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Lu K, Zhang M, Wei G, Xiao G, Tong L, Chen D. Multiple cullin-associated E3 ligases regulate cyclin D1 protein stability. eLife 2023; 12:e80327. [PMID: 37943017 PMCID: PMC10651173 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a key regulator of cell cycle progression, which forms a complex with CDK4/6 to regulate G1/S transition during cell cycle progression. Cyclin D1 has been recognized as an oncogene since it was upregulated in several different types of cancers. It is known that the post-translational regulation of cyclin D1 is controlled by ubiquitination/proteasome degradation system in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Several cullin-associated F-box E3 ligases have been shown to regulate cyclin D1 degradation; however, it is not known if additional cullin-associated E3 ligases participate in the regulation of cyclin D1 protein stability. In this study, we have screened an siRNA library containing siRNAs specific for 154 ligase subunits, including F-box, SOCS, BTB-containing proteins, and DDB proteins. We found that multiple cullin-associated E3 ligases regulate cyclin D1 activity, including Keap1, DDB2, and WSB2. We found that these E3 ligases interact with cyclin D1, regulate cyclin D1 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. These E3 ligases also control cell cycle progression and cell proliferation through regulation of cyclin D1 protein stability. Our study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of cyclin D1 protein stability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lu
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Guizheng Wei
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Liping Tong
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
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2
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Williams KS, Secomb TW, El-Kareh AW. An autonomous mathematical model for the mammalian cell cycle. J Theor Biol 2023; 569:111533. [PMID: 37196820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for the mammalian cell cycle is developed as a system of 13 coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The variables and interactions included in the model are based on detailed consideration of available experimental data. A novel feature of the model is inclusion of cycle tasks such as origin licensing and initiation, nuclear envelope breakdown and kinetochore attachment, and their interactions with controllers (molecular complexes involved in cycle control). Other key features are that the model is autonomous, except for a dependence on external growth factors; the variables are continuous in time, without instantaneous resets at phase boundaries; mechanisms to prevent rereplication are included; and cycle progression is independent of cell size. Eight variables represent cell cycle controllers: the Cyclin D1-Cdk4/6 complex, APCCdh1, SCFβTrCP, Cdc25A, MPF, NuMA, the securin-separase complex, and separase. Five variables represent task completion, with four for the status of origins and one for kinetochore attachment. The model predicts distinct behaviors corresponding to the main phases of the cell cycle, showing that the principal features of the mammalian cell cycle, including restriction point behavior, can be accounted for in a quantitative mechanistic way based on known interactions among cycle controllers and their coupling to tasks. The model is robust to parameter changes, in that cycling is maintained over at least a five-fold range of each parameter when varied individually. The model is suitable for exploring how extracellular factors affect cell cycle progression, including responses to metabolic conditions and to anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Nardone V, Barbarino M, Angrisani A, Correale P, Pastina P, Cappabianca S, Reginelli A, Mutti L, Miracco C, Giannicola R, Giordano A, Pirtoli L. CDK4, CDK6/cyclin-D1 Complex Inhibition and Radiotherapy for Cancer Control: A Role for Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8391. [PMID: 34445095 PMCID: PMC8395054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding clinical application of CDK4- and CDK6-inhibiting drugs in the managements of breast cancer has raised a great interest in testing these drugs in other neoplasms. The potential of combining these drugs with other therapeutic approaches seems to be an interesting work-ground to explore. Even though a potential integration of CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors with radiotherapy (RT) has been hypothesized, this kind of approach has not been sufficiently pursued, neither in preclinical nor in clinical studies. Similarly, the most recent discoveries focusing on autophagy, as a possible target pathway able to enhance the antitumor efficacy of CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors is promising but needs more investigations. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent literature on the field in order to infer a rational combination strategy including cyclin-D1/CDK4-CDK6 inhibitors, RT, and/or other anticancer agents targeting G1-S phase cell cycle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Nardone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Marcella Barbarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Angrisani
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Pierpaolo Correale
- Medical Oncology Unit, Grand Metropolitan Hospital “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (P.C.); (R.G.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Pierpaolo Pastina
- Section of Radiation Oncology, Medical School, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Alfonso Reginelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Clelia Miracco
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Rocco Giannicola
- Medical Oncology Unit, Grand Metropolitan Hospital “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (P.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.M.); (L.P.)
| | - Luigi Pirtoli
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (L.M.); (L.P.)
