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Cui W, Chen H, Lei L, Wang W, Lim KL, Zhang C, Lu L. Seipin Deficiency Leads to Energy Dyshomeostasis via Inducing Hypothalamic Neuroinflammation and Aberrant Expression of Neuropeptides. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:18. [PMID: 38691185 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Seipin is a key regulator of lipid metabolism, the deficiency of which leads to severe lipodystrophy. Hypothalamus is the pivotal center of brain that modulates appetite and energy homeostasis, where Seipin is abundantly expressed. Whether and how Seipin deficiency leads to systemic metabolic disorders via hypothalamus-involved energy metabolism dysregulation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that Seipin-deficiency induced hypothalamic inflammation, reduction of anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and elevation of orexigenic agonist-related peptide (AgRP). Importantly, administration of rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent, rescued POMC and AgRP expression, suppressed hypothalamic inflammation, and restored energy homeostasis in Seipin knockout mice. Our findings offer crucial insights into the mechanism of Seipin deficiency-associated energy imbalance and indicates that rosiglitazone could serve as potential intervening agent towards metabolic disorders linked to Seipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingfeng Lei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Novena, 308232, Singapore
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Li Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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2
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Lamtahri R, Hazime M, Gowing EK, Nagaraja RY, Maucotel J, Alasoadura M, Quilichini PP, Lehongre K, Lefranc B, Gach-Janczak K, Marcher AB, Mandrup S, Vaudry D, Clarkson AN, Leprince J, Chuquet J. The Gliopeptide ODN, a Ligand for the Benzodiazepine Site of GABA A Receptors, Boosts Functional Recovery after Stroke. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7148-7159. [PMID: 34210784 PMCID: PMC8372017 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2255-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, the survival of neurons and their ability to reestablish connections is critical to functional recovery. This is strongly influenced by the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. In the acute phase of experimental stroke, lethal hyperexcitability can be attenuated by positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors (GABAARs). Conversely, in the late phase, negative allosteric modulation of GABAAR can correct the suboptimal excitability and improves both sensory and motor recovery. Here, we hypothesized that octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), an endogenous allosteric modulator of the GABAAR synthesized by astrocytes, influences the outcome of ischemic brain tissue and subsequent functional recovery. We show that ODN boosts the excitability of cortical neurons, which makes it deleterious in the acute phase of stroke. However, if delivered after day 3, ODN is safe and improves motor recovery over the following month in two different paradigms of experimental stroke in mice. Furthermore, we bring evidence that, during the subacute period after stroke, the repairing cortex can be treated with ODN by means of a single hydrogel deposit into the stroke cavity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke remains a devastating clinical challenge because there is no efficient therapy to either minimize neuronal death with neuroprotective drugs or to enhance spontaneous recovery with neurorepair drugs. Around the brain damage, the peri-infarct cortex can be viewed as a reservoir of plasticity. However, the potential of wiring new circuits in these areas is restrained by a chronic excess of GABAergic inhibition. Here we show that an astrocyte-derived peptide, can be used as a delayed treatment, to safely correct cortical excitability and facilitate sensorimotor recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhita Lamtahri
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | - Mahmoud Hazime
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 76000, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Raghavendra Y Nagaraja
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 76000, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Julie Maucotel
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Animal Facility, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Michael Alasoadura
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | | | - Katia Lehongre
- Inserm U 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 Unite Mixte de Recherche S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, PRIMACEN, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Katarzyna Gach-Janczak
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medicinal University of Łódź, Łódź, 90-137, Poland
| | - Ann-Britt Marcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, PRIMACEN, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 76000, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, PRIMACEN, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Julien Chuquet
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
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3
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Gudiño V, Pohl SÖG, Billard CV, Cammareri P, Bolado A, Aitken S, Stevenson D, Hall AE, Agostino M, Cassidy J, Nixon C, von Kriegsheim A, Freile P, Popplewell L, Dickson G, Murphy L, Wheeler A, Dunlop M, Din F, Strathdee D, Sansom OJ, Myant KB. RAC1B modulates intestinal tumourigenesis via modulation of WNT and EGFR signalling pathways. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2335. [PMID: 33879799 PMCID: PMC8058071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic options for treating colorectal cancer have little clinical efficacy and acquired resistance during treatment is common, even following patient stratification. Understanding the mechanisms that promote therapy resistance may lead to the development of novel therapeutic options that complement existing treatments and improve patient outcome. Here, we identify RAC1B as an important mediator of colorectal tumourigenesis and a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of EGFR inhibitor treatment. We find that high RAC1B expression in human colorectal cancer is associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis and deletion of Rac1b in a mouse colorectal cancer model reduces tumourigenesis. We demonstrate that RAC1B interacts with, and is required for efficient activation of the EGFR signalling pathway. Moreover, RAC1B inhibition sensitises cetuximab resistant human tumour organoids to the effects of EGFR inhibition, outlining a potential therapeutic target for improving the clinical efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gudiño
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) - CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Öther-Gee Pohl
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Caroline V Billard
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patrizia Cammareri
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alfonso Bolado
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stuart Aitken
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Adam E Hall
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark Agostino
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - John Cassidy
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Paz Freile
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Linda Popplewell
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway - University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - George Dickson
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway - University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Laura Murphy
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ann Wheeler
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Malcolm Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Farhat Din
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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4
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Mund JA, Park S, Smith AE, He Y, Jiang L, Hawley E, Roberson MJ, Mitchell DK, Abu-Sultanah M, Yuan J, Bessler WK, Sandusky G, Chen S, Zhang C, Rhodes SD, Clapp DW. Genetic disruption of the small GTPase RAC1 prevents plexiform neurofibroma formation in mice with neurofibromatosis type 1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9948-9958. [PMID: 32471868 PMCID: PMC7380178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common cancer predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. NF1 encodes neurofibromin, a GTPase-activating protein for RAS proto-oncogene GTPase (RAS). Plexiform neurofibromas are a hallmark of NF1 and result from loss of heterozygosity of NF1 in Schwann cells, leading to constitutively activated p21RAS. Given the inability to target p21RAS directly, here we performed an shRNA library screen of all human kinases and Rho-GTPases in a patient-derived NF1-/- Schwann cell line to identify novel therapeutic targets to disrupt PN formation and progression. Rho family members, including Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), were identified as candidates. Corroborating these findings, we observed that shRNA-mediated knockdown of RAC1 reduces cell proliferation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in NF1-/- Schwann cells. Genetically engineered Nf1flox/flox;PostnCre+ mice, which develop multiple PNs, also exhibited increased RAC1-GTP and phospho-ERK levels compared with Nf1flox/flox;PostnCre- littermates. Notably, mice in which both Nf1 and Rac1 loci were disrupted (Nf1flox/floxRac1flox/flox;PostnCre+) were completely free of tumors and had normal phospho-ERK activity compared with Nf1flox/flox ;PostnCre+ mice. We conclude that the RAC1-GTPase is a key downstream node of RAS and that genetic disruption of the Rac1 allele completely prevents PN tumor formation in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Mund
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - SuJung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Abbi E Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yongzheng He
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eric Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michelle J Roberson
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Dana K Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mohannad Abu-Sultanah
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jin Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Waylan K Bessler
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - George Sandusky
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Steven D Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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5
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El-Mehdi M, Takhlidjt S, Khiar F, Prévost G, do Rego JL, do Rego JC, Benani A, Nedelec E, Godefroy D, Arabo A, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Anouar Y, Chartrel N, Picot M. Glucose homeostasis is impaired in mice deficient in the neuropeptide 26RFa (QRFP). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000942. [PMID: 32114486 PMCID: PMC7050347 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 26RFa (pyroglutamyl RFamide peptide (QRFP)) is a biologically active peptide that has been found to control feeding behavior by stimulating food intake, and to regulate glucose homeostasis by acting as an incretin. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the impact of 26RFa gene knockout on the regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 26RFa mutant mice were generated by homologous recombination, in which the entire coding region of prepro26RFa was replaced by the iCre sequence. Energy and glucose metabolism was evaluated through measurement of complementary parameters. Morphological and physiological alterations of the pancreatic islets were also investigated. RESULTS Our data do not reveal significant alteration of energy metabolism in the 26RFa-deficient mice except the occurrence of an increased basal metabolic rate. By contrast, 26RFa mutant mice exhibited an altered glycemic phenotype with an increased hyperglycemia after a glucose challenge associated with an impaired insulin production, and an elevated hepatic glucose production. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional immunohistochemical experiments indicate that the insulin content of pancreatic β cells is much lower in the 26RFa-/- mice as compared with the wild-type littermates. CONCLUSION Disruption of the 26RFa gene induces substantial alteration in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, with in particular a deficit in insulin production by the pancreatic islets. These findings further support the notion that 26RFa is an important regulator of glucose homeostasis.
