519 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Discussion This work represents the first transcriptome study comparing the ovary and testis in A. dabryanus. The putative differentially expressed genes between the gonads provide an important source of information for further study of the sex-differentiation related genes and the sex-differentiation mechanism in sturgeons. The SSRs or SNPs identified in this study will be helpful in the discovery of sex-related markers in A. dabryanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Liu
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Gong
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiansheng Lai
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Du
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochuan Deng
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
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21
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Kawase J, Aoki JY, Hamada K, Ozaki A, Araki K. Identification of Sex-associated SNPs of Greater Amberjack ( Seriola dumerili). J Genomics 2018; 6:53-62. [PMID: 29861788 PMCID: PMC5970132 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex determination systems of fish are highly diverse compared with those of mammals. Thus, performing investigations using nonmodel fish species helps to understand the highly diverse sex determination systems of fish. Because greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is one of the most important edible fish globally and knowledge of its sex determination system is economically important in the field of aquaculture, we are interested in the mechanisms of sex determination of Seriola species. In this study, we identified sex-associated SNPs of greater amberjack using SNP information of 10 males and 10 females by an association test. We determined that the sex-associated SNPs were on chromosome 12 and mainly covered with two scaffolds (about 7.1 Mbp). Genotypes of sex-associated SNPs indicated that females are the heterogametic sex (ZZ/ZW). Furthermore, we compared the genomic structure of greater amberjack with those of Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis), and medaka (Oryzias latipes). Whole-genome alignments and synteny analysis indicated that the sex determination system of greater amberjack is markedly different from that of medaka and implied that the sex determination system is conserved in the Seriola species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kawase
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Aoki
- Research Center for Aquatic Breeding, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224 Hiruda, Tamaki-cho, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Hamada
- Marine Farm Laboratory Limited Company, 309 Takahiro, Tachibaura, Otsuki-cho, Hata-gun, Kochi 788-0352, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Ozaki
- Research Center for Aquatic Breeding, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224 Hiruda, Tamaki-cho, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Kazuo Araki
- Research Center for Aquatic Breeding, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 224 Hiruda, Tamaki-cho, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan
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22
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A role for SOX9 in post-transcriptional processes: insights from the amphibian oocyte. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7191. [PMID: 29740094 PMCID: PMC5940923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox9 is a member of the gene family of SOX transcription factors, which is highly conserved among vertebrates. It is involved in different developmental processes including gonadogenesis. In all amniote species examined thus far, Sox9 is expressed in the Sertoli cells of the male gonad, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role in testis development. However, in the anamniotes, fishes and amphibians, it is also expressed in the oocyte but the significance of such an expression remains to be elucidated. Here, we have investigated the nuclear localization of the SOX9 protein in the oocyte of three amphibian species, the urodelan Pleurodeles waltl, and two anurans, Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. We demonstrate that SOX9 is associated with ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transcripts of lampbrush chromosomes in an RNA-dependent manner. This association can be visualized by Super-resolution Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). Our results suggest that SOX9, known to bind DNA, also carries an additional function in the posttranscriptional processes. We also discuss the significance of the acquisition or loss of Sox9 expression in the oocyte during evolution at the transition between anamniotes and amniotes.
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23
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Jeng SR, Wu GC, Yueh WS, Kuo SF, Dufour S, Chang CF. Gonadal development and expression of sex-specific genes during sex differentiation in the Japanese eel. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:74-85. [PMID: 28826812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of gonadal development and mechanism involved in sex differentiation in eels are still unclear. The objectives were to investigate the gonadal development and expression pattern of sex-related genes during sex differentiation in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. For control group, the elvers of 8-10cm were reared for 8months; and for feminization, estradiol-17β (E2) was orally administered to the elvers of 8-10cm for 6months. Only males were found in the control group, suggesting a possible role of environmental factors in eel sex determination. In contrast, all differentiated eels in E2-treated group were female. Gonad histology revealed that control male eels seem to differentiate through an intersexual stage, while female eels (E2-treated) would differentiate directly from an undifferentiated gonad. Tissue distribution and sex-related genes expression during gonadal development were analyzed by qPCR. The vasa, figla and sox3 transcripts in gonads were significantly increased during sex differentiation. High vasa expression occurred in males; figla and sox3 were related to ovarian differentiation. The transcripts of dmrt1 and sox9a were significantly increased in males during testicular differentiation and development. The cyp19a1 transcripts were significantly increased in differentiating and differentiated gonads, but did not show a differential expression between the control and E2-treated eels. This suggests that cyp19a1 is involved both in testicular differentiation and development in control males, and in the early stage of ovarian differentiation in E2-treated eels. Importantly, these results also reveal that cyp19a1 is not a direct target for E2 during gonad differentiation in the eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ru Jeng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan.
