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Hubrich BE, Wehland JD, Groth MC, Schirmacher A, Hubrich R, Steinem C, Diederichsen U. Membrane fusion mediated by peptidic SNARE protein analogues: Evaluation of FRET-based bulk leaflet mixing assays. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3327. [PMID: 33825251 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-mediated membrane fusion is frequently studied with in vitro bulk leaflet mixing assays based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). In these, customized liposomes with fusogenic peptides are equipped with lipids which are labeled with fluorophores that form a FRET pair. Since FRET is dependent on distance and membrane fusion comes along with lipid mixing, the assays allow for conclusions on the membrane fusion process. The experimental outcome of these assays, however, greatly depends on the applied parameters. In the present study, the influence of the peptides, the size of liposomes, their lipid composition and the liposome stoichiometry on the fusogenicity of liposomes are evaluated. As fusogenic peptides, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment receptor (SNARE) protein analogues featuring artificial recognition units attached to the native SNARE transmembrane domains are used. The work shows that it is important to control these parameters in order to be able to properly investigate the fusion process and to prevent undesired effects of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Hubrich
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dirk Wehland
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mike C Groth
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Schirmacher
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Hubrich
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Witt H, Savić F, Verbeek S, Dietz J, Tarantola G, Oelkers M, Geil B, Janshoff A. Membrane fusion studied by colloidal probes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:223-237. [PMID: 33599795 PMCID: PMC8071799 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-coated colloidal probes combine the benefits of solid-supported membranes with a more complex three-dimensional geometry. This combination makes them a powerful model system that enables the visualization of dynamic biological processes with high throughput and minimal reliance on fluorescent labels. Here, we want to review recent applications of colloidal probes for the study of membrane fusion. After discussing the advantages and disadvantages of some classical vesicle-based fusion assays, we introduce an assay using optical detection of fusion between membrane-coated glass microspheres in a quasi two-dimensional assembly. Then, we discuss free energy considerations of membrane fusion between supported bilayers, and show how colloidal probes can be combined with atomic force microscopy or optical tweezers to access the fusion process with even greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Witt
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Physics of Living Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Savić
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Verbeek
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Dietz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesa Tarantola
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marieelen Oelkers
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Geil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Reduction of focal sweating by lipid nanoparticle-delivered myricetin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13132. [PMID: 32753614 PMCID: PMC7403431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myricetin—a flavonoid capable of inhibiting the SNARE complex formation in neurons—reduces focal sweating after skin-application when delivers as encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (M-LNPs). The stability of M-LNP enables efficient delivery of myricetin to sudomotor nerves located underneath sweat glands through transappendageal pathways while free myricetin just remained on the skin. Furthermore, release of myricetin from M-LNP is accelerated through lipase-/esterase-induced lipolysis in the skin-appendages, enabling uptake of myricetin by the surrounding cells. The amount of sweat is reduced by 55% after application of M-LNP (0.8 mg kg−1) on the mouse footpad. This is comparable to that of subcutaneously injected anticholinergic agents [0.25 mg kg−1 glycopyrrolate; 0.8 U kg−1 botulinum neurotoxin-A-type (BoNT/A)]. M-LNP neither shows a distal effect after skin-application nor induced cellular/ocular toxicity. In conclusion, M-LNP is an efficient skin-applicable antiperspirant. SNARE-inhibitory small molecules with suitable delivery systems have the potential to replace many BoNT/A interventions for which self-applications are preferred.
