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Toyama S, Tominaga M, Takamori K. Connections between Immune-Derived Mediators and Sensory Nerves for Itch Sensation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12365. [PMID: 34830245 PMCID: PMC8624544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histamine is a well-known itch mediator, histamine H1-receptor blockers often lack efficacy in chronic itch. Recent molecular and cellular based studies have shown that non-histaminergic mediators, such as proteases, neuropeptides and cytokines, along with their cognate receptors, are involved in evocation and modulation of itch sensation. Many of these molecules are produced and secreted by immune cells, which act on sensory nerve fibers distributed in the skin to cause itching and sensitization. This understanding of the connections between immune cell-derived mediators and sensory nerve fibers has led to the development of new treatments for itch. This review summarizes current knowledge of immune cell-derived itch mediators and neuronal response mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic agents that target these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Toyama
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Juntendo Itch Research Center (JIRC), Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Anti-Aging Skin Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Ansari S, Ray A, Ali MF, Bano S, Jairajpuri MA. Contrasting conformational dynamics of β-sheet A and helix F with implications in neuroserpin inhibition and aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:117-125. [PMID: 33516851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroserpin (NS) is an inhibitory protein of serpin super family, its shutter region variants have high propensity to aggregate leading to pathological disorders like familial encephalopathy with NS inclusion bodies (FENIB). Helix F and β-sheet A of NS participate in the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) inhibition but the mechanism is not yet completely understood. A microsecond (μs) molecular dynamics simulation of the helix F and strand 3A variants showed predominant fluctuations in the loop connecting the strands of β-sheet A. Therefore to understand the role of helix F and strand 3A of β-sheet A, cysteine was incorporated at the position N182 in stand 3A (N182C) and position W154 (W154C) in the helix F using site-directed mutagenesis. Purified variants were further labeled with Alexa Fluor488 C5 maleimide dye. Temperature dependent study using non-denaturing PAGE showed the formation of large aggregates of helix F variant W154C but not the strand 3A N182C variant. Interestingly tPA inhibition was found to be decreased in the labeled N182C with decreased tPA-complex formation as compared to labeled W154C NS variant. The fluorescence emission intensity of the labeled helix F variant W154C decreased in the presence of an increasing concentration of tPA, whereas an increase in emission intensity was observed in labeled strand 3A variant N182C, indicating more exposure of strand 3A and shielding of helix F. Taken together the data shows that helix F has a predominant role in the aggregation but a minor role in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoyab Ansari
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Arjun Ray
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Mohammad Farhan Ali
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shadabi Bano
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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Wu MH, Wu PR, Hsieh YH, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Ying TH. Silencing PROK2 Inhibits Invasion of Human Cervical Cancer Cells by Targeting MMP15 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176391. [PMID: 32887509 PMCID: PMC7504693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most frequent type of gynecologic cancer worldwide. Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is reported to be involved in tumor progression in some malignant tumors. However, the role of PROK2 in the development of cervical cancer remains unknown. Our results indicate that PROK2 is overexpressed in the human cervical cancer. Cervical cancer patients with high PROK2 expression have a shorter overall survival rate (OS) and disease-free survival rate (DFS). PROK2 acts as a potential biomarker for predicting OS and DFS of cervical cancer patients. We further show that PROK2 is important factor for oncogenic migration and invasion in human cervical cancer cells. Knockdown PROK2 significantly inhibited cell migration, invasion, and MMP15 protein expression in HeLa cells. High expression of MMP15 is confirmed in the human cervical cancer, is significantly associated with the shorter overall survival rate (OS) and is correlated with PROK2 expression. Overexpression of PROK2 using PROK2 plasmid significantly reverses the function of knockdown PROK2, and further upregulates MMP15 expression, migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings are the first to demonstrate the role of PROK2 as a novel and potential biomarker for clinical use, and reveal the oncogenic functions of PROK2 as therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hua Wu
- Laboratory Department, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung 40764, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Chunghua 51591, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung 40764, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Chia-Liang Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Chung-Jung Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.L.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Tsung-Ho Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.L.); (T.-H.Y.)
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Loef EJ, Brooks AES, Lorenz N, Birch NP, Dunbar PR. Neuroserpin regulates human T cell-T cell interactions and proliferation through inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:145-158. [PMID: 31667914 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a1019-098rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a key role in mounting an adaptive immune response. T cells are activated upon recognition of cognate Ag presented by an APC. Subsequently, T cells adhere to other activated T cells to form activation clusters, which lead to directed secretion of cytokines between communicating cells. T cell activation clusters have been implicated in regulating activation, proliferation, and memory formation in T cells. We previously reported the expression of the protease inhibitor neuroserpin by human T cells and showed that expression and intracellular localization is regulated following T cell activation. To gain a better understanding of neuroserpin in the proteolytic environment postactivation we assessed its role in human T cell clustering and proliferation. Neuroserpin knockdown increased T cell proliferation and cluster formation following T cell activation. This increased cluster formation was dependent on the proteases tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasmin. Furthermore, neuroserpin knockdown or plasmin treatment of T cells increased the cleavage of annexin A2, a known plasmin target that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Live cell imaging of activated T cells further indicated a role of the actin cytoskeleton in T cell clustering. The inhibition of actin regulators myosin ATPase and Rho-associated protein kinase signaling completely reversed the neuroserpin knockdown-induced effects. The results presented in this study reveal a novel role for neuroserpin and the proteolytic environment in the regulation of T cell activation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Jan Loef
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Lorenz
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jaiwal A, Natarajaswamy K, Venkat Rajam M. RNA silencing of hormonal biosynthetic genes impairs larval growth and development in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. J Biosci 2020; 45:109. [PMID: 32975236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a highly polyphagous pest, causing enormous losses to various economically important crops. The identification and in vitro functional validation of target genes of a pest is a prerequisite to combat pest via host-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). In the present study, six hormonal biosynthesis genes of H. armigera were chosen and evaluated by feeding insect larvae with dsRNAs corresponding to each target gene, viz., juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (HaJHAMT), prothoracicotropic hormone (HaPTTH), pheromone biosynthesis-activating peptide (HaPBAP), molt regulating transcription factor (HaHR3), activated protein 4 (HaAP-4) and eclosion hormone precursor (HaEHP). The loss of function phenotypes for these hormonal genes were observed by releasing second instar larvae on to artificial diet containing target gene-specific dsRNAs. Ingestion of dsRNAs resulted in mortality ranging from 60% to 90%, reduced larval weight, phenotypic deformities and delayed pupation. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the target gene transcript levels were decreased drastically (31% to 77%) as compared to control or unrelated control (GFP-dsRNA), and correlated well with the mortality and developmental defects of larvae. Also, a comparison of the silencing efficacy of un-diced long HaPTTH -dsRNAwith RNase III diced HaPTTH-dsRNA (siRNAs) revealed that long dsRNAs were more efficient in silencing the target gene. These results indicated that the hormonal biosynthesis genes have varied sensitivity towards RNAi and could be the vital targets for insect resistance in crop plants like cotton which are infested by H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Jaiwal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi - South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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Lv L, Liu Y, Xie J, Wu Y, Zhao J, Li Q, Zhong Y. Interplay between α2-chimaerin and Rac1 activity determines dynamic maintenance of long-term memory. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5313. [PMID: 31757963 PMCID: PMC6876637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation theory suggests that once memory formation has been completed, memory is maintained at a stable strength and is incapable of further enhancement. However, the current study reveals that even long after formation, contextual fear memory could be further enhanced. Such unexpected enhancement is possible because memory is dynamically maintained at an intermediate level that allows for bidirectional regulation. Here we find that both Rac1 activation and expression of α2-chimaerin are stimulated by single-trial contextual fear conditioning. Such sustained Rac1 activity mediates reversible forgetting, and α2-chimaerin acts as a memory molecule that reverses forgetting to sustain memory through inhibition of Rac1 activity during the maintenance stage. Therefore, the balance between activated Rac1 and expressed α2-chimaerin defines dynamic long-term memory maintenance. Our findings demonstrate that consolidated memory maintains capacity for bidirectional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lv
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianxin Xie
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianjian Zhao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Li
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute Biological Science Joint Graduate Program, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Mortreux M, Foppen E, Denis RG, Montaner M, Kassis N, Denom J, Vincent M, Fumeron F, Kujawski-Lafourcade M, Andréelli F, Balkau B, Marre M, Roussel R, Magnan C, Gurden H, Migrenne-Li S. New roles for prokineticin 2 in feeding behavior, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: Studies in mice and humans. Mol Metab 2019; 29:182-196. [PMID: 31668389 PMCID: PMC6812023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a critical role in the rhythmicity of physiological functions and inhibits food intake. PROK2 is also expressed in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) as an essential factor for neuro-and morphogenesis. Since the MOB was shown to be strongly involved in eating behavior, we hypothesized that PROK2 could be a new target in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, through its effects in the MOB. We also asked whether PROK2 could be associated with the pathophysiology of obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. Methods We assessed in wild type mice whether the expression of Prok2 in the MOB is dependent on the nutritional status. We measured the effect of human recombinant PROK2 (rPROK2) acute injection in the MOB on food intake and olfactory behavior. Then, using a lentivirus expressing Prok2-shRNA, we studied the effects of Prok2 underexpression in the MOB on feeding behavior and glucose metabolism. Metabolic parameters and meal pattern were determined using calorimetric cages. In vivo 2-deoxyglucose uptake measurements were performed in mice after intraperitoneally insulin injection. Plasmatic PROK2 dosages and genetic associations studies were carried out respectively on 148 and more than 4000 participants from the D.E.S.I.R. (Data from an Epidemiologic Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) cohort. Results Our findings showed that fasting in mice reduced Prok2 expression in the MOB. Acute injection of rPROK2 in the MOB significantly decreased food intake whereas Prok2-shRNA injection resulted in a higher dietary consumption characterized by increased feeding frequency and decreased meal size. Additionally, Prok2 underexpression in the MOB induced insulin resistance compared to scrambled shRNA-injected mice. In the human D.E.S.I.R. cohort, we found a significantly lower mean concentration of plasma PROK2 in people with T2D than in those with normoglycemia. Interestingly, this decrease was no longer significant when adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI) or calorie intake, suggesting that the association between plasma PROK2 and diabetes is mediated, at least partly, by BMI and feeding behavior in humans. Moreover, common Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in PROK2 gene were genotyped and associated with incident T2D or impaired fasting glycemia (IFG), MetS, and obesity. Conclusions Our data highlight PROK2 as a new target in the MOB that links olfaction with eating behavior and energy homeostasis. In humans, plasma PROK2 is negatively correlated with T2D, BMI, and energy intake, and PROK2 genetic variants are associated with incident hyperglycemia (T2D/IFG), the MetS and obesity. Fasting alters prokineticin 2 (Prok2) expression in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Acute injection of PROK2 into the MOB diminishes food intake. Partial deletion of MOB-Prok2 affects meal pattern and induces insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans is correlated with lower plasma PROK2 level. Polymorphisms of PROK2 gene associate with incident T2D and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mortreux
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël G Denis
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Montaner
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Mylène Vincent
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Fumeron
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S 1138, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrizio Andréelli
- Department of Diabetology, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UMR_S 1269, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, UMR-S 1018, University Paris-Sud, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S 1138, Paris, France; Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nutrition, APHP - Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S 1138, Paris, France; Diabetology, Endocrinology, Nutrition, APHP - Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Migrenne-Li
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR8251, Paris, France.