| | - Guan-Chung Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Shiun Yueh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UNICAEN, UA, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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Horiguchi R, Nozu R, Hirai T, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura M. Expression patterns of sex differentiation-related genes during gonadal sex change in the protogynous wrasse, Halichoeres trimaculatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:67-73. [PMID: 28663108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The three-spot wrasse, Halichoeres trimaculatus, can change sex from female to male (i.e. protogyny) due to sharp decrease in endogenous estrogen. During the sex change, ovarian tissue degenerates and testicular tissue arises newly. Finally, ovarian tissue disappears completely and replaces into mature testis. In order to predict the molecular mechanisms controlling the processes of sex change, we investigated the expression patterns of four genes (rspo1, figla, sox9b and amh), which have been thought to be associated with ovarian/testicular differentiation in vertebrates. Expression levels of rspo1 and figla, which play important roles for ovarian differentiation in vertebrates, were stable until the middle stage of the sex change, and subsequently down-regulated. Therefore, it was indicated that decrease in rspo1 and figla could result from ovarian degeneration. On the other hand, basis on the expression pattern, it was indicated that sox9b and amh, which are involved in testicular differentiation in vertebrates, were implicated in testicular formation and spermatogenesis during the sex change as well. The present results could be fundamental information for investigating the relationship between these factors and E2 depletion, which is crucial trigger for sex change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Horiguchi
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ryo Nozu
- Zoological Laboratory, Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Hirai
- Department of Food Production & Environmental Management, Faculty Agriculture/Sanriku Fisheries Research Center, Iwate University, Iwate 026-0001, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Aquatic Biology, Department of Fisheries, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakamura
- Zoological Laboratory, Okinawa Churashima Research Center, Okinawa Churashima Foundation, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan; Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
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25
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Nakamoto M, Shibata Y, Ohno K, Usami T, Kamei Y, Taniguchi Y, Todo T, Sakamoto T, Young G, Swanson P, Naruse K, Nagahama Y. Ovarian aromatase loss-of-function mutant medaka undergo ovary degeneration and partial female-to-male sex reversal after puberty. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:104-122. [PMID: 28711606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although estrogens have been generally considered to play a critical role in ovarian differentiation in non-mammalian vertebrates, the specific functions of estrogens during ovarian differentiation remain unclear. We isolated two mutants with premature stops in the ovarian aromatase (cyp19a1) gene from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-based gene-driven mutagenesis library of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. In XX mutants, gonads first differentiated into normal ovaries containing many ovarian follicles that failed to accumulate yolk. Subsequently, ovarian tissues underwent extensive degeneration, followed by the appearance of testicular tissues on the dorsal side of ovaries. In the newly formed testicular tissue, strong expression of gsdf was detected in sox9a2-positive somatic cells surrounding germline stem cells suggesting that gsdf plays an important role in testicular differentiation during estrogen-depleted female-to-male sex reversal. We conclude that endogenous estrogens synthesized after fertilization are not essential for early ovarian differentiation but are critical for the maintenance of adult ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamoto
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Aquatic Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8777, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shibata
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, USA
| | - Kaoru Ohno
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Usami
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Aquatic Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8777, Japan
| | - Graham Young
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7521, USA
| | - Penny Swanson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7521, USA; Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112-2097, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Nagahama
- Institution for Collaborative Relations, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of ovary and testis reveals potential sex-related genes and pathways in spotted knifejaw Oplegnathus punctatus. Gene 2017; 637:203-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cai J, Yang W, Chen D, Zhang Y, He Z, Zhang W, Zhang L. Transcriptomic analysis of the differentiating ovary of the protogynous ricefield eel Monopterus albus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:573. [PMID: 28768496 PMCID: PMC5541746 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ricefield eel is a protogynous hermaphroditic Synbranchiform species that changes sex naturally from female to male, which offers an interesting model for studying gonadal (particularly ovarian) differentiation in vertebrates. In the present study, transcriptome sequencing of the gonad of ricefield eel larvae was performed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the ovarian differentiation and development. RESULTS A total of 301,267,988 clean reads were generated from cDNA libraries of gonadal tissues of ricefield eel larvae at 6, 9, 12, and 20 days post hatching (dph), which contained undifferentiated gonads, differentiating ovaries, ovaries with oogonia, and ovaries with meiotic oocytes, respectively. De-novo assembly of all the clean reads generated a total of 265,896 unigenes with a mean size of 720 bp and a N50 of 1107 bp. RT-qPCR analysis of the developmental expression of 13 gonadal development-related functional genes indicated that RNA-seq data are reliable. Transcriptome data suggest that high expression of female development-related genes and low expression of male development-related genes in the early gonads of ricefield eel larvae participate in the cascade of sex differentiation leading to the final female phenotype. The contrasting expression patterns of genes involved in retinoid acid (RA) synthesis and degradation might result in peak production of RA at 12 dph in the gonad of ricefield eel larvae, and induce molecular events responsible for the initiation of meiosis before the meiotic signs could be observed at 20 dph. In addition, only stra6 but not stra8 could be identified in gonadal transcriptome data of ricefield eel larvae, and the expression pattern of stra6 paralleled those of genes involved in RA synthesis, suggesting that stra6 may be a downstream target of RA and play a role in RA metabolism and/or meiotic initiation in the gonad of ricefield eel larvae. CONCLUSIONS The present study depicted the first large-scale RNA sequencing of the gonad of ricefield eel larvae, and identified many important functional genes, GO terms and KEGG pathways involved in gonadal development and germ cell meiosis. Results of the present study will facilitate future study on the ovarian differentiation of ricefield eels and other teleosts as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Cai