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4
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Ban C, Park JB, Cho S, Kim HR, Kim YJ, Bae H, Kim C, Kang H, Jang D, Shin YS, Kim DO, Kim H, Kweon DH. Characterization of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Flavonoids as Neuroexocytosis Regulators. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081829. [PMID: 32316426 PMCID: PMC7221681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBL) is known as a potential source of bioactive flavonoids, such as quercetin, arresting the neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-zippering. Here, the GBL flavonoids were isolated in two different manners and then examined for their bioactivity, physicochemical stability, and biocompatibility. The majority of flavonoids in the non-hydrolyzed and acidolyzed isolates, termed non-hydrolyzed isolate (NI) and acidolyzed isolate (AI) hereafter, were rich in flavonol glycosides and aglycones, respectively. Glycosidic/aglyconic quercetin and kaempferol were abundant in both NI and AI, whereas a little of apigenin, luteolin, and isorhamnetin were found in AI. NI was more thermostable in all pH ranges than quercetin, kaempferol, and AI. NI and AI both inhibited neurotransmitter release from differentiated neuronal PC-12 cells. NI and AI showed 1/2–1/3 lower EC50/CC50 values than quercetin and kaempferol. The NI and AI exhibited no toxicity assessed by the tests on chorioallantoic membranes of hen’s eggs, removing toxicological concerns of irritation potential. Moreover, GBL isolates, particularly AI, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the use below the CC50 levels. Taken together, these results suggest that GBL isolates that are rich in antioxidant flavonoids are effective anti-neuroexocytotic agents with high stability and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongjin Ban
- Institute of Biomolecule Control and Institute of Biologics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea;
| | - Joon-Bum Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea; (J.-B.P.); (H.R.K.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Sora Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioCosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea;
| | - Hye Rin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea; (J.-B.P.); (H.R.K.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Yong Joon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea; (J.-B.P.); (H.R.K.); (Y.J.K.)
| | - Hyungjin Bae
- C&I lab, Kolmar Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul 06792, Korea; (H.B.); (C.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Chinhan Kim
- C&I lab, Kolmar Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul 06792, Korea; (H.B.); (C.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Hakhee Kang
- C&I lab, Kolmar Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul 06792, Korea; (H.B.); (C.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Davin Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Korea; (D.J.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Yong Sub Shin
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Korea; (D.J.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Korea; (D.J.); (Y.S.S.)
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-O.K.); (H.K.); (D.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.); +82-31-290-7821 (H.K.); +82-31-299-4850 (D.-H.K.)
| | - Hyunggun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-O.K.); (H.K.); (D.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.); +82-31-290-7821 (H.K.); +82-31-299-4850 (D.-H.K.)
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Institute of Biomolecule Control and Institute of Biologics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea;
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea; (J.-B.P.); (H.R.K.); (Y.J.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in BioCosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.-O.K.); (H.K.); (D.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.); +82-31-290-7821 (H.K.); +82-31-299-4850 (D.-H.K.)
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5
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Chen Z, Zhang R, Shi W, Li L, Liu H, Liu Z, Wu L. The Multifunctional Benefits of Naturally Occurring Delphinidin and Its Glycosides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11288-11306. [PMID: 31557009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Delphinidin (Del) and its glycosides are water-soluble pigments, belonging to a subgroup of flavonoids. They are health-promoting candidates for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical uses, as indicated by exhibiting antioxidation, anti-inflammation, antimicroorganism, antidiabetes, antiobesity, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and anticancer properties. Glycosylation modification of Del is associated with increased stability and reduced biological activity. Del and its glycosides can be the alternative inhibitors of CBRs, ERα/β, EGFR, BCRP, and SGLT-1, and virtual docking indicates that the sugar moiety may not effectively interact with the active sites of the targets. Structure-based characteristics confer the multifunctional properties of Del and its glycosides. Because of their health-promoting effects, Del and its glycosides are promising and have been developed as potential pharmaceuticals. However, more investigation on the underlying mechanisms of Del and its glycosides in mediating cellular processes with high specificity are still needed. The research progression of Del and its glycosides over the last 10 years is comprehensively reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
| | - Weimei Shi
- College of Pharmacy , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Pharmacy , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy , Gannan Medical University , Ganzhou 341000 , China
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6