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Kunschmann T, Puder S, Fischer T, Steffen A, Rottner K, Mierke CT. The Small GTPase Rac1 Increases Cell Surface Stiffness and Enhances 3D Migration Into Extracellular Matrices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7675. [PMID: 31118438 PMCID: PMC6531482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane ruffling and lamellipodia formation promote the motility of adherent cells in two-dimensional motility assays by mechano-sensing of the microenvironment and initiation of focal adhesions towards their surroundings. Lamellipodium formation is stimulated by small Rho GTPases of the Rac subfamily, since genetic removal of these GTPases abolishes lamellipodium assembly. The relevance of lamellipodial or invadopodial structures for facilitating cellular mechanics and 3D cell motility is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized that Rac1 affects cell mechanics and facilitates 3D invasion. Thus, we explored whether fibroblasts that are genetically deficient for Rac1 (lacking Rac2 and Rac3) harbor altered mechanical properties, such as cellular deformability, intercellular adhesion forces and force exertion, and exhibit alterations in 3D motility. Rac1 knockout and control cells were analyzed for changes in deformability by applying an external force using an optical stretcher. Five Rac1 knockout cell lines were pronouncedly more deformable than Rac1 control cells upon stress application. Using AFM, we found that cell-cell adhesion forces are increased in Rac1 knockout compared to Rac1-expressing fibroblasts. Since mechanical deformability, cell-cell adhesion strength and 3D motility may be functionally connected, we investigated whether increased deformability of Rac1 knockout cells correlates with changes in 3D motility. All five Rac1 knockout clones displayed much lower 3D motility than Rac1-expressing controls. Moreover, force exertion was reduced in Rac1 knockout cells, as assessed by 3D fiber displacement analysis. Interference with cellular stiffness through blocking of actin polymerization by Latrunculin A could not further reduce invasion of Rac1 knockout cells. In contrast, Rac1-expressing controls treated with Latrunculin A were again more deformable and less invasive, suggesting actin polymerization is a major determinant of observed Rac1-dependent effects. Together, we propose that regulation of 3D motility by Rac1 partly involves cellular mechanics such as deformability and exertion of forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunschmann
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Yoshida K, Nonaka T, Nakamura S, Araki M, Yamamoto T. Microinjection of 26RFa, an endogenous ligand for the glutamine RF-amide peptide receptor (QRFP receptor), into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), locus coelureus (LC), and periaqueductal grey (PAG) produces an analgesic effect in rats. Peptides 2019; 115:1-7. [PMID: 30772446 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
26RFa is an endogenous ligand for the QRFP receptor. We previously found that intracerebroventricular injection of 26RFa produces an analgesic effect in a rat formalin test. In the present study, we directly tested the hypothesis that the analgesic effects of 26RFa in the formalin test are mediated in well-recognized regions of the descending inhibitory pain pathways, such as the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), locus coeruleus (LC), and periaqueductal grey (PAG) in rats. Injection cannulae were stereotaxically placed in the RVM, LC, or PAG through a burr hole. 26RFa (15 μg) or saline was delivered in a total volume of 0.5 μL. In a formalin test, 50 μL of 5% formalin was injected subcutaneously into the hind paw. In an antagonist study, idazoxan, an α-2 antagonist, or naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, was administered. Microinjection of 26RFa into the RVM had no effect compared with that in saline-injected rats. Microinjection of 26RFa into the LC contralateral, but not ipsilateral, to the formalin injection site significantly decreased the number of flinching behaviors compared with that of saline-injected rats. This effect was antagonized by intrathecal injection of idazoxan. Microinjection of 26RFa into the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, PAG produced an analgesic effect, and this effect was partly antagonized by intraperitoneal naloxone. These data suggest that 26RFa microinjected into the contralateral LC induced noradrenaline release in the spinal cord and produced an analgesic effect. In the contralateral PAG, 26RFa activated the opioid system, and some analgesic effects were mediated by opioid system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshida
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nonaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Miki Araki
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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10
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Stratikopoulos EE, Kiess N, Szabolcs M, Pegno S, Kakit C, Wu X, Poulikakos PI, Cheung P, Schmidt H, Parsons R. Mouse ER+/PIK3CA H1047R breast cancers caused by exogenous estrogen are heterogeneously dependent on estrogen and undergo BIM-dependent apoptosis with BH3 and PI3K agents. Oncogene 2019; 38:47-59. [PMID: 30076411 PMCID: PMC6596308 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen dependence is major driver of ER + breast cancer, which is associated with PI3K mutation. PI3K inhibition (PI3Ki) can restore dependence on ER signaling for some hormone therapy-resistant ER + breast cancers, but is ineffective in others. Here we show that short-term supplementation with estrogen strongly enhanced Pik3caH1047R-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice that resulted exclusively in ER + tumors, demonstrating the cooperation of the hormone and the oncogene in tumor development. Similar to human ER + breast cancers that are endocrine-dependent or endocrine-independent at diagnosis, tumor lines from this model retained ER expression but were sensitive or resistant to hormonal therapies. PI3Ki did not induce cell death but did cause upregulation of the pro-apoptotic gene BIM. BH3 mimetics or PI3Ki were unable to restore hormone sensitivity in several resistant mouse and human tumor lines. Importantly however, combination of PI3Ki and BH3 mimetics had a profound, BIM-dependent cytotoxic effect in PIK3CA-mutant cancer cells while sparing normal cells. We propose that addition of BH3 mimetics offers a therapeutic strategy to markedly improve the cytotoxic activity of PI3Ki in hormonal therapy-resistant and ER-independent PIK3CA-mutant breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds/administration & dosage
- Aniline Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/agonists
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/biosynthesis
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/genetics
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Cocarcinogenesis
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drug Synergism
- Estradiol/toxicity
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/drug effects
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/physiology
- Female
- Fulvestrant/administration & dosage
- Fulvestrant/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias E Stratikopoulos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nicole Kiess
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Pegno
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cheung Kakit
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Poulikos I Poulikakos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Pamela Cheung
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hank Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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11
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Schaks M, Singh SP, Kage F, Thomason P, Klünemann T, Steffen A, Blankenfeldt W, Stradal TE, Insall RH, Rottner K. Distinct Interaction Sites of Rac GTPase with WAVE Regulatory Complex Have Non-redundant Functions in Vivo. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3674-3684.e6. [PMID: 30393033 PMCID: PMC6264382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration often involves the formation of sheet-like lamellipodia generated by branched actin filaments. The branches are initiated when Arp2/3 complex [1] is activated by WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) downstream of small GTPases of the Rac family [2]. Recent structural studies defined two independent Rac binding sites on WRC within the Sra-1/PIR121 subunit of the pentameric WRC [3, 4], but the functions of these sites in vivo have remained unknown. Here we dissect the mechanism of WRC activation and the in vivo relevance of distinct Rac binding sites on Sra-1, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption of Sra-1 and its paralog PIR121 in murine B16-F1 cells combined with Sra-1 mutant rescue. We show that the A site, positioned adjacent to the binding region of WAVE-WCA mediating actin and Arp2/3 complex binding, is the main site for allosteric activation of WRC. In contrast, the D site toward the C terminus is dispensable for WRC activation but required for optimal lamellipodium morphology and function. These results were confirmed in evolutionarily distant Dictyostelium cells. Moreover, the phenotype seen in D site mutants was recapitulated in Rac1 E31 and F37 mutants; we conclude these residues are important for Rac-D site interaction. Finally, constitutively activated WRC was able to induce lamellipodia even after both Rac interaction sites were lost, showing that Rac interaction is not essential for membrane recruitment. Our data establish that physical interaction with Rac is required for WRC activation, in particular through the A site, but is not mandatory for WRC accumulation in the lamellipodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shashi P Singh
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Thomason
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E Stradal
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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12