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yize Zhang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhi He
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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Localization and distribution of gonadal proteins in the oviparous lizard Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Acta Histochem 2017; 119:516-522. [PMID: 28515008 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Among vertebrates, several specific proteins are involved in the function and development of gonads. Several genes such as SOX9, FOXL2, DDX4, IFITM3, and DPPA3, are active during embryonic differentiation and maintain their expression in adult tissues, playing important roles in the function and development of the line cell, where these are produced. Among reptiles, molecular mechanisms for sex differentiation have been analyzed in turtles, crocodiles, and some lizards, while in adult stages such studies are scarce. The aim of this study was to locate and analyze the distribution of important gonadal proteins in adult and embryonic ovaries and testes of the oviparous lizard Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Adult specimens and embryos of the lizard S. aeneus were collected in Milpa Alta, a suburb located Southwest of Mexico City. Expression of gonadal proteins was analyzed using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Our results showed that SOX9 is located in Sertoli cells of embryonic and adult testes. FOXL2 is expressed in follicular cells of adult ovaries. DDX4 and IFITM3 are located in germ line cells as well as in follicular cells of adult ovaries. DPPA3 was observed in somatic and germ line cells of adult and embryonic gonads. Our observations show that important molecules of vertebrate ovaries and testes are conserved in S. aeneus and it is suggested that these may have a similar role during gonadal development and function.
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Nishimura T, Nakamura S, Tanaka M. A Structurally and Functionally Common Unit in Testes and Ovaries of Medaka (Oryzias latipes), a Teleost Fish. Sex Dev 2016; 10:159-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000447313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Ribas L, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Viñas A, Martínez P, Piferrer F. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the process of gonadal sex differentiation in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:132-149. [PMID: 26586209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The turbot is a flatfish with a ZW/ZZ sex determination system but with a still unknown sex determining gene(s), and with a marked sexual growth dimorphism in favor of females. To better understand sexual development in turbot we sampled young turbot encompassing the whole process of gonadal differentiation and conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic study on its sex differentiation using a validated custom oligomicroarray. Also, the expression profiles of 18 canonical reproduction-related genes were studied along gonad development. The expression levels of gonadal aromatase cyp19a1a alone at three months of age allowed the accurate and early identification of sex before the first signs of histological differentiation. A total of 56 differentially expressed genes (DEG) that had not previously been related to sex differentiation in fish were identified within the first three months of age, of which 44 were associated with ovarian differentiation (e.g., cd98, gpd1 and cry2), and 12 with testicular differentiation (e.g., ace, capn8 and nxph1). To identify putative sex determining genes, ∼4.000 DEG in juvenile gonads were mapped and their positions compared with that of previously identified sex- and growth-related quantitative trait loci (QTL). Although no genes mapped to the previously identified sex-related QTLs, two genes (foxl2 and 17βhsd) of the canonical reproduction-related genes mapped to growth-QTLs in linkage group (LG) 15 and LG6, respectively, suggesting that these genes are related to the growth dimorphism in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ribas
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Robledo
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Tato
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15781, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Viñas
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - P Martínez
- Departamento de Genética. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - F Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Autosomal gsdf acts as a male sex initiator in the fish medaka. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19738. [PMID: 26813267 PMCID: PMC4728440 DOI: 10.1038/srep19738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is pivotal for reproduction, healthcare and evolution. In the fish medaka, the Y-chromosomal dmy (also dmrt1bY) serves the sex determiner, which activates dmrt1 for male sex maintenance. However, how dmy makes the male decision via initiating testicular differentiation has remained unknown. Here we report that autosomal gsdf serves a male sex initiator. Gene addition and deletion revealed that gsdf was necessary and sufficient for maleness via initiating testicular differentiation. We show that gsdf transcription is activated directly by dmy. These results establish the autosomal gsdf as the first male sex initiator. We propose that dmy determines maleness through activating gsdf and dmrt1 without its own participation in developmental processes of sex initiation and maintenance. gsdf may easily become a sex determiner or other autosomal genes can be recruited as new sex determiners to initiate gsdf expression. Our findings offer new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying sex development and evolution of sex-controlling genes in vertebrates.