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6
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Xue CD, Chen Y, Ren JL, Zhang LS, Liu X, Yu YR, Tang CS, Qi YF. Endogenous intermedin protects against intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Peptides 2019; 121:170131. [PMID: 31408662 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contributes to intimal hyperplasia following vascular injury, in which endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a critical role. Intermedin (IMD) is a vascular paracrine/autocrine peptide exerting numerous beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. IMD overexpression could alleviate intimal hyperplasia. Here, we investigated whether endogenous IMD protects against intimal hyperplasia by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. The mouse left common carotid-artery ligation-injury model was established to induce intimal hyperplasia using IMD-/-mice and C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) was used to stimulate the proliferation of VSMC. IMD-/- mice displayed exacerbated intimal hyperplasia induced by complete ligation of the left carotid artery at 14 d and 28 d compared to WT mice. However, IMD-deficiency had no effect on blood pressure, plasma triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose levels in mice. Furthermore, VSMCs derived from IMD-/- mice showed increased cell proliferation and dramatically elevated levels of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), ATF6 mRNA under PDGF-BB treatment compared to WT mice-derived VSMCs. In addition, exogenous administration of IMD significantly attenuated PDGF-BB-induced cell proliferation and GRP78, phosphorylase-inositol requiring enzyme 1α, ATF4, and ATF6 protein levels. Thus, endogenous IMD may counteract ERS to exert protective role in response to vascular injury and IMD is expected to be a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 4
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/metabolism
- Animals
- Becaplermin/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heat-Shock Proteins
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Hyperplasia/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Primary Cell Culture
- Signal Transduction
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ding Xue
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Ling Ren
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin-Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan-Rong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao-Shu Tang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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7
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Schlichting M, Díaz MM, Xin J, Rosbash M. Neuron-specific knockouts indicate the importance of network communication to Drosophila rhythmicity. eLife 2019; 8:e48301. [PMID: 31613223 PMCID: PMC6794074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal circadian rhythms persist in constant darkness and are driven by intracellular transcription-translation feedback loops. Although these cellular oscillators communicate, isolated mammalian cellular clocks continue to tick away in darkness without intercellular communication. To investigate these issues in Drosophila, we assayed behavior as well as molecular rhythms within individual brain clock neurons while blocking communication within the ca. 150 neuron clock network. We also generated CRISPR-mediated neuron-specific circadian clock knockouts. The results point to two key clock neuron groups: loss of the clock within both regions but neither one alone has a strong behavioral phenotype in darkness; communication between these regions also contributes to circadian period determination. Under these dark conditions, the clock within one region persists without network communication. The clock within the famous PDF-expressing s-LNv neurons however was strongly dependent on network communication, likely because clock gene expression within these vulnerable sLNvs depends on neuronal firing or light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schlichting
- Department of BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Madelen M Díaz
- Department of BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Jason Xin
- Department of BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Department of BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
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8
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Meng X, McGraw CM, Wang W, Jing J, Yeh SY, Wang L, Lopez J, Brown AM, Lin T, Chen W, Xue M, Sillitoe RV, Jiang X, Zoghbi HY. Neurexophilin4 is a selectively expressed α-neurexin ligand that modulates specific cerebellar synapses and motor functions. eLife 2019; 8:e46773. [PMID: 31524598 PMCID: PMC6763262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurexophilins are secreted neuropeptide-like glycoproteins, and neurexophilin1 and neurexophilin3 are ligands for the presynaptic cell adhesion molecule α-neurexin. Neurexophilins are more selectively expressed in the brain than α-neurexins, however, which led us to ask whether neurexophilins modulate the function of α-neurexin in a context-specific manner. We characterized the expression and function of neurexophilin4 in mice and found it to be expressed in subsets of neurons responsible for feeding, emotion, balance, and movement. Deletion of Neurexophilin4 caused corresponding impairments, most notably in motor learning and coordination. We demonstrated that neurexophilin4 interacts with α-neurexin and GABAARs in the cerebellum. Loss of Neurexophilin4 impaired cerebellar Golgi-granule inhibitory neurotransmission and synapse number, providing a partial explanation for the motor learning and coordination deficits observed in the Neurexophilin4 null mice. Our data illustrate how selectively expressed Neurexophilin4, an α-neurexin ligand, regulates specific synapse function and modulates cerebellar motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Meng
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Christopher M McGraw
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Wei Wang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Junzhan Jing
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Szu-Ying Yeh
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Li Wang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Joanna Lopez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Tao Lin
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Wu Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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Kunschmann T, Puder S, Fischer T, Steffen A, Rottner K, Mierke CT. The Small GTPase Rac1 Increases Cell Surface Stiffness and Enhances 3D Migration Into Extracellular Matrices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7675. [PMID: 31118438 PMCID: PMC6531482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane ruffling and lamellipodia formation promote the motility of adherent cells in two-dimensional motility assays by mechano-sensing of the microenvironment and initiation of focal adhesions towards their surroundings. Lamellipodium formation is stimulated by small Rho GTPases of the Rac subfamily, since genetic removal of these GTPases abolishes lamellipodium assembly. The relevance of lamellipodial or invadopodial structures for facilitating cellular mechanics and 3D cell motility is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized that Rac1 affects cell mechanics and facilitates 3D invasion. Thus, we explored whether fibroblasts that are genetically deficient for Rac1 (lacking Rac2 and Rac3) harbor altered mechanical properties, such as cellular deformability, intercellular adhesion forces and force exertion, and exhibit alterations in 3D motility. Rac1 knockout and control cells were analyzed for changes in deformability by applying an external force using an optical stretcher. Five Rac1 knockout cell lines were pronouncedly more deformable than Rac1 control cells upon stress application. Using AFM, we found that cell-cell adhesion forces are increased in Rac1 knockout compared to Rac1-expressing fibroblasts. Since mechanical deformability, cell-cell adhesion strength and 3D motility may be functionally connected, we investigated whether increased deformability of Rac1 knockout cells correlates with changes in 3D motility. All five Rac1 knockout clones displayed much lower 3D motility than Rac1-expressing controls. Moreover, force exertion was reduced in Rac1 knockout cells, as assessed by 3D fiber displacement analysis. Interference with cellular stiffness through blocking of actin polymerization by Latrunculin A could not further reduce invasion of Rac1 knockout cells. In contrast, Rac1-expressing controls treated with Latrunculin A were again more deformable and less invasive, suggesting actin polymerization is a major determinant of observed Rac1-dependent effects. Together, we propose that regulation of 3D motility by Rac1 partly involves cellular mechanics such as deformability and exertion of forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunschmann
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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10
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Bagonis MM, Fusco L, Pertz O, Danuser G. Automated profiling of growth cone heterogeneity defines relations between morphology and motility. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:350-379. [PMID: 30523041 PMCID: PMC6314545 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth cones are complex, motile structures at the tip of an outgrowing neurite. They often exhibit a high density of filopodia (thin actin bundles), which complicates the unbiased quantification of their morphologies by software. Contemporary image processing methods require extensive tuning of segmentation parameters, require significant manual curation, and are often not sufficiently adaptable to capture morphology changes associated with switches in regulatory signals. To overcome these limitations, we developed Growth Cone Analyzer (GCA). GCA is designed to quantify growth cone morphodynamics from time-lapse sequences imaged both in vitro and in vivo, but is sufficiently generic that it may be applied to nonneuronal cellular structures. We demonstrate the adaptability of GCA through the analysis of growth cone morphological variation and its relation to motility in both an unperturbed system and in the context of modified Rho GTPase signaling. We find that perturbations inducing similar changes in neurite length exhibit underappreciated phenotypic nuance at the scale of the growth cone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Bagonis
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ludovico Fusco
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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11
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Zandawala M, Yurgel ME, Texada MJ, Liao S, Rewitz KF, Keene AC, Nässel DR. Modulation of Drosophila post-feeding physiology and behavior by the neuropeptide leucokinin. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007767. [PMID: 30457986 PMCID: PMC6245514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavior and physiology are orchestrated by neuropeptides acting as central neuromodulators and circulating hormones. An outstanding question is how these neuropeptides function to coordinate complex and competing behaviors. In Drosophila, the neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) modulates diverse functions, but mechanisms underlying these complex interactions remain poorly understood. As a first step towards understanding these mechanisms, we delineated LK circuitry that governs various aspects of post-feeding physiology and behavior. We found that impaired LK signaling in Lk and Lk receptor (Lkr) mutants affects diverse but coordinated processes, including regulation of stress, water homeostasis, feeding, locomotor activity, and metabolic rate. Next, we sought to define the populations of LK neurons that contribute to the different aspects of this physiology. We find that the calcium activity in abdominal ganglia LK neurons (ABLKs), but not in the two sets of brain neurons, increases specifically following water consumption, suggesting that ABLKs regulate water homeostasis and its associated physiology. To identify targets of LK peptide, we mapped the distribution of Lkr expression, mined a brain single-cell transcriptome dataset for genes coexpressed with Lkr, and identified synaptic partners of LK neurons. Lkr expression in the brain insulin-producing cells (IPCs), gut, renal tubules and chemosensory cells, correlates well with regulatory roles detected in the Lk and Lkr mutants. Furthermore, these mutants and flies with targeted knockdown of Lkr in IPCs displayed altered expression of insulin-like peptides (DILPs) and transcripts in IPCs and increased starvation resistance. Thus, some effects of LK signaling appear to occur via DILP action. Collectively, our data suggest that the three sets of LK neurons have different targets, but modulate the establishment of post-prandial homeostasis by regulating distinct physiological processes and behaviors such as diuresis, metabolism, organismal activity and insulin signaling. These findings provide a platform for investigating feeding-related neuroendocrine regulation of vital behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Yurgel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sifang Liao