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Fusion assays for model membranes: a critical review. ADVANCES IN BIOMEMBRANES AND LIPID SELF-ASSEMBLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Cilurzo F, Critello CD, Paolino D, Fiorillo AS, Fresta M, De Franciscis S, Celia C. Polydocanol foam stabilized by liposomes: Supramolecular nanoconstructs for sclerotherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 175:469-476. [PMID: 30572155 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular pathology of the lower limbs is a widespread disease affecting the quality of life for more than 30% of the adult world population. Polydocanol foam is presently the main therapeutic option for treating varicosities, inflammation, and chronic disease which affect the vascular endothelium and blood vessels. Unfortunately, the commercial product contains detergents and surfactants which can provoke several side effects and decrease the efficacy of therapy. In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, polydocanol foam was mixed with different liposomes before use. The resulting mixture was stable and generated supramolecular nanoconstructs, which may prevent the interaction of the components of the commercial polydocanol foam with the vascular endothelium. This effect depends on the presence of liposomes, which can induce polydocanol foam to change its structure from micelles to complex nanostructures, thus improving its stability. In this attempt, the physicochemical features of the resulting nanoconstructs were tested through dynamic- and multiple light scattering analyses, rheological studies and gel permeation chromatography, while the stability was tested in biological fluids. Our preliminary results showed that the nanoconstructs have some potential as therapeutic agents in sclerotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felisa Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy; IRC-FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy; IRC-FSH-Interregional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano De Franciscis
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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8
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Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis to Dissect Intermediates of SNARE-Mediated Membrane Fusion. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30317498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8760-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopy provides rapid information on the size distribution of a large number of particles in a mixture. Vesicle sizes change during the merger of lipid bilayers, and DLS analysis can provide rapid, accurate, and non-perturbative quantification of the size distribution of proteoliposomes in SNARE-dependent membrane fusion. In this chapter, we describe the methodologies and reagents used for DLS spectroscopy in a biochemical and biophysical study of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion.
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9
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Yang Y, Kong B, Jung Y, Park JB, Oh JM, Hwang J, Cho JY, Kweon DH. Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor-Derived Peptides for Regulation of Mast Cell Degranulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:725. [PMID: 29696021 PMCID: PMC5904360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle-associated V-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins and target membrane-associated T-SNAREs (syntaxin 4 and SNAP-23) assemble into a core trans-SNARE complex that mediates membrane fusion during mast cell degranulation. This complex plays pivotal roles at various stages of exocytosis from the initial priming step to fusion pore opening and expansion, finally resulting in the release of the vesicle contents. In this study, peptides with the sequences of various SNARE motifs were investigated for their potential inhibitory effects against SNARE complex formation and mast cell degranulation. The peptides with the sequences of the N-terminal regions of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) and VAMP8 were found to reduce mast cell degranulation by inhibiting SNARE complex formation. The fusion of protein transduction domains to the N-terminal of each peptide enabled the internalization of the fusion peptides into the cells equally as efficiently as cell permeabilization by streptolysin-O without any loss of their inhibitory activities. Distinct subsets of mast cell granules could be selectively regulated by the N-terminal-mimicking peptides derived from VAMP2 and VAMP8, and they effectively decreased the symptoms of atopic dermatitis in mouse models. These results suggest that the cell membrane fusion machinery may represent a therapeutic target for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division for Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byoungjae Kong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Jung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Joon-Bum Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jaesung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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10
