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Solstad A, Hogaboam O, Forero A, Hemann EA. RIG-I-like Receptor Regulation of Immune Cell Function and Therapeutic Implications. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:845-854. [PMID: 36130131 PMCID: PMC9512390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic RNA sensors critical for initiation of antiviral immunity. Activation of RLRs following RNA recognition leads to production of antiviral genes and IFNs for induction of broad antiviral immunity. Although the RLRs are ubiquitously expressed, much of our understanding of these molecules comes from their study in epithelial cells and fibroblasts. However, RLR activation is critical for induction of immune function and long-term protective immunity. Recent work has focused on the roles of RLRs in immune cells and their contribution to programming of effective immune responses. This new understanding of RLR function in immune cells and immune programming has led to the development of vaccines and therapeutics targeting the RLRs. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of the contribution of RLRs to immune cell function during infection and the emerging RLR-targeting strategies for induction of immunity against cancer and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Solstad
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Octavia Hogaboam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
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Analyzing the gene regulatory network in hepatitis B patients by single-cell ATAC sequencing. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:3513-3524. [PMID: 35902485 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to provide a new perspective of determining the pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) development by analyzing the gene regulatory network in CHB patients using single-cell ATAC sequencing. BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease induces liver damage by hepatic immune and inflammatory responses. The exact mechanism is unknown. As such, there is an urgent need to address this problem and study the relationship between aberrant peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) immune response and progression of liver disease. METHOD The sequencing of the chromatin accessibility of 8016 cells from the whole venous blood of normal control (NC) individuals and CHB patients was performed through assay for transposase-accessible chromatin in single-cell sequencing (ScATAC-seq). Unsupervised clustering and annotation analyses were performed by Signac (version 1.7.0) and Seurat clustering to identify different cell types. Then, TF motif enrichment analysis and differentially expressed peak analysis were performed to identify cell-type-specific candidate open chromatins related to CHB. RESULT We identified 12 leukocytic clusters corresponding to five cell types. The specific cell types associated with CHB were found to be located in B-0 and T-3. We have drawn the regulatory network of the hepatitis B signal pathway composed of genes linked to the differentially expressed peaks of these two CHB disease-specific cell types. Further, we profoundly explored the potential mechanisms of B-0-associated TF motif IRF2 and T-3-associated TF motif FOXC2 in the occurrence of CHB. CONCLUSION We have drawn a systematic and distinguishing gene regulatory network of CHB-related PBMCs. Key Points • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were robustly clustered based on their types without using antibodies. • We draw a systematic and distinctive gene regulatory network of CHB-related PBMC through ScATAC-seq.
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Robichon K, Maiwald T, Schilling M, Schneider A, Willemsen J, Salopiata F, Teusel M, Kreutz C, Ehlting C, Huang J, Chakraborty S, Huang X, Damm G, Seehofer D, Lang PA, Bode JG, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, Timmer J, Klingmüller U. Identification of Interleukin1β as an Amplifier of Interferon alpha-induced Antiviral Responses. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008461. [PMID: 33002089 PMCID: PMC7553310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of an interferon-mediated response is the first line of defense against pathogens such as viruses. Yet, the dynamics and extent of interferon alpha (IFNα)-induced antiviral genes vary remarkably and comprise three expression clusters: early, intermediate and late. By mathematical modeling based on time-resolved quantitative data, we identified mRNA stability as well as a negative regulatory loop as key mechanisms endogenously controlling the expression dynamics of IFNα-induced antiviral genes in hepatocytes. Guided by the mathematical model, we uncovered that this regulatory loop is mediated by the transcription factor IRF2 and showed that knock-down of IRF2 results in enhanced expression of early, intermediate and late IFNα-induced antiviral genes. Co-stimulation experiments with different pro-inflammatory cytokines revealed that this amplified expression dynamics of the early, intermediate and late IFNα-induced antiviral genes can also be achieved by co-application of IFNα and interleukin1 beta (IL1β). Consistently, we found that IL1β enhances IFNα-mediated repression of viral replication. Conversely, we observed that in IL1β receptor knock-out mice replication of viruses sensitive to IFNα is increased. Thus, IL1β is capable to potentiate IFNα-induced antiviral responses and could be exploited to improve antiviral therapies. Innate immune responses contribute to the control of viral infections and the induction of interferon alpha (IFNα)-mediated antiviral responses is an important component. However, IFNα induces a multitude of antiviral response genes and the expression dynamics of these genes can be classified as early, intermediate and late. Here we show, based on a mathematical modeling approach, that mRNA stability as well as the negative regulator IRF2 control the expression dynamics of IFNα-induced antiviral genes. Knock-down of IRF2 resulted in the amplified IFNα-mediated induction of the antiviral genes and this amplified expression of antiviral genes could be functionally mimicked by co-stimulation with IFNα and IL1β. We observed that co-stimulation with IFNα and IL1β enhanced the repression of virus replication and that knock-out of the IL1 receptor in mice resulted in increased replication of a virus sensitive to IFNα. In sum, our studies identified IL1β as an important amplifier of IFNα-induced antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Robichon