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim F. Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Chang AN, Liang Z, Dai HQ, Chapdelaine-Williams AM, Andrews N, Bronson RT, Schwer B, Alt FW. Neural blastocyst complementation enables mouse forebrain organogenesis. Nature 2018; 563:126-130. [PMID: 30305734 PMCID: PMC6588192 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are commonly generated by the microinjection of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells into wild-type host blastocysts1, producing chimeric progeny that require breeding for germline transmission and homozygosity of modified alleles. As an alternative approach and to facilitate studies of the immune system, we previously developed RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation2. Because RAG2-deficient mice cannot undergo V(D)J recombination, they do not develop B or T lineage cells beyond the progenitor stage2: injecting RAG2-sufficient donor ES cells into RAG2-deficient blastocysts generates somatic chimaeras in which all mature lymphocytes derive from donor ES cells. This enables analysis, in mature lymphocytes, of the functions of genes that are required more generally for mouse development3. Blastocyst complementation has been extended to pancreas organogenesis4, and used to generate several other tissues or organs5-10, but an equivalent approach for brain organogenesis has not yet been achieved. Here we describe neural blastocyst complementation (NBC), which can be used to study the development and function of specific forebrain regions. NBC involves targeted ablation, mediated by diphtheria toxin subunit A, of host-derived dorsal telencephalic progenitors during development. This ablation creates a vacant forebrain niche in host embryos that results in agenesis of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Injection of donor ES cells into blastocysts with forebrain-specific targeting of diphtheria toxin subunit A enables donor-derived dorsal telencephalic progenitors to populate the vacant niche in the host embryos, giving rise to neocortices and hippocampi that are morphologically and neurologically normal with respect to learning and memory formation. Moreover, doublecortin-deficient ES cells-generated via a CRISPR-Cas9 approach-produced NBC chimaeras that faithfully recapitulated the phenotype of conventional, germline doublecortin-deficient mice. We conclude that NBC is a rapid and efficient approach to generate complex mouse models for studying forebrain functions; this approach could more broadly facilitate organogenesis based on blastocyst complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia N Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhuoyi Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Qiang Dai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aimee M Chapdelaine-Williams
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick Andrews
- Division of Neurology, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bjoern Schwer
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Smith MR, Glicksberg BS, Li L, Chen R, Morishita H, Dudley JT. Loss-of-function of neuroplasticity-related genes confers risk for human neurodevelopmental disorders. Pac Symp Biocomput 2018; 23:68-79. [PMID: 29218870 PMCID: PMC5728668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High and increasing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders place enormous personal and economic burdens on society. Given the growing realization that the roots of neurodevelopmental disorders often lie in early childhood, there is an urgent need to identify childhood risk factors. Neurodevelopment is marked by periods of heightened experience-dependent neuroplasticity wherein neural circuitry is optimized by the environment. If these critical periods are disrupted, development of normal brain function can be permanently altered, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we aim to systematically identify human variants in neuroplasticity-related genes that confer risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Historically, this knowledge has been limited by a lack of techniques to identify genes related to neurodevelopmental plasticity in a high-throughput manner and a lack of methods to systematically identify mutations in these genes that confer risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Using an integrative genomics approach, we determined loss-of-function (LOF) variants in putative plasticity genes, identified from transcriptional profiles of brain from mice with elevated plasticity, that were associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. From five shared differentially expressed genes found in two mouse models of juvenile-like elevated plasticity (juvenile wild-type or adult Lynx1-/- relative to adult wild-type) that were also genotyped in the Mount Sinai BioMe Biobank we identified multiple associations between LOF genes and increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders across 10,510 patients linked to the Mount Sinai Electronic Medical Records (EMR), including epilepsy and schizophrenia. This work demonstrates a novel approach to identify neurodevelopmental risk genes and points toward a promising avenue to discover new drug targets to address the unmet therapeutic needs of neurodevelopmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo R Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl. New York City, NY 10029, USA, ²Departments of Psychiatry and Opthamology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl. New York City, NY 10029, USA, ³Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl. New York City, NY 10029, USA, ⁴Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl. New York City, NY 10029, USA, ⁵Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl. New York City, NY 10029, USA, ⁶Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl. New York City, NY 10029, USA
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14
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Reumann R, Vierk R, Zhou L, Gries F, Kraus V, Mienert J, Romswinkel E, Morellini F, Ferrer I, Nicolini C, Fahnestock M, Rune G, Glatzel M, Galliciotti G. The serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin is required for normal synaptic plasticity and regulates learning and social behavior. Learn Mem 2017; 24:650-659. [PMID: 29142062 PMCID: PMC5688962 DOI: 10.1101/lm.045864.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin regulates the activity of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in the nervous system. Neuroserpin expression is particularly prominent at late stages of neuronal development in most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), whereas it is restricted to regions related to learning and memory in the adult brain. The physiological expression pattern of neuroserpin, its high degree of colocalization with tPA within the CNS, together with its dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders, suggest a role in formation and refinement of synapses. In fact, studies in cell culture and mice point to a role for neuroserpin in dendritic branching, spine morphology, and modulation of behavior. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of neuroserpin in the regulation of synaptic density, synaptic plasticity, and behavior in neuroserpin-deficient mice. In the absence of neuroserpin, mice show a significant decrease in spine-synapse density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, while expression of the key postsynaptic scaffold protein PSD-95 is increased in this region. Neuroserpin-deficient mice show decreased synaptic potentiation, as indicated by reduced long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas presynaptic paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) is unaffected. Consistent with altered synaptic plasticity, neuroserpin-deficient mice exhibit cognitive and sociability deficits in behavioral assays. However, although synaptic dysfunction is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, we do not detect alterations in expression of neuroserpin in fusiform gyrus of autism patients or in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Our results identify neuroserpin as a modulator of synaptic plasticity, and point to a role for neuroserpin in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Vierk
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lepu Zhou
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederice Gries
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kraus
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Mienert
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Romswinkel
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- Research Group Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, CIBERNED, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Chiara Nicolini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Gabriele Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Galliciotti
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Matsuda Y, Miura K, Yamane J, Shima H, Fujibuchi W, Ishida K, Fujishima F, Ohnuma S, Sasaki H, Nagao M, Tanaka N, Satoh K, Naitoh T, Unno M. SERPINI1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an orthotopic implantation model of colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:619-28. [PMID: 26892864 PMCID: PMC4970828 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasingly accepted concept is that the progression of colorectal cancer is accompanied by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In our study, in order to characterize the properties of EMT in 16 colorectal cancer cell lines, the cells were first orthotopically implanted into nude mice, and the tumors in vivo, as well as cells cultured in vitro, were immunostained for EMT markers. The immunostaining revealed that seven of the cells had an epithelial phenotype with a high expression of E-cadherin, whereas other cells showed opposite patterns, such as a high expression of vimentin (CX-1, COLO205, CloneA, HCT116, and SW48). Among the cells expressing vimentin, some expressed vimentin in the orthotopic tumors but not in the cultured cells (SW480, SW620, and COLO320). We evaluated these findings in combination with microarray analyses, and selected five genes: CHST11, SERPINI1, AGR2, FBP1, and FOXA1. Next, we downregulated the expression of SERPINI1 with siRNA in the cells, the results of which showed reverse-EMT changes at the protein level and in the cellular morphology. Along with immunohistochemical analyses, we confirmed the effect of the intracellular and secreted SERPINI1 protein of SW620 cells, which supported the importance of SERPINI1 in EMT. The development of therapeutic strategies targeting EMT is ongoing, including methods targeting the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway as well as the Wnt pathway. SERPINI1 is an important regulator of EMT. Our findings help to elucidate the signaling pathways of EMT, hopefully clarifying therapeutic pathways as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Matsuda
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Koh Miura
- Department of SurgeryMiyagi Cancer CenterNatoriJapan
| | - Junko Yamane
- Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer ChemotherapyMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Wataru Fujibuchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic PathologyIwate Medical University School of MedicineMoriokaJapan
| | | | - Shinobu Ohnuma
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Munenori Nagao
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem CellMiyagi Cancer Center Research InstituteNatoriJapan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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16
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Fond AM, Lee CS, Schulman IG, Kiss RS, Ravichandran KS. Apoptotic cells trigger a membrane-initiated pathway to increase ABCA1. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2748-58. [PMID: 26075824 DOI: 10.1172/jci80300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages clear millions of apoptotic cells daily and, during this process, take up large quantities of cholesterol. The membrane transporter ABCA1 is a key player in cholesterol efflux from macrophages and has been shown via human genetic studies to provide protection against cardiovascular disease. How the apoptotic cell clearance process is linked to macrophage ABCA1 expression is not known. Here, we identified a plasma membrane-initiated signaling pathway that drives a rapid upregulation of ABCA1 mRNA and protein. This pathway involves the phagocytic receptor brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), which recognizes phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, and the intracellular signaling intermediates engulfment cell motility 1 (ELMO1) and Rac1, as ABCA1 induction was attenuated in primary macrophages from mice lacking these molecules. Moreover, this apoptotic cell-initiated pathway functioned independently of the liver X receptor (LXR) sterol-sensing machinery that is known to regulate ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux. When placed on a high-fat diet, mice lacking BAI1 had increased numbers of apoptotic cells in their aortic roots, which correlated with altered lipid profiles. In contrast, macrophages from engineered mice with transgenic BAI1 overexpression showed greater ABCA1 induction in response to apoptotic cells compared with those from control animals. Collectively, these data identify a membrane-initiated pathway that is triggered by apoptotic cells to enhance ABCA1 within engulfing phagocytes and with functional consequences in vivo.