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Akbar H, Duan X, Piatt R, Saleem S, Davis AK, Tandon NN, Bergmeier W, Zheng Y. Small molecule targeting the Rac1-NOX2 interaction prevents collagen-related peptide and thrombin-induced reactive oxygen species generation and platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2083-2096. [PMID: 30007118 PMCID: PMC6472274 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NOX2 plays a critical role in platelet activation. Rac1 regulation of NOX2 is important for ROS generation. Small molecule inhibitor of the Rac1-p67phox interaction prevents platelet activation. Pharmacologic targeting of Rac1-NOX2 axis can be a viable approach for antithrombotic therapy. SUMMARY Background Platelets from patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease or mice deficient in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) oxidase isoform NOX2 exhibit diminished reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and platelet activation. Binding of Rac1 GTPase to p67phox plays a critical role in NOX2 activation by facilitating the assembly of the NOX2 enzyme complex. Objective We tested the hypothesis that Phox-I, a rationally designed small molecule inhibitor of Rac-p67phox interaction, may serve as an antithrombosis agent by suppressing ROS production and platelet activation. Results Collagen-related peptide (CRP) induced ROS generation in a time-dependent manner. Platelets from Rac1-/- mice or human platelets treated with NSC23766, a specific Rac inhibitor, produced significantly less ROS in response to CRP. Treatment of platelets with Phox-I inhibited diverse CRP-induced responses, including: (i) ROS generation; (ii) release of P-selectin; (iii) secretion of ATP; (iv) platelet aggregation; and (v) phosphorylation of Akt. Similarly, incubation of platelets with Phox-I inhibited thrombin-induced: (i) secretion of ATP; (ii) platelet aggregation; (iii) rise in cytosolic calcium; and (iv) phosphorylation of Akt. In mouse models, intraperitoneal administration of Phox-I inhibited: (i) collagen-induced platelet aggregation without affecting the tail bleeding time and (ii) in vivo platelet adhesion/accumulation at the laser injury sites on the saphenous vein without affecting the time for complete cessation of blood loss. Conclusions Small molecule targeting of the Rac1-p67phox interaction may present an antithrombosis regimen by preventing GPVI- and non-GPVI-mediated NOX2 activation, ROS generation and platelet function without affecting the bleeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akbar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - X Duan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Piatt
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Saleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - A K Davis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - W Bergmeier
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Telli G, Erac Y, Tel BC, Gumusel B. Mechanism of adrenomedullin 2/intermedin mediated vasorelaxation in rat main pulmonary artery. Peptides 2018; 103:65-71. [PMID: 29588171 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (AM2/IMD) is a member of calcitonin related gene peptide family and an important nitric oxide mediated vasorelaxant in various vascular beds. However, the mechanism of post receptor-interaction is not clear and may differ depending on tissue type and species. In this study, we aimed to investigate the exact mechanism and the role of BKCa and calcium channels on the vasorelaxant effect of AM2/IMD in rat PA. Changes in the AM2/IMD-mediated vasorelaxation were evaluated in the presence of various inhibitors. CGRP(8-37) (10-6 M), L-NAME (10-4 M), ODQ (10-5 M), SQ22536 (10-4 M), H89 (10-6 M), TEA (10-2 M), iberiotoxin (3 × 10-7 M), and verapamil (10-5 M), all partly or completely inhibited the vasorelaxation. The relaxation was also abolished by removal of the endothelium, or in KCl precontracted PAs. AM2/IMD did not elicit vasorelaxation in the Ca2+-free conditions. However, the vasorelaxation was not inhibited with AM(22-52) (10-6 M), 4-AP (3 × 10-3 M), glibenclamide (10-5 M), apamin (3 × 10-7 M), TRAM-34 (10-5 M), and La+3 (10-4 M). AM2/IMD -induced changes in intracellular calcium levels and isometric force were monitored simultaneously in fura-2-loaded, endothelium-intact PAs. The AM2/IMD-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was inhibited in the presence of iberiotoxin and verapamil, whereas no change was observed with La3+ incubation. Our data suggest that the cAMP/PKA pathway is one of the important pathways AM2/IMD-induced vasorelaxation. AM2/IMD acts through activation of endothelial BKCa and subsequently causes hyperpolarization of the endothelial cell membrane. The hyperpolarization induces Ca2+ influx, which leads to NO production and subsequent vasorelaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokcen Telli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Erac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Banu Cahide Tel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Gumusel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Kai ZP, Zhu JJ, Deng XL, Yang XL, Chen SS. Discovery of a Manduca sexta Allatotropin Antagonist from a Manduca sexta Allatotropin Receptor Homology Model. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040817. [PMID: 29614008 PMCID: PMC6017089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important roles in modulating biology, physiology and behavior. They have been identified as candidate targets for next-generation insecticides, yet these targets have been relatively poorly exploited for insect control. In this study, we present a pipeline of novel Manduca sexta allatotropin (Manse-AT) antagonist discovery with homology modeling, docking, molecular dynamics simulation and structure-activity relationship. A series of truncated and alanine-replacement analogs of Manse-AT were assayed for the stimulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. The minimum sequence required to retain potent biological activity is the C-terminal amidated octapeptide Manse-AT (6–13). We identified three residues essential for bioactivity (Thr4, Arg6 and Phe8) by assaying alanine-replacement analogs of Manse-AT (6–13). Alanine replacement of other residues resulted in reduced potency but bioactivity was retained. The 3D structure of the receptor (Manse-ATR) was built and the binding pocket was identified. The binding affinities of all the analogs were estimated by calculating the free energy of binding. The calculated binding affinities corresponded to the biological activities of the analogs, which supporting our localization of the binding pocket. Then, based on the docking and molecular dynamics studies of Manse-AT (10–13), we described it can act as a potent Manse-AT antagonist. The antagonistic effect on JH biosynthesis of Manse-AT (10–13) validated our hypothesis. The IC50 value of antagonist Manse-AT (10–13) is 0.9 nM. The structure-activity relationship of antagonist Manse-AT (10–13) was also studied for the further purpose of investigating theoretically the structure factors influencing activity. These data will be useful for the design of new Manse-AT agonist and antagonist as potential pest control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Peng Kai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
- Institute of Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technologies, Shanghai Academy of agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Xi-Le Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xin-Ling Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technologies, Shanghai Academy of agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China.
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15
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Werner FM, Coveñas R. Classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in generalized epilepsy in a multi-neurotransmitter system: How to improve the antiepileptic effect? Epilepsy Behav 2017; 71:124-129. [PMID: 25819950 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe in generalized epilepsies the alterations of classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides acting at specific subreceptors. In order to consider a network context rather than one based on focal substrates and in order to make the interaction between neurotransmitters and neuropeptides and their specific subreceptors comprehensible, neural networks in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex are described. In this disease, a neurotransmitter imbalance between dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons and between presynaptic GABAergic neurons (hypoactivity) and glutaminergic neurons (hyperactivity) occurs. Consequently, combined GABAA agonists and NMDA antagonists could furthermore stabilize the neural networks in a multimodal pharmacotherapy. The antiepileptic effect and the mechanisms of action of conventional and recently developed antiepileptic drugs are reviewed. The GASH:Sal animal model can contribute to examine the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs. The issues of whether the interaction of classical neurotransmitters with other subreceptors (5-HT7, metabotropic 5 glutaminergic, A2A adenosine, and alpha nicotinic 7 cholinergic receptors) or whether the administration of agonists/antagonists of neuropeptides might improve the therapeutic effect of antiepileptic drugs should be addressed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Genetic and Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic Seizures and Strains: From Experimental Models to the Clinic".
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix-Martin Werner
- Höhere Berufsfachschule für Altenpflege und Ergotherapie der Euro Akademie Pößneck, Pößneck, Germany; Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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16
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Bivehed E, Strömvall R, Bergquist J, Bakalkin G, Andersson M. Region-specific bioconversion of dynorphin neuropeptide detected by in situ histochemistry and MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Peptides 2017; 87:20-27. [PMID: 27840228 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain region-specific expression of proteolytic enzymes can control the biological activity of endogenous neuropeptides and has recently been targeted for the development of novel drugs, for neuropathic pain, cancer, and Parkinson's disease. Rapid and sensitive analytical methods to profile modulators of enzymatic activity are important for finding effective inhibitors with high therapeutic value. Combination of in situ enzyme histochemistry with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry allowed developing a highly sensitive method for analysis of brain-area specific neuropeptide conversion of synthetic and endogenous neuropeptides, and for selection of peptidase inhibitors that differentially target conversion enzymes at specific anatomical sites. Conversion and degradation products of Dynorphin B as model neuropeptide and effects of peptidase inhibitors applied to native brain tissue sections were analyzed at different brain locations. Synthetic dynorphin B (2pmol) was found to be converted to the N-terminal fragments on brain sections whereas fewer C-terminal fragments were detected. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a non-selective inhibitor of cysteine peptidases, almost completely blocked the conversion of dynorphin B to dynorphin B(1-6; Leu-Enk-Arg), (1-9), (2-13), and (7-13). Proteinase inhibitor cocktail, and also incubation with acetic acid displayed similar results. Bioconversion of synthetic dynorphin B was region-specific producing dynorphin B(1-7) in the cortex and dynorphin B (2-13) in the striatum. Enzyme inhibitors showed region- and enzyme-specific inhibition of dynorphin bioconversion. Both phosphoramidon (inhibitor of the known dynorphin converting enzyme neprilysin) and opiorphin (inhibitor of neprilysin and aminopeptidase N) blocked cortical bioconversion to dynorphin B(1-7), wheras only opiorphin blocked striatal bioconversion to dynorphin B(2-13). This method may impact the development of novel therapies with aim to strengthen the effects of endogenous neuropeptides under pathological conditions such as chronic pain. Combining histochemistry and MALDI imaging MS is a powerful and sensitive tool for the study of inhibition of enzyme activity directly in native tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Bivehed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Robert Strömvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Malin Andersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden.
