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Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Gupta S, Albratty M, Najmi A, Alhazmi HA, Bungau S. AChE as a spark in the Alzheimer's blaze - Antagonizing effect of a cyclized variant. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101787. [PMID: 36368649 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), amyloid beta (Aβ), and GSK3 are the effectors, which are significantly associated with progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and its symptoms. A significant protein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) becomes dysfunctional as a result of cholinergic neuronal loss in AD pathology. However, certain associated peptides potentiate the release of primary neuropathological hallmarks, i.e., senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), by modulating the alpha 7 acetylcholinesterase receptor (α7nAChR). The AChE variants, T30 and T14 have also been found to be elevated in AD patients and mimic the toxic actions of pathological events in patients. The manuscript discusses the significance of AChE inhibitors in AD therapeutics, by indicating the disastrous role of molecular alterations and elevation of AChE, accompanied with the downstream effects instigated by the peptide, supported by clinical evidence and investigations. The cyclized variant of AChE peptide, NBP14 has been identified as a novel candidate that reverses the harmful effects of T30, T14 and Aβ, mainly calcium influx, cell viability and AChE release. The review aims to grab the attention of neuro-researchers towards the significance of triggering effectors in propagating AD and role of AChE in regulating them, which can potentially ace the development of reliable therapeutic candidates, similar to NBP14, to mitigate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidohli, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Substance Abuse and Toxicology, Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Mak S, Li W, Fu H, Luo J, Cui W, Hu S, Pang Y, Carlier PR, Tsim KW, Pi R, Han Y. Promising tacrine/huperzine A-based dimeric acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for neurodegenerative disorders: From relieving symptoms to modifying diseases through multitarget. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1381-1393. [PMID: 33930191 PMCID: PMC8458250 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are devastating diseases in the elderly world, which are closely associated with progressive neuronal loss induced by a variety of genetic and/or environmental factors. Unfortunately, currently available treatments for neurodegenerative disorders can only relieve the symptoms but not modify the pathological processes. Over the past decades, our group by collaborating with Profs. Yuan-Ping Pang and Paul R. Carlier has developed three series of homo/hetero dimeric acetylcholinesterase inhibitors derived from tacrine and/or huperzine A. The representative dimers bis(3)-Cognitin (B3C), bis(12)-hupyridone, and tacrine(10)-hupyridone might possess disease-modifying effects through the modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, the activation of myocyte enhancer factor 2D gene transcription, and the promotion of neurotrophic factor secretion. In this review, we summarize that the representative dimers, such as B3C, provide neuroprotection against a variety of neurotoxins via multiple targets, including the inhibitions of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor with pathological-activated potential, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and β-amyloid cascades synergistically. More importantly, B3C might offer disease-modifying potentials by activating myocyte enhancer factor 2D transcription, inducing neuritogenesis, and promoting the expressions of neurotrophic factors in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the novel dimers might offer synergistic disease-modifying effects, proving that dimerization might serve as one of the strategies to develop new generation of therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinghung Mak
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanping Pang
- Mayo Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Karl Wahkeung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Xuan Z, Gu X, Yan S, Xie Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Jin H, Hu S, Mak MSH, Zhou D, Keung Tsim KW, Carlier PR, Han Y, Cui W. Dimeric Tacrine(10)-hupyridone as a Multitarget-Directed Ligand To Treat Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2462-2477. [PMID: 34156230 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with multiple pathological features. Therefore, a multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy has been developed to treat AD. We have previously designed and synthesized dimeric tacrine(10)-hupyridone (A10E), a novel tacrine derivative with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activation activity, by linking tacrine and a fragment of huperzine A. However, it was largely unknown whether A10E could act on other AD targets and produce cognitive-enhancing ability in AD animal models. In this study, A10E could prevent cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers-treated mice, with higher potency than tacrine and huperzine A. Moreover, A10E could effectively inhibit Aβ production and deposition, alleviate neuroinflammation, enhance BDNF expression, and elevate cholinergic neurotransmission in vivo. At nanomolar concentrations, A10E could inhibit Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity via the activation of tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB)/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, Aβ oligomerization and fibrillization could be directly disrupted by A10E. Importantly, A10E at high concentrations did not produce obvious hepatotoxicity. Our results indicated that A10E could produce anti-AD neuroprotective effects via the inhibition of Aβ aggregation, the activation of the BDNF/TrkB pathway, the alleviation of neuroinflammation, and the decrease of AChE activity. As MTDLs could produce additional benefits, such as overcoming the deficits of drug combination and enhancing the compliance of AD patients, our results also suggested that A10E might be developed as a promising MTDL lead for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Xuan