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Nakao S, Wakabayashi S, Nakamura TY. Stimulus-dependent regulation of nuclear Ca2+ signaling in cardiomyocytes: a role of neuronal calcium sensor-1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125050. [PMID: 25897502 PMCID: PMC4405540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In cardiomyocytes, intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients are elicited by electrical and receptor stimulations, leading to muscle contraction and gene expression, respectively. Although such elevations of Ca2+levels ([Ca2+]) also occur in the nucleus, the precise mechanism of nuclear [Ca2+] regulation during different kinds of stimuli, and its relationship with cytoplasmic [Ca2+] regulation are not fully understood. To address these issues, we used a new region-specific fluorescent protein-based Ca2+ indicator, GECO, together with the conventional probe Fluo-4 AM. We confirmed that nuclear Ca2+ transients were elicited by both electrical and receptor stimulations in neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes. Kinetic analysis revealed that electrical stimulation-elicited nuclear Ca2+ transients are slower than cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients, and chelating cytoplasmic Ca2+ abolished nuclear Ca2+ transients, suggesting that nuclear Ca2+ are mainly derived from the cytoplasm during electrical stimulation. On the other hand, receptor stimulation such as with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) preferentially increased nuclear [Ca2+] compared to cytoplasmic [Ca2+]. Experiments using inhibitors revealed that electrical and receptor stimulation-elicited Ca2+ transients were mainly mediated by ryanodine receptors and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), respectively, suggesting different mechanisms for the two signals. Furthermore, IGF-1-elicited nuclear Ca2+ transient amplitude was significantly lower in myocytes lacking neuronal Ca2+ sensor-1 (NCS-1), a Ca2+ binding protein implicated in IP3R-mediated pathway in the heart. Moreover, IGF-1 strengthened the interaction between NCS-1 and IP3R. These results suggest a novel mechanism for receptor stimulation-induced nuclear [Ca2+] regulation mediated by IP3R and NCS-1 that may further fine-tune cardiac Ca2+ signal regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/drug effects
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Electric Stimulation
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Ventricles/cytology
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Ion Transport
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins/deficiency
- Neuronal Calcium-Sensor Proteins/genetics
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Primary Cell Culture
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/genetics
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
- Xanthenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Nakao
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wakabayashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoe Y. Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Pollizzi KN, Patel CH, Sun IH, Oh MH, Waickman AT, Wen J, Delgoffe GM, Powell JD. mTORC1 and mTORC2 selectively regulate CD8⁺ T cell differentiation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2090-108. [PMID: 25893604 DOI: 10.1172/jci77746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mTOR-dependent pathways regulates the specification and differentiation of CD4+ T effector cell subsets. Herein, we show that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 have distinct roles in the generation of CD8+ T cell effector and memory populations. Evaluation of mice with a T cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding the negative regulator of mTORC1, tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), resulted in the generation of highly glycolytic and potent effector CD8+ T cells; however, due to constitutive mTORC1 activation, these cells retained a terminally differentiated effector phenotype and were incapable of transitioning into a memory state. In contrast, CD8+ T cells deficient in mTORC1 activity due to loss of RAS homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) failed to differentiate into effector cells but retained memory characteristics, such as surface marker expression, a lower metabolic rate, and increased longevity. However, these RHEB-deficient memory-like T cells failed to generate recall responses as the result of metabolic defects. While mTORC1 influenced CD8+ T cell effector responses, mTORC2 activity regulated CD8+ T cell memory. mTORC2 inhibition resulted in metabolic reprogramming, which enhanced the generation of CD8+ memory cells. Overall, these results define specific roles for mTORC1 and mTORC2 that link metabolism and CD8+ T cell effector and memory generation and suggest that these functions have the potential to be targeted for enhancing vaccine efficacy and antitumor immunity.
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Villa-Osaba A, Gahete MD, Córdoba-Chacón J, de Lecea L, Pozo-Salas AI, Delgado-Lista FJ, Álvarez-Benito M, López-Miranda J, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Obesity alters gene expression for GH/IGF-I axis in mouse mammary fat pads: differential role of cortistatin and somatostatin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120955. [PMID: 25806796 PMCID: PMC4373840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally produced growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I are key factors in the regulation of mammary gland (MG) development and may be important in breast cancer development/progression. Somatostatin (SST) and cortistatin (CORT) regulate GH/IGF-I axis at various levels, but their role in regulating GH/IGF-I in MGs remains unknown. Since obesity alters the expression of these systems in different tissues and is associated to MG (patho) physiology, we sought to investigate the role of SST/CORT in regulating GH/IGF-I system in the MGs of lean and obese mice. Therefore, we analyzed GH/IGF-I as well as SST/CORT and ghrelin systems expression in the mammary fat pads (MFPs) of SST- or CORT-knockout (KO) mice and their respective littermate-controls fed a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (HF) diet for 16 wks. Our results demonstrate that the majority of the components of GH/IGF-I, SST/CORT and ghrelin systems are locally expressed in mouse MFP. Expression of elements of the GH/IGF-I axis was significantly increased in MFPs of HF-fed control mice while lack of endogenous SST partially suppressed, and lack of CORT completely blunted, the up-regulation observed in obese WT-controls. Since SST/CORT are known to exert an inhibitory role on the GH/IGFI axis, the increase in SST/CORT-receptor sst2 expression in MFPs of HF-fed CORT- and SST-KOs together with an elevation on circulating SST in CORT-KOs could explain the differences observed. These results offer new information on the factors (GH/IGF-I axis) involved in the endocrine/metabolic dysregulation of MFPs in obesity, and suggest that CORT is not a mere SST sibling in regulating MG physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villa-Osaba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Córdoba-Chacón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Pozo-Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Delgado-Lista
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina Álvarez-Benito
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Mammary Gland Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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Sarkanen T, Vaarala O, Julkunen I, Partinen M. [Narcolepsy as an autoimmune disease]. Duodecim 2015; 131:1153-1160. [PMID: 26245045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder of central origin. Hypocretin deficiency is the essential feature of type 1 narcolepsy. The biological background of type 2 narcolepsy (without cataplexy) is less clear. Infections or other external factors are thought to function as triggers of narcolepsy. After the H1N1 vaccination campaign, the incidence of narcolepsy increased clearly in countries where a vaccine boosted with the AS03 adjuvant was used. According to the current view, the increase of narcolepsy in connection with the pandemic vaccine especially in children and adolescents was associated with the virus component of the vaccine, but the adjuvant may also have boosted the development of autoimmune response.
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Holm A, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Knudsen S, Kornum BR, Modvig S, Jennum P, Gammeltoft S. miRNA profiles in plasma from patients with sleep disorders reveal dysregulation of miRNAs in narcolepsy and other central hypersomnias. Sleep 2014; 37:1525-33. [PMID: 25142559 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases including neurological disorders. The aim is to address the involvement of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of central hypersomnias including autoimmune narcolepsy with cataplexy and hypocretin deficiency (type 1 narcolepsy), narcolepsy without cataplexy (type 2 narcolepsy), and idiopathic hypersomnia. DESIGN We conducted high-throughput analysis of miRNA in plasma from three groups of patients-with type 1 narcolepsy, type 2 narcolepsy, and idiopathic hypersomnia, respectively-in comparison with healthy controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) panels. SETTING University hospital based sleep clinic and research laboratories. PATIENTS Twelve patients with type 1 narcolepsy, 12 patients with type 2 narcolepsy, 12 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, and 12 healthy controls. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS By analyzing miRNA in plasma with qPCR we identified 50, 24, and 6 miRNAs that were different in patients with type 1 narcolepsy, type 2 narcolepsy, and idiopathic hypersomnia, respectively, compared with healthy controls. Twenty miRNA candidates who fulfilled the criteria of at least two-fold difference and p-value < 0.05 were selected to validate the miRNA changes in an independent cohort of patients. Four miRNAs differed significantly between type 1 narcolepsy patients and healthy controls. Levels of miR-30c, let-7f, and miR-26a were higher, whereas the level of miR-130a was lower in type 1 narcolepsy than healthy controls. The miRNA differences were not specific for type 1 narcolepsy, since the levels of the four miRNAs were also altered in patients with type 2 narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSION The levels of four miRNAs differed in plasma from patients with type 1 narcolepsy, type 2 narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia suggesting that alterations of miRNAs may be involved in the pathophysiology of central hypersomnias.