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17
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Villalobos-Sambucaro MJ, Diambra LA, Noriega FG, Ronderos JR. Allatostatin-C antagonizes the synergistic myostimulatory effect of allatotropin and serotonin in Rhodnius prolixus (Stal). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 233:1-7. [PMID: 27174746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Haematophagous insects can ingest large quantities of blood in a single meal producing a large quantity of urine in the following hours to eliminate the excess of water and mineral ions incorporated. The excretory activity of the Malpighian tubules is facilitated by an increase in haemolymph circulation as a result of the intensification of aorta contractions, combined with an increase of anterior midgut peristaltic waves. We have recently shown that haemolymph circulation during post-prandial diuresis is modulated by the synergistic activity of allatotropin (AT) and serotonin, resulting in an increase in aorta and crop contraction rates. In the present study we describe the antagonistic effect of allatostatin-C (AST-C) on the increase of aorta frequency of contractions induced by serotonin/AT in Rhodnius prolixus. The administration of AST-C counteracted the increase in the frequency induced by the treatment with serotonin/AT, but did not affect the increase in frequency induced by the administration of serotonin alone, suggesting that AST-C is altering the synergism between serotonin and AT. Furthermore, the administration of AST-C during post-prandial diuresis decreases the number of peristaltic waves of the anterior midgut. The AST-C putative receptor is expressed in the hindgut, midgut and dorsal vessel, three critical organs involved in post-prandial diuresis. All together these findings provide evidence that AST-C plays a key role as a myoregulatory and cardioregulatory peptide in R. prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Gabriel Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, USA
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18
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Zhang Q, Nachman RJ, Denlinger DL. Diapause hormone in the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex: A review of gene expression, peptide structure and activity, analog and antagonist development, and the receptor. Peptides 2015; 72:196-201. [PMID: 26032331 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies focusing on diapause hormone (DH) in the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex of agricultural pests. Moths in this complex overwinter in pupal diapause, a form of developmental arrest used to circumvent unfavorable seasons. DH was originally reported in the silkmoth Bombyx mori, a species that relies on DH to induce an embryonic diapause. But, in the case of Helicoverpa/Heliothis, levels of dh transcripts and DH peptides are more abundant in nondiapausing pupae than in diapausing individuals, and DH effectively terminates diapause within a specific temperature range. A structure activity relationship study indicated that the active core of DH is the C-terminal hepta-peptide, LWFGPRLa. We designed and synthesized a first generation of DH agonists and identified two agonists (PK-2Abf and PK-Etz) that were nearly 50- and 13-fold more potent than the native hormone. These studies revealed two structural characteristics of DH and its agonists that are essential for interaction with the receptor: a trans-Pro configuration to form a type I β-turn and a hydrophobic moiety involved in ligand binding. Modification of DH at the active core yielded a potent DH antagonist (DH-Jo, acetyl-GLWA[Jo]RLa) as well as an agonist (DH-2Abf-K). Three compounds (Decyl-1963, Dodecyl-1967, Heptyl-1965) were identified as agents capable of penetrating the cuticle of young pupae and thereby preventing the entry into diapause. DH receptor cDNA was cloned and an effective in vitro high throughput screen system was established for future use. This work sets the stage for further development of DH analogs and antagonists that have the potential to disrupt insect diapause as a tool for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ronald J Nachman
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - David L Denlinger
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Noto R, Randazzo L, Raccosta S, Caccia S, Moriconi C, Miranda E, Martorana V, Manno M. The stability and activity of human neuroserpin are modulated by a salt bridge that stabilises the reactive centre loop. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13666. [PMID: 26329378 PMCID: PMC4556959 DOI: 10.1038/srep13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroserpin (NS) is an inhibitory protein belonging to the serpin family and involved in several pathologies, including the dementia Familial Encephalopathy with Neuroserpin Inclusion Bodies (FENIB), a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by accumulation of NS polymers. Our Molecular Dynamics simulations revealed the formation of a persistent salt bridge between Glu289 on strand s2C and Arg362 on the Reactive Centre Loop (RCL), a region important for the inhibitory activity of NS. Here, we validated this structural feature by simulating the Glu289Ala mutant, where the salt bridge is not present. Further, MD predictions were tested in vitro by purifying recombinant Glu289Ala NS from E. coli. The thermal and chemical stability along with the polymerisation propensity of both Wild Type and Glu289Ala NS were characterised by circular dichroism, emission spectroscopy and non-denaturant gel electrophoresis, respectively. The activity of both variants against the main target protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), was assessed by SDS-PAGE and chromogenic kinetic assay. Our results showed that deletion of the salt bridge leads to a moderate but clear reduction of the overall protein stability and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Noto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Randazzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Samuele Raccosta
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Caccia
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moriconi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin” and Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin” and Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Martorana
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mauro Manno
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biophysics, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Hentze JL, Carlsson MA, Kondo S, Nässel DR, Rewitz KF. The Neuropeptide Allatostatin A Regulates Metabolism and Feeding Decisions in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11680. [PMID: 26123697 PMCID: PMC4485031 DOI: 10.1038/srep11680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinating metabolism and feeding is important to avoid obesity and metabolic diseases, yet the underlying mechanisms, balancing nutrient intake and metabolic expenditure, are poorly understood. Several mechanisms controlling these processes are conserved in Drosophila, where homeostasis and energy mobilization are regulated by the glucagon-related adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and the Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs). Here, we provide evidence that the Drosophila neuropeptide Allatostatin A (AstA) regulates AKH and DILP signaling. The AstA receptor gene, Dar-2, is expressed in both the insulin and AKH producing cells. Silencing of Dar-2 in these cells results in changes in gene expression and physiology associated with reduced DILP and AKH signaling and animals lacking AstA accumulate high lipid levels. This suggests that AstA is regulating the balance between DILP and AKH, believed to be important for the maintenance of nutrient homeostasis in response to changing ratios of dietary sugar and protein. Furthermore, AstA and Dar-2 are regulated differentially by dietary carbohydrates and protein and AstA-neuronal activity modulates feeding choices between these types of nutrients. Our results suggest that AstA is involved in assigning value to these nutrients to coordinate metabolic and feeding decisions, responses that are important to balance food intake according to metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Hentze
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Mikael A. Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Shu Kondo
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Kim F. Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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21
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Shirayama Y, Ishima T, Oda Y, Okamura N, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Opposite roles for neuropeptide S in the nucleus accumbens and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in learned helplessness rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:67-71. [PMID: 25986404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of neuropeptide S (NPS) in depression remains unclear. We examined the antidepressant-like effects of NPS infusions into the shell or core regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression). Infusions of NPS (10 pmol/side) into the NAc shell, but not the NAc core and BNST, exerted antidepressant-like effects in the LH paradigm. Implying that behavioral deficits could be improved in the conditioned avoidance test. Coinfusion of SHA68 (an NPS receptor antagonist, 100 pmol/side) with NPS into the NAc shell blocked these effects. In contrast, NPS receptor antagonism by SHA68 in the BNST induced antidepressant-like effects. Infusions of NPS into the NAc shell or SHA68 into the BNST did not produce memory deficits or locomotor activation in the passive avoidance and open field tests. These results suggest that excitatory and inhibitory actions by the NPS system are integral to the depression in LH animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Japan; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tamaki Ishima
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoe Okamura
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Dütting S, Heidenreich J, Cherpokova D, Amin E, Zhang SC, Ahmadian MR, Brakebusch C, Nieswandt B. Critical off-target effects of the widely used Rac1 inhibitors NSC23766 and EHT1864 in mouse platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:827-38. [PMID: 25628054 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet aggregation at sites of vascular injury is essential for normal hemostasis, but may also cause pathologic vessel occlusion. Rho GTPases are molecular switches that regulate essential cellular processes, and they have pivotal functions in the cardiovascular system. Rac1 is an important regulator of platelet cytoskeletal reorganization, and contributes to platelet activation. Rac1 inhibitors are thought to be beneficial in a wide range of therapeutic settings, and have therefore been tested in vivo for a variety of disorders. Two small-molecule inhibitors, NSC23766 and EHT1864, have been characterized in different cell types, demonstrating high specificity for Rac1 and Rac, respectively. OBJECTIVES To analyze the specificity of NSC23766 and EHT1864. METHODS Platelet function was assessed in mouse wild-type and Rac1-deficient platelets by the use of flow cytometric analysis of cellular activation and aggregometry. Platelet spreading was analyzed with differential interference contrast microscopy, and activation of effector molecules was analyzed with biochemical approaches. RESULTS NSC23766 and EHT1864 showed strong and distinct Rac1-independent effects at 100 μm in platelet function tests. Both inhibitors induced Rac1-specific inhibition of platelet spreading, but also markedly impaired agonist-induced activation of Rac1(-/-) platelets. Furthermore, glycoprotein Ib-mediated signaling was dramatically inhibited by NSC23766 in both wild-type and Rac1-deficient platelets. Importantly, these inhibitors directly affected the activation of the Rac1 effectors p21-activated kinase (PAK)1 and PAK2. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal critical off-target effects of NSC23766 and EHT1864 at 100 μm in mammalian cells, raising questions about their utility as specific Rac1/Rac inhibitors in biochemical studies at these concentrations and possibly as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dütting
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Yamamoto N, Otsuka T, Kondo A, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Kuroyanagi G, Kozawa O, Tokuda H. Rac limits TGF-β-induced VEGF synthesis in osteoblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 405:35-41. [PMID: 25662279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis via p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, p38 MAP kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of Rac, which is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, in the TGF-β-stimulated VEGF synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. TGF-β markedly increased the levels of GTP-bound Rac. NSC23766, a selective inhibitor of Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, significantly increased both the release of VEGF and the mRNA expression levels induced by TGF-β. In addition, the release of VEGF stimulated by TGF-β was amplified in Rac-knock down cells. Meanwhile, SIS3, a specific inhibitor of TGF-β-dependent Smad3 phosphorylation, significantly reduced the TGF-β-stimulated VEGF release. However, the phosphorylation of Smad2 or Smad3 induced by TGF-β was hardly affected by NSC23766. On the other hand, NSC23766 enhanced the TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase without affecting the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase or SAPK/JNK. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase induced by TGF-β was markedly upregulated in the Rac-knock down cells. These results strongly suggest that Rac negatively regulates the TGF-β-stimulated VEGF synthesis via the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Kondo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | | | - Gen Kuroyanagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Osamu Kozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan.