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Dmy initiates masculinity by altering Gsdf/Sox9a2/Rspo1 expression in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Sci Rep 2016; 6:19480. [PMID: 26806354 PMCID: PMC4726206 DOI: 10.1038/srep19480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite identification of several sex-determining genes in non-mammalian vertebrates, their detailed molecular cascades of sex determination/differentiation are not known. Here, we used a novel RNAi to characterise the molecular mechanism of Dmy (the sex-determining gene of medaka)-mediated masculinity in XY fish. Dmy knockdown (Dmy-KD) suppressed male pathway (Gsdf, Sox9a2, etc.) and favoured female cascade (Rspo1, etc.) in embryonic XY gonads, resulting in a fertile male-to-female sex-reversal. Gsdf, Sox9a2, and Rspo1 directly interacted with Dmy, and co-injection of Gsdf and Sox9a2 re-established masculinity in XY-Dmy-KD transgenics, insinuating that Dmy initiates masculinity by stimulating and suppressing Gsdf/Sox9a2 and Rspo1 expression, respectively. Gonadal expression of Wt1a starts prior to Dmy and didn’t change upon Dmy-KD. Furthermore, Wt1a stimulated the promoter activity of Dmy, suggesting Wt1a as a regulator of Dmy. These findings provide new insights into the role of vertebrate sex-determining genes associated with the molecular interplay between the male and female pathways.
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Kaneko H, Ijiri S, Kobayashi T, Izumi H, Kuramochi Y, Wang DS, Mizuno S, Nagahama Y. Gonadal soma-derived factor (gsdf), a TGF-beta superfamily gene, induces testis differentiation in the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:87-99. [PMID: 26265450 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is a gonochoristic teleost fish with an XX/XY genetic system and is an excellent model for gonadal sex differentiation. In the present study, we screened novel genes that were expressed predominantly in either XY or XX undifferentiated gonads during the critical period for differentiation of gonads into ovaries or testes using microarray screening. We focused on one of the isolated 12 candidate genes, #9475, which was an ortholog of gsdf (gonadal soma-derived factor), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. #9475/gsdf showed sexual dimorphism in expression in XY gonads before any other testis differentiation-related genes identified in this species thus far. We also overexpressed the #9475/gsdf gene in XX tilapia, and XX tilapia bearing the #9475/gsdf gene showed normal testis development, which suggests that #9475/gsdf plays an important role in male determination and/or differentiation in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyo Kaneko
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SORST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Shigeho Ijiri
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SORST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Reproductive Biology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hikari Izumi
- Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kuramochi
- Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - De-Shou Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SORST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Shouta Mizuno
- Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Nagahama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SORST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Adolfi MC, Carreira ACO, Jesus LWO, Bogerd J, Funes RM, Schartl M, Sogayar MC, Borella MI. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of dmrt1 and sox9 during gonad development and male reproductive cycle in the lambari fish, Astyanax altiparanae. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:2. [PMID: 25577427 PMCID: PMC4298075 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dmrt1 and sox9 genes have a well conserved function related to testis formation in vertebrates, and the group of fish presents a great diversity of species and reproductive mechanisms. The lambari fish (Astyanax altiparanae) is an important Neotropical species, where studies on molecular level of sex determination and gonad maturation are scarce. METHODS Here, we employed molecular cloning techniques to analyze the cDNA sequences of the dmrt1 and sox9 genes, and describe the expression pattern of those genes during development and the male reproductive cycle by qRT-PCR, and related to histology of the gonad. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses of predicted amino acid sequences of dmrt1 and sox9 clustered A. altiparanae in the Ostariophysi group, which is consistent with the morphological phylogeny of this species. Studies of the gonad development revealed that ovary formation occurred at 58 days after hatching (dah), 2 weeks earlier than testis formation. Expression studies of sox9 and dmrt1 in different tissues of adult males and females and during development revealed specific expression in the testis, indicating that both genes also have a male-specific role in the adult. During the period of gonad sex differentiation, dmrt1 seems to have a more significant role than sox9. During the male reproductive cycle dmrt1 and sox9 are down-regulated after spermiation, indicating a role of these genes in spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS For the first time the dmrt1 and sox9 were cloned in a Characiformes species. We show that both genes have a conserved structure and expression, evidencing their role in sex determination, sex differentiation and the male reproductive cycle in A. altiparanae. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus C Adolfi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana CO Carreira
- Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Lázaro WO Jesus
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Jan Bogerd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rejane M Funes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Maria I Borella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