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo 315211, China
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xinmei Gu
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Sicheng Yan
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yiying Zhou
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical School Ningbo University and Ningbo City Third Hospital, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Marvin S. H. Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | | | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Paul R. Carlier
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo 315211, China
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Pérez-Areales FJ, Garrido M, Aso E, Bartolini M, De Simone A, Espargaró A, Ginex T, Sabate R, Pérez B, Andrisano V, Puigoriol-Illamola D, Pallàs M, Luque FJ, Loza MI, Brea J, Ferrer I, Ciruela F, Messeguer A, Muñoz-Torrero D. Centrally Active Multitarget Anti-Alzheimer Agents Derived from the Antioxidant Lead CR-6. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9360-9390. [PMID: 32706255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease, but it should not be tackled alone rather together with other key targets to derive effective treatments. The combination of the scaffold of the polar antioxidant lead 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-ol (CR-6) with that of the lipophilic cholinesterase inhibitor 6-chlorotacrine results in compounds with favorable brain permeability and multiple activities in vitro (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1), and Aβ42 and tau aggregation inhibition). In in vivo studies on wild-type and APP/presenilin 1 (PS1) mice, two selected compounds were well tolerated and led to positive trends, albeit statistically nonsignificant in some cases, on memory performance, amyloid pathology (reduced amyloid burden and potentiated non-amyloidogenic APP processing), and oxidative stress (reduced cortical oxidized proteins and increased antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) and transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)). These compounds emerge as interesting brain-permeable multitarget compounds, with a potential as anti-Alzheimer agents beyond that of the original lead CR-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Pérez-Areales
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Garrido
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Aso
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona (UB) and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, E-08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, IBUB, and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Dolors Puigoriol-Illamola
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, IBUB, and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- BioFarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. de Barcelona s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- BioFarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. de Barcelona s/n, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona (UB) and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, E-08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED, E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona (UB) and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, E-08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Exploring Structure-Activity Relationship in Tacrine-Squaramide Derivatives as Potent Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080379. [PMID: 31430943 PMCID: PMC6723352 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tacrine was the first drug to be approved for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment, acting as a cholinesterase inhibitor. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are amyloid-rich senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration. The portfolio of currently approved drugs for AD includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Squaric acid is a versatile structural scaffold capable to be easily transformed into amide-bearing compounds that feature both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups with the possibility to create multiple interactions with complementary sites. Considering the relatively simple synthesis approach and other interesting properties (rigidity, aromatic character, H-bond formation) of squaramide motif, we combined this scaffold with different tacrine-based derivatives. In this study, we developed 21 novel dimers amalgamating squaric acid with either tacrine, 6-chlorotacrine or 7-methoxytacrine representing various AChEIs. All new derivatives were evaluated for their anti-cholinesterase activities, cytotoxicity using HepG2 cell line and screened to predict their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. In this contribution, we also report in silico studies of the most potent AChE and BChE inhibitors in the active site of these enzymes.
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Owona BA, Zug C, Schluesener HJ, Zhang ZY. Amelioration of Behavioral Impairments and Neuropathology by Antiepileptic Drug Topiramate in a Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice, APP/PS1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123003. [PMID: 31248209 PMCID: PMC6628361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is the main cause of dementia in the elderly. The aggregation of β-amyloid peptides is one of the characterizing pathological changes of AD. Topiramate is an antiepileptic drug, which in addition, is used in the treatment of many neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, the therapeutic effects of topiramate were investigated in a transgenic mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis (APP/PS1 mice). Before, during, and after topiramate treatment, behavioral tests were performed. Following a treatment period of 21 days, topiramate significantly ameliorated deficits in nest-constructing capability as well as in social interaction. Thereafter, brain sections of mice were analyzed, and a significant attenuation of microglial activation as well as β-amyloid deposition was observed in sections from topiramate-treated APP/PS1 mice. Therefore, topiramate could be considered as a promising drug in the treatment of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Ayissi Owona
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Caroline Zug
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Hermann J Schluesener
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
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Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Chow JKW, Hu SQ, Lau BWM, Han YF. Molecular Targets of Bis (7)-Cognitin and Its Relevance in Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:445. [PMID: 31143096 PMCID: PMC6521802 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The exact mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions are not fully known. The design of drugs that act on multiple targets represents a promising approach that should be explored for more effective clinical options for neurodegenerative disorders. B7C is s synthetic drug that has been studied for over 20 years and represents a promising multi-target drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. Aims: The present systematic review, thus, aims at examining existing studies on the effect of B7C on different molecular targets and at discussing the relevance of B7C in neurological disorders. Methods: A list of predefined search terms was used to retrieve relevant articles from the databases of Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The selection of articles was done by two independent authors, who were considering articles concerned primarily with the evaluation of the effect of B7C on neurological disorders. Only full-text articles written in English were included; whereas, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, book chapters, conference subtracts, and computational studies were excluded. Results: A total of 2,266 articles were retrieved out of which 41 articles were included in the present systematic review. The effect of B7C on molecular targets, including AChE, BChE, BACE-1, NMDA receptor, GABA receptor, NOS, and Kv4.2 potassium channels was evaluated. Moreover, the studies that were included assessed the effect of B7C on biological processes, such as apoptosis, neuritogenesis, and amyloid beta aggregation. The animal studies examined in the review focused on the effect of B7C on cognition and memory. Conclusions: The beneficial effects observed on different molecular targets and biological processes relevant to neurological conditions confirm that B7C is a promising multi-target drug with the potential to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Ka Wing Chow
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Quan Hu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benson Wui Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Fan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Mahdavi M, Hariri R, Mirfazli SS, Lotfian H, Rastergari A, Firuzi O, Edraki N, Larijani B, Akbarzadeh T, Saeedi M. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some Benzochromenoquinolinones: Tacrine Analogs as Potent Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800488. [PMID: 30720917 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of old people worldwide and the corresponding epidemiological data emphasize the importance of the disease. As AD is a multifactorial illness, various single target directed drugs that have reached clinical trials have failed. Therefore, various factors associated with outset of AD have been considered in targeted drug discovery. In this work, various benzochromenoquinolinones were synthesized and evaluated for their cholinesterase and BACE1 inhibitory activities as well as neuroprotective and metal-chelating properties. Among the synthesized compounds, 14-amino-13-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,4,13-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]chromeno[2,3-b]quinoline-7,12-dione (6m) depicted the best inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 s of 0.86 and 6.03 μm, respectively. Also, the compound could inhibit β-secretase 1 (BACE1) with IC50 =19.60 μm and showed metal chelating ability toward Cu2+ , Fe2+ , and Zn2+ . In addition, docking study demonstrated desirable interactions of compound 6m with amino acid residues characterizing AChE, BChE, and BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Roshanak Hariri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Hania Lotfian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rastergari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71345-1978, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71345-1978, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.,Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
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10
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Quinoline and quinolone dimers and their biological activities: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:101-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Baig MH, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Danishuddin M, Choi I. Computer Aided Drug Design and its Application to the Development of Potential Drugs for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:740-748. [PMID: 29046156 PMCID: PMC6080097 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171016163510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are diverse group of disorders characterized by escalating loss of neurons (structural and functional). The development of potential therapeutics for NDs presents an important challenge, as traditional treatments are inefficient and usually are unable to stop or retard the process of neurodegeneration. Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) has emerged as an efficient means of developing candidate drugs for the treatment of many disease types. Applications of CADD approach to drug discovery are progressing day by day. The recent tendency in drug design is to rationally design potent therapeutics with multi-targeting effects, higher efficacies, and fewer side effects, especially in terms of toxicity. Methods A wide literature search was performed for writing this review. An updated view on different types of NDs, their effect on human population and a brief introduction to CADD, various approaches involved in this technique, ranging from structural-based to ligand-based drug design has been discussed. The successful application of CADD approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders is also included in this review. Results In this review, we have briefly described about CADD and its use in the development of the therapeutic drug candidates against NDs. The successful applications, limitations and future prospects of this approach have also been discussed. Conclusion CADD can assist researchers studying interactions between drugs and receptors. We believe this review will be helpful for better understanding of CADD and its applications towards the discovery of new drug candidates against various fatal NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Gulam Rabbani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Mohd Danishuddin
- School of computation and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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12
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Kristofikova Z, Ricny J, Soukup O, Korabecny J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ripova D. Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase Derived from 7-Methoxytacrine and Their Effects on the Choline Transporter CHT1. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 43:45-58. [PMID: 27988521 DOI: 10.1159/000453256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used in Alzheimer disease therapy. However, tacrine and its derivatives have severe side effects. Derivatives of the tacrine analogue 7-methoxytacrine (MEOTA) are less toxic. METHODS We evaluated new derivatives of 7-MEOTA (2 homodimers linked by 2 C4-C5 chains and 5 N-alkylated C4-C8 side chain derivatives) in vitro, using the rat hippocampal choline transporter CHT1. RESULTS Some derivatives were effective inhibitors of rat acetylcholinesterase and comparable with 7-MEOTA. All derivatives were able to inhibit CHT1, probably via quaternary ammonium, and this interaction could be involved in the enhancement of their detrimental side effects and/or in the attenuation of their promising effects. Under conditions of disrupted lipid rafts, the unfavorable effects of some derivatives were weakened. Only tacrine was probably able to stereospecifically interact with the naturally occurring amyloid-β isoform and to simultaneously stimulate CHT1. Some derivatives, when coincubated with amyloid β, did not influence CHT1. All derivatives also increased the fluidity of the cortical membranes. CONCLUSION The N-alkylated derivative of 7-MEOTA bearing from C4 side chains appears to be the most promising compound and should be evaluated in future in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Kristofikova
- Alzheimer Disease Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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13
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Multi-target-directed therapeutic potential of 7-methoxytacrine-adamantylamine heterodimers in the Alzheimer's disease treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:607-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Kang YJ, Seo DG, Park SY. Phenylpropanoids from cinnamon bark reduced β-amyloid production by the inhibition of β-secretase in Chinese hamster ovarian cells stably expressing amyloid precursor protein. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1277-1284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Zha X, Lamba D, Zhang L, Lou Y, Xu C, Kang D, Chen L, Xu Y, Zhang L, De Simone A, Samez S, Pesaresi A, Stojan J, Lopez MG, Egea J, Andrisano V, Bartolini M. Novel Tacrine-Benzofuran Hybrids as Potent Multitarget-Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and X-ray Crystallography. J Med Chem 2015; 59:114-31. [PMID: 26632651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six new tacrine-benzofuran hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro on key molecular targets for Alzheimer's disease. Most hybrids exhibited good inhibitory activities on cholinesterases and β-amyloid self-aggregation. Selected compounds displayed significant inhibition of human β-secretase-1 (hBACE-1). Among the 26 hybrids, 2e showed the most interesting profile as a subnanomolar selective inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) (IC50 = 0.86 nM) and a good inhibitor of both β-amyloid aggregation (hAChE- and self-induced, 61.3% and 58.4%, respectively) and hBACE-1 activity (IC50 = 1.35 μM). Kinetic studies showed that 2e acted as a slow, tight-binding, mixed-type inhibitor, while X-ray crystallographic studies highlighted the ability of 2e to induce large-scale structural changes in the active-site gorge of Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE), with significant implications for structure-based drug design. In vivo studies confirmed that 2e significantly ameliorates performances of scopolamine-treated ICR mice. Finally, 2e administration did not exhibit significant hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Doriano Lamba
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area Science Park - Basovizza , S.S. no. 14 Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yinghan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Changxu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Di Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Luyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna , Corso d'Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Sarah Samez
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area Science Park - Basovizza , S.S. no. 14 Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pesaresi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area Science Park - Basovizza , S.S. no. 14 Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manuela G Lopez
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna , Corso d'Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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16
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Singh M, Kaur M, Chadha N, Silakari O. Hybrids: a new paradigm to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Divers 2015; 20:271-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Qian S, He L, Mak M, Han Y, Ho CY, Zuo Z. Synthesis, biological activity, and biopharmaceutical characterization of tacrine dimers as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:442-53. [PMID: 25445524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tacrine (THA), as the first approved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been extensively investigated in last seven decades. After dimerization of THA via a 7-carbon alkyl spacer, bis(7)-tacrine (B7T) showed much potent anti-AChE activity than THA. We here report synthesis, biological evaluation and biopharmaceutical characterization of six THA dimers referable to B7T. According to IC50 values, the in vitro anti-AChE activities of THA dimers were up to 300-fold more potent and 200-fold more selective than that of THA. In addition, the anti-AChE activities of THA dimers were found to be associated with the type and length of the linkage. All studied THA dimers showed much lower cytotoxicity than B7T, but like B7T, they demonstrated much lower absorptive permeabilities than that of THA on Caco-2 monolayer model. In addition, all THA dimers demonstrated significant efflux transport (efflux ratio >4), indicating that the limited permeability could be associated with the efflux transport during absorption process. Moreover, the dimer with higher Log P value was accompanied with higher permeability but lower aqueous solubility. A balanced consideration of activity, solubility, cytotoxicity and permeability should be conducted in selection of the potential candidates for further in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lisi He
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Marvin Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chun-Yu Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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18
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Yu H, Yao L, Zhou H, Qu S, Zeng X, Zhou D, Zhou Y, Li X, Liu Z. Neuroprotection against Aβ25–35-induced apoptosis by Salvia miltiorrhiza extract in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 75:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Tarozzi A, Bartolini M, Piazzi L, Valgimigli L, Amorati R, Bolondi C, Djemil A, Mancini F, Andrisano V, Rampa A. From the dual function lead AP2238 to AP2469, a multi-target-directed ligand for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00023. [PMID: 25505579 PMCID: PMC4184701 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs with different pharmacological properties appears to be an innovative therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we describe a simple structural modification of AP2238, a first dual function lead, in particular the introduction of the catechol moiety performed in order to search for multi-target ligands. The new compound AP2469 retains anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE)1 activities compared to the reference, and is also able to inhibit Aβ42 self-aggregation, Aβ42 oligomer-binding to cell membrane and subsequently reactive oxygen species formation in both neuronal and microglial cells. The ability of AP2469 to interfere with Aβ42 oligomer-binding to neuron and microglial cell membrane gives this molecule both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings, together with its strong chain-breaking antioxidant performance, make AP2469 a potential drug able to modify the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorna Piazzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy ; ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bolondi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Alice Djemil
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Viayna E, Sola I, Bartolini M, De Simone A, Tapia-Rojas C, Serrano FG, Sabaté R, Juárez-Jiménez J, Pérez B, Luque FJ, Andrisano V, Clos MV, Inestrosa NC, Muñoz-Torrero D. Synthesis and Multitarget Biological Profiling of a Novel Family of Rhein Derivatives As Disease-Modifying Anti-Alzheimer Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2549-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401824w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Sola
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento
y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular
y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe G. Serrano
- Centro de Envejecimiento
y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular
y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència
i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Juárez-Jiménez
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia,
de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - M. Victòria Clos
- Departament de Farmacologia,
de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento
y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular
y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Design and synthesis of tacrine-phenothiazine hybrids as multitarget drugs for Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Drug pipeline in neurodegeneration based on transgenic mice models of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:116-40. [PMID: 22982398 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders, bringing about huge medical and social burden in the elderly worldwide. Many aspects of its pathogenesis have remained unclear and no effective treatment exists for it. Within the past 20 years, various mice models harboring AD-related human mutations have been produced. These models imitate diverse AD-related pathologies and have been used for basic and therapeutic investigations in AD. In this regard, there are a wide variety of preclinical trials of potential therapeutic modalities using AD mice models which are of paramount importance for future clinical trials and applications. This review summarizes more than 140 substances and treatment modalities being used in transgenic AD mice models from 2001 to 2011. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of each model to be used in therapeutic development for AD.
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23
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Surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence, and circular dichroism studies for the characterization of the binding of BACE-1 inhibitors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:827-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Sabbagh JJ, Kinney JW, Cummings JL. Animal systems in the development of treatments for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, methods, and implications. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:169-83. [PMID: 22464953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial resources and effort have been invested into the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with mixed and limited success. Research into the etiology of AD with animal models mimicking aspects of the disorder has substantially contributed to the advancement of potential therapies. Although these models have shown utility in testing novel therapeutic candidates, large variability still exists in terms of methodology and how the models are utilized. No model has yet predicted a successful disease-modifying therapy for AD. This report reviews several of the widely accepted transgenic and nontransgenic animal models of AD, highlighting the pathological and behavioral characteristics of each. Methodological considerations for conducting preclinical animal research are discussed, such as which behavioral tasks and histological markers may be associated with the greatest insight into therapeutic benefit. An overview of previous and current therapeutic interventions being investigated in AD models is presented, with an emphasis on factors that may have contributed to failure in past clinical trials. Finally, we propose a multitiered approach for investigating candidate therapies for AD that may reduce the likelihood of inappropriate conclusions from models and failed trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Sabbagh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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25
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Fernández-Bachiller MI, Pérez C, Monjas L, Rademann J, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New Tacrine–4-Oxo-4H-chromene Hybrids as Multifunctional Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, with Cholinergic, Antioxidant, and β-Amyloid-Reducing Properties. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1303-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201460y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Fernández-Bachiller
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP),
Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Monjas
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP),
Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin,
Germany
- Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute
of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse
34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Galdeano C, Viayna E, Sola I, Formosa X, Camps P, Badia A, Clos MV, Relat J, Ratia M, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Andrisano V, Salmona M, Minguillón C, González-Muñoz GC, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Bidon-Chanal A, Luque FJ, Muñoz-Torrero D. Huprine–Tacrine Heterodimers as Anti-Amyloidogenic Compounds of Potential Interest against Alzheimer’s and Prion Diseases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:661-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Sola
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Formosa
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Badia
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Victòria Clos
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Relat
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Ratia
- Departament
de Farmacologia, de
Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry
and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori
de Química
Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028
Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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García-Ayllón MS, Small DH, Avila J, Sáez-Valero J. Revisiting the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's Disease: Cross-Talk with P-tau and β-Amyloid. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:22. [PMID: 21949503 PMCID: PMC3171929 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A common feature in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain is the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which is commonly associated with β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Although our understanding of the relationship between AChE and the pathological features of AD is incomplete, increasing evidence suggests that both β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) can influence AChE expression. We also review recent findings which suggest the possible role of AChE in the development of a vicious cycle of Aβ and P-tau dysregulation and discuss the limited and temporary effect of therapeutic intervention with AChE inhibitors.
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Rizzo S, Bisi A, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Belluti F, Gobbi S, Andrisano V, Rampa A. Multi-target strategy to address Alzheimer’s disease: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new tacrine-based dimers. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4336-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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León R, Garcia AG, Marco-Contelles J. Recent advances in the multitarget-directed ligands approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:139-89. [PMID: 21793014 DOI: 10.1002/med.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With 27 million cases worldwide documented in 2006, Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes an overwhelming health, social, economic, and political problem to nations. Unless a new medicine capable to delay disease progression is found, the number of cases will reach 107 million in 2050. So far, the therapeutic paradigm one-compound-one-target has failed. This could be due to the multiple pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD including amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation to form plaques, τ hyperphosphorylation to disrupt microtubule to form neurofibrillary tangles, calcium imbalance, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptotic neuronal death, and deterioration of synaptic transmission, particularly at cholinergic neurons. Approximately 100 compounds are presently been investigated directed to single targets, namely inhibitors of β and γ secretase, vaccines or antibodies that clear Aβ, metal chelators to inhibit Aβ aggregation, blockers of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhancers of mitochondrial function, antioxidants, modulators of calcium-permeable channels such as voltage-dependent calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for glutamate, or enhancers of cholinergic neurotransmission such as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. In view of this complex pathogenic mechanisms, and the successful treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV or cancer, with multiple drugs having complementary mechanisms of action, the concern is growing that AD could better be treated with a single compound targeting two or more of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to neuronal death. This review summarizes the current therapeutic strategies based on the paradigm one-compound-various targets to treat AD. A treatment that delays disease onset and/or progression by 5 years could halve the number of people requiring institutionalization and/or dying from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Lensfield road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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30
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Silveyra MX, García-Ayllón MS, Serra-Basante C, Mazzoni V, García-Gutierrez MS, Manzanares J, Culvenor JG, Sáez-Valero J. Changes in acetylcholinesterase expression are associated with altered presenilin-1 levels. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:627.e27-37. [PMID: 21621296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified presenilin-1 (PS1), the active component of the γ-secretase complex, as an interacting protein of the amyloid-associated enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In this study, we have explored the consequences of AChE-PS1 interactions. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with the AChE-inhibitor tacrine decreased PS1 levels, in parallel with increase in the secretion of amyloid precursor protein APPα, whereas the cholinergic agonist carbachol had no effect on PS1. AChE knockdown with siRNA also decreased PS1 levels, while AChE overexpression exerted opposing effect. AChE-deficient also had decreased PS1. Mice administered with tacrine or donepezil displayed lower levels of brain PS1. However, sustained AChE inhibition failed to exert long-term effect on PS1. This limited duration of response may be due to AChE upregulation caused by chronic inhibition. Finally, we exposed SH-SY5Y cells to β-amyloid (Aβ)42 which triggered elevation of both AChE and PS1 levels. The Aβ42-induced PS1 increase was abolished by siRNA AChE pretreatment, suggesting that AChE may participate in the pathological feedback loop between PS1 and Aβ. Our results provide insight into AChE-amyloid interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Ximena Silveyra
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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Mancini F, De Simone A, Andrisano V. Beta-secretase as a target for Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery: an overview of in vitro methods for characterization of inhibitors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1979-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Zhang ZH, Liu YW, Jiang FG, Tian X, Zhu YH, Li JB, Wang Q, Fang JH. Bis(7)-tacrine protects retinal ganglion cells against excitotoxicity via NMDA receptor inhibition. Int J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:125-30. [PMID: 22553626 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether bis(7)-tacrine, a multifunctional drug, inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) -activated current in retinal ganglion cells(RGC) and provides neuroprotection against retinal cell damage. METHODS Purified RGC cultures were obtained from retinas of 1-3 days old Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats, following a two-step immunopanning procedure. After 7 days of cultivation, the inhibition of NMDA-activated current by bis(7)-tacrine was measured by using patch-clamp recording techniques. In animal experiments, RGCs were damaged after intravitreal injection of NMDA (5µL, 40nmol) in adult rats. Bis(7)-tacrine(0.05, 0.1, 0.2mg/kg) or memantine(20mg/kg) was intraperitoneal administered to the rats fifteen minutes before intravitreally injection of NMDA. RGC damage was analyzed by histologic techniques, TUNEL and retrograde labeling techniques. RESULTS Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that NMDA (30µmol/L) resulted in approximately -50 pA inward currents that were blocked by bis(7)-tacrine(1µmol/L). Histological examination and retrograde labeling analysis revealed that bis(7)-tacrine induced a significant neuroprotective effect against NMDA-induced cell damage 7 days after NMDA injection. TUNEL staining showed that pretreatment with bis(7)-tacrine was effective in ameliorating NMDA-induced apoptotic cell loss in the retinal ganglion cell layer 18 hours after injection. CONCLUSION Bis(7)-tacrine possesses remarkable neuroprotective activities against retinal excitotoxicity through inhibition of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Hai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Jingzhou, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
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33
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Ouberai M, Brannstrom K, Vestling M, Olofsson A, Dumy P, Chierici S, Garcia J. Clicked tacrine conjugates as acetylcholinesterase and β-amyloid directed compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1140-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Bolognesi ML, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Chiriano G, Ceccarini L, Rosini M, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Andrisano V, Melchiorre C. Bis(7)-tacrine derivatives as multitarget-directed ligands: Focus on anticholinesterase and antiamyloid activities. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1215-20. [PMID: 20486153 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Viayna E, Gómez T, Galdeano C, Ramírez L, Ratia M, Badia A, Clos MV, Verdaguer E, Junyent F, Camins A, Pallàs M, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Andrisano V, Arce MP, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Bidon-Chanal A, Luque FJ, Camps P, Muñoz-Torrero D. Novel Huprine Derivatives with Inhibitory Activity toward β-Amyloid Aggregation and Formation as Disease-Modifying Anti-Alzheimer Drug Candidates. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1855-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Camps P, Formosa X, Galdeano C, Gómez T, Muñoz-Torrero D, Ramírez L, Viayna E, Gómez E, Isambert N, Lavilla R, Badia A, Clos MV, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Andrisano V, Bidon-Chanal A, Huertas Ó, Dafni T, Luque FJ. Tacrine-based dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as potential disease-modifying anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:411-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Lee JW, Lee YK, Lee BJ, Nam SY, Lee SI, Kim YH, Kim KH, Oh KW, Hong JT. Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis and 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory impairment and neuronal toxicity induced by beta-amyloid. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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38
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Promising multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's dimer bis(7)-Cognitin acting as an activator of protein kinase C regulates activities of α-secretase and BACE-1 concurrently. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 623:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Spuch C, Antequera D, Isabel Fernandez-Bachiller M, Isabel Rodríguez-Franco M, Carro E. A New Tacrine–Melatonin Hybrid Reduces Amyloid Burden and Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:421-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Camps P, Formosa X, Galdeano C, Muñoz-Torrero D, Ramírez L, Gómez E, Isambert N, Lavilla R, Badia A, Clos MV, Bartolini M, Mancini F, Andrisano V, Arce MP, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Huertas Ó, Dafni T, Luque FJ. Pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline−6-Chlorotacrine Hybrids as a Novel Family of Acetylcholinesterase- and β-Amyloid-Directed Anti-Alzheimer Compounds. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5365-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900859q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo Camps
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Formosa
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Ramírez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Isambert
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Badia
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Victòria Clos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariana P. Arce
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Óscar Huertas
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomai Dafni
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Robles A. Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately? Open Neurol J 2009; 3:27-44. [PMID: 19461897 PMCID: PMC2684708 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x00903010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 1993 and 2000 four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were marketed as a symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as memantine in 2003. Current research is focused on finding drugs that favorably modify the course of the disease. However, their entrance into the market does not seem to be imminent. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT The aim of AD research is to find substances that inhibit certain elements of the AD pathogenic chain (beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, alpha-secretase stimulants, beta-amyloid aggregability reducers or disaggregation and elimination inductors, as well as tau-hyperphosphorylation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage reducers, among other action mechanisms). Demonstrating a disease's retarding effect demands longer trials than those necessary to ascertain symptomatic improvement. Besides, a high number of patients (thousands of them) is necessary, all of which turns out to be difficult and costly. Furthermore, it would be necessary to count on diagnosis and progression markers in the disease's pre-clinical stage, markers for specific phenotypes, as well as high-selectivity molecules acting only where necessary. In order to compensate these difficulties, drugs acting on several defects of the pathogenic chain or showing both symptomatic and neuroprotective action simultaneously are being researched. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple molecules used in research to modify AD progression. Although it turns out to be difficult to obtain drugs with sufficient efficacy so that their marketing is approved, if they were achieved they would lead to a reduction of AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Robles
- La Rosaleda Hospital, Santiago León de Caracas street, no. 1, 15706 – Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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42
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Upregulation of BACE1 and beta-amyloid protein mediated by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion contributes to cognitive impairment and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1226-35. [PMID: 19123057 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) through several biologically plausible pathways, but the relationship between CCH and the development of AD remains uncertain. To investigate expression of APP, BACE1 and A beta in the hippocampus of BCCAO rats and study pathophysiological mechanism of AD from CCH. CCH rat model was established by chronic bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). Behavior was evaluated after BCCAO with Morris water maze and open-field task. Expression of A beta was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). beta-Amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) and beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) were tested by ELISA, Western blotting and RT-PCR. Cognitive impairment occurred with CCH by Morris water maze test and open-field task. The BACE1 and A beta level in BCCAO rats was more increased than sham-operation control rats (P < 0.01) but APP had no difference(P > 0.05). The expression of BACE1 and A beta has no inter-group difference in BCCAO rats (P > 0.05). The level of BACE1 and A beta had positive correlation with cognitive impairment (P < 0.01) while no correlation was observed between APP and cognitive impairment. Chronic cerebral ischemia contributes to cognitive impairment and vascular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion increases BACE1 and A beta level in brain.
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Li W, Mak M, Jiang H, Wang Q, Pang Y, Chen K, Han Y. Novel anti-Alzheimer's dimer Bis(7)-cognitin: cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection through multiple targets. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:187-201. [PMID: 19110209 PMCID: PMC5084266 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and degenerative brain disorder that has emerged as one of the major public health problems in adults. Unfortunately, its molecular pathology and therapeutic strategies remain elusive. Because there are multiple factors closely indicated in the pathogenesis of AD, multiple drug therapy will be required to address the varied pathological aspects of this disease. Existing pharmacological approaches with one-molecule-one-target are limited in their ability to modify the pathology of AD. Novel therapeutics strategies comprise multifunctional compounds specifically designed to target concurrently on different sites at multifactorial etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby providing greater therapeutic efficacy. Over the past decade, our group has developed several series of dimeric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors derived from tacrine and huperzine A, a unique anti-Alzheimer's drug originally discovered from a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Bis(7)-Cognitin, one of our novel dimers, through inhibition of AChE, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, nitric oxide synthase, and amyloid precursor protein/beta-amyloid cascade concurrently, possesses remarkable neuroprotective activities. More importantly, the synergism between these targets might serve as one of the most effective therapeutic strategies to arrest/modify pathological process of AD in addition to improving the cognitive functions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Li
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Marvin Mak
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- grid.419093.60000000406198396Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- grid.203507.30000000089505267Department of Physiology, Medical School, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanping Pang
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 55905 Rochester, MN
| | - Kaixian Chen
- grid.419093.60000000406198396Center for Drug Discovery and Design, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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