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Maiwald
- Institute for Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany.,FDM-Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schneider
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joschka Willemsen
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Salopiata
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Teusel
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute for Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajib Chakraborty
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoyun Huang
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany and Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany and Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group "Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response", Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute for Physics, University of Freiburg, Germany.,FDM-Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Lam JH, Baumgarth N. The Multifaceted B Cell Response to Influenza Virus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:351-359. [PMID: 30617116 PMCID: PMC6327962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protection from yearly recurring, highly acute infections with a pathogen that rapidly and continuously evades previously induced protective neutralizing Abs, as seen during seasonal influenza virus infections, can be expected to require a B cell response that is too highly variable, able to adapt rapidly, and able to reduce morbidity and death when sterile immunity cannot be garnered quickly enough. As we outline in this Brief Review, the influenza-specific B cell response is exactly that: it is multifaceted, involves both innate-like and conventional B cells, provides early and later immune protection, employs B cells with distinct BCR repertoires and distinct modes of activation, and continuously adapts to the ever-changing virus while enhancing overall protection. A formidable response to a formidable pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Lam
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616;
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Johnson MJ, Laoharawee K, Lahr WS, Webber BR, Moriarity BS. Engineering of Primary Human B cells with CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Nuclease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12144. [PMID: 30108345 PMCID: PMC6092381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells offer unique opportunities for gene therapy because of their ability to secrete large amounts of protein in the form of antibody and persist for the life of the organism as plasma cells. Here, we report optimized CRISPR/Cas9 based genome engineering of primary human B cells. Our procedure involves enrichment of CD19+ B cells from PBMCs followed by activation, expansion, and electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9 reagents. We are able expand total B cells in culture 10-fold and outgrow the IgD+ IgM+ CD27- naïve subset from 35% to over 80% of the culture. B cells are receptive to nucleic acid delivery via electroporation 3 days after stimulation, peaking at Day 7 post stimulation. We tested chemically modified sgRNAs and Alt-R gRNAs targeting CD19 with Cas9 mRNA or Cas9 protein. Using this system, we achieved genetic and protein knockout of CD19 at rates over 70%. Finally, we tested sgRNAs targeting the AAVS1 safe harbor site using Cas9 protein in combination with AAV6 to deliver donor template encoding a splice acceptor-EGFP cassette, which yielded site-specific integration frequencies up to 25%. The development of methods for genetically engineered B cells opens the door to a myriad of applications in basic research, antibody production, and cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kanut Laoharawee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Walker S Lahr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Liu F, Yu X, Huang H, Chen X, Wang J, Zhang X, Lin Q. Upregulation of microRNA-450 inhibits the progression of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo by targeting interferon regulatory factor 2. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:283-90. [PMID: 27246609 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non‑coding RNAs that play pivotal roles in human lung cancer development. The majority of studies have focused on either non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In the present study, we investigated a plausible mechanism of action of miR‑450 in these types of lung cancer. We found that the level of miR‑450 was decreased in lung cancer cell lines, as well as in solid tumors. As exemplified in the H510A (SCLC) and H2291 (NSCLC) cells, transfection with lentivirus carrying miR‑450 upregulated miR‑450 expression and significantly attenuated lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion, as well as the growth of implantated tumors. Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) was also verified to be a direct target of miR‑450 in lung cancer cells. The overexpression of IRF2 in the H510A and H2291 cells abrogated the inhibitory effects of miR‑450 on lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Taken together, in this study, we identified a novel role of miR‑450 in lung cancer. miR-450 targets IRF2 and thus supresses lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabing Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Haihua Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomiao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Szabo A, Magyarics Z, Pazmandi K, Gopcsa L, Rajnavolgyi E, Bacsi A. TLR ligands upregulate RIG-I expression in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells in a type I IFN-independent manner. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:671-8. [PMID: 24839978 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are professional type I interferon (IFN)-producing cells that play an essential role in antiviral immunity. In many cell types, detection of intracellular pathogens is mostly dependent on endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic sensors, such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). However, the possible interplay between these two systems has not yet been elucidated. Here we aimed to study the collaboration of endosomal TLRs and RIG-I in primary human pDCs. We found that under steady-state conditions, pDCs express RIG-I at very low level, but the expression of this receptor is rapidly and dramatically upregulated upon stimulation by the TLR7 ligand imiquimod or the TLR9 ligand type A CpG. We also demonstrated that pDCs are able to sense and respond to 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (5'-ppp-dsRNA) only following activation by endosomal TLRs. Experiments on primary pDCs with functionally blocked IFN-α/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and those on human pDC leukemia (pDC-L) cells defective in type I IFN secretion indicated that the upregulation of RIG-I expression in pDCs upon stimulation by endosomal TLR occurs in a type I IFN-independent manner. Selective phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) on tyrosine 701 could be identified as an early signaling event in this process. Our results show that in contrast to many other cell types, where RIG-I expression is induced by type I IFN, in pDCs a disparate mechanism is responsible for the upregulation of RIG-I. Our findings also indicate that along with autophagy, an additional mechanism is operating in pDCs to promote the detection of replicating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Magyarics
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pazmandi
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Gopcsa
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Szent Istvan and Szent Laszlo Hospital of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Raglow Z, Thoma-Perry C, Gilroy R, Wan YJY. IL28B genotype and the expression of ISGs in normal liver. Liver Int 2013; 33:991-8. [PMID: 23522062 PMCID: PMC7231429 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Both polymorphisms in the IL28B gene locus and ISG expression levels are associated with the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The two are also interrelated, although the mechanism is unknown. Favourable CC genotype at rs12979860 expresses lower baseline ISG levels and responds better to treatment than unfavourable CT and TT genotypes. Little is known about this relationship in normal, uninfected liver. This study sought to explore this relationship. METHODS Normal human liver specimens (64) and HCV positive human liver specimens (95) were genotyped for IL28B rs12979860 C > T. mRNA levels of ISGs and other relevant genes were studied by qPCR. RESULTS Most studied ISGs had significantly different expression by IL28B genotype in normal liver. CC genotype expressed the highest levels, CT intermediate and TT the lowest. This is opposite to the pattern seen in HCV patients. Principal component analysis of IL28B genotype and ISG expression further revealed a distinct set of genes correlated with the C allele (ISG15, HTATIP2, LGALS3BP, IRF2 and BCL2) and T allele (IFNα, β, γ, λ3 and CD80). CONCLUSION A subset of ISGs was found to be differentially expressed in normal liver by IL28B genotype. This suggests a relationship between IL28B genotype and gene expression before HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Raglow
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Carly Thoma-Perry
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Richard Gilroy
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Y. Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Britto AMA, Amoedo ND, Pezzuto P, Afonso AO, Martínez AMB, Silveira J, Sion FS, Machado ES, Soares MA, Giannini ALM. Expression levels of the innate response gene RIG-I and its regulators RNF125 and TRIM25 in HIV-1-infected adult and pediatric individuals. AIDS 2013; 27:1879-85. [PMID: 24131985 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328361cfbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TLRs (Toll-like receptors) and RLRs (RIG-I-like receptors) mediate innate immune responses by detecting microorganism invasion. RIG-I activation results in the production of interferon (IFN) type 1 and IFN responsive genes (ISGs). As the ubiquitin ligases RNF125 and TRIM25 are involved in regulating RIG-I function, our aim was to assess whether the levels of these three genes vary between healthy and HIV-infected individuals and whether these levels are related to disease progression. DESIGN Gene expression analyses for RIG-I, RNF125, and TRIM25 were performed for HIV-infected adults and the children's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Reverse transcription-quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs) were performed in order to quantify the expression levels of RIG-I, RNF125 