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35
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Wen A, You F, Sun P, Li J, Xu D, Wu Z, Ma D, Zou Y, Tan X, Fan Z, Zhang P. Sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns during gonadal differentiation in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. ANIM BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to elucidate the different expression patterns and possible roles of Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), dmrt4, SRY-related transcription factor 9 (sox9) and cytochrome P450 aromatase 19a (cyp19a) during gonadal differentiation in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. We first analyzed the gene expression patterns in tissues using RT-PCR, which indicated dmrt1, sox9 and cyp19a were sex-related genes with sexual dimorphic expression. The quantitative expression changes of these three genes together with dmrt4 during gonadal differentiation were further examined using real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that dmrt1 was scarcely expressed in the primitive gonad and during following periods of gonadal differentiation. Its expression increased rapidly in the differentiating testis. Dmrt4 was strongly expressed in primitive gonads and much less expressed during following periods of gonadal differentiation. Its expression became strong in differentiating testes. While sox9 was highly expressed in the primitive gonad, it was expressed with fluctuations during following periods of gonadal differentiation. Cyp19a started expressing in primitive gonads, and its expression quantity fluctuated during latter periods of gonadal differentiation, but was strongly expressed in the early stage of differentiating ovaries. Results of in situ hybridization showed that dmrt4 and sox9 transcripts were both mainly localized in spermatocytes and our results suggested these four sex-related genes might be involved in gonadal differentiation through their synergistic effects in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Wen
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
- 2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng You
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deyou Ma
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Zou
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xungang Tan
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaofei Fan
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
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Yuan C, Wu T, Zhang Y, Gao J, Yang Y, Qin F, Liu S, Zheng Y, Wang Z. Responsiveness of four gender-specific genes, figla, foxl2, scp3 and sox9a to 17α-ethinylestradiol in adult rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 200:44-53. [PMID: 24631545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins encoded by figla, foxl2, scp3 and sox9a play important roles in gonad differentiation and reproduction. In the present study, we aimed to determine the responsiveness of figla, foxl2, scp3 and sox9a to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the gonads of adult Gobiocypris rarus. Full-length cDNAs of figla, scp3 and sox9a were cloned and characterized by RT-PCR and RACE methods. Expression patterns in adult tissues were investigated. Results indicated that figla was predominantly expressed in adult ovaries and scp3 was restrictively expressed in the male testes and sox9a was principally expressed in the brains of both genders and the testes of males. Gene expression profiles of figla, foxl2, scp3 and sox9a were analyzed in the gonads of adult G. rarus exposed to EE2 at 1, 5, 25, and 125ng/L for 3 and 6days. Three-day EE2 treatment at 1-125ng/L all caused a significant increase of figla transcript in testes and foxl2 transcript in ovaries. However, six-day EE2 exposure at 1-125ng/L repressed figla and scp3 transcript in testes and foxl2 transcript in ovaries. The present study indicates that the testicular transcripts of figla and scp3 in males and the ovarian foxl2 transcript in females have high responsiveness to EE2 and they can be used as sensitive molecular biomarkers for early warning to monitor the environmental estrogenic chemicals in fresh water environment. The present study also suggests that the effective EE2 dosage for feminization in male G. rarus might be at least 25ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fang Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shaozhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Shen ZG, Wang HP. Molecular players involved in temperature-dependent sex determination and sex differentiation in Teleost fish. Genet Sel Evol 2014; 46:26. [PMID: 24735220 PMCID: PMC4108122 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that underlie sex determination and differentiation are conserved and diversified. In fish species, temperature-dependent sex determination and differentiation seem to be ubiquitous and molecular players involved in these mechanisms may be conserved. Although how the ambient temperature transduces signals to the undifferentiated gonads remains to be elucidated, the genes downstream in the sex differentiation pathway are shared between sex-determining mechanisms. In this paper, we review recent advances on the molecular players that participate in the sex determination and differentiation in fish species, by putting emphasis on temperature-dependent sex determination and differentiation, which include temperature-dependent sex determination and genetic sex determination plus temperature effects. Application of temperature-dependent sex differentiation in farmed fish and the consequences of temperature-induced sex reversal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Han-Ping Wang
- Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, The Ohio State University South Centers, Piketon, Ohio 45661, USA.