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22
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León S, García-Galiano D, Ruiz-Pino F, Barroso A, Manfredi-Lozano M, Romero-Ruiz A, Roa J, Vázquez MJ, Gaytan F, Blomenrohr M, van Duin M, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Physiological roles of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone signaling in the control of mammalian reproductive axis: studies in the NPFF1 receptor null mouse. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2953-65. [PMID: 24823392 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RF-amide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), the mammalian ortholog of the avian gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH), operates via the NPFF1 receptor (NPFF1R) to repress the reproductive axis, therefore acting as counterpart of the excitatory RF-amide peptide, kisspeptin (ligand of Gpr54). In addition, RFRP-3 modulates feeding and might contribute to the integrative control of energy homeostasis and reproduction. Yet, the experimental evidence supporting these putative functions is mostly indirect, and the physiological roles of RFRP-3 remain debatable and obscured by the lack of proper analytical tools and models. To circumvent these limitations, we characterize herein the first mouse line with constitutive inactivation of NPFF1R. Ablation of NPFF1R did not compromise fertility; rather, litters from NPFF1R null mice were larger than those from wild-type animals. Pubertal timing was not altered in NPFF1R deficient mice; yet, pre-pubertal knockout (KO) males displayed elevated LH levels, which normalized after puberty. Adult NPFF1R null male mice showed increased Kiss1 expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, higher serum FSH levels, and enhanced LH responses to GnRH. However, genetic elimination of NPFF1R was unable to reverse the state of hypogonadism caused by the lack of kisspeptin signaling, as revealed by double NPFF1R/Gpr54 KO mice. NPFF1R null mice displayed altered feedback responses to gonadal hormone withdrawal. In addition, metabolic challenges causing gonadotropin suppression, such as short-term fasting and high-fat diet, were less effective in dampening LH secretion in NPFF1R-deficient male mice, suggesting that absence of this inhibitory pathway partially prevented gonadotropin suppression by metabolic stress. Our data are the first to document the impact of elimination of GnIH signaling on reproductive parameters and their modulation by metabolic challenges. Whereas, in keeping with its inhibitory role, the NPFF1R pathway seems dispensable for preserved puberty and fertility, our results surface different alterations due to the lack of GnIH signaling that prominently include changes in the sensitivity to fasting- and obesity-associated hypogonadotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia León
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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23
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de Rezende VB, Rosa DV, Comim CM, Magno LAV, Rodrigues ALS, Vidigal P, Jeromin A, Quevedo J, Romano-Silva MA. NCS-1 deficiency causes anxiety and depressive-like behavior with impaired non-aversive memory in mice. Physiol Behav 2014; 130:91-8. [PMID: 24631552 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensing and regulating intracellular levels of calcium are essential for proper cellular function. In neurons, calcium sensing plays important roles in neuronal plasticity, neurotransmitter release, long-term synapse modification and ion channel activity. Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is a member of the highly conserved neuronal calcium sensor family. Although NCS-1 has been associated with psychiatric conditions including autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it is unclear which role NCS-1 plays in behavior. To understand the involvement of NCS-1 in psychiatric conditions, we provided a comprehensive behavioral characterization of NCS-1 knockout (KO) mice. These mice grow and develop normally without apparent abnormalities in comparison to wild type littermates. However, open field showed that NCS-1 deficiency impairs novelty-induced exploratory activity in both KO and heterozygote (HT) mice. Moreover, NCS-1-deficiency also resulted in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors as demonstrated by elevated plus maze, large open field, forced swim and tail suspension tasks. Furthermore, based on spontaneous object recognition test, non-aversive long-term memory was impaired in NCS-1 KO mice. In contrast, neither social behavior nor a kind of aversive memory was affected under NCS-1 deficiency. These data implicate NCS-1 in exploratory activity, memory and mood-related behaviors, suggesting that NCS-1 gene ablation may result in phenotypic abnormalities associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Bortolo de Rezende
- Laboratório de Neurociência, INCT de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Valadão Rosa
- Laboratório de Neurociência, INCT de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 MG, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Martinelli Comim
- Laboratório de Neurociências, INCT Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário-C.P. 3167, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alexandre Viana Magno
- Laboratório de Neurociência, INCT de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Severo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Depressão, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário-Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paula Vidigal
- Laboratório de Patologia Molecular, Departamento de Anatomia Patológica e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 MG, Brazil
| | | | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, INCT Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário-C.P. 3167, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociência, INCT de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 MG, Brazil.
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24
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Cao Y, Tao L, Shen S, Xiao J, Wu H, Li B, Wu X, Luo W, Xiao Q, Hu X, Liu H, Nie J, Lu S, Yuan B, Han Z, Xiao B, Yang Z, Li X. Cardiac ablation of Rheb1 induces impaired heart growth, endoplasmic reticulum-associated apoptosis and heart failure in infant mice. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24380-98. [PMID: 24351823 PMCID: PMC3876117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homologue enriched in brain 1 (Rheb1) plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes. In this study, we investigate the role of Rheb1 in the post-natal heart. We found that deletion of the gene responsible for production of Rheb1 from cardiomyocytes of post-natal mice resulted in malignant arrhythmias, heart failure, and premature death of these mice. In addition, heart growth impairment, aberrant metabolism relative gene expression, and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis were observed in Rheb1-knockout mice prior to the development of heart failure and arrhythmias. Also, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signaling was enhanced in Rheb1-knockout mice, and removal of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) significantly prolonged the survival of Rheb1-knockouts. Furthermore, signaling via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was abolished and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were increased in Rheb1 mutant mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Rheb1 is important for maintaining cardiac function in post-natal mice via regulation of mTORC1 activity and stress on the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, activation of Akt signaling helps to improve the survival of mice with advanced heart failure. Thus, this study provides direct evidence that Rheb1 performs multiple important functions in the heart of the post-natal mouse. Enhancing Akt activity improves the survival of infant mice with advanced heart failure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Heart/growth & development
- Heart/physiopathology
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/pathology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Shutong Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- Regeneration Lab and Experimental Center of Life sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Beibei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiangqi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Wen Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Xiaoshan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hailang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Junwei Nie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Baiyin Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Zhonglin Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Bo Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (X.L.); (Z.Y.); Tel.: +86-25-8371-4511-6325 (X.L.); Fax: +86-25-8367-3396 (X.L.)
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (X.L.); (Z.Y.); Tel.: +86-25-8371-4511-6325 (X.L.); Fax: +86-25-8367-3396 (X.L.)
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25
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Abstract
Orexins A and B (hypocretins 1 and 2) and their two receptors (OX1R and OX2R) were discovered in 1998 by two different groups. Orexin A and B are derived from the differential processing of a common precursor, the prepro-orexin peptide. The neuropeptides are expressed in a few thousand cells located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), but their projections and receptor distribution are widespread throughout the brain. Remarkably, prepro peptide and double (OX1R/OX2R) receptor knock out (KO) mice reproduce a sleep phenotype known in humans and dogs as narcolepsy/cataplexy. In humans, this disease is characterized by the absence of orexin producing cells in the LH, and severely depleted levels of orexin the cerebrospinal fluid. Null mutation of the individual OX1R or OX2R in mice substantially ameliorates the narcolepsy/cataplexy phenotype compared to the OX1R/OX2R KO, and highlights specific roles of the individual receptors in sleep architecture, the OX1R KO demonstrating an a attenuated sleep phenotype relative to the OX2R KO. It has therefore been suggested that orexin is a master regulator of the sleep-wake cycle, with high activity of the LH orexin cells during wake and almost none during sleep. Less than 10years later, the first orexin antagonist, almorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), was reported to be effective in inducing sleep in volunteers and insomnia patients. Although development was stopped for almorexant and for Glaxo's DORA SB-649868, no less than 4 orexin receptor antagonists have reached phase II for insomnia, including Filorexant (MK-6096) and Suvorexant (MK-4305) from Merck. Suvorexant has since progressed to Phase III and dossier submission to the FDA. These four compounds are reported as DORAs, however, they equilibrate very slowly at one and/or the other orexin receptor, and thus at equilibrium may show more or less selectivity for OX1R or OX2R. The appropriate balance of antagonism of the two receptors for sleep is a point of debate, although in rodent models OX2R antagonism alone appears sufficient to induce sleep, whereas OX1R antagonism is largely devoid of this effect. Orexin is involved in a number of other functions including reward and feeding, where OX1R (possibly OX2R) antagonists display anti-addictive properties in rodent models of alcohol, smoking, and drug self-administration. However, despite early findings in feeding and appetite control, orexin receptor antagonists have not produced the anticipated effects in models of increased food intake or obesity in rodents, nor have they shown marked effects on weight in the existing clinical trials. The role of orexin in a number of other domains such as pain, mood, anxiety, migraine and neurodegenerative diseases is an active area of research. The progress of the orexin field is thus extraordinary, and the community awaits the clinical testing of more receptor selective antagonists in sleep and other disorders, as well as that of orexin agonists, with the latter expected to produce positive outcomes in narcolepsy/cataplexy and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville Campus, Kenneth Myer Building, at Genetics Lane, on Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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26
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Groenewoud MJ, Goorden SMI, Kassies J, Pellis-van Berkel W, Lamb RF, Elgersma Y, Zwartkruis FJT. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex I (mTORC1) activity in ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb)-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81649. [PMID: 24303063 PMCID: PMC3841147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-like GTPase Rheb has been identified as a crucial activator of mTORC1. Activation most likely requires a direct interaction between Rheb and mTOR, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Using a panel of Rheb-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we show that Rheb is indeed essential for the rapid increase of mTORC1 activity following stimulation with insulin or amino acids. However, mTORC1 activity is less severely reduced in Rheb-deficient MEFs in the continuous presence of serum or upon stimulation with serum. This remaining mTORC1 activity is blocked by depleting the cells for amino acids or imposing energy stress. In addition, MEK inhibitors and the RSK-inhibitor BI-D1870 interfere in mTORC1 activity, suggesting that RSK acts as a bypass for Rheb in activating mTORC1. Finally, we show that this rapamycin-sensitive, Rheb-independent mTORC1 activity is important for cell cycle progression. In conclusion, whereas rapid adaptation in mTORC1 activity requires Rheb, a second Rheb-independent activation mechanism exists that contributes to cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous J. Groenewoud
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M. I. Goorden
- Department of Neuroscience, ENCORE expertise center for neuro-developmental disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien Kassies
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Pellis-van Berkel
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard F. Lamb
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research UK Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, ENCORE expertise center for neuro-developmental disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fried J. T. Zwartkruis
- Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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27