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24
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Lee TW, Yang ASP, Brittain T, Birch NP. An analysis approach to identify specific functional sites in orthologous proteins using sequence and structural information: application to neuroserpin reveals regions that differentially regulate inhibitory activity. Proteins 2015; 83:135-52. [PMID: 25363759 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of sequence conservation is commonly used to predict functionally important sites in proteins. We have developed an approach that first identifies highly conserved sites in a set of orthologous sequences using a weighted substitution-matrix-based conservation score and then filters these conserved sites based on the pattern of conservation present in a wider alignment of sequences from the same family and structural information to identify surface-exposed sites. This allows us to detect specific functional sites in the target protein and exclude regions that are likely to be generally important for the structure or function of the wider protein family. We applied our method to two members of the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors. We first confirmed that our method successfully detected the known heparin binding site in antithrombin while excluding residues known to be generally important in the serpin family. We next applied our sequence analysis approach to neuroserpin and used our results to guide site-directed polyalanine mutagenesis experiments. The majority of the mutant neuroserpin proteins were found to fold correctly and could still form inhibitory complexes with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Kinetic analysis of tPA inhibition, however, revealed altered inhibitory kinetics in several of the mutant proteins, with some mutants showing decreased association with tPA and others showing more rapid dissociation of the covalent complex. Altogether, these results confirm that our sequence analysis approach is a useful tool that can be used to guide mutagenesis experiments for the detection of specific functional sites in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Navarro G, Aguinaga D, Moreno E, Hradsky J, Reddy PP, Cortés A, Mallol J, Casadó V, Mikhaylova M, Kreutz MR, Lluís C, Canela EI, McCormick PJ, Ferré S. Intracellular calcium levels determine differential modulation of allosteric interactions within G protein-coupled receptor heteromers. Chem Biol 2014; 21:1546-56. [PMID: 25457181 PMCID: PMC9875831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological significance of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)-dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) heteromer is well established and it is being considered as an important target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the physiological factors that control its distinctive biochemical properties are still unknown. We demonstrate that different intracellular Ca2+ levels exert a differential modulation of A2AR-D2R heteromer-mediated adenylyl-cyclase and MAPK signaling in striatal cells. This depends on the ability of low and high Ca2+ levels to promote a selective interaction of the heteromer with the neuronal Ca2+-binding proteins NCS-1 and calneuron-1, respectively. These Ca2+-binding proteins differentially modulate allosteric interactions within the A2AR-D2R heteromer, which constitutes a unique cellular device that integrates extracellular (adenosine and dopamine) and intracellular (Ca+2) signals to produce a specific functional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Corresponding authors: Dr. Gemma Navarro, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ; Dr. Sergi Ferré, Integrative Neurobiology Section, NIDA, IRP, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Dive, Baltimore, MD 21224;
| | - David Aguinaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Johannes Hradsky
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Pasham P. Reddy
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
- Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Carme Lluís
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Corresponding authors: Dr. Gemma Navarro, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ; Dr. Sergi Ferré, Integrative Neurobiology Section, NIDA, IRP, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Dive, Baltimore, MD 21224;
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26
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Hassler C, Zhang Y, Gilmour B, Graf T, Fennell T, Snyder R, Deschamps J, Reinscheid RK, Garau C, Runyon SP. Identification of neuropeptide S antagonists: structure-activity relationship studies, X-ray crystallography, and in vivo evaluation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:731-44. [PMID: 24964000 PMCID: PMC4140596 DOI: 10.1021/cn500113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the neuropeptide S (NPS) system has been linked to a variety of CNS disorders such as panic disorder, anxiety, sleeping disorders, asthma, obesity, PTSD, and substance abuse. In this study, a series of diphenyltetrahydro-1H-oxazolo[3,4-α]pyrazin-3(5H)-ones were synthesized and evaluated for antagonist activity at the neuropeptide S receptor. The absolute configuration was determined by chiral resolution of the key synthetic intermediate, followed by analysis of one of the individual enantiomers by X-ray crystallography. The R isomer was then converted to a biologically active compound (34) that had a Ke of 36 nM. The most potent compound displayed enhanced aqueous solubility compared with the prototypical antagonist SHA-68 and demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties for behavioral assessment. In vivo analysis in mice indicated a significant blockade of NPS induced locomotor activity at an ip dose of 50 mg/kg. This suggests that analogs having improved drug-like properties will facilitate more detailed studies of the neuropeptide S receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hassler
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Brian Gilmour
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Tyler Graf
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Timothy Fennell
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Jeffrey
R. Deschamps
- Center
for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Rainer K. Reinscheid
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
California, Irvine, 2214
Natural Sciences I, Mail Code: 3958, Irvine, California 92697-3958, United States
| | - Celia Garau
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
California, Irvine, 2214
Natural Sciences I, Mail Code: 3958, Irvine, California 92697-3958, United States
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Research
Triangle Institute, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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27
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Wang Z, Grigo C, Steinbeck J, von Hörsten S, Amann K, Daniel C. Soluble DPP4 originates in part from bone marrow cells and not from the kidney. Peptides 2014; 57:109-17. [PMID: 24874705 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is known to inactivate incretins as well as important chemokines and neuropeptides. DPP4 is expressed as a transmembrane protein but also occurs as a soluble enzyme circulating in the blood. However, the origin of the soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) is still unknown. In this study, DPP4 activity was quantified in plasma and extracted from different rat organs. Then, in order to see if the kidney or the bone marrow was the source of sDPP4, kidney or bone marrow transplantation was performed between wildtype (wt) Dark Agouti (DA) and DPP4 deficient congenic rats (n=6-9). Kidney was verified to have the highest DPP4 activity, followed by spleen and lung. In the following three weeks after successful kidney transplantation only transient trace plasma DPP4 activity was detected in DPP4 deficient rats receiving wt kidneys. In addition, DPP4 activity was not diminished in DA wt rats receiving DPP4 deficient kidneys. Both findings indicated that sDPP4 did not originate from the kidney. In contrast, 43±14% (compared to wt) sDPP4 activity was detected in the plasma of DPP4 deficient DA rats that were reconstituted with wt bone marrow cells. Not only leukocyte but also macrophage subpopulations express DPP4 in bone marrow as well as in blood as assessed by flow cytometry. Thus, bone marrow derived cells but not the kidney represent at least one source of sDPP4. And leukocyte or macrophage subpopulations could be potential candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendi Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 8, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Urologic Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
| | - Christina Grigo
- Division of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Julia Steinbeck
- Division of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Palmsanlage 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Division of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Division of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Nakamachi T, Shibata H, Sakashita A, Iinuma N, Wada K, Konno N, Matsuda K. Orexin A enhances locomotor activity and induces anxiogenic-like action in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Horm Behav 2014; 66:317-23. [PMID: 24937437 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexin acts as an orexigenic factor for the regulation of appetite and rhythmicity in rodents. In goldfish, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of orexin A has been shown to affect not only food intake, but also locomotor activity. However, as there is still no information regarding the effect of orexin A on emotional behavior in goldfish, we investigated the effect of orexin A on psychomotor activity in this species. Intracerebroventricular administration of synthetic orexin A at 2 and 4pmol/g body weight (BW) enhanced locomotor activity, and this enhancement by orexin A at 4pmol/g BW was attenuated by treatment with the orexin receptor 1 antagonist, SB334867, at 10pmol/g BW. Since intact goldfish prefer a black to a white background area, or the lower to the upper area of a tank, we used two types of preference tests (black/white and upper/lower tests) for measuring anxiety-like behavior in goldfish. Intracerebroventricular administration of orexin A at 4pmol/g BW shortened the time spent in the white background area, and increased the time taken to move from the lower to the upper area. This action of orexin A mimicked that of the central-type benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, FG-7142 (an anxiogenic agent), at 4pmol/g BW. The anxiogenic-like effect of orexin A was abolished by treatment with SB334867 at 10pmol/g BW. These results indicate that orexin A potently affects psychomotor activity in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Haruki Shibata
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakashita
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Iinuma
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kohei Wada
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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Baier A, Ndoh VNE, Lacy P, Eitzen G. Rac1 and Rac2 control distinct events during antigen-stimulated mast cell exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:763-774. [PMID: 24399839 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of preformed mediators from immune cells is through a process described as exocytosis. In mast cells, exocytosis is regulated by several coordinated intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the role of the hematopoietic-specific Rho GTPase, Rac2, and the ubiquitously expressed Rac1, in controlling mast cell exocytosis. These two isoforms showed equivalent levels of expression in mouse BMMCs. Although Rac1 and Rac2 share 92% sequence identity, they were not functionally redundant, as Rac2-/- BMMCs were defective in exocytosis, even though Rac1 levels were unaffected. Antigen-stimulated WT mast cells underwent a series of morphological transitions: initial flattening, followed by actin-mediated peripheral membrane ruffling and calcium influx, which preceded exocytosis. Whereas membrane ruffling was unaffected in Rac2-/- BMMCs, calcium influx was decreased significantly. Calcium influx was studied further by examining SOCE. In Rac2-/- BMMCs, the activation of PLCγ1 and calcium release from intracellular stores occurred normally; however, activation of plasma membrane calcium channels was defective, shown by the lack of extracellular calcium influx and a reduction of YFP-STIM1 puncta at the plasma membrane. Additionally, we used the small molecule Rac inhibitor, EHT 1864, to target Rac signaling acutely in WT BMMCs. EHT 1864 blocked exocytosis and membrane ruffling completely in conjunction with exocytosis. Our findings suggest that antigen-stimulated membrane ruffling in mast cells is a Rac1-mediated process, as this persisted in the absence of Rac2. Therefore, we define distinct modes of Rac-regulated mast cell exocytosis: Rac2-mediated calcium influx and Rac1-mediated membrane ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian N E Ndoh
- Department of Cell Biology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Paige Lacy
- The Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
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Xiao L, Zhang C, Li X, Gong S, Hu R, Balasubramanian R, Crowley W. Jr. WF, Hastings MH, Zhou QY. Signaling role of prokineticin 2 on the estrous cycle of female mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90860. [PMID: 24633064 PMCID: PMC3954593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible signaling role of prokineticin 2 (PK2) and its receptor, prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), on female reproduction was investigated. First, the expression of PKR2 and its co-localization with estrogen receptor (ERα) in the hypothalamus was examined. Sexually dimorphic expression of PKR2 in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus was observed. Compared to the male mice, there was more widespread PKR2 expression in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus in the female mice. The likely co-expression of PKR2 and ERα in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus was observed. The estrous cycles in female PK2-null, and PKR2-null heterozygous mice, as well as in PK2-null and PKR2-null compound heterozygous mice were examined. Loss of one copy of PK2 or PKR2 gene caused elongated and irregular estrous cycle in the female mice. The alterations in the estrous cycle were more pronounced in PK2-null and PKR2-null compound heterozygous mice. Consistent with these observations, administration of a small molecule PK2 receptor antagonist led to temporary blocking of estrous cycle at the proestrous phase in female mice. The administration of PKR2 antagonist was found to blunt the circulating LH levels. Taken together, these studies indicate PK2 signaling is required for the maintenance of normal female estrous cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengkang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shiaoching Gong
- GENSAT Project, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Renming Hu
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center & The Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William F. Crowley W. Jr.