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Bahamonde PA, Tetreault GR, McMaster ME, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ, Munkittrick KR. Molecular signatures in rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) inhabiting an urbanized river reach receiving wastewater effluents. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:211-220. [PMID: 24513783 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) is a small benthic fish species found in North America that are abundant and distributed throughout the Grand River watershed, ON, Canada. Rainbow darter exhibit intersex in males at sites adjacent to municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE). In October 2010, female and male rainbow darter were collected at 3 sites (1 upstream reference and 2 downstream exposed sites) in the Grand River near the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo. The primary objectives of this research were (1) to characterize the responses of whole organism endpoints (i.e. condition factor (K), liversomatic (LSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI), histopathology) to MWWEs and (2) to identify transcripts showing altered steady state abundance with exposure to MWWE in fish inhabiting municipal wastewater effluent-exposed areas. Genes measured in this study included vitellogenin, Sry-box containing protein 9 (sox9), forkhead box L2 (foxl2), doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (cyp11a) as well as estrogen (esr1, esrb) and androgen (ar) receptors. There were no changes in condition factor; however, there was a significant increase in LSI and a decrease in GSI in fish inhabiting downstream environments when compared with fish collected from the reference site. Males had a high incidence (∼ 70%) of intersex in downstream sites; characterized by the presence of oocytes within the testis. In the gonad, there were sex specific differences for genes related to sexual differentiation; dmrt1 was only expressed in males whereas foxl2 and sox9 were highly expressed in females compared to males. Expression levels of ar and esr1 were higher in females than males. Conversely, esrb was not differentially expressed between sexes or among sites. There were no differences detected for the genes investigated within sex among sites. This study is the first to report on gene expression changes in the rainbow darter, with emphasis on the differences in transcript abundance between sexes and how these changes relate to exposures to MWWEs. Molecular approaches are being investigated for their potential application to field ecotoxicology, and molecular bioassays for relevant, sentinel species in environmental monitoring programs are required to better understand the impact of anthropogenic impacts on species at risk in river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bahamonde
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5.
| | - G R Tetreault
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6; University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - M E McMaster
- Emerging Methods Branch, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - M R Servos
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - C J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 4L5
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Ravi P, Jiang J, Liew WC, Orbán L. Small-scale transcriptomics reveals differences among gonadal stages in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:5. [PMID: 24405829 PMCID: PMC3896769 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is a protandrous hermaphrodite that typically matures as a male at approximately 2-4 years of age and then changes sex in subsequent years. Although several sexual maturation stages have been described histologically for both testis and ovary, the underlying gene expression profiles remain lacking. The development of a gene expression platform is therefore necessary to improve our understanding of the gonad development of this cultured teleost species. METHODS Thirty Asian seabass gonads were collected from farms in Singapore, examined histologically and staged according to their sex and gonadal maturation status. Partial coding sequences of 24 sex-related genes were cloned using degenerate primers and were sequenced. Additional 13 cDNA sequences were obtained through next-generation sequencing. A real-time qPCR was then performed using the microfluidic-based Fluidigm 48.48 Dynamic arrays. RESULTS We obtained 17 ovaries and 13 testes at various stages of sexual maturation. Of the 37 genes that were tested, 32 (86%) showed sexually dimorphic expression. These genes included sex-related genes, sox9, wt1, amh, nr5a2, dmrt1 and nr0b1, which showed testis-enhanced expression similar to other vertebrate species. Known male- and female-enhanced germ cells markers, which were established from studies in other species, similarly showed testis- and ovary-enhanced expression, respectively, in the Asian seabass. Three pro-Wnt signaling genes were also upregulated in the ovary, consistent with existing studies that suggested the role of Wnt signaling in ovarian differentiation in teleosts and mammals. The expression patterns of genes involved in steroidogenesis, retinoic acid metabolism, apoptosis and NF-κB signaling were also described. We were able to classify gonads according to sex and gonadal maturation stages, based on their small-scale transcriptomic profiles, and to uncover a wide variation in expression profiles among individuals of the same sex. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of a selected set of genes related to reproduction and in sufficient number of individuals using a qPCR array can elucidate new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in Asian seabass gonad development. Given the conservation of gene expression patterns found in this study, these insights may also help us draw parallels with other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Ravi
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Present address: National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Junhui Jiang
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, 5 Maxwell Rd, Singapore 069110, Singapore
| | - Woei Chang Liew
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - László Orbán
- Reproductive Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Animal Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, H-8360, Keszthely, Hungary