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Falke S, Dierks K, Blanchet C, Graewert M, Cipriani F, Meijers R, Svergun D, Betzel C. Multi-channel in situ dynamic light scattering instrumentation enhancing biological small-angle X-ray scattering experiments at the PETRA III beamline P12. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:361-372. [PMID: 29488914 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517017568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of biomolecules is increasingly common with a constantly high demand for comprehensive and efficient sample quality control prior to SAXS experiments. As monodisperse sample suspensions are desirable for SAXS experiments, latest dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques are most suited to obtain non-invasive and rapid information about the particle size distribution of molecules in solution. A multi-receiver four-channel DLS system was designed and adapted at the BioSAXS endstation of the EMBL beamline P12 at PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg, Germany). The system allows the collection of DLS data within round-shaped sample capillaries used at beamline P12. Data obtained provide information about the hydrodynamic radius of biological particles in solution and dispersity of the solution. DLS data can be collected directly prior to and during an X-ray exposure. To match the short X-ray exposure times of around 1 s for 20 exposures at P12, the DLS data collection periods that have been used up to now of 20 s or commonly more were substantially reduced, using a novel multi-channel approach collecting DLS data sets in the SAXS sample capillary at four different neighbouring sample volume positions in parallel. The setup allows online scoring of sample solutions applied for SAXS experiments, supports SAXS data evaluation and for example indicates local inhomogeneities in a sample solution in a time-efficient manner. Biological macromolecules with different molecular weights were applied to test the system and obtain information about the performance. All measured hydrodynamic radii are in good agreement with DLS results obtained by employing a standard cuvette instrument. Moreover, applying the new multi-channel DLS setup, a reliable radius determination of sample solutions in flow, at flow rates normally used for size-exclusion chromatography-SAXS experiments, and at higher flow rates, was verified as well. This study also shows and confirms that the newly designed sample compartment with attached DLS instrumentation does not disturb SAXS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Falke
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22603, Germany
| | - Karsten Dierks
- Xtal Concepts GmbH, Marlowring 19, Hamburg 22525, Germany
| | - Clement Blanchet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, c/o Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Melissa Graewert
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, c/o Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Florent Cipriani
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38042, France
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, c/o Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, c/o Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University Hamburg, c/o DESY, Building 22a, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22603, Germany
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11
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Bryksa BC, Yada RY. Protein Structure Insights into the Bilayer Interactions of the Saposin-Like Domain of Solanum tuberosum Aspartic Protease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16911. [PMID: 29208977 PMCID: PMC5717070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant aspartic proteases contain a saposin-like domain whose principal functions are intracellular sorting and host defence. Its structure is characterised by helical segments cross-linked by three highly conserved cystines. The present study on the saposin-like domain of Solanum tuberosum aspartic protease revealed that acidification from inactive to active conditions causes dimerisation and a strand-to-helix secondary structure transition independent of bilayer interaction. Bilayer fusion was shown to occur under reducing conditions yielding a faster shift to larger vesicle sizes relative to native conditions, implying that a lower level structural motif might be bilayer-active. Characterisation of peptide sequences based on the domain’s secondary structural regions showed helix-3 to be active (~4% of the full domain’s activity), and mutation of its sole positively charged residue resulted in loss of activity and disordering of structure. Also, the peptides’ respective circular dichroism spectra suggested that native folding within the full domain is dependent on surrounding structure. Overall, the present study reveals that the aspartic protease saposin-like domain active structure is an open saposin fold dimer whose formation is pH-dependent, and that a bilayer-active motif shared among non-saposin membrane-active proteins including certain plant defence proteins is nested within an overall structure essential for native functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Bryksa
- Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada.
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12
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Di Francesco M, Celia C, Primavera R, D’Avanzo N, Locatelli M, Fresta M, Cilurzo F, Ventura CA, Paolino D, Di Marzio L. Physicochemical characterization of pH-responsive and fusogenic self-assembled non-phospholipid vesicles for a potential multiple targeting therapy. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:18-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Patel AB, Theoharides TC. Methoxyluteolin Inhibits Neuropeptide-stimulated Proinflammatory Mediator Release via mTOR Activation from Human Mast Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:462-471. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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14