and TRIM25 from PBMCs purified from control or HIV-infected individuals. RESULTS Controls express higher levels of the three genes when compared to HIV-infected patients. These expressions are clearly distinct between healthy and progressors, and are reproduced in adults and children. In controls, RNF125 is the highest expressed gene, whereas in progressors, RIG-I is either the highest expressed gene or is expressed similarly to RNF125 and TRIM25. CONCLUSION A pattern of expression of RIG-I, RNF125, and TRIM25 genes in HIV patients is evident. The high expression of RNF125 in healthy individuals reflects the importance of keeping RIG-I function off, inhibiting unnecessary IFN production. Consistent with this assumption, RNF125 levels are lower in HIV patients and importantly, the RNF125/RIG-I ratio is lower in patients who progress to AIDS. Our results might help to predict disease progression and unveil the role of poorly characterized host genes during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M A Britto
- aDepartamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia bInstituto de Bioquímica Médica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro cFaculdade de Medicina, UFRG, Rio Grande dHospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, UNIRIO eInstituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ fPrograma de Genética, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Human Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 Gene Expression is Induced in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection-A Possible Mode of Viral Persistence. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:27-34. [PMID: 25755403 PMCID: PMC3940332 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(12)60080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors known to be involved in the modulation of cellular responses to interferons (IFNs) and viral infection. While IRF-1 acts as a positive regulator, IRF-2 is known to repress IFN-mediated gene expression. The increase in the IRF-1/IRF-2 ratio is considered as an important event in the transcriptional activation of IFN-α gene toward development of the cellular antiviral response. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the expression of IRF mRNAs along with the expression level of IFN-α, its receptor (IFNAR-1), and the signal transduction factor (STAT-1) in treatment naive hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. MATERIALS Thirty-five chronically infected (CHC) patients and 39 voluntary blood donors as controls were included in the study. Quantification of HCV-RNA (ribonucleic acid) and genotyping were done by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization assays, respectively, using patient's serum/plasma. In both controls and patients, the serum level of IFN-α and IFN-α was measured by flow cytometry. Target gene expressions were studied by retro-transcription of respective mRNAs extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) followed by PCR amplification and densitometry. Minus-strand HCV-RNA as a marker of viral replication in PBMCs was detected by an inhouse PCR assay. RESULTS Both IRF-1 and IRF-2 genes were significantly enhanced in CHC than in control subjects (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation (r (2) = 0.386, P <0.01) was obtained between higher IRF-2 gene expression and increasing level of HCV-RNA. Chronically infected subjects (13%) harboring replicating HCV in PBMCs showed no significant differences in gene expressions than the subjects without HCV in PBMCs. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HCV modulates host immunity by inducing IRF-2 gene to counteract IRF-1-mediated IFN-α gene expression. Since the IRF-2 gene is known to encode oncogenic protein, the role of IRF-2 in CHC patients developing hepatocellular carcinoma warrants further studies.
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Key Words
- CHC, chronic hepatitis C
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- Gene expression
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBsAg, hepatitis B virus surface antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- IFN, interferon
- IRES, internal ribosomal entry site
- IRF, interferon regulatory factors
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SVR, sustained virological response
- VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
- hepatitis C virus
- interferon regulatory factor 2
- interferon-alfa
- peripheral blood mononuclear cells
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Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity is triggered by sensing viral nucleic acids. RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) is an intracellular molecule that responds to viral nucleic acids and activates downstream signaling, resulting in the induction of members of the type I interferon (IFN) family, which are regarded among the most important effectors of the innate immune system. Although RIG-I is expressed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm, its levels are subject to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. RIG-I belongs to the IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) family, but certain cells regulate its expression through IFN-independent mechanisms. Several lines of evidence indicate that deregulated RIG-I signaling is associated with autoimmune disorders. Further studies suggest that RIG-I has functions in addition to those directly related to its role in RNA sensing and host defense. We have much to learn and discover regarding this interesting cytoplasmic sensor so that we can capitalize on its properties for the treatment of viral infections, immune disorders, cancer, and perhaps other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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