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Xi C, Ren C, Hu A, Lin J, Yao Q, Wang Y, Gao Z, An X, Liu C. Defective expression of Protein 4.1N is correlated to tumor progression, aggressive behaviors and chemotherapy resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:764-71. [PMID: 23994105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein 4.1N (4.1N) is a member of the Protein 4.1 family that is involved in cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration and signaling. In this study, we evaluated the expression of 4.1N protein and its potential roles in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tumorigenesis and progression. METHODS 4.1N protein expression was investigated in a total of 280 samples including 74 normal tissues, 35 benign, 30 borderline and 141 malignant epithelial ovarian tumors by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between 4.1N expression levels and clinicopathologic features was statistically analyzed. The expression of 4.1N in EOC cell lines was examined by western blotting. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that, although there was no loss of 4.1N expression in normal tissues and benign tumors, absence of Protein 4.1N was significantly more common in EOCs (44.0%) than in borderline tumors (3.3%) (p<0.001). Furthermore, loss or decreased expression of 4.1N protein expression was correlated with malignant potential of the tumors (14.3% in benign tumors, 56.7% in borderline tumors and 92.9% in malignancy) (p<0.001). In EOC samples, loss of 4.1N protein was significantly associated with advanced-stage (p=0.004), ascites (p=0.009), omental metastasis (p=0.018), suboptimal debulking (p=0.024), poorly histological differentiation (p=0.009), high-grade serous carcinoma (p=0.001), short progression-free-survival (p=0.018) and poor chemosensitivity to first-line chemotherapy (p=0.029). Moreover, western blotting analysis revealed that expression of 4.1N protein was lost in 4/8 (50%) EOC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS 4.1N protein expression level was significantly decreased during malignant transformation of epithelial ovarian tumors and that loss of 4.1N expression was closely correlated to poorly differentiated and biologically aggressive EOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Xi
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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28
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Regus-Leidig H, Ott C, Löhner M, Atorf J, Fuchs M, Sedmak T, Kremers J, Fejtová A, Gundelfinger ED, Brandstätter JH. Identification and immunocytochemical characterization of Piccolino, a novel Piccolo splice variant selectively expressed at sensory ribbon synapses of the eye and ear. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70373. [PMID: 23936420 PMCID: PMC3735604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Piccolo is one of the largest cytomatrix proteins present at active zones of chemical synapses, where it is suggested to play a role in recruiting and integrating molecules relevant for both synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Here we examined the retina of a Piccolo-mutant mouse with a targeted deletion of exon 14 in the Pclo gene. Piccolo deficiency resulted in its profound loss at conventional chemical amacrine cell synapses but retinal ribbon synapses were structurally and functionally unaffected. This led to the identification of a shorter, ribbon-specific Piccolo variant, Piccolino, present in retinal photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, as well as in inner hair cells of the inner ear. By RT-PCR analysis and the generation of a Piccolino-specific antibody we show that non-splicing of intron 5/6 leads to premature translation termination and generation of the C-terminally truncated protein specifically expressed at active zones of ribbon synapse containing cell types. With in situ proximity ligation assays we provide evidence that this truncation leads to the absence of interaction sites for Bassoon, Munc13, and presumably also ELKS/CAST, RIM2, and the L-type Ca2+ channel which exist in the full-length Piccolo at active zones of conventional chemical synapses. The putative lack of interactions with proteins of the active zone suggests a function of Piccolino at ribbon synapses of sensory neurons different from Piccolo’s function at conventional chemical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Regus-Leidig
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna Ott
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Löhner
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenny Atorf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michaela Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Sedmak
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Kremers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Fejtová
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D. Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann H. Brandstätter
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Huda MSB, Mani H, Durham BH, Dovey TM, Halford JCG, Aditya BS, Pinkney JH, Wilding JP, Hart IK. Plasma obestatin and autonomic function are altered in orexin-deficient narcolepsy, but ghrelin is unchanged. Endocrine 2013. [PMID: 23179778 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy-cataplexy is characterised by orexin deficiency, sleep disturbance, obesity and dysautonomia. Ghrelin and obestatin affect both energy intake and sleep. Our aim was to investigate ghrelin, obestatin and metabolic/autonomic function in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Eight narcolepsy-cataplexy patients (seven CSF orexin-deficient) and eight matched controls were studied. The subjects had a fixed energy meal with serial blood samples and measurement of heart rate variability (HRV). Fasting plasma obestatin was more than threefold higher in narcolepsy subjects (narcolepsy 89.6 ± 16 pg/ml vs. control 24.9 ± 3 pg/ml, p < 0.001). There was no change in HRV total power, but post-prandial low-frequency (LF) power and high-frequency (HF) power were lower in the narcolepsy group [area under the curve (AUC): HF power narcolepsy 1.4 × 10(5) ± 0.2 × 10(5) vs. control 3.3 × 10(5) ± 0.6 × 10(5 )ms(2)/h, p < 0.001]. On multiple regression analyses, the only significant predictor of plasma obestatin was HF power, which was inversely correlated with obestatin (β = -0.65 R (2) = 38 %, p = 0.009). Fasting and post-prandial plasma ghrelin were similar in both groups (narcolepsy 589.5 ± 88 pg/ml vs. control 686.9 ± 81 pg/ml, p = 0.5; post-prandial AUC-narcolepsy 161.3 ± 22 ng/ml/min vs. control 188.6 ± 62 ng/ml/min, p = 0.4). Only the narcolepsy group had significant suppression of plasma ghrelin after the meal (ANOVA, p = 0.004). In orexin-deficient narcolepsy, fasting plasma ghrelin is unaltered, and post-prandial suppression is preserved. Fasting plasma obestatin is increased and correlates with autonomic dysfunction. As obestatin affects NREM sleep, we suggest that increased plasma levels contribute to the disrupted sleep-state control in narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S B Huda
- University of Liverpool Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK.
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31
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Abstract
In mammals, adult neural stem cells give rise to new hippocampal dentate granule neurons and interneurons of the olfactory bulb throughout life. The microtubule associated protein Doublecortin (DCX) is expressed by migrating neuroblasts and immature neurons, and is widely used as a stage-specific marker of adult neurogenesis and as a marker to identify neurogenic activity in the adult brain per se. Mutations in the DCX gene have been causally linked to human lissencephalic syndromes. Moreover, embryonic loss of DCX function interferes with neuronal migration and dendritic patterning in a species- and region-specific manner. A putative function of DCX in adult neurogenesis has not been directly explored. Here we show that overexpression of DCX in newly generated dentate granule neurons of the adult mouse brain has no effect on morphological maturation or migration. We also show that micro (mi) RNA-mediated retroviral knockdown of DCX does not alter morphological maturation of adult born dentate granule cells or migration of new neurons in either adult neurogenic niche. Thus, the present data indicate that DCX is dispensable for the development of new neurons in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Merz
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cells, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D. Chichung Lie
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cells, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gelderblom M, Neumann M, Ludewig P, Bernreuther C, Krasemann S, Arunachalam P, Gerloff C, Glatzel M, Magnus T. Deficiency in serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin exacerbates ischemic brain injury by increased postischemic inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63118. [PMID: 23658802 PMCID: PMC3643909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The only approved pharmacological treatment for ischemic stroke is intravenous administration of plasminogen activator (tPA) to re-canalize the occluded cerebral vessel. Not only reperfusion but also tPA itself can induce an inflammatory response. Microglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system and the first immune cells to become activated in stroke. Neuroserpin, an endogenous inhibitor of tPA, is up-regulated following cerebral ischemia. To examine neuroserpin-dependent mechanisms of neuroprotection in stroke, we studied neuroserpin deficient (Ns(-/-))mice in an animal model of temporal focal ischemic stroke. Infarct size and neurological outcome were worse in neuroserpin deficient mice even though the fibrinolytic activity in the ischemic brain was increased. The increased infarct size was paralleled by a selective increase in proinflammatory microglia activation in Ns(-/-) mice. Our results show excessive microglial activation in Ns(-/-) mice mediated by an increased activity of tPA. This activation results in a worse outcome further underscoring the potential detrimental proinflammatory effects of tPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Neumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Chanclón B, Luque RM, Córdoba-Chacón J, Gahete MD, Pozo-Salas AI, Castaño JP, Gracia-Navarro F, Martínez-Fuentes AJ. Role of endogenous cortistatin in the regulation of ghrelin system expression at pancreatic level under normal and obese conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57834. [PMID: 23469081 PMCID: PMC3585174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin-system components [native ghrelin, In1-ghrelin, Ghrelin-O-acyltransferase enzyme (GOAT) and receptors (GHS-Rs)] are expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including the pancreas, where they exert different biological actions including regulation of neuroendocrine secretions, food intake and pancreatic function. The expression of ghrelin system is regulated by metabolic conditions (fasting/obesity) and is associated with the progression of obesity and insulin resistance. Cortistatin (CORT), a neuropeptide able to activate GHS-R, has emerged as an additional link in gut-brain interplay. Indeed, we recently reported that male CORT deficient mice (cort−/−) are insulin-resistant and present a clear dysregulation in the stomach ghrelin-system. The present work was focused at analyzing the expression pattern of ghrelin-system components at pancreas level in cort−/− mice and their control littermates (cort +/+) under low- or high-fat diet. Our data reveal that all the ghrelin-system components are expressed at the mouse pancreatic level, where, interestingly, In1-ghrelin was expressed at higher levels than native-ghrelin. Thus, GOAT mRNA levels were significantly lower in cort−/− mice compared with controls while native ghrelin, In1-ghrelin and GHS-R transcript levels remained unaltered under normal metabolic conditions. Moreover, under obese condition, a significant increase in pancreatic expression of native-ghrelin, In1-ghrelin and GHS-R was observed in obese cort+/+ but not in cort−/− mice. Interestingly, insulin expression and release was elevated in obese cort+/+, while these changes were not observed in obese cort−/− mice. Altogether, our results indicate that the ghrelin-system expression is clearly regulated in the pancreas of cort+/+ and cort −/− under normal and/or obesity conditions suggesting that this system may play relevant roles in the endocrine pancreas. Most importantly, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that endogenous CORT is essential for the obesity-induced changes in insulin expression/secretion observed in mice, suggesting that CORT is a key regulatory component of the pancreatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Chanclón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Córdoba-Chacón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana I. Pozo-Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gracia-Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martínez-Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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36
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Schwarz J, Proff J, Hävemeier A, Ladwein M, Rottner K, Barlag B, Pich A, Tatge H, Just I, Gerhard R. Serine-71 phosphorylation of Rac1 modulates downstream signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44358. [PMID: 22970203 PMCID: PMC3438190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate a variety of cellular functions by signaling to different signal pathways. It is believed that the presence of a specific effector at the location of GTPase activation determines the route of downstream signaling. We previously reported about EGF-induced Ser-71 phosphorylation of Rac1/Cdc42. By using the phosphomimetic S71E-mutants of Rac1 and Cdc42 we investigated the impact of Ser-71 phosphorylation on binding to selected effector proteins. Binding of the constitutively active (Q61L) variants of Rac1 and Cdc42 to their specific interaction partners Sra-1 and N-WASP, respectively, as well as to their common effector protein PAK was abrogated when Ser-71 was exchanged to glutamate as phosphomimetic substitution. Interaction with their common effector proteins IQGAP1/2/3 or MRCK alpha was, however, hardly affected. This ambivalent behaviour was obvious in functional assays. In contrast to Rac1 Q61L, phosphomimetic Rac1 Q61L/S71E was not able to induce increased membrane ruffling. Instead, Rac1 Q61L/S71E allowed filopodia formation, which is in accordance with abrogation of the dominant Sra-1/Wave signalling pathway. In addition, in contrast to Rac1 transfected cells Rac1 S71E failed to activate PAK1/2. On the other hand, Rac1 Q61L/S71E was as effective in activation of NF-kappaB as Rac1 Q61L, illustrating positive signal transduction of phosphorylated Rac1. Together, these data suggest that phosphorylation of Rac1 and Cdc42 at serine-71 represents a reversible mechanism to shift specificity of GTPase/effector coupling, and to preferentially address selected downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Proff