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Heo P, Park JB, Shin YK, Kweon DH. Visualization of SNARE-Mediated Hemifusion between Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Arrested by Myricetin. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:93. [PMID: 28408867 PMCID: PMC5374201 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are released within a millisecond after Ca2+ arrives at an active zone. However, the vesicle fusion pathway underlying this synchronous release is yet to be understood. At the center of controversy is whether hemifusion, in which outer leaflets are merged while inner leaflets are still separated, is an on-pathway or off-pathway product of Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. Using the single vesicle fusion assay, we recently demonstrated that hemifusion is an on-pathway intermediate that immediately proceeds to full fusion upon Ca2+ triggering. It has been shown that the flavonoid myricetin arrests soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated vesicle fusion at hemifusion, but that the hemifused vesicles spontaneously convert to full fusion when the myricetin clamp is removed by the enzyme laccase. In the present study, we visualized SNARE-mediated hemifusion between two SNARE-reconstituted giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) arrested by myricetin. The large size of the GUVs enabled us to directly image the hemifusion between them. When two merging GUVs were labeled with different fluorescent dyes, GUV pairs showed asymmetric fluorescence intensities depending on the position on the GUV pair consistent with what is expected for hemifusion. The flow of lipids from one vesicle to the other was revealed with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), indicating that the two membranes had hemifused. These results support the hypothesis that hemifusion may be the molecular status that primes Ca2+-triggered millisecond exocytosis. This study represents the first imaging of SNARE-driven hemifusion between GUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Heo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon, South Korea
| | - Joon-Bum Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon, South Korea
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Neurotensin stimulates sortilin and mTOR in human microglia inhibitable by methoxyluteolin, a potential therapeutic target for autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7049-E7058. [PMID: 27663735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604992113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We had reported elevated serum levels of the peptide neurotensin (NT) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, we show that NT stimulates primary human microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, and the immortalized cell line of human microglia-SV40. NT (10 nM) increases the gene expression and release (P < 0.001) of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and CCL5 from human microglia. NT also stimulates proliferation (P < 0.05) of microglia-SV40. Microglia express only the receptor 3 (NTR3)/sortilin and not the NTR1 or NTR2. The use of siRNA to target sortilin reduces (P < 0.001) the NT-stimulated cytokine and chemokine gene expression and release from human microglia. Stimulation with NT (10 nM) increases the gene expression of sortilin (P < 0.0001) and causes the receptor to be translocated from the cytoplasm to the cell surface, and to be secreted extracellularly. Our findings also show increased levels of sortilin (P < 0.0001) in the serum from children with ASD (n = 36), compared with healthy controls (n = 20). NT stimulation of microglia-SV40 causes activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling kinase, as shown by phosphorylation of its substrates and inhibition of these responses by drugs that prevent mTOR activation. NT-stimulated responses are inhibited by the flavonoid methoxyluteolin (0.1-1 μM). The data provide a link between sortilin and the pathological findings of microglia and inflammation of the brain in ASD. Thus, inhibition of this pathway using methoxyluteolin could provide an effective treatment of ASD.
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Heo P, Yang Y, Han KY, Kong B, Shin JH, Jung Y, Jeong C, Shin J, Shin YK, Ha T, Kweon DH. A Chemical Controller of SNARE-Driven Membrane Fusion That Primes Vesicles for Ca(2+)-Triggered Millisecond Exocytosis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4512-21. [PMID: 26987363 PMCID: PMC4852477 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is mediated by the SNARE complex which is formed through a zippering process. Here, we developed a chemical controller for the progress of membrane fusion. A hemifusion state was arrested by a polyphenol myricetin which binds to the SNARE complex. The arrest of membrane fusion was rescued by an enzyme laccase that removes myricetin from the SNARE complex. The rescued hemifusion state was metastable and long-lived with a decay constant of 39 min. This membrane fusion controller was applied to delineate how Ca(2+) stimulates fusion-pore formation in a millisecond time scale. We found, using a single-vesicle fusion assay, that such myricetin-primed vesicles with synaptotagmin 1 respond synchronously to physiological concentrations of Ca(2+). When 10 μM Ca(2+) was added to the hemifused vesicles, the majority of vesicles rapidly advanced to fusion pores with a time constant of 16.2 ms. Thus, the results demonstrate that a minimal exocytotic membrane fusion machinery composed of SNAREs and synaptotagmin 1 is capable of driving membrane fusion in a millisecond time scale when a proper vesicle priming is established. The chemical controller of SNARE-driven membrane fusion should serve as a versatile tool for investigating the differential roles of various synaptic proteins in discrete fusion steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Heo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Yoosoo Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Young Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Byoungjae Kong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeok Shin
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Jung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
| | - Cherlhyun Jeong
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Jaeil Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Yeon-Kyun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 United States
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and Center for Human Interface Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, South Korea
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