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center & The Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Sarvi S, Mackinnon AC, Avlonitis N, Bradley M, Rintoul RC, Rassl DM, Wang W, Forbes SJ, Gregory CD, Sethi T. CD133+ cancer stem-like cells in small cell lung cancer are highly tumorigenic and chemoresistant but sensitive to a novel neuropeptide antagonist. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1554-65. [PMID: 24436149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor survival rates, with initial responses nearly invariably followed by rapid recurrence of therapy-resistant disease. Drug resistance in SCLC may be attributable to the persistence of a subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSC) that exhibit multiple drug resistance. In this study, we characterized the expression of CD133, one important marker of CSC in other cancers, in SCLC cancer cells. CD133 expression correlated with chemoresistance and increased tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo accompanied by increased expression of Akt/PKB and Bcl-2. CD133 expression was increased in mouse and human SCLC after chemotherapy, an observation confirmed in clinical specimens isolated longitudinally from a patient receiving chemotherapy. We discovered in CD133(+) SCLC cells, an increased expression of the mitogenic neuropeptide receptors for gastrin-releasing peptide and arginine vasopressin. Notably, these cells exhibited increased sensitivity to the growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of a novel broad spectrum neuropeptide antagonist (related to SP-G), which has completed a phase I clinical trial for SCLC. Our results offer evidence that this agent can preferentially target chemoresistant CD133(+) cells with CSC character in SCLC, emphasizing its potential utility for improving therapy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sarvi
- Authors' Affiliations: MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine; School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge; and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Kings College Denmark Hill Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Sun J, Singh V, Lau A, Stokes RW, Obregón-Henao A, Orme IM, Wong D, Av-Gay Y, Hmama Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleoside diphosphate kinase inactivates small GTPases leading to evasion of innate immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003499. [PMID: 23874203 PMCID: PMC3715411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persistence in the host macrophage and identifying mycobacterial factors responsible for it are keys to better understand tuberculosis pathogenesis. The emerging picture from ongoing studies of macrophage deactivation by Mtb suggests that ingested bacilli secrete various virulence determinants that alter phagosome biogenesis, leading to arrest of Mtb vacuole interaction with late endosomes and lysosomes. While most studies focused on Mtb interference with various regulators of the endosomal compartment, little attention was paid to mechanisms by which Mtb neutralizes early macrophage responses such as the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) dependent oxidative burst. Here we applied an antisense strategy to knock down Mtb nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) and obtained a stable mutant (Mtb Ndk-AS) that displayed attenuated intracellular survival along with reduced persistence in the lungs of infected mice. At the molecular level, pull-down experiments showed that Ndk binds to and inactivates the small GTPase Rac1 in the macrophage. This resulted in the exclusion of the Rac1 binding partner p67phox from phagosomes containing Mtb or Ndk-coated latex beads. Exclusion of p67phox was associated with a defect of both NOX2 assembly and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to wild type Mtb. In contrast, Mtb Ndk-AS, which lost the capacity to disrupt Rac1-p67phox interaction, induced a strong ROS production. Given the established link between NOX2 activation and apoptosis, the proportion of Annexin V positive cells and levels of intracellular active caspase 3 were significantly higher in cells infected with Mtb Ndk-AS compared to wild type Mtb. Thus, knock down of Ndk converted Mtb into a pro-apoptotic mutant strain that has a phenotype of increased susceptibility to intracellular killing and reduced virulence in vivo. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo data revealed that Ndk contributes significantly to Mtb virulence via attenuation of NADPH oxidase-mediated host innate immunity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful intracellular pathogen that infects lung macrophages. Its resistance to intracellular killing has been linked to the development of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in humans. Thus, understanding the mechanism by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persists in the host is a prerequisite for development of efficient strategies to control TB disease. We have previously shown that Mtb nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) contributes to phagosome maturation arrest via inactivation of Rab5 and Rab7. In this study, we show that Ndk also targets and inactivates the small GTPase Rac1, an essential component of the macrophage NADPH oxidase (NOX2) complex. Ndk-dependent inactivation of Rac1 was associated with reduced NOX2-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-dependent apoptosis. Conversely, disruption of Ndk expression converted Mtb into a mutant strain that induces strong ROS and apoptosis responses. This phenotype was associated with reduced survival of Ndk mutant in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Ndk contributes significantly to mycobacterial virulence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/enzymology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/microbiology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Macrophages/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Mutant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mutant Proteins/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzymology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/physiology
- NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase/genetics
- Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase/metabolism
- Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense
- Phagosomes/enzymology
- Phagosomes/ultrastructure
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Virulence
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijender Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alice Lau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard W. Stokes
- Life Sciences Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrés Obregón-Henao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Orme
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dennis Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zakaria Hmama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Aizawa S, Sakata I, Nagasaka M, Higaki Y, Sakai T. Negative regulation of neuromedin U mRNA expression in the rat pars tuberalis by melatonin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67118. [PMID: 23843987 PMCID: PMC3699551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pars tuberalis (PT) is part of the anterior pituitary gland surrounding the median eminence as a thin cell layer. The characteristics of PT differ from those of the pars distalis (PD), such as cell composition and gene expression, suggesting that the PT has a unique physiological function compared to the PD. Because the PT highly expresses melatonin receptor type 1, it is considered a mediator of seasonal and/or circadian signals of melatonin. Expression of neuromedin U (NMU) that is known to regulate energy balance has been previously reported in the rat PT; however, the regulatory mechanism of NMU mRNA expression and secretion in the PT are still obscure. In this study, we examined both the diurnal change of NMU mRNA expression in the rat PT and the effects of melatonin on NMU in vivo. In situ hybridization and quantitative PCR analysis of laser microdissected PT samples revealed that NMU mRNA expression in the PT has diurnal variation that is high during the light phase and low during the dark phase. Furthermore, melatonin administration significantly suppressed NMU mRNA expression in the PT in vivo. On the other hand, 48 h fasting did not have an effect on PT-NMU mRNA expression, and the diurnal change of NMU mRNA expression was maintained. We also found the highest expression of neuromedin U receptor type 2 (NMUR2) mRNA in the third ventricle ependymal cell layer, followed by the arcuate nucleus and the spinal cord. These results suggest that NMU mRNA expression in the PT is downregulated by melatonin during the dark phase and shows diurnal change. Considering that NMU mRNA in the PT showed the highest expression level in the brain, PT-NMU may act on NMUR2 in the brain, especially in the third ventricle ependymal cell layer, with a circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Aizawa
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mai Nagasaka
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuriko Higaki
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
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Asahara S, Shibutani Y, Teruyama K, Inoue HY, Kawada Y, Etoh H, Matsuda T, Kimura-Koyanagi M, Hashimoto N, Sakahara M, Fujimoto W, Takahashi H, Ueda S, Hosooka T, Satoh T, Inoue H, Matsumoto M, Aiba A, Kasuga M, Kido Y. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via modulation of F-actin. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1088-97. [PMID: 23412604 PMCID: PMC3622740 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The small G-protein ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) plays various roles in mammalian cells, such as in the regulation of cytoskeletal organisation, cell adhesion, migration and morphological changes. The present study examines the effects of RAC1 ablation on pancreatic beta cell function. METHODS Isolated islets from pancreatic beta cell-specific Rac1-knockout (betaRac1(-/-)) mice and RAC1 knockdown INS-1 insulinoma cells treated with small interfering RNA were used to investigate insulin secretion and cytoskeletal organisation in pancreatic beta cells. RESULTS BetaRac1(-/-) mice showed decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while there were no apparent differences in islet morphology. Isolated islets from the mice had blunted insulin secretion in response to high glucose levels. In RAC1 knockdown INS-1 cells, insulin secretion was also decreased in response to high glucose levels, consistent with the phenotype of betaRac1(-/-) mice. Even under high glucose levels, RAC1 knockdown INS-1 cells remained intact with F-actin, which inhibits the recruitment of the insulin granules, resulting in an inhibition of insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In RAC1-deficient pancreatic beta cells, F-actin acts as a barrier for insulin granules and reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Asahara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Y. Shibutani
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - K. Teruyama
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142 Japan
| | - H. Y. Inoue
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142 Japan
| | - Y. Kawada
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142 Japan
| | - H. Etoh
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142 Japan
| | - T. Matsuda
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - M. Kimura-Koyanagi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - N. Hashimoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - M. Sakahara
- Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - W. Fujimoto
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - H. Takahashi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - S. Ueda
- Kobe University Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - T. Hosooka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - T. Satoh
- Division of Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - H. Inoue
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - M. Matsumoto
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Kasuga
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Kido
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Medical Chemistry, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142 Japan
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Sylow L, Jensen TE, Kleinert M, Mouatt JR, Maarbjerg SJ, Jeppesen J, Prats C, Chiu TT, Boguslavsky S, Klip A, Schjerling P, Richter EA. Rac1 is a novel regulator of contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2013; 62:1139-51. [PMID: 23274900 PMCID: PMC3609592 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, the actin cytoskeleton-regulating GTPase, Rac1, is necessary for insulin-dependent GLUT4 translocation. Muscle contraction increases glucose transport and represents an alternative signaling pathway to insulin. Whether Rac1 is activated by muscle contraction and regulates contraction-induced glucose uptake is unknown. Therefore, we studied the effects of in vivo exercise and ex vivo muscle contractions on Rac1 signaling and its regulatory role in glucose uptake in mice and humans. Muscle Rac1-GTP binding was increased after exercise in mice (~60-100%) and humans (~40%), and this activation was AMP-activated protein kinase independent. Rac1 inhibition reduced contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscle by 55% in soleus and by 20-58% in extensor digitorum longus (EDL; P < 0.01). In agreement, the contraction-stimulated increment in glucose uptake was decreased by 27% (P = 0.1) and 40% (P < 0.05) in soleus and EDL muscles, respectively, of muscle-specific inducible Rac1 knockout mice. Furthermore, depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton decreased contraction-stimulated glucose uptake by 100% and 62% (P < 0.01) in soleus and EDL muscles, respectively. These are the first data to show that Rac1 is activated during muscle contraction in murine and human skeletal muscle and suggest that Rac1 and possibly the actin cytoskeleton are novel regulators of contraction-stimulated glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Sylow
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Jensen
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua R. Mouatt
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Jeppesen
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Prats
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim T. Chiu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shlomit Boguslavsky