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4
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Pirtoli L, Belmonte G, Toscano M, Tini P, Miracco C. Comment on "Everolimus induces G1 cell arrest through autophagy-mediated protein degradation of cyclin D1 in breast cancer cells". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C448-C449. [PMID: 32027811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00421.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pirtoli
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marzia Toscano
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Tini
- Unit of Radiotherapy, University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Clelia Miracco
- Unit of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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5
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Hasan Abdali M, Afshar S, Sedighi Pashaki A, Dastan D, Gholami MH, Mahmoudi R, Saidijam M. Investigating the effect of radiosensitizer for Ursolic Acid and Kamolonol Acetate on HCT-116 cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115152. [PMID: 31771799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was evaluating the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of Ursolic Acid (UA) and Kamolonol Acetate (KA) on HCT116 cell line and finally investigating the functional role of NF-κB and CCND1 genes in the radiosensitizing activity of UA and KA. MATERIALS AND METHOD The cytotoxic effects of UA and KA by MTT assay was evaluated on HCT-116. Clonogenic assay was performed to investigate of radiosensitizing effects of UA and KA on HCT116. To assessment the expression levels of NF-κB and CCND1 genes, real-time PCR method was used. RESULTS The results of MTT assay revealed that UA and KA have cytotoxic effects on HCT116 cell line. According to clonogenic assay, survival fraction of treated cells with UA and KA has been decreased compared to the survival fraction of untreated cells. UA and KA lead to the decrease in the expression level of NF-κB. Synergistic effect of radiosensitizing agents with radiation was only approved for UA and 2 Gy of radiation. CONCLUSION Based on our study, UA and KA have cytotoxic effects on HCT116 cell line. Furthermore, UA may lead to radiosensitization of human colorectal tumor cells by NF-κB1 and CCND1signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maede Hasan Abdali
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Dara Dastan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Roghayeh Mahmoudi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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DeMicco A, Reich T, Arya R, Rivera-Reyes A, Fisher MR, Bassing CH. Lymphocyte lineage-specific and developmental stage specific mechanisms suppress cyclin D3 expression in response to DNA double strand breaks. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2882-2894. [PMID: 27327568 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1198861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells are thought to protect themselves and their host organisms from DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) through universal mechanisms that restrain cellular proliferation until DNA is repaired. The Cyclin D3 protein drives G1-to-S cell cycle progression and is required for proliferation of immature T and B cells and of mature B cells during a T cell-dependent immune response. We demonstrate that mouse thymocytes and pre-B cells, but not mature B cells, repress Cyclin D3 protein levels in response to DSBs. This response requires the ATM protein kinase that is activated by DSBs. Cyclin D3 protein loss in thymocytes coincides with decreased association of Cyclin D3 mRNA with the HuR RNA binding protein that ATM regulates. HuR inactivation reduces basal Cyclin D3 protein levels without affecting Cyclin D3 mRNA levels, indicating that thymocytes repress Cyclin D3 expression via ATM-dependent inhibition of Cyclin D3 mRNA translation. In contrast, ATM-dependent transcriptional repression of the Cyclin D3 gene represses Cyclin D3 protein levels in pre-B cells. Retrovirus-driven Cyclin D3 expression is resistant to transcriptional repression by DSBs; this prevents pre-B cells from suppressing Cyclin D3 protein levels and from inhibiting DNA synthesis to the normal extent following DSBs. Our data indicate that immature B and T cells use lymphocyte lineage- and developmental stage-specific mechanisms to inhibit Cyclin D3 protein levels and thereby help prevent cellular proliferation in response to DSBs. We discuss the relevance of these cellular context-dependent DSB response mechanisms in restraining proliferation, maintaining genomic integrity, and suppressing malignant transformation of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy DeMicco
- a Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Tyler Reich
- a Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Rahul Arya
- a Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Adrian Rivera-Reyes
- a Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Megan R Fisher
- a Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,c Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Craig H Bassing
- a Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,c Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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7
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Smith D, Mann D, Yong K. Cyclin D type does not influence cell cycle response to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation in multiple myeloma tumours. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:693-704. [PMID: 27146121 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by over-expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) or D2 (CCND2), which control G1 phase cell-cycle progression. Proteolytic degradation of CCND1 (but not CCND2), resulting in G1 arrest, is reported in non-MM cells post-DNA damage, affecting DNA repair and survival. We examined the effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on D-cyclin levels and cell-cycle kinetics of MM cells, exploring differences based on D-cyclin expression. We showed that CCND1 is downregulated, whereas CCND2 is not, following IR. This did not lead to hypo-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein or G1 arrest. Both CCND1- and CCND2-expressing MM cells arrested in S/G2/M, and did not differ in other cell-cycle proteins or sensitivity to IR. When treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor, both CCND1 and CCND2 MM cells arrested in G1 and therefore are subject to physiological regulation at this checkpoint. Immunoprecipitation showed that, despite CCND1 degradation following IR, sufficient protein remains bound to CDK4/6 to prevent G1 arrest. Aberrant expression of CCND1 driven from the IGH promoter in t(11;14) MM cells maintains progression through G1 to arrest in S/G2/M. Differential expression of D-cyclin does not appear to affect cell-cycle response to IR, and is unlikely to underlie differential sensitivity to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Smith