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Hävemeier
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Ladwein
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institut für Genetik, Rheinische Friederich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Britta Barlag
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helma Tatge
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Department of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Knudsen S, Biering-Sørensen B, Kornum BR, Petersen ER, Ibsen JD, Gammeltoft S, Mignot E, Jennum PJ. Early IVIg treatment has no effect on post-H1N1 narcolepsy phenotype or hypocretin deficiency. Neurology 2012; 79:102-3. [PMID: 22722630 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31825dce03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Knudsen
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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38
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Santamaria-Cano J. [Diagnostic and therapeutic update in narcolepsy]. Rev Neurol 2012; 54 Suppl 3:S25-S30. [PMID: 22605629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is an emblematic, unique disease within sleep disorders that is characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and other abnormal manifestations of REM sleep. In the last 14 years truly spectacular progress has been made in our knowledge of this disease, since the discovery of its cause, i.e. a loss of the hypothalamic neurons that synthesise hypocretin, a previously unknown neurotransmitter, and its probable aetiopathogenic mechanisms, i.e. an autoimmune process in a patient with very precise immunological characteristics - a specific type of HLA and a specific type of T-cell receptor. The cause of this autoimmune process remains unknown. The definitive treatment - the administration of hypocretin, which is the substance missing in the organism - is still unavailable, but there are powerful drugs for treating its main symptoms, the sleepiness and the cataplexy. Some of these are classic compounds (methylphenidate, clomipramine), while others are more recent (modafinil, venlafaxine, sodium oxybate), but together they allow many patients to experience significant improvements. Lack of knowledge about the disease, both on the part of patients and their relatives as well as physicians, is the reason for the great delay in its diagnosis, with even more dramatic consequences when the disease begins in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Santamaria-Cano
- Servicio de Neurología, Unidad Multidisciplinar de Trastornos del Sueño, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Villaroel 170, Barcelona, Spain.
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Vidaki M, Tivodar S, Doulgeraki K, Tybulewicz V, Kessaris N, Pachnis V, Karagogeos D. Rac1-dependent cell cycle exit of MGE precursors and GABAergic interneuron migration to the cortex. Cereb Cortex 2012; 22:680-92. [PMID: 21690261 PMCID: PMC3589917 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons are characterized by extraordinary neurochemical and functional diversity. Although recent studies have uncovered some of the molecular components underlying interneuron development, including the cellular and molecular mechanisms guiding their migration to the cortex, the intracellular components involved are still unknown. Rac1, a member of the Rac subfamily of Rho-GTPases, has been implicated in various cellular processes such as cell cycle dynamics, axonogenesis, and migration. In this study, we have addressed the specific role of Rac1 in interneuron progenitors originating in the medial ganglionic eminence, via Cre/loxP technology. We show that ablation of Rac1 from Nkx2.1-positive progenitors, results in a migratory impairment. As a consequence, only half of GABAergic interneurons are found in the postnatal cortex. The rest remain aggregated in the ventral telencephalon and show morphological defects in their growing processes in vitro. Ablation of Rac1 from postmitotic progenitors does not result in similar defects, thus underlying a novel cell autonomous and stage-specific requirement for Rac1 activity, within proliferating progenitors of cortical interneurons. Rac1 is necessary for their transition from G1 to S phase, at least in part by regulating cyclin D levels and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vidaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 71003
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece 71110
| | - Simona Tivodar
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 71003
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece 71110
| | - Katerina Doulgeraki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 71003
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece 71110
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, NW7-1AA London, UK
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E-6BT London, UK
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, NW7-1AA London, UK
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece 71003
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology Hellas (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece 71110
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Abstract
Hypothalamic orexin neurons are known to regulate sleep/wake stability, feeding behavior, emotions, autonomic nerve activity, and whole-body energy metabolism. In addition, emerging evidence indicates that orexin contributes to central regulation of glucose homeostasis. Intriguingly, central administration of orexin is reported to cause blood glucose-elevating effect or blood glucose-lowering effect in rodents, depending on the experimental conditions. Here we reviewed the recent reports regarding the mode and mechanism of actions of orexin on these two opposing effects, and discuss the functional significance for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The fact that orexin exhibits biphasic effects on autonomic nerve activity and lipolysis suggests that orexin dually regulates the glucose appearance. In fact, orexin neurons are activated not only depending on the demand for glucose but also according to a circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The excited orexin neurons appear to alter the sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow to the periphery, and modulate the glucose production and utilization. Furthermore, deficiency of orexin action, particularly reduction of orexin 2 receptor-signaling, disrupts the mechanism for protection against insulin resistance associated with aging or induced by chronic high fat feeding in mice. Taken together, hypothalamic orexin system may manage multiple tasks to coordinate the interconnection among the arousal, feeding, circadian, and glucose homeostasis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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41
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Mizukawa B, Wei J, Shrestha M, Wunderlich M, Chou FS, Griesinger A, Harris CE, Kumar AR, Zheng Y, Williams DA, Mulloy JC. Inhibition of Rac GTPase signaling and downstream prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins as combination targeted therapy in MLL-AF9 leukemia. Blood 2011; 118:5235-45. [PMID: 21940819 PMCID: PMC3217406 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-351817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac family of small Rho GTPases coordinates diverse cellular functions in hematopoietic cells including adhesion, migration, cytoskeleton rearrangements, gene transcription, proliferation, and survival. The integrity of Rac signaling has also been found to critically regulate cellular functions in the initiation and maintenance of hematopoietic malignancies. Using an in vivo gene targeting approach, we demonstrate that Rac2, but not Rac1, is critical to the initiation of acute myeloid leukemia in a retroviral expression model of MLL-AF9 leukemogenesis. However, loss of either Rac1 or Rac2 is sufficient to impair survival and growth of the transformed MLL-AF9 leukemia. Rac2 is known to positively regulate expression of Bcl-2 family proteins toward a prosurvival balance. We demonstrate that disruption of downstream survival signaling through antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins is implicated in mediating the effects of Rac2 deficiency in MLL-AF9 leukemia. Indeed, overexpression of Bcl-xL is able to rescue the effects of Rac2 deficiency and MLL-AF9 cells are exquisitely sensitive to direct inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins by the BH3-mimetic, ABT-737. Furthermore, concurrent exposure to NSC23766, a small-molecule inhibitor of Rac activation, increases the apoptotic effect of ABT-737, indicating the Rac/Bcl-2 survival pathway may be targeted synergistically.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Nitrophenols/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
- RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mizukawa
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229, USA
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42
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Sakurai T. [Connectomics of orexin-producing neurons: analysis using mouse models]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2011; 31:223-229. [PMID: 22256611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Orexin A and orexin B (also known as hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that we discovered thirteen years ago. Initially, these peptides were recognized as regulators of feeding behavior. Subsequently, several studies suggested that orexin deficiency causes narcolepsy in humans and other mammalian species, highlighting roles of this hypothalamic neuropeptide in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Studies of efferent and afferent systems of orexin-producing neurons have shown that the orexin neuronal system has close interactions with systems that regulate emotion, energy homeostasis, reward, and arousal. These observations suggest that orexin neurons are involved in sensing the body's external and internal environments, and regulate vigilance states accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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43
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Fabbro S, Schaller K, Seeds NW. Amyloid-beta levels are significantly reduced and spatial memory defects are rescued in a novel neuroserpin-deficient Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. J Neurochem 2011; 118:928-38. [PMID: 21689108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Several proteases including plasmin are thought to promote proteolytic cleavage and clearance of Aβ from brain. The activity of both plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain, while the tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor neuroserpin is up-regulated. Here, the relationship of tissue plasminogen activator and neuroserpin to Aβ levels is explored in mouse models. Aβ(1-42) peptide injected into the frontal cortex of tissue plasminogen activator knockout mice is slow to disappear compared to wildtype mice, whereas neuroserpin knockout mice show a rapid clearance of Aβ(1-42). The relationship of neuroserpin and tissue plasminogen activator to Aβ plaque formation was studied further by knocking-out neuroserpin in the human amyloid precursor protein-J20 transgenic mouse. Compared to the J20-transgenic mouse, the neuroserpin-deficient J20-transgenic mice have a dramatic reduction of Aβ peptides, fewer and smaller plaques, and more active tissue plasminogen activator associated with plaques. Furthermore, neuroserpin-deficient J20-transgenic mice have near normal performances in the Morris water maze, in contrast to the spatial memory defects seen in J20-transgenic mice. These results support the concept that neuroserpin inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator plays an important role both in the accumulation of brain amyloid plaques and loss of cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Fabbro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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44
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Donjacour CEHM, Aziz NA, Roelfsema F, Frölich M, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Pijl H. Effect of sodium oxybate on growth hormone secretion in narcolepsy patients and healthy controls. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1069-75. [PMID: 21447786 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00623.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin deficiency causes narcolepsy and may affect neuroendocrine systems and body composition. Additionally, growth hormone (GH) alterations my influence weight in narcolepsy. Symptoms can be treated effectively with sodium oxybate (SXB; γ-hydroxybutyrate) in many patients. This study compared growth hormone secretion in patients and matched controls and established the effect of SXB administration on GH and sleep in both groups. Eight male hypocretin-deficient patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy and eight controls matched for sex, age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat percentage were enrolled. Blood was sampled before and on the 5th day of SXB administration. SXB was taken two times 3 g/night for 5 consecutive nights. Both groups underwent 24-h blood sampling at 10-min intervals for measurement of GH concentrations. The GH concentration time series were analyzed with AutoDecon and approximate entropy (ApEn). Basal and pulsatile GH secretion, pulse regularity, and frequency, as well as ApEn values, were similar in patients and controls. Administration of SXB caused a significant increase in total 24-h GH secretion rate in narcolepsy patients, but not in controls. After SXB, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and, importantly, the cross-correlation between GH levels and SWS more than doubled in both groups. In conclusion, SXB leads to a consistent increase in nocturnal GH secretion and strengthens the temporal relation between GH secretion and SWS. These data suggest that SXB may alter somatotropic tone in addition to its consolidating effect on nighttime sleep in narcolepsy. This could explain the suggested nonsleep effects of SXB, including body weight reduction.
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45
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Magalhaes JKRS, Grynpas MD, Willett TL, Glogauer M. Deleting Rac1 improves vertebral bone quality and resistance to fracture in a murine ovariectomy model. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:1481-92. [PMID: 20683708 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The roles of Rac1 and Rac2 in regulating osteoclast-mediated bone quality in postmenopausal osteoporosis were evaluated using an ovariectomized murine model. Animals' bone composition and architecture were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the deletion of Rac1 increases vertebral bone quality compared to wild-type bones in an ovariectomized model. INTRODUCTION To determine the roles of the Rho family small GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 in regulating osteoclast-mediated bone quality in a model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS Twelve-month-old female mice from three genotypes-wild type (WT), Rac1 null (LysM.Rac1 KO), and Rac2 null (Rac2KO)--were studied in control and ovariectomized groups (mice previously ovariectomized at 4 months of age). Animals were sacrificed at 12 months of age, and the femora and vertebrae were harvested for mechanical testing, bone densitometry, micro-computed tomography, and histomorphometric analyses to evaluate bone mineralization and architecture. The results were compared between groups using ANOVA and LSD post-hoc tests. RESULTS We observed that LysM.Rac1 KO mice showed higher vertebral bone mineral density compared to WT in both control and ovariectomized groups. Consistent with this finding, LysM.Rac1 KO vertebrae showed increased resistance to fracture and increased trabecular connectivity compared to WT in both groups. Micro-CT analysis revealed that Rac2KO ovariectomized vertebrae have more trabecular bone compared to WT and LysM.Rac1 KO, but this did not translate into increased fracture resistance. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the deletion of Rac1 increases vertebral bone quality compared to WT bones in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K R S Magalhaes
- CIHR Group in Matrix Dynamics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building-150 College Street, Room 221, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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46
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Gunapala KM, Gallardo CM, Hsu CT, Steele AD. Single gene deletions of orexin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, and ghrelin do not appreciably alter food anticipatory activity in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18377. [PMID: 21464907 PMCID: PMC3065493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Timing activity to match resource availability is a widely conserved ability in nature. Scheduled feeding of a limited amount of food induces increased activity prior to feeding time in animals as diverse as fish and rodents. Typically, food anticipatory activity (FAA) involves temporally restricting unlimited food access (RF) to several hours in the middle of the light cycle, which is a time of day when rodents are not normally active. We compared this model to calorie restriction (CR), giving the mice 60% of their normal daily calorie intake at the same time each day. Measurement of body temperature and home cage behaviors suggests that the RF and CR models are very similar but CR has the advantage of a clearly defined food intake and more stable mean body temperature. Using the CR model, we then attempted to verify the published result that orexin deletion diminishes food anticipatory activity (FAA) but observed little to no diminution in the response to CR and, surprisingly, that orexin KO mice are refractory to body weight loss on a CR diet. Next we tested the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ghrelin and the anorexigenic hormone, leptin, using mouse mutants. NPY deletion did not alter the behavior or physiological response to CR. Leptin deletion impaired FAA in terms of some activity measures, such as walking and rearing, but did not substantially diminish hanging behavior preceding feeding time, suggesting that leptin knockout mice do anticipate daily meal time but do not manifest the full spectrum of activities that typify FAA. Ghrelin knockout mice do not have impaired FAA on a CR diet. Collectively, these results suggest that the individual hormones and neuropepetides tested do not regulate FAA by acting individually but this does not rule out the possibility of their concerted action in mediating FAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Gunapala
- Broad Fellows Program in Brain Circuitry, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Christian M. Gallardo
- Broad Fellows Program in Brain Circuitry, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia T. Hsu
- Broad Fellows Program in Brain Circuitry, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Broad Fellows Program in Brain Circuitry, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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47
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Overeem S, van Nues SJ, van der Zande WL, Donjacour CE, van Mierlo P, Lammers GJ. The clinical features of cataplexy: A questionnaire study in narcolepsy patients with and without hypocretin-1 deficiency. Sleep Med 2011; 12:12-8. [PMID: 21145280 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Overeem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Hamada J. [Central nervous system in the pathophysiological mechanism of the migraine]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2010; 50:994. [PMID: 21921540 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.50.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
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49
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Marcorelles P, Laquerrière A, Adde-Michel C, Marret S, Saugier-Veber P, Beldjord C, Friocourt G. Evidence for tangential migration disturbances in human lissencephaly resulting from a defect in LIS1, DCX and ARX genes. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:503-15. [PMID: 20461390 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During corticogenesis, neurons adopt different migration pathways to reach their final position. The precursors of pyramidal neurons migrate radially, whereas most of the GABA-containing interneurons are generated in the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially into the neocortex. Then, they use a radial migration mode to establish themselves in an inside-out manner in the neocortex, similarly to pyramidal neurons. In humans, the most severe defects in radial migration result in lissencephaly. Lately, a few studies suggested that lissencephaly was also associated with tangential neuronal migration deficits. In the present report, we investigated potential anomalies of this migration mode in three agyric/pachygyric syndromes due to defects in the LIS1, DCX and ARX genes. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded supra- and infratentorial structures using calretinin, calbindin and parvalbumin antisera. The results were compared with age-matched control brain tissue. In the Miller-Dieker syndrome, GABAergic neurons were found both in upper layers of the cortex and in heterotopic positions in the intermediate zone and in ganglionic eminences. In the DCX mutant brain, few interneurons were dispersed in the cortical plate, with a massive accumulation in the intermediate zone and subventricular zone as well as in the ganglionic eminences. In the ARX-mutated brain, the cortical plate contained almost exclusively pyramidal cells and was devoid of interneurons. The ganglionic eminences and basal ganglia were poorly cellular, suggesting an interneuron production and/or differentiation defect. These data argue for different mechanisms of telencephalic tangential migration impairment in these three agyric/pachygyric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Marcorelles
- Pathology Laboratory, Pole Pathologie-Biologie, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France.
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50
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Li J, Zhu H, Shen E, Wan L, Arnold JMO, Peng T. Deficiency of rac1 blocks NADPH oxidase activation, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress, and reduces myocardial remodeling in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2010; 59:2033-42. [PMID: 20522592 PMCID: PMC2911061 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our recent study demonstrated that Rac1 and NADPH oxidase activation contributes to cardiomyocyte apoptosis in short-term diabetes. This study was undertaken to investigate if disruption of Rac1 and inhibition of NADPH oxidase would prevent myocardial remodeling in chronic diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Rac1 knockout and their wild-type littermates. In a separate experiment, wild-type diabetic mice were treated with vehicle or apocynin in drinking water. Myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammatory response, and myocardial function were investigated after 2 months of diabetes. Isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and stimulated with high glucose. RESULTS In diabetic hearts, NADPH oxidase activation, its subunits' expression, and reactive oxygen species production were inhibited by Rac1 knockout or apocynin treatment. Myocardial collagen deposition and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas were significantly increased in diabetic mice, which were accompanied by elevated expression of pro-fibrotic genes and hypertrophic genes. Deficiency of Rac1 or apocynin administration reduced myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, resulting in improved myocardial function. These effects were associated with a normalization of ER stress markers' expression and inflammatory response in diabetic hearts. In cultured cardiomyocytes, high glucose-induced ER stress was inhibited by blocking Rac1 or NADPH oxidase. CONCLUSIONS Rac1 via NADPH oxidase activation induces myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in diabetic mice. The role of Rac1 signaling may be associated with ER stress and inflammation. Thus, targeting inhibition of Rac1 and NADPH oxidase may be a therapeutic approach for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Li
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Shen
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J. Malcolm O. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Tianqing Peng,
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