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A. Richter
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author: Erik A. Richter,
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Lanfray D, Arthaud S, Ouellet J, Compère V, Do Rego JL, Leprince J, Lefranc B, Castel H, Bouchard C, Monge-Roffarello B, Richard D, Pelletier G, Vaudry H, Tonon MC, Morin F. Gliotransmission and brain glucose sensing: critical role of endozepines. Diabetes 2013; 62:801-10. [PMID: 23160530 PMCID: PMC3581199 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic glucose sensing is involved in the control of feeding behavior and peripheral glucose homeostasis, and glial cells are suggested to play an important role in this process. Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) and its processing product the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), collectively named endozepines, are secreted by astroglia, and ODN is a potent anorexigenic factor. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of endozepines in brain glucose sensing. First, we showed that intracerebroventricular administration of glucose in rats increases DBI expression in hypothalamic glial-like tanycytes. We then demonstrated that glucose stimulates endozepine secretion from hypothalamic explants. Feeding experiments indicate that the anorexigenic effect of central administration of glucose was blunted by coinjection of an ODN antagonist. Conversely, the hyperphagic response elicited by central glucoprivation was suppressed by an ODN agonist. The anorexigenic effects of centrally injected glucose or ODN agonist were suppressed by blockade of the melanocortin-3/4 receptors, suggesting that glucose sensing involves endozepinergic control of the melanocortin pathway. Finally, we found that brain endozepines modulate blood glucose levels, suggesting their involvement in a feedback loop controlling whole-body glucose homeostasis. Collectively, these data indicate that endozepines are a critical relay in brain glucose sensing and potentially new targets in treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lanfray
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5167, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Johanne Ouellet
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Human Genomics, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Compère
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Luc Do Rego
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Cynthia Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boris Monge-Roffarello
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Georges Pelletier
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Human Genomics, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Human Genomics, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Corresponding author: Marie-Christine Tonon, , or Fabrice Morin,
| | - Fabrice Morin
- INSERM U982, DC2N Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Corresponding author: Marie-Christine Tonon, , or Fabrice Morin,
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Curtis VF, Wang H, Yang P, McLendon RE, Li X, Zhou QY, Wang XF. A PK2/Bv8/PROK2 antagonist suppresses tumorigenic processes by inhibiting angiogenesis in glioma and blocking myeloid cell infiltration in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54916. [PMID: 23372791 PMCID: PMC3553000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment is often associated with enhanced angiogenesis and tumor progression, resulting in poor prognosis in many types of cancer. The polypeptide chemokine PK2 (Bv8, PROK2) has been shown to regulate myeloid cell mobilization from the bone marrow, leading to activation of the angiogenic process, as well as accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the tumor site. Neutralizing antibodies against PK2 were shown to display potent anti-tumor efficacy, illustrating the potential of PK2-antagonists as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. In this study we demonstrate the anti-tumor activity of a small molecule PK2 antagonist, PKRA7, in the context of glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer xenograft tumor models. For the highly vascularized glioblastoma, PKRA7 was associated with decreased blood vessel density and increased necrotic areas in the tumor mass. Consistent with the anti-angiogenic activity of PKRA7 in vivo, this compound effectively reduced PK2-induced microvascular endothelial cell branching in vitro. For the poorly vascularized pancreatic cancer, the primary anti-tumor effect of PKRA7 appears to be mediated by the blockage of myeloid cell migration/infiltration. At the molecular level, PKRA7 inhibits PK2-induced expression of certain pro-migratory chemokines and chemokine receptors in macrophages. Combining PKRA7 treatment with standard chemotherapeutic agents resulted in enhanced effects in xenograft models for both types of tumor. Taken together, our results indicate that the anti-tumor activity of PKRA7 can be mediated by two distinct mechanisms that are relevant to the pathological features of the specific type of cancer. This small molecule PK2 antagonist holds the promise to be further developed as an effective agent for combinational cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F. Curtis
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Roger E. McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Catena-Dell'Osso M, Fagiolini A, Marazziti D, Baroni S, Bellantuono C. Non-monoaminergic targets for the development of antidepressants: focus on neuropeptides. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 13:2-10. [PMID: 22876945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, no significant paradigm shifts in the psychopharmacology of major depressive disorder (MDD) have occurred. In fact, after the serendipitous discovery of the first antidepressant, the poor understanding of the pathophysiology of the illness has deeply limited the development of novel antidepressant agents. Although the discovery of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the dual-acting serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors allowed to improve the treatment of MDD, there are still important unmet clinical needs, as the long latency of antidepressant action, the presence of relevant side effects and the lack of efficacy. In fact, even though the available antidepressants have consistently improved the prognosis of the disorder, the pharmacological treatment of MDD is far from being satisfactory and the disorder remains one of the major causes of morbidity and disability worldwide. Recently, besides the classical research involving the monoamines, other non-monoaminergic molecular mechanisms have been explored in search of new antidepressants. Amongst them, the investigation of the central neuropeptides, including substance P, corticotropin-releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, vasopressin and oxytocin, galanin and melanin-concentrating hormone, is increasingly attracting the attention of researchers worldwide. A number of novel compounds acting on neuropeptide receptors have been developed and tested in both animals and humans with different results. In this review, we provided a synthetic overview of the main neuropeptides, going through biochemical and molecular aspects up to preclinical and clinical evidence which link these molecules to the presence of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Catena-Dell'Osso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Tayler TD, Pacheco DA, Hergarden AC, Murthy M, Anderson DJ. A neuropeptide circuit that coordinates sperm transfer and copulation duration in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20697-702. [PMID: 23197833 PMCID: PMC3528491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218246109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate behaviors are often executed in concert with accompanying physiological programs. How this coordination is achieved is poorly understood. Mating behavior and the transfer of sperm and seminal fluid (SSFT) provide a model for understanding how concerted behavioral and physiological programs are coordinated. Here we identify a male-specific neural pathway that coordinates the timing of SSFT with the duration of copulation behavior in Drosophila. Silencing four abdominal ganglion (AG) interneurons (INs) that contain the neuropeptide corazonin (Crz) both blocked SSFT and substantially lengthened copulation duration. Activating these Crz INs caused rapid ejaculation in isolated males, a phenotype mimicked by injection of Crz peptide. Crz promotes SSFT by activating serotonergic (5-HT) projection neurons (PNs) that innervate the accessory glands. Activation of these PNs in copulo caused premature SSFT and also shortened copulation duration. However, mating terminated normally when these PNs were silenced, indicating that SSFT is not required for appropriate copulation duration. Thus, the lengthened copulation duration phenotype caused by silencing Crz INs is independent of the block to SSFT. We conclude that four Crz INs independently control SSFT and copulation duration, thereby coupling the timing of these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne C. Hergarden
- Division of Biology 156-29 and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and
| | - Mala Murthy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology 156-29 and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and
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40
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Abstract
Our understanding of insect chemical communication including pheromone identification, synthesis, and their role in behavior has advanced tremendously over the last half-century. However, endocrine regulation of pheromone biosynthesis has progressed slowly due to the complexity of direct and/or indirect hormonal activation of the biosynthetic cascades resulting in insect pheromones. Over 20 years ago, a neurohormone, pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) was identified that stimulated sex pheromone biosynthesis in a lepidopteran moth. Since then, the physiological role, target site, and signal transduction of PBAN has become well understood for sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths. Despite that PBAN-like peptides (∼200) have been identified from various insect Orders, their role in pheromone regulation had not expanded to the other insect groups except for Lepidoptera. Here, we report that trail pheromone biosynthesis in the Dufour's gland (DG) of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is regulated by PBAN. RNAi knock down of PBAN gene (in subesophageal ganglia) or PBAN receptor gene (in DG) expression inhibited trail pheromone biosynthesis. Reduced trail pheromone was documented analytically and through a behavioral bioassay. Extension of PBAN's role in pheromone biosynthesis to a new target insect, mode of action, and behavioral function will renew research efforts on the involvement of PBAN in pheromone biosynthesis in Insecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yeon Choi
- USDA-ARS, Center of Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Vander Meer
- USDA-ARS, Center of Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Florida, United States of America
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41
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Bettica P, Squassante L, Zamuner S, Nucci G, Danker-Hopfe H, Ratti E. The orexin antagonist SB-649868 promotes and maintains sleep in men with primary insomnia. Sleep 2012; 35:1097-104. [PMID: 22851805 PMCID: PMC3397789 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess the acute effects of SB-649868 in male subjects with Primary Insomnia with regard to (1) objective and subjective sleep parameters, (2) safety and tolerability, (3) next-day residual effects. DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study using a complete set of Williams orthogonal Latin Squares SETTING 9 sleep centers in Germany PATIENTS 52 male subjects with a diagnosis of primary insomnia (difficulty in sleep initiation and maintenance) confirmed by polysomnography INTERVENTIONS SB-649868 (10, 30, 60 mg) and placebo administered after dinner 90 minutes before bedtime MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Sleep effects assessed by polysomnography during 2 consecutive nights and by sleep questionnaires completed by subjects after each night at the sleep laboratory. Safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events collection, electrocardiogram (ECG), vital signs, laboratory tests. Next-day residual effects were assessed by Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and modified Verbal Learning Memory Test administered at "lights on" after night 2. SB-649868 significantly reduced latency to persistent sleep, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and increased total sleep time (TST) compared to placebo. A dose-dependent effect was observed. A dose-dependent increase in absolute and percent REM sleep and reduction in REM sleep latency was observed mainly at the 60-mg dose. SB-649868 was well tolerated with inconsistent next day residual effects. SB-649868 sleep effects were correlated with SB-649868 circulating levels. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the sleep-promoting properties of the orexin antagonist SB-649868 in male patients with insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bettica
- Neuroscience CEDD Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Verona, Italy
| | - Lisa Squassante
- Neurosciences Discovery Biometrics GlaxoSmithKline, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Zamuner
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park, UK
| | - Gianluca Nucci
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park, UK
| | - Heidi Danker-Hopfe