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Xia X, Nan P, Zhang L, Sun J, Chang Z. Homologue of Sox10 in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus: sequence, expression pattern during early embryogenesis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1341-1351. [PMID: 23535997 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of genetic studies have established that Sox10 is a transcription factor associated with neurogenesis in vertebrates. We have isolated a homologue of Sox10 gene from the brain of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus by using homologous cloning and RACE method, designated as MaSox10b. The full-length cDNA of MaSox10b contained a 311 bp 5'UTR, a 312 bp 3'UTR and an ORF encoding a putative protein of 490 amino acids with a characteristic HMG-box DNA-binding domain of 79 amino acids (aa: 105-183). Phylogenetic tree shows that the MaSOX10b fits within the Sox10 clade and clusters firmly into Sox10b branches. During embryogenesis, MaSox10b was first detected in gastrulae stage. From somitogenesis stage and thereafter, distinct expression was observed in the medial neural tube, extending from the hindbrain through the posterior trunk. Taken together, these preliminary findings suggested that MaSox10b is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and involved in a wide range of developmental processes including embryogenesis and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xia
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Amberg JJ, Goforth RR, Sepúlveda MS. Antagonists to the Wnt cascade exhibit sex-specific expression in gonads of sexually mature shovelnose sturgeon. Sex Dev 2013; 7:308-15. [PMID: 23988442 DOI: 10.1159/000354280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding molecular mechanisms involved in sex determination and differentiation in sturgeon species. We addressed this knowledge gap by using next generation pyrosequencing technology to provide transcript libraries and species-specific sequences for mature gonads of shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. We then mined these libraries to identify gender-specific transcripts and quantified relative transcript abundance using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We detected a limited number of genes known to play a role in sex differentiation in other species. The sequence for dmrt1 was found only in the testes library. The abundance of dmrt1 differed slightly between the sexes, but the melt curve suggests that there may be different isoforms of dmrt1 in ovaries and testes of shovelnose sturgeon. The transcription factor foxl2 was 5.3-fold greater in ovaries than in testes. Two antagonists to the Wnt cascade, dickkopf-1 (dkk1) and dapper-1 (dact1), were found only in the ovary library. Results from qPCR indicated that dkk1 and dact1 were upregulated 1,819.1- and 207.5-fold, respectively, in ovaries compared with testes. These results suggest that antagonists to the Wnt cascade may play significant roles in sex differentiation and gonadal development in sturgeon and could serve as sex markers in this group of ancient fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Amberg
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., USA
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Sun F, Liu S, Gao X, Jiang Y, Perera D, Wang X, Li C, Sun L, Zhang J, Kaltenboeck L, Dunham R, Liu Z. Male-biased genes in catfish as revealed by RNA-Seq analysis of the testis transcriptome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68452. [PMID: 23874634 PMCID: PMC3709890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Catfish has a male-heterogametic (XY) sex determination system, but genes involved in gonadogenesis, spermatogenesis, testicular determination, and sex determination are poorly understood. As a first step of understanding the transcriptome of the testis, here, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis using high throughput Illumina sequencing. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 269.6 million high quality reads were assembled into 193,462 contigs with a N50 length of 806 bp. Of these contigs, 67,923 contigs had hits to a set of 25,307 unigenes, including 167 unique genes that had not been previously identified in catfish. A meta-analysis of expressed genes in the testis and in the gynogen (double haploid female) allowed the identification of 5,450 genes that are preferentially expressed in the testis, providing a pool of putative male-biased genes. Gene ontology and annotation analysis suggested that many of these male-biased genes were involved in gonadogenesis, spermatogenesis, testicular determination, gametogenesis, gonad differentiation, and possibly sex determination. Conclusion/Significance We provide the first transcriptome-level analysis of the catfish testis. Our analysis would lay the basis for sequential follow-up studies of genes involved in sex determination and differentiation in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yanliang Jiang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dayan Perera
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiuli Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chao Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Luyang Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jiaren Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ludmilla Kaltenboeck
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rex Dunham
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Flynn K, Swintek J, Johnson R. Use of gene expression data to determine effects on gonad phenotype in Japanese medaka after exposure to trenbolone or estradiol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1344-1353. [PMID: 23423942 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Various aquatic bioassays using one of several fish species have been developed or are in the process of being developed by organizations like the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Office of Economic Cooperation and Development for testing potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Often, these involve assessment of the gonad phenotype of individuals as a key endpoint that is inputted into a risk or hazard assessment. Typically, gonad phenotype is determined histologically, which involves specialized and time-consuming techniques. The methods detailed here utilize an entirely different methodology, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, to determine the relative expression levels of 4 genes after exposure to either 17β-estradiol or 17β-trenbolone and, by extension, the effects of EDCs on the phenotypic status of the gonad. The 4 genes quantified, Sox9b, protamine, Fig1α, and ZPC1, are all involved in gonad development and maintenance in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes); these data were then inputted into a permutational multivariate analysis of variance to determine whether significant differences exist between treatment groups. This information in conjunction with the sexual genotype, which can be determined in medaka, can be used to determine adverse effects of exposure to EDCs in a similar fashion to the histologically determined gonad phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Flynn
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
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Molecular cloning, characterization, and sexually dimorphic expression of five major sex differentiation-related genes in a Scorpaeniform fish, sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:125-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Horiguchi R, Nozu R, Hirai T, Kobayashi Y, Nagahama Y, Nakamura M. Characterization of gonadal soma-derived factor expression during sex change in the protogynous wrasse,Halichoeres trimaculatus. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:388-99. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Nozu
