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Aísa-Marín I, Rovira Q, Díaz N, Calvo-López L, Vaquerizas JM, Marfany G. Specific photoreceptor cell fate pathways are differentially altered in NR2E3-associated diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 194:106463. [PMID: 38485095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NR2E3, a gene encoding an orphan nuclear transcription factor, cause two retinal dystrophies with a distinct phenotype, but the precise role of NR2E3 in rod and cone transcriptional networks remains unclear. To dissect NR2E3 function, we performed scRNA-seq in the retinas of wildtype and two different Nr2e3 mouse models that show phenotypes similar to patients carrying NR2E3 mutations. Our results reveal that rod and cone populations are not homogeneous and can be separated into different sub-classes. We identify a previously unreported cone pathway that generates hybrid cones co-expressing both cone- and rod-related genes. In mutant retinas, this hybrid cone subpopulation is more abundant and includes a subpopulation of rods transitioning towards a cone cell fate. Hybrid photoreceptors with high misexpression of cone- and rod-related genes are prone to regulated necrosis. Overall, our results shed light on the role of NR2E3 in modulating photoreceptor differentiation towards cone and rod fates and explain how different mutations in NR2E3 lead to distinct visual disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izarbe Aísa-Marín
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; IBUB-IRSJD, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Quirze Rovira
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Noelia Díaz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Laura Calvo-López
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Juan M Vaquerizas
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster 48149, Germany; MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; IBUB-IRSJD, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona-Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona 08028, Spain; DBGen Ocular Genomics, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Zhang R, Wuerch E, Yong VW, Xue M. LXR agonism for CNS diseases: promises and challenges. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:97. [PMID: 38627787 PMCID: PMC11022383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The unfavorable prognosis of many neurological conditions could be attributed to limited tissue regeneration in central nervous system (CNS) and overwhelming inflammation, while liver X receptor (LXR) may regulate both processes due to its pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory response, and thus receives increasing attentions from neuroscientists and clinicians. Here, we summarize the signal transduction of LXR pathway, discuss the therapeutic potentials of LXR agonists based on preclinical data using different disease models, and analyze the dilemma and possible resolutions for clinical translation to encourage further investigations of LXR related therapies in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Wuerch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Fang Y, She J, Zhang X, Gu T, Xie D, Luo X, Yi X, Gao C, Liu Y, Zhang C, Tang L, Zhou X. Discovery of Anti-Hypercholesterolemia Agents Targeting LXRα from Marine Microorganism-Derived Natural Products. J Nat Prod 2024; 87:322-331. [PMID: 38334086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A strategy integrating in silico molecular docking with LXRα and phenotypic assays was adopted to discover anti-hypercholesterolemia agents in a small library containing 205 marine microorganism-derived natural products, collected by our group in recent years. Two fumitremorgin derivatives, 12R,13S-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C (1) and tryprostatin A (3), were identified as potential LXRα agonists, by real-time qPCR and Western blot (WB) analysis, together with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. The anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of 1 and 3, together with their mechanisms, were investigated in depth using different cell and mouse models, among which the study of LXRα is of crucial importance. Compound 1 or 3 exhibited the capacity to effectively reverse excessive lipid accumulation in a hepatic steatosis cell model and significantly reduce liver damage and blood cholesterol levels in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed wild-type mice, whereas those beneficial effects were completely nullified in HCD-fed LXRα-knockout mice. Furthermore, 1 and 3 outperformed common LXRα agonists by suppressing the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) in HCD-fed mice, mitigating lipotoxicity. Thus, this study highlights the discovery of two marine microorganism-derived anti-hypercholesterolemia agents targeting LXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianglian She
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Danni Xie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaowei Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiangxi Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Chenghai Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Cuixian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Wang TT, Yang CY, Peng L, Li L, Chen NT, Feng X, Xie J, Wu TC, Xu T, Chen YZ. QiShenYiQi pill inhibits atherosclerosis by promoting TTC39B-LXR mediated reverse cholesterol transport in liver. Phytomedicine 2024; 123:155192. [PMID: 37951148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranucleotide repeat domain protein 39B (TTC39B) was found to combine with ubiquitin ligase E3, and promote the ubiquitination modification of liver X receptor (LXR), which led to the inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport and development of atherosclerosis. QiShenYiQi pill (QSYQ) is a modern Chinese patent drug for treating ischemic cardiovascular diseases, the underlying mechanism is found to promote the expression of LXR-α/ ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) in the liver of atherosclerotic mice. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of QSYQ on TTC39B-LXR mediated reverse cholesterol transport in atherosclerotic mice. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Male apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice (7 weeks old) were fed with high-fat diet and treated with low dose of QSYQ (QSYQ-l, 0.3 g/kg·d), high dose of QSYQ (QSYQ-H, 1.2 g/kg·d) and LXR-α agonist (LXR-A, GW3965 10 mg/kg·d) for 8 weeks. C57BL/6 J mice were fed with normal diet and used as negative control. Oil red O staining, HE staining, ELISA, RNA sequencing, western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, cell culture and RNA interference were performed to analyze the effect of QSYQ on atherosclerosis. RESULTS HE staining showed that QSYQ reduced the atherosclerotic lesion significantly when compared to the control group. ELISA measurement showed that QSYQ decreased serum VLDL and increased serum ApoA1. Oil Red O staining showed that QSYQ reduced the lipid content of liver and protect liver function. Comparative transcriptome RNA-sequence of liver showed that DEGs after QSYQ treatment enriched in high-density lipoprotein particle, ubiquitin ligase complex, bile secretion, etc. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot proved that QSYQ increased the protein expression of hepatic SR-B1, LXR-α, LXR-β, CYP7A1 and ABCG5. Targeted inhibiting Ttc39b gene in vitro further established that QSYQ inhibited the gene expression of Ttc39b, increased the protein expression of SR-B1, LXR-α/β, CYP7A1 and ABCG5 in rat hepatocyte. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the new anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of QSYQ by targeting TTC39B-LXR mediated reverse cholesterol transport in liver. QSYQ not only promoted reverse cholesterol transport, but also improved fatty liver and protected liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Wang
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Yang
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China.