- Competence Centre of Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine, Charit́e - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Akiba I, Seki T, Mori M, Iizuka M, Nishimura S, Sasaki S, Imoto K, Barsoumian EL. Stable Expression and Characterization of Human PN1 and PN3 Sodium Channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:291-9. [PMID: 14527872 DOI: 10.3109/713745174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptive transduction in inflammatory and neuropathic pain involves peripherally expressed voltage-gated sodium channels, such as tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive PN1 and TTX-resistant PN3. We generated recombinant cell lines stably expressing the human PN1 and PN3 sodium channels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using inducible expression vectors. The PN1 and PN3 cDNAs were isolated from human adrenal gland and heart poly(A)+ RNAs, respectively. The recombinant human PN1 currents exhibited rapid activation and inactivation kinetics and were blocked by TTX with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 32.6 nM. The human PN3 channel expressed in stable transfectants showed TTX-resistant inward currents with slow inactivation kinetics. The IC50 value for TTX was 73.3 microM. The voltage-dependence of activation of the PN3 channel was shifted to the depolarizing direction, compared to that of the PN1 channel. Lidocaine and mexiletine exhibited tonic and use-dependent block of PN1 and PN3 channels. The PN1 channel was more susceptible to inhibition by mexiletine than PN3. These results suggest that stable transfectants expressing the human PN1 and PN3 sodium channels will be useful tools to define subtype selectivity for sodium channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Akiba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kawanishi Pharma Research Institute, Yato, Kawanishi, Japan
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43
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Mizukawa B, Wei J, Shrestha M, Wunderlich M, Chou FS, Griesinger A, Harris CE, Kumar AR, Zheng Y, Williams DA, Mulloy JC. Inhibition of Rac GTPase signaling and downstream prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins as combination targeted therapy in MLL-AF9 leukemia. Blood 2011; 118:5235-45. [PMID: 21940819 PMCID: PMC3217406 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-351817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac family of small Rho GTPases coordinates diverse cellular functions in hematopoietic cells including adhesion, migration, cytoskeleton rearrangements, gene transcription, proliferation, and survival. The integrity of Rac signaling has also been found to critically regulate cellular functions in the initiation and maintenance of hematopoietic malignancies. Using an in vivo gene targeting approach, we demonstrate that Rac2, but not Rac1, is critical to the initiation of acute myeloid leukemia in a retroviral expression model of MLL-AF9 leukemogenesis. However, loss of either Rac1 or Rac2 is sufficient to impair survival and growth of the transformed MLL-AF9 leukemia. Rac2 is known to positively regulate expression of Bcl-2 family proteins toward a prosurvival balance. We demonstrate that disruption of downstream survival signaling through antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is implicated in mediating the effects of Rac2 deficiency in MLL-AF9 leukemia. Indeed, overexpression of Bcl-xL is able to rescue the effects of Rac2 deficiency and MLL-AF9 cells are exquisitely sensitive to direct inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins by the BH3-mimetic, ABT-737. Furthermore, concurrent exposure to NSC23766, a small-molecule inhibitor of Rac activation, increases the apoptotic effect of ABT-737, indicating the Rac/Bcl-2 survival pathway may be targeted synergistically.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Nitrophenols/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
- RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mizukawa
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229, USA
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Sellayah D, Bharaj P, Sikder D. Orexin is required for brown adipose tissue development, differentiation, and function. Cell Metab 2011; 14:478-90. [PMID: 21982708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (OX) neuropeptides stimulate feeding and arousal. Deficiency of orexin is implicated in narcolepsy, a disease associated with obesity, paradoxically in the face of reduced food intake. Here, we show that obesity in orexin-null mice is associated with impaired brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Failure of thermogenesis in OX-null mice is due to inability of brown preadipocytes to differentiate. The differentiation defect in OX-null neonates is circumvented by OX injections to OX-null dams. In vitro, OX, triggers the full differentiation program in mesenchymal progenitor stem cells, embryonic fibroblasts and brown preadipocytes via p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and bone morphogenetic protein receptor-1a (BMPR1A)-dependent Smad1/5 signaling. Our study suggests that obesity associated with OX depletion is linked to brown-fat hypoactivity, which leads to dampening of energy expenditure. Thus, orexin plays an integral role in adaptive thermogenesis and body weight regulation via effects on BAT differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyan Sellayah
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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45
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Saci A, Cantley LC, Carpenter CL. Rac1 regulates the activity of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and controls cellular size. Mol Cell 2011; 42:50-61. [PMID: 21474067 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that exists in two separate complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that function to control cell size and growth in response to growth factors, nutrients, and cellular energy levels. Low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins of the Rheb and Rag families are key regulators of the mTORC1 complex, but regulation of mTORC2 is poorly understood. Here, we report that Rac1, a member of the Rho family of GTPases, is a critical regulator of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 in response to growth-factor stimulation. Deletion of Rac1 in primary cells using an inducible-Cre/Lox approach inhibits basal and growth-factor activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Rac1 appears to bind directly to mTOR and to mediate mTORC1 and mTORC2 localization at specific membranes. Binding of Rac1 to mTOR does not depend on the GTP-bound state of Rac1, but on the integrity of its C-terminal domain. This function of Rac1 provides a means to regulate mTORC1 and mTORC2 simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhafid Saci
- Department of Medicine, Division of Signal Transduction, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS-417, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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46
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Gambone JE, Dusaban SS, Loperena R, Nakata Y, Shetzline SE. The c-Myb target gene neuromedin U functions as a novel cofactor during the early stages of erythropoiesis. Blood 2011; 117:5733-43. [PMID: 21378276 PMCID: PMC3110030 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-242131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirement of c-Myb during erythropoiesis spurred an interest in identifying c-Myb target genes that are important for erythroid development. Here, we determined that the neuropeptide neuromedin U (NmU) is a c-Myb target gene. Silencing NmU, c-myb, or NmU's cognate receptor NMUR1 expression in human CD34(+) cells impaired burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) formation compared with control. Exogenous addition of NmU peptide to NmU or c-myb siRNA-treated CD34(+) cells rescued BFU-E and yielded a greater number of CFU-E than observed with control. No rescue of BFU-E and CFU-E growth was observed when NmU peptide was exogenously added to NMUR1 siRNA-treated cells compared with NMUR1 siRNA-treated cells cultured without NmU peptide. In K562 and CD34(+) cells, NmU activated protein kinase C-βII, a factor associated with hematopoietic differentiation-proliferation. CD34(+) cells cultured under erythroid-inducing conditions, with NmU peptide and erythropoietin added at day 6, revealed an increase in endogenous NmU and c-myb gene expression at day 8 and a 16% expansion of early erythroblasts at day 10 compared to cultures without NmU peptide. Combined, these data strongly support that the c-Myb target gene NmU functions as a novel cofactor for erythropoiesis and expands early erythroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Gambone
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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47
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Cservenák M, Bodnár I, Usdin TB, Palkovits M, Nagy GM, Dobolyi A. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues is activated during lactation and participates in the suckling-induced prolactin release in rat. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5830-40. [PMID: 20861230 PMCID: PMC2999487 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) and the PTH-2 receptor (PTH2R) constitute a peptide-receptor neuromodulator system. Based on the abundance of TIP39 fibers and axonal terminals as well as PTH2R-containing neurons and their processes in the hypothalamic para- and periventricular and arcuate nuclei TIP39 has been suggested to play a role in neuroendocrine regulation. We showed previously that TIP39 expression decreased dramatically by adulthood. In the present study, using in situ hybridization histochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we found that TIP39 mRNA and peptide expression levels are markedly elevated in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL) of lactating dams, one of the three locations of TIP39-containing cell bodies in the brain. In addition, in mother rats, these TIP39 neurons showed Fos expression in response to pup exposure. Transection of TIP39 fibers originating in the PIL resulted in an ipsilateral disappearance of TIP39 immunoreactivity throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus of mother rats, suggesting that TIP39 fibers there arise from the PIL. To elucidate the function of TIP39 activation in dams, mothers separated from their pups for 4 h on postpartum d 9 received injection of a PTH2R antagonist into the lateral ventricle 5 min before returning the pups. Blood samples were taken seven times during the experimental period through jugular cannulae. The PTH2R antagonist administered in two different concentrations markedly inhibited suckling-induced elevation of plasma prolactin levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TIP39 neurons in the PIL may regulate suckling-induced prolactin release in rat dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Cservenák
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Nakamura Y, Miura S, Yoshida T, Kim J, Sasaki K. Cytosolic calcium elevation induced by orexin/hypocretin in granule cell domain cells of the rat cochlear nucleus in vitro. Peptides 2010; 31:1579-88. [PMID: 20457199 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using rat brain slice preparations, we examined the effect of orexin on cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in the granule cell domain (GCD) cells of the cochlear nucleus that carry non-auditory information to the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Application of orexin concentration-dependently increased [Ca(2+)](i), and in two thirds of GCD cells these increases persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin. There was no significant difference between the dose-response curve for orexin-A and that for orexin-B. Extracellular Ca(2+) removal abolished the [Ca(2+)](i) elevation induced by orexin-B, whereas depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores had no effect. The orexin-B-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) was not blocked by inhibitors of reverse-mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) and nonselective cation channel, whereas it was blocked by lowering the extracellular Na(+) or by applying inhibitors of forward-mode NCX and voltage-gated R- and T-type Ca(2+) channels. The ORX-B-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was also blocked by inhibitors of adenylcyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA), but not by inhibitors of phosphatidylcholine-specific and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. In electrophysiological experiments using whole-cell patch clamp recordings, half of GCD cells were depolarized by orexin-B, and the depolarization was abolished by a forward-mode NCX inhibitor. These results suggest that orexin increases [Ca(2+)](i) postsynaptically via orexin 2 receptors, and the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) is induced via the AC-PKA-forward-mode NCX-membrane depolarization-mediated activation of voltage-gated R- and T-type Ca(2+) channels. The results further support the hypothesis that the orexin system participates in integrating neural systems that are involved in arousal, sensory processing, energy homeostasis and autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Bio-Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, 3210 Tolman Hall 1650, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA.
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Abstract
AIM Orexin-producing neurones, located primarily in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus, project to a wide spectrum of brain sites where they influence numerous behaviours as well as modulating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to stress. While some of the actions of orexin appear to be mediated via the type 1 receptor, some are not, including its action on the release of one stress hormone, prolactin. We describe here the ability of orexin to increase locomotor behaviours and identify the importance of both receptor subtypes in these actions. METHODS Rats were tested for their behavioural responses to the central activation of both the type 1 (OX(1)R) and type 2 (OX(2)R) receptor (ICV orexin A), compared to OX(2)R activation using a relatively selective OX(2)R agonist in the absence or presence of an orexin receptor antagonist that possesses highest affinity for OX(1)R. RESULTS Increases in locomotor activity were observed, effects which were expressed by not only orexin A, which binds to both the OX(1)R and the OX(2)R receptors, but also by the relatively selective OX(2)R agonist [(Ala(11), Leu(15))-orexin B]. Furthermore, the OX(1)R selective antagonist only partially blocked the action of orexin A on most locomotor behaviours and did not block the actions of [(Ala(11), Leu(15))-orexin B]. CONCLUSION We conclude that orexin A exerts its effects on locomotor behaviour via both the OX(1)R and OX(2)R and that agonism or antagonism of only one of these receptors for therapeutic purposes (i.e. sleep disorders) would not provide selectivity in terms of associated behavioural side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Samson
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63131, USA.
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