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center; University of the Ryukyus; Motobu; Okinawa; Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hirai
- Department of Bioscience/Biotechnology Research Center; Teikyo University of Science and Technology; Uenohara; Yamanashi; Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kobayashi
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center; University of the Ryukyus; Motobu; Okinawa; Japan
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Wu GC, Chang CF. The switch of secondary sex determination in protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:33-38. [PMID: 22411079 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hermaphrodites have both sexes during their life, including an initial primary sex determination and in later stage maintenance one of the sexual fates (secondary sex determination). Sex change (secondary sex determination) occurs in animals, but it is lost in amphibians through, mammals in vertebrates. Teleosts have various strategies and mechanisms of sex determination including genetic and environmental cues. However, the mechanisms by which the cues guide sex change are complicated in fish. This manuscript reviews our understanding of these processes in protandrous black porgy at the gonadal and neuroendocrine levels. Our studies addressed the process of sex change through brain-pituitary-gonad axis, and then secondary sex determination was switched by the fate of testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Chung Wu
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
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Berbejillo J, Martinez-Bengochea A, Bedo G, Brunet F, Volff JN, Vizziano-Cantonnet D. Expression and phylogeny of candidate genes for sex differentiation in a primitive fish species, the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:504-16. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Nakamura S, Watakabe I, Nishimura T, Toyoda A, Taniguchi Y, Tanaka M. Analysis of medaka sox9 orthologue reveals a conserved role in germ cell maintenance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29982. [PMID: 22253846 PMCID: PMC3257256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex determining gene is divergent among different animal species. However, sox9 is up-regulated in the male gonads in a number of species in which it is the essential regulator of testis determination. It is therefore often discussed that the sex determining gene-sox9 axis functions in several vertebrates. In our current study, we show that sox9b in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) is one of the orthologues of mammalian Sox9 at syntenic and expression levels. Medaka sox9b affects the organization of extracellular matrices, which represents a conserved role of sox9, but does not directly regulate testis determination. We made this determination via gene expression and phenotype analyses of medaka with different copy numbers of sox9b. Sox9b is involved in promoting cellular associations and is indispensible for the proper proliferation and survival of germ cells in both female and male medaka gonads. Medaka mutants that lack sox9b function exhibit a seemingly paradoxical phenotype of sex reversal to male. This is explained by a reduction in the germ cell number associated with aberrant extracellular matrices. Together with its identified roles in other vertebrate gonads, a testis-determining role for Sox9 in mammals is likely to have been neofunctionalized and appended to its conserved role in germ cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics for Reproduction, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ikuko Watakabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics for Reproduction, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics for Reproduction, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University Shinanomachi 35, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics for Reproduction, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Leet JK, Gall HE, Sepúlveda MS. A review of studies on androgen and estrogen exposure in fish early life stages: effects on gene and hormonal control of sexual differentiation. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:379-98. [PMID: 21557264 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish are unique among vertebrates in that phenotypic sex or onset of sex inversion can be easily manipulated by hormonal treatments. In recent years, researchers have begun reporting concentrations of synthetic and natural hormones in the environment. Although concentrations are very low (in the parts per trillion to low parts per billion), they are still of concern because of the high potency of synthetic hormones and the enhanced susceptibility of teleost fishes, especially early life stages, to hormonal exposures. In this review, we will focus on sex differentiation in teleost fishes and how these processes in fish early life stages may be impacted by environmental hormones which are known to contaminate aquatic environments. We will start by reviewing information on sources and concentrations of hormones in the environment and continue by summarizing the state of knowledge of sex differentiation in teleost gonochoristic fishes, including information on genes involved (e.g. cyp19, dmrt1, sox9 and foxl2). We will end our review with a summary of studies that have examined the effects of androgens and estrogens on fish sex differentiation after exposure of fish embryos and larvae and with ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Leet
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Germ cell sex prior to meiosis in the rainbow trout. Protein Cell 2011; 2:48-54. [PMID: 21337009 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells make two major decisions when they move from an indeterminate state to their final stage of gamete production. One decision is sexual commitment for sperm or egg production, and the other is to maintain mitotic division or entry into meiosis. It is unclear whether the two decisions are made as a single event or separate events, because there has been no evidence for the presence of germ cell sex prior to meiosis. Here we report direct evidence in the fish rainbow trout that gonia have distinct sexuality. We show that dazl expression occurs in both male and female gonia but exhibits differential intracellular distribution. More strikingly, we show that boule is highly expressed in male gonia but absent in female gonia. Therefore, mitotic gonia possess sex, sperm/egg decision and mitosis/meiosis decision are two independent events, and sperm/egg decision precedes mitosis/meiosis decision in rainbow trout, making this organism a unique vertebrate model for mechanistic understanding of germ cell sex differentiation and relationship between the two decisions.
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