| | - Li Li
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Nan-Ting Chen
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Graduate School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Ting-Chun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Chen
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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Zhang R, Dong Y, Liu Y, Moezzi D, Ghorbani S, Mirzaei R, Lozinski BM, Dunn JF, Yong VW, Xue M. Enhanced liver X receptor signalling reduces brain injury and promotes tissue regeneration following experimental intracerebral haemorrhage: roles of microglia/macrophages. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2023; 8:486-502. [PMID: 37137522 PMCID: PMC10800269 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-exacerbated secondary brain injury and limited tissue regeneration are barriers to favourable prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). As a regulator of inflammation and lipid metabolism, Liver X receptor (LXR) has the potential to alter microglia/macrophage (M/M) phenotype, and assist tissue repair by promoting cholesterol efflux and recycling from phagocytes. To support potential clinical translation, the benefits of enhanced LXR signalling are examined in experimental ICH. METHODS Collagenase-induced ICH mice were treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 or vehicle. Behavioural tests were conducted at multiple time points. Lesion and haematoma volume, and other brain parameters were assessed using multimodal MRI with T2-weighted, diffusion tensor imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI sequences. The fixed brain cryosections were stained and confocal microscopy was applied to detect LXR downstream genes, M/M phenotype, lipid/cholesterol-laden phagocytes, oligodendrocyte lineage cells and neural stem cells. Western blot and real-time qPCR were also used. CX3CR1CreER: Rosa26iDTR mice were employed for M/M-depletion experiments. RESULTS GW3965 treatment reduced lesion volume and white matter injury, and promoted haematoma clearance. Treated mice upregulated LXR downstream genes including ABCA1 and Apolipoprotein E, and had reduced density of M/M that apparently shifted from proinflammatory interleukin-1β+ to Arginase1+CD206+ regulatory phenotype. Fewer cholesterol crystal or myelin debris-laden phagocytes were observed in GW3965 mice. LXR activation increased the number of Olig2+PDGFRα+ precursors and Olig2+CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes in perihaematomal regions, and elevated SOX2+ or nestin+ neural stem cells in lesion and subventricular zone. MRI results supported better lesion recovery by GW3965, and this was corroborated by return to pre-ICH values of functional rotarod activity. The therapeutic effects of GW3965 were abrogated by M/M depletion in CX3CR1CreER: Rosa26iDTR mice. CONCLUSIONS LXR agonism using GW3965 reduced brain injury, promoted beneficial properties of M/M and facilitated tissue repair correspondent with enhanced cholesterol recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dorsa Moezzi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian M Lozinski
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Agar S, Akkurt B, Ulukaya E. The Inhibition Mechanism of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma via LXR Receptors: A Multifaceted Approach Integrating Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics and Post-MD Inter-Molecular Contact Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:4103-4109. [PMID: 38156844 PMCID: PMC10909095 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.12.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an unfavorable outlook due to its aggressive characteristics, delayed diagnosis, and limited effective treatment options for advanced stages of the disease. The significant mortality rate has prompted investigations into additional factors that could aid in managing this type of cancer. Liver X receptors, specifically LXRα and LXRβ, are nuclear receptors that oversee the expression of genes related to cholesterol, glucose, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. LXRs have also emerged as potential targets for addressing PDAC, and recent findings have demonstrated that LXR ligands can impede cell proliferation in various cancer forms, notably pancreatic cancer. This comprehensive computational research study involving oncological in silico mechanism discovery explored inhibitory ligands for Liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ), which are believed to have prognostic significance in PDAC. METHODS The study utilized Baicalein, Beta-Sitosterol, Polydatin ligands in molecular docking and dynamics and post-molecular Hydrogen bonding contact analyses dynamics to characterize receptor inhibition. RESULT The outcomes suggest that Baicalein exhibits versatile inhibitory effects on both receptors, while Beta-Sitosterol emerges as a highly effective inhibitor of LXRβ. CONCLUSION Further in vitro and in vivo investigations will be beneficial and would shed light onto the mechanism to decipher the suppression of PDAC evaluating the potential of Baicalein, Beta-Sitosterol, Polydatin natural ligand compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soykan Agar
- Kocaeli Health and Technology University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kocaeli 41275, Turkey.
| | - Barbaros Akkurt
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- Istinye University Medical Faculty, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Istanbul 34010, Turkey.
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Ma MF, Chen ZY, Wang LJ, Li N, Guo BY. Orphan nuclear receptor 4 A1 involvement in transforming growth factor beta1-induced myocardial fibrosis in diabetic mice. J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 74. [PMID: 38345443 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2023.6.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
We explored the involvement of orphan nuclear receptor 4 A1 (NR4A1) in myocardial fibrosis mediated by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and its response to cytosporone B (Csn-B). We developed a diabetic cardiomyopathy mouse model by administering a high-fat diet in conjunction with a low-dose streptozotocin injection. Our analysis involved monitoring alterations in blood glucose and lipid levels, cardiac function and structure, as well as profibrotic factors such as α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, collagen III, TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor, and fibronectin. These assessments were conducted using biochemical techniques, Doppler ultrasound, histopathology, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were extracted from suckling mice and cultivated in a high-glucose medium to simulate diabetes-induced myocardial fibrosis in vitro. These CFs were then subjected to coculture experiments with TGF-β1 or Csn-B. The proliferation and migration of CFs were assessed using cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assays and Transwell assays, respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were employed to evaluate the expression levels of NR4A1, p-NR4A1, and α-SMA in CFs treated with TGF-β1 after NR4A1 knockdown or Csn-B administration, respectively. In diabetic heart tissue, the expression of p-NR4A1 was notably elevated. Furthermore, CFs exhibited enhanced proliferative capabilities and increased p-NR4A1 expression following high glucose exposure. Interestingly, NR4A1 knockdown resulted in a significant increase in the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in CFs following treatment with TGF-β1. Moreover, our observations revealed a marked decrease in p-NR4A1 levels and a reduction in the expression of fibrosis-related proteins after Csn-B treatment. In diabetic mice treated with Csn-B, we noted diminished NR4A1 phosphorylation and a mitigation of myocardial fibrosis. We concluded that in the mouse model, Csn-B played a pivotal role in inhibiting diabetes-induced myocardial fibrosis by activating NR4A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Handan Central Hospital, Handan City, Hebei, China
| | - Z-Y Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - L-J Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - N Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - B-Y Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Hua X, Wei X. Liver X receptors: From pharmacology to nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175953. [PMID: 37541371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of various biological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, development, and reproduction. As well-known nuclear oxysterol receptors of the nuclear receptor (NR) family, LXRs have two homologous subtypes, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2). Since the mid-1990s, numerous LXR-targeted drugs have been designed to treat diseases such as atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. These modulators include agonists and antagonists, and the selectivity of them have been development from diverse aspects, including subtype-specific, cell-specific, tissue-specific types. Meanwhile, advanced delivery systems are also exploreed to facilitate the application of LXR drugs in clinical setting. One of the most promising delivery systems involves the use of nanoparticles and is expected to increase the clinical potential of LXR modulators. This review discusses our current understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, focusing on the development of modulators for LXRα and/or LXRβ, and the nanoparticle-based delivery systems for promising LXR modulators with potential for use as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Hua
- Department of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
| | - Xiduan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Haugen MH, von der Lippe Gythfeldt H, Egeland EV, Svartdal Normann L, Pandya AD, Vedin L, Juell S, Tenstad E, Øy GF, Kristian A, Marangoni E, Sørlie T, Steffensen K, Mælandsmo GM, Engebraaten O. Liver X receptors induce antiproliferative effects in basal-like breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2041-2055. [PMID: 37341140 PMCID: PMC10552888 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear transcription factors important in the regulation of cholesterol transport, and glucose and fatty acid metabolism. The antiproliferative role of LXRs has been studied in a variety of malignancies and may represent a therapeutic opportunity in cancers lacking targeted therapies, such as triple-negative breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the impact of LXR agonists alone and in combination with carboplatin in preclinical models of breast cancer. In vitro experiments revealed a dose-dependent decrease in tumor cell proliferation in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, whereas LXR activation in vivo resulted in an increased growth inhibitory effect in a basal-like breast cancer model (in combination with carboplatin). Functional proteomic analysis identified differences in protein expression between responding and nonresponding models related to Akt activity, cell-cycle progression, and DNA repair. Furthermore, pathway analysis suggested that the LXR agonist in combination with carboplatin inhibits the activity of targets of E2F transcription factors and affects cholesterol homeostasis in basal-like breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedda von der Lippe Gythfeldt
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalNorway
- Department of OncologyOslo University HospitalNorway
- Insitute for Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway
| | | | - Lisa Svartdal Normann
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
- Department of Research and InnovationVestre Viken Hospital TrustDrammenNorway
| | | | - Lise‐Lotte Vedin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Siri Juell
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
| | - Ellen Tenstad
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
| | - Geir Frode Øy
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
| | | | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalNorway
- Insitute for Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway
| | - Knut Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health SciencesThe Arctic University of Norway‐University of TromsøNorway
| | - Olav Engebraaten
- Department of Tumor BiologyOslo University Hospital OsloNorway
- Department of OncologyOslo University HospitalNorway
- Insitute for Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway
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10
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Yang ZH, Wang JH, Wang L, Duan XL, Wang HH, Peng Y, Zhao TJ, Zheng Y. [Research progress of the regulation of orphan nuclear receptors on chronic liver diseases]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2023; 75:555-568. [PMID: 37583043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of chronic liver disease can be promoted by excessive fat accumulation, dysbiosis, viral infections and persistent inflammatory responses, which can lead to liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis. An in-depth understanding of the etiology leading to chronic liver disease and the underlying mechanisms influencing its development can help identify potential therapeutic targets for targeted treatment. Orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) are receptors that have no corresponding endogenous ligands to bind to them. The study of these ONRs and their biological properties has facilitated the development of synthetic ligands, which are important for investigating the effective targets for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. In recent years, it has been found that ONRs are essential for maintaining normal liver function and their dysfunction can affect a variety of liver diseases. ONRs can influence pathophysiological activities such as liver lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and cancer cell proliferation by regulating hormones/transcription factors and affecting the biological clock, oxidative stress, etc. This review focuses on the regulation of ONRs, mainly including retinoid related orphan nuclear receptors (RORs), pregnane X receptor (PXR), leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), Nur77, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), on the development of different types of chronic liver diseases in different ways, in order to provide useful references for the therapeutic strategies of chronic liver diseases based on the regulation of ONRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Yang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Xue-Lin Duan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Hong-Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Yue Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Tie-Jian Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530222, China. ;
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11
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Proppe L, Jagomast T, Beume S, Klapper L, Gitas G, Köster F, Perner S, Rody A, Ribbat-Idel J, Hanker LC. Overexpression of the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F6 is associated with improved survival across molecular subgroups in endometrial cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:7155-7164. [PMID: 36884115 PMCID: PMC10374721 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NR2F6 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 6, also called Ear-2) is known to be an orphan nuclear receptor that has been characterized as an intracellular immune checkpoint in effector T cells and, therefore, may control tumor development and growth. The prognostic impact of NR2F6 in endometrial cancers is evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression analysis of NR2F6 in 142 endometrial cancer patients was performed by immunohistochemistry of primary paraffin‑embedded tumor samples. Staining intensity of positive tumor cells was automatically assessed semi-quantitatively, and results were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. RESULTS Forty five of 116 evaluable samples (38.8%) showed an overexpression of NR2F6. This leads to an improvement of the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In NR2F6-positive patients, the estimated mean OS was 156.9 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 143.1-170.7) compared to 106.2 months in NR2F6-negative patients (95% CI 86.2-126.3; p = 0.022). The estimated PFS differed by 63 months (152 months (95% CI 135.7-168.4) vs. 88.3 months (95% CI 68.5-108.0), p = 0.002). Furthermore, we found significant associations between NR2F6 positivity, MMR status, and PD1 status. A multivariate analysis suggests NR2F6 to be an independent factor influencing the OS (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION In this study, we could demonstrate that there is a longer progression-free and overall survival for NR2F6-positive patients with endometrial cancer. We conclude that NR2F6 might play an essential role in endometrial cancers. Further studies are required to validate its prognostic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Proppe
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - T Jagomast
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - S Beume
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - L Klapper
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - G Gitas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Köster
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - S Perner
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - A Rody
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - J Ribbat-Idel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - L C Hanker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus-Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
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12
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Wu CC, Gan DF, Cao R, Li LC. Mechanism of liver X receptor α and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 involved in preeclampsia using an optimized deep learning model. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:6319-6331. [PMID: 37458649 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202307_32992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex disease-causing multisystem damage. Many genes, environmental factors, and their interactions are involved in the development and progression of PE. The pathogenesis of PE is not fully understood, limiting the prevention and treatment of PE. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), an ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) blocker, on apoM mRNA and protein levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS The role of liver X receptor α (LXRα) and ABCA1 in the pathogenesis of PE was investigated by optimizing the design of DIDS inhibition based on a deep learning model. RESULTS The proportion of primipara in the research group, EOPE group, LOPE group, and controls was 59.82%, 65.85%, 56.34%, and 21.43%, respectively. The difference between the research group and the controls was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the clinical data, serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3), gestational age at delivery, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hemoglobin (HGB), albumin, and platelet (PLT) in the research group were lower than those in the controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS ABCA1 is considered to affect apoM mRNA expression, G/HDL-C may increase the risk of LOPE, and overweight or obesity, abnormal glycemic regulation, and hypothyroidism are independent risk factors closely related to the pathogenesis of PE and its subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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13
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Zhang H, Wang J, Sun J, Wang Q, Guo L, Ju X. Regulatory mechanism underlying liver X receptor effects on the tumor microenvironment, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:989-998. [PMID: 37753584 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2264513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X receptors (LXRs) have emerged as novel targets for tumor treatment. LXRs within the tumor microenvironment show the capacity to impact tumorigenesis and tumor development by regulating the infiltration of immune cells and release of cytokines to moderate inflammation. AREAS COVERED In this review, we present a systematic description of recent progress in understanding the impact of LXRs on the tumor microenvironment and tumorigenesis. We also summarize the antitumor effects mediated by LXRs via their regulation of cytokine expression. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of LXR research in tumor studies to date. EXPERT OPINION Previous studies have demonstrated abnormal LXR expression in tumor tissues, and activation of LXRs has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis and promote apoptosis in tumor cells. However, LXRs can also affect tumorigenesis by regulating immune cell functions within the tumor immune microenvironment. By summarizing the impact of LXRs on immune cells, we provide new insights into the multifaceted nature of LXRs as antitumor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanfang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Toms M, Ward N, Moosajee M. Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2 Group E Member 3 (NR2E3): Role in Retinal Development and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1325. [PMID: 37510230 PMCID: PMC10379133 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
NR2E3 is a nuclear hormone receptor gene required for the correct development of the retinal rod photoreceptors. Expression of NR2E3 protein in rod cell precursors suppresses cone-specific gene expression and, in concert with other transcription factors including NRL, activates the expression of rod-specific genes. Pathogenic variants involving NR2E3 cause a spectrum of retinopathies, including enhanced S-cone syndrome, Goldmann-Favre syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, and clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration, with limited evidence of genotype-phenotype correlations. A common feature of NR2E3-related disease is an abnormally high number of cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to short wavelength light, the S-cones. This characteristic has been supported by mouse studies, which have also revealed that loss of Nr2e3 function causes photoreceptors to develop as cells that are intermediate between rods and cones. While there is currently no available cure for NR2E3-related retinopathies, there are a number of emerging therapeutic strategies under investigation, including the use of viral gene therapy and gene editing, that have shown promise for the future treatment of patients with NR2E3 variants and other inherited retinal diseases. This review provides a detailed overview of the current understanding of the role of NR2E3 in normal development and disease, and the associated clinical phenotypes, animal models, and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Toms
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Natasha Ward
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Lee M, Upadhyay S, Mariyam F, Martin G, Hailemariam A, Lee K, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS, Lee SO, Safe S. Flavone and Hydroxyflavones Are Ligands That Bind the Orphan Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (NR4A1). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8152. [PMID: 37175855 PMCID: PMC10179475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that the hydroxyflavones quercetin and kaempferol bind the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1, Nur77) and act as antagonists in cancer cells and tumors, and they inhibit pro-oncogenic NR4A1-regulated genes and pathways. In this study, we investigated the interactions of flavone, six hydroxyflavones, seven dihydroxyflavones, three trihydroxyflavones, two tetrahydroxyflavones, and one pentahydroxyflavone with the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of NR4A1 using direct-binding fluorescence and an isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays. Flavone and the hydroxyflavones bound NR4A1, and their KD values ranged from 0.36 µM for 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (galangin) to 45.8 µM for 3'-hydroxyflavone. KD values determined using ITC and KD values for most (15/20) of the hydroxyflavones were decreased compared to those obtained using the fluorescence assay. The results of binding, transactivation and receptor-ligand modeling assays showed that KD values, transactivation data and docking scores for these compounds are highly variable with respect to the number and position of the hydroxyl groups on the flavone backbone structure, suggesting that hydroxyflavones are selective NR4A1 modulators. Nevertheless, the data show that hydroxyflavone-based neutraceuticals are NR4A1 ligands and that some of these compounds can now be repurposed and used to target sub-populations of patients that overexpress NR4A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miok Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.L.); (S.U.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (A.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Srijana Upadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.L.); (S.U.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Fuada Mariyam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.L.); (S.U.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Greg Martin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.L.); (S.U.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Amanuel Hailemariam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.L.); (S.U.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Syng-Ook Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea;
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.L.); (S.U.); (F.M.); (G.M.); (A.H.)
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16
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Na Y, Ke L, Jie Z, Jinping W, Tao M, Jie Z, Liu Y, Yueqin Z. Amelioration of Cholesterol Rich diet-induced Impaired Cognition in AD Transgenic Mice by an LXR Agonist TO901317 Is Associated with the Activation of the LXR-β-RXR-α-ABCA1 Transmembrane Transport System and Improving the Composition of Lipid Raft. Exp Aging Res 2023; 49:214-225. [PMID: 35792710 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2095605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that LXR agonist can inhibit Aβ generation and alleviate Aβ-induced various adverse reactions in vivo and in vitro experiments, but the mechanisms have not been clarified. The study aimed to observe the effect of LXR agonist TO901317 on the cognitive function of AD transgenic mice fed with cholesterol-rich diet (CRD), and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods: 32 male 6-month-old double transgenic AD mice were enrolled and randomly divided into 4 groups: control (normal diet) group, CRD treatment group, TO901317 treatment group and GSK2033 treatment group. After 3 month, Morris water maze was for the changes of spatial exploration and memory ability; ELISA was for detecting the production of Aβ42 in the brain; the concentration of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum were detected by cholesterol enzyme colorimetry; Finally, the expression of LXR-β, RXR-α, ABCA1, caveolin-1, BACE1 and APP at protein level in the brains was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the learning, memory ability and spatial exploration ability of the mice were more significantly serious in the CRD group (P<0.05); The contents of TC and LDL in the serum and the production of Aβ42 in the brains were significantly increased (P<0.05), but HDL was remarkably decreased (P<0.05); The protein levels of LXR-β, RXR-α and ABCA1 were also significantly decreased (P<0.05); The expression of caveolin-1, APP and BACE1 were evidently increased (P<0.05). However, after treatment with TO901317, the impaired learning and memory and spatial exploration ability of the mice were significantly improved (P<0.05); The contents of TC and LDL in serum and the production of Aβ42 in the brains were significantly decreased (P<0.05), but HLD was increased (P<0.05); The protein levels of LXR-β, RXR-α, ABCA1were all significantly increased (P<0.05), while, the expression of caveolin-1, APP and BACE1 were all significantly decreased (P<0.05). All the changes were reversed by GSK2033 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS TO901317 attenuated the more serious impairment of spatial exploration, learning and memory in transgenic AD mice induced by CRD, and the mechanism may be that TO901317 could activate the LXR-β/RXR-α/ABCA1 transmembrane transport system, promote the cholesterol efflux, and decreased caveolin-1, APP and BACE1, further reduce Aβ42 in the brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Na
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Ke
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhang Jie
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang Jinping
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Tao
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhu Jie
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhou Yueqin
- Chongqing Emergence Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hopital, Chongqing, Sichuan, China
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Premaratne A, Ho C, Basu S, Khan AF, Bawa-Khalfe T, Lin CY. Liver X Receptor Inverse Agonist GAC0001E5 Impedes Glutaminolysis and Disrupts Redox Homeostasis in Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020345. [PMID: 36830714 PMCID: PMC9953168 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors which regulate the expression of lipid and cholesterol metabolism genes. Moreover, LXRs and their ligands have been shown to inhibit tumor growth in a variety of cancers. We have previously identified the small molecule compound GAC0001E5 (1E5) as an LXR inverse agonist and a potent inhibitor of pancreatic cancer cells. Transcriptomic and metabolomic studies showed that 1E5 disrupts glutamine metabolism, an essential metabolic pathway commonly reprogrammed during malignant transformation, including in breast cancers. To determine the role of LXRs and potential application of 1E5 in breast cancer, we examined LXR expression in publicly available clinical samples, and found that LXR expression is elevated in breast tumors as compared to normal tissues. In luminal A, endocrine therapy-resistant, and triple-negative breast cancer cells, 1E5 exhibited LXR inverse agonist and "degrader" activity and strongly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. Treatments with 1E5 downregulated the transcription of key glutaminolysis genes, and, correspondingly, biochemical assays indicated that 1E5 lowered intracellular glutamate and glutathione levels and increased reactive oxygen species. These results indicate that novel LXR ligand 1E5 is an inhibitor of glutamine metabolism and redox homeostasis in breast cancers and suggest that modulating LXR activity and expression in tumor cells is a promising strategy for targeting metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer therapeutics.
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Wang Y, Wong J, Duncan JL, Roorda A, Tuten WS. Enhanced S-cone Syndrome, a Mini-review. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1415:189-194. [PMID: 37440033 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced S-cone Syndrome (ESCS) is an autosomal recessive inherited retinal disease mostly associated with disease-causing variants in the NR2E3 gene. During retinal development in ESCS, rod photoreceptor precursors are misdirected to form photoreceptors similar to short-wavelength cones, or S-cones. Compared to a normal human retina, patients with ESCS have no rods and significantly increased numbers of S-cones. Night blindness is the main visual symptom, and visual acuity and color vision can be normal at early disease stages. Histology of donor eyes and adaptive optics imaging revealed increased S-cone density outside of the fovea compared to normal. Visual function testing reveals absent rod function and abnormally enhanced sensitivity to short-wavelength light. Unlike most retinal degenerative diseases, ESCS results in a gain in S-cone photoreceptor function. Research involving ESCS could improve understanding of this rare retinal condition and also shed light on the role of NR2E3 expression in photoreceptor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jessica Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William S Tuten
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Wang HJ, Wang JH, Xu XN, Zhao XS, Liu W. ABCG1 is Expressed in an LXR-Independent Manner in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:815-824. [PMID: 36017862 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666220822150820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a high cardiovascular risk due, in part, to abnormalities of high-density lipoprotein mediated cholesterol efflux. The ATP-binding cassette A1 and G1 play a pivotal role in the regulation of cholesterol efflux. However, the regulation of these transporters in type 2 diabetes mellitus remains obscure. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the expression of ATP-binding cassette A1 and G1 and their regulation by Liver X receptors in monocyte-derived macrophages in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to determine whether the alteration of these transporters might affect cholesterol efflux from macrophages. METHODS Blood was collected from type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls. Peripheral monocytes were differentiated into macrophages. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blots, and cholesterol efflux assays were performed. The Liver X receptor and Liver X receptor element complex in the ATP-binding cassette G1 gene promoter were detected by electrophoretic mobility supershift assay. RESULTS Macrophage ATP-binding cassette G1 expression and high density lipoproteininduced cholesterol efflux were significantly reduced in type 2 diabetic patients. However, the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette G1 in type 2 diabetic patients was not inhibited by Liver X receptor siRNA and the Liver X receptor- Liver X receptor element complexes remain unchanged similarly. CONCLUSION The study suggested that the expression of ATP-binding cassette G1 and high density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol efflux in macrophages were reduced in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Impairment of cholesterol efflux and ATP-binding cassette G1 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus might be regulated by a Liver X receptorindependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Ji-Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xin-Na Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xing-Shan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
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Doyon-Laliberté K, Aranguren M, Byrns M, Chagnon-Choquet J, Paniconi M, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Quintal MC, Brassard N, Kaufmann DE, Poudrier J, Roger M. Excess BAFF Alters NR4As Expression Levels and Breg Function of Human Precursor-like Marginal Zone B-Cells in the Context of HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315142. [PMID: 36499469 PMCID: PMC9741410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported excess B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the blood of HIV-infected progressors, which was concomitant with increased frequencies of precursor-like marginal zone (MZp) B-cells, early on and despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). In controls, MZp possess a strong B-cell regulatory (Breg) potential. They highly express IL-10, the orphan nuclear receptors (NR)4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3, as well as the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, all of which are associated with the regulation of inflammation. Furthermore, we have shown MZp regulatory function to involve CD83 signaling. To address the impact of HIV infection and excessive BAFF on MZp Breg capacities, we have performed transcriptomic analyses by RNA-seq of sorted MZp B-cells from the blood of HIV-infected progressors. The Breg profile and function of blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors were assessed by flow-cytometry and light microscopy high-content screening (HCS) analyses, respectively. We report significant downregulation of NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3 and CD83 gene transcripts in blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors when compared to controls. NR4A1, NR4A3 and CD83 protein expression levels and Breg function were also downregulated in blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors and not restored by ART. Moreover, we observe decreased expression levels of NR4A1, NR4A3, CD83 and IL-10 by blood and tonsillar MZp B-cells from controls following culture with excess BAFF, which significantly diminished their regulatory function. These findings, made on a limited number of individuals, suggest that excess BAFF contributes to the alteration of the Breg potential of MZp B-cells during HIV infection and possibly in other situations where BAFF is found in excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Doyon-Laliberté
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matheus Aranguren
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michelle Byrns
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matteo Paniconi
- Service d’Aide à la Formation Interdisciplinaire et à la Réussite Étudiante (SAFIRE), Faculté des Arts et Sciences de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Quintal
- Centre Hospitalier Ste-Justine de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Médecine de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.R.)
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21
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Bideyan L, López Rodríguez M, Priest C, Kennelly JP, Gao Y, Ferrari A, Rajbhandari P, Feng AC, Tevosian SG, Smale ST, Tontonoz P. Hepatic GATA4 regulates cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis in collaboration with LXRs. Genes Dev 2022; 36:1129-1144. [PMID: 36522129 PMCID: PMC9851399 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350145.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GATA4 is a transcription factor known for its crucial role in the development of many tissues, including the liver; however, its role in adult liver metabolism is unknown. Here, using high-throughput sequencing technologies, we identified GATA4 as a transcriptional regulator of metabolism in the liver. GATA4 expression is elevated in response to refeeding, and its occupancy is increased at enhancers of genes linked to fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism. Knocking out GATA4 in the adult liver (Gata4LKO) decreased transcriptional activity at GATA4 binding sites, especially during feeding. Gata4LKO mice have reduced plasma HDL cholesterol and increased liver triglyceride levels. The expression of a panel of GATA4 binding genes involved in hepatic cholesterol export and triglyceride hydrolysis was down-regulated in Gata4LKO mice. We further demonstrate that GATA4 collaborates with LXR nuclear receptors in the liver. GATA4 and LXRs share a number of binding sites, and GATA4 was required for the full transcriptional response to LXR activation. Collectively, these results show that hepatic GATA4 contributes to the transcriptional control of hepatic and systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bideyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maykel López Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - An-Chieh Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sergei G Tevosian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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22
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Suh YJ, Yun HJ, Kim YB, Kang EJ, Choi JH, Choi YK, Lee IB, Choi DH, Seo YJ, Noh JR, Lee JS, Kim YH, Lee CH. Hepatocyte-Specific Deficiency of DAX-1 Protects Mice from Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Activating NRF2 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911786. [PMID: 36233086 PMCID: PMC9570285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, but its overdose can cause acute liver failure. The dosage-sensitive sex reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1 (DAX-1, NR0B1), is an orphan nuclear receptor that acts as a transcriptional co-repressor of various genes. In this study, we identified the role of DAX-1 in APAP-induced liver injury using hepatocyte-specific Dax-1 knockout (Dax-1 LKO) mice. Mouse primary hepatocytes were used as a comparative in vitro study. APAP overdose led to decreased plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in Dax-1 LKO mice compared to C57BL/6J (WT) controls, accompanied by reduced liver necrosis. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes catalyzing glutathione (GSH) synthesis and metabolism and antioxidant enzymes was increased in the livers of APAP-treated Dax-1 LKO mice. The rapid recovery of GSH levels in the mitochondrial fraction of APAP-treated Dax-1 LKO mice led to reduced reactive oxygen species levels, resulting in the inhibition of the prolonged JNK activation. The hepatocyte-specific DAX-1 deficiency increased the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) compared with WT controls after APAP administration. These results indicate that DAX-1 deficiency in hepatocytes protects against APAP-induced liver injury by Nrf2-regulated antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Suh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Yun
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yu-Bin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jung Hyeon Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Keun Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - In-Bok Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Seo
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jung-Ran Noh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.K.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.K.); (C.-H.L.)
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23
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Zhang H, Lianto P, Li W, Xu M, Moore JB, Thorne JL. Associations between liver X receptor polymorphisms and blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Steroids 2022; 185:109057. [PMID: 35679909 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to dyslipidaemia remains incompletely understood. The liver X receptors (LXRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcription factors, are homeostatic regulators of lipid metabolism. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)have been identified previously in the coding and regulatory regions of the LXRs. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarise associations between SNPs of LXRs (α and β isoforms) with blood lipid and lipoprotein traits. Five databases (PubMed, Ovid Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) were systematically searched for population-based studies that assessed associations between one or more blood lipid/lipoprotein traits and LXR SNPs. Of seventeen articles included in the qualitative synthesis, ten were eligible for meta-analysis. Nine LXRα SNPs and five LXRβ SNPs were identified, and the three most studied LXRα SNPs were quantitatively summarised. Carriers of the minor allele A of LXRα rs12221497 (-115G>A) had higher triglyceride levels than GG homozygotes (0.13 mmol/L; 95%CI: [0.03, 0.23], P = 0.01). Heterozygote carriers of LXRα rs2279238 (297C/T) had higher total cholesterol levels (0.12 mmol/L; (95%CI: [0.01, 0.23], P = 0.04) than either CC or TT homozygotes. For LXRα rs11039155 (-6G>A), no significant differences in blood levels of either triglyceride (P = 0.39) or HDL-C (P = 0.98) were detected between genotypes in meta-analyses. In addition, there were no strong associations for other SNPs of LXRα and LXRβ. This study provides the evidence of an association between LXRα, but not LXRβ, SNPs and blood-lipid traits. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO No. CRD42021246158.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Clinical Nutrition Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Priscilia Lianto
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Weiming Li
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mengfan Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Bernadette Moore
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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24
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Ma L, Vidana Gamage HE, Tiwari S, Han C, Henn MA, Krawczynska N, Dibaeinia P, Koelwyn GJ, Das Gupta A, Bautista Rivas RO, Wright CL, Xu F, Moore KJ, Sinha S, Nelson ER. The Liver X Receptor Is Selectively Modulated to Differentially Alter Female Mammary Metastasis-associated Myeloid Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac072. [PMID: 35569056 PMCID: PMC9188661 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis is associated with many diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are major upstream regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and are activated by endogenous cholesterol metabolites such as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). LXRs and various LXR ligands such as 27HC have been described to influence several extra-hepatic biological systems. However, disparate reports of LXR function have emerged, especially with respect to immunology and cancer biology