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kwee Yong
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Ćmielová J, Havelek R, Vávrová J, Řezáčová M. Changes in the response of MCF-7 cells to ionizing radiation after the combination of ATM and DNA-PK inhibition. Med Oncol 2015; 32:138. [PMID: 25801233 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of ATM (KU55933) and DNA-PK (NU7441) inhibitors in the repair of double-strand breaks and downstream signaling of DNA damage introduced by ionizing radiation. The irradiation of MCF-7 cells alone increased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase in comparison with mock-treated cells. After ATM inhibitor pretreatment, the cells were more accumulated in the G2 phase, whereas DNA-PK inhibitor application increased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase. ATM and DNA-PK inhibitor application alone increased the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to ionizing radiation; however, combining both inhibitors together resulted in a further enhancement of cell death. Unexpectedly, combining both inhibitors decreased the percentage of senescent cells and increased G2 cell cycle arrest 3 days after treatment. After irradiation, the p21 protein was increased and Chk1 and Chk2 were activated. These proteins were not increased in cells pretreated with the ATM inhibitor prior to ionizing radiation exposure, albeit DNA-PK inhibitor application did not affect the amount of proteins detected. Formation of γH2AX was found to be ATM and DNA-PK dependent, application of the ATM inhibitor suppressed incidence of γH2AX, whereas DNA-PK caused persistence of γH2AX. Our results suggest that the further investigation of the ATM inhibitor in combination with the DNA-PK inhibitor as sensitizers preventing cell senescence and promoting cell death in breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ćmielová
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, 500 38, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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9
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Alexandrou AT, Li JJ. Cell cycle regulators guide mitochondrial activity in radiation-induced adaptive response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1463-80. [PMID: 24180340 PMCID: PMC3936506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There are accruing concerns on potential genotoxic agents present in the environment including low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) that naturally exists on earth's surface and atmosphere and is frequently used in medical diagnosis and nuclear industry. Although its long-term health risk is being evaluated and remains controversial, LDIR is shown to induce temporary but significant adaptive responses in mammalian cells and animals. The mechanisms guiding the mitochondrial function in LDIR-induced adaptive response represent a unique communication between DNA damage and cellular metabolism. Elucidation of the LDIR-regulated mitochondrial activity may reveal new mechanisms adjusting cellular function to cope with hazardous environmental stress. RECENT ADVANCES Key cell cycle regulators, including Cyclin D1/CDK4 and Cyclin B1/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) complexes, are actively involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions via phosphorylation of their mitochondrial targets. Accumulating new evidence supports a concept that the Cyclin B1/CDK1 complex acts as a mediator in the cross talk between radiation-induced DNA damage and mitochondrial functions to coordinate cellular responses to low-level genotoxic stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The LDIR-mediated mitochondrial activity via Cyclin B1/CDK1 regulation is an irreplaceable network that is able to harmonize vital cellular functions with adjusted mitochondrial metabolism to enhance cellular homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation of the coordinative mechanism that regulates mitochondrial activities in sublethal stress conditions, including LDIR, will reveal new insights of how cells cope with genotoxic injury and will be vital for future targeted therapeutic interventions that reduce environmental injury and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris T Alexandrou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis , Sacramento, California
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Jirawatnotai S, Hu Y, Livingston DM, Sicinski P. Proteomic identification of a direct role for cyclin d1 in DNA damage repair. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4289-93. [PMID: 22915759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human CCND1 gene, which encodes the cell-cycle protein cyclin D1, is one of the most frequently amplified genes in human cancers. Cyclin D1 activates the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 and drives cell proliferation. Beyond the cell-cycle role, the full repertoire of cyclin D1 functions in cancer cells is still unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that cyclin D1 may play a role in DNA damage response. In this review, we discuss observations linking cyclin D1 to DNA damage repair and summarize our recent findings, which show a cyclin D1 function in homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwanon Jirawatnotai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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11
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Richardson E, Stockwell SR, Li H, Aherne W, Cuomo ME, Mittnacht S. Mechanism-based screen establishes signalling framework for DNA damage-associated G1 checkpoint response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31627. [PMID: 22384045 PMCID: PMC3288045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage activates checkpoint controls which block progression of cells through the division cycle. Several different checkpoints exist that control transit at different positions in the cell cycle. A role for checkpoint activation in providing resistance of cells to genotoxic anticancer therapy, including chemotherapy and ionizing radiation, is widely recognized. Although the core molecular functions that execute different damage activated checkpoints are known, the signals that control checkpoint activation are far from understood. We used a kinome-spanning RNA interference screen to delineate signalling required for radiation-mediated retinoblastoma protein activation, the recognized executor of G1 checkpoint control. Our results corroborate the involvement of the p53 tumour suppressor (TP53) and its downstream targets p21CIP1/WAF1 but infer lack of involvement of canonical double strand break (DSB) recognition known for its role in activating TP53 in damaged cells. Instead our results predict signalling involving the known TP53 phosphorylating kinase PRPK/TP53RK and the JNK/p38MAPK activating kinase STK4/MST1, both hitherto unrecognised for their contribution to DNA damage G1 checkpoint signalling. Our results further predict a network topology whereby induction of p21CIP1/WAF1 is required but not sufficient to elicit checkpoint activation. Our experiments document a role of the kinases identified in radiation protection proposing their pharmacological inhibition as a potential strategy to increase radiation sensitivity in proliferating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Richardson
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Stockwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - He Li
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wynne Aherne
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Emanuela Cuomo
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sibylle Mittnacht
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Shimura T. Acquired radioresistance of cancer and the AKT/GSK3β/cyclin D1 overexpression cycle. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:539-544. [PMID: 21881296 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fractionated radiotherapy (RT) is widely used in cancer therapy for its advantages in the preservation of normal tissues. However, repopulation of surviving tumor cells during fractionated RT limits the efficacy of RT. In fact, repopulating tumors often acquire radioresistance and this is the major cause of failure of RT. We have recently demonstrated that human tumor cells acquire radioresistance when exposed to fractionated radiation (FR) of X-rays every 12 hours for 1 month. The acquired radioresistance was associated with overexpression of cyclin D1, a result of a series of molecular changes; constitutive activation of DNA-PK and AKT with concomitant down-regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) which results in suppression of cyclin D1 proteolysis. Aberrant cyclin D1 overexpression in S-phase induced DNA double strand breaks which activated DNA-PK and established the vicious cycle of cycling D1 overexpression. This overexpression of cyclin D1 is responsible for the radioresistance phenotype of long-term FR cells, since this phenotype was completely abrogated by treatment of FR cells by the API-2, an AKT inhibitor or by a Cdk4 inhibitor. Thus, targeting the AKT/GSK3β/cyclin D1/Cdk4 pathway can be an efficient modality to suppress acquired radioresistance of tumor cells. In this article, I overview the newly discovered molecular mechanisms underlying acquired radioresistance of tumor cells induced by FR, and propose a strategy for eradication of tumors using fractionated RT by overcoming tumor radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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13
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Li HF, Kim JS, Waldman T. Radiation-induced Akt activation modulates radioresistance in human glioblastoma cells. Radiat Oncol 2009; 4:43. [PMID: 19828040 PMCID: PMC2765447 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-4-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation (IR) therapy is a primary treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a common and devastating brain tumor in humans. IR has been shown to induce PI3K-Akt activation in many cell types, and activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway has been correlated with radioresistance. METHODS Initially, the effects of IR on Akt activation were assessed in multiple human GBM cell lines. Next, to evaluate a potential causative role of IR-induced Akt activation on radiosensitivity, Akt activation was inhibited during IR with several complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches, and radiosensitivity measured using clonogenic survival assays. RESULTS Three of the eight cell lines tested demonstrated IR-induced Akt activation. Further studies revealed that IR-induced Akt activation was dependent upon the presence of a serum factor, and could be inhibited by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478. Inhibition of PI3K activation with LY294002, or with inducible wild-type PTEN, inhibition of EGFR, as well as direct inhibition of Akt with two Akt inhibitors during irradiation increased the radiosensitivity of U87MG cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Akt may be a central player in a feedback loop whereby activation of Akt induced by IR increases radioresistance of GBM cells. Targeting the Akt signaling pathway may have important therapeutic implications when used in combination with IR in the treatment of a subset of brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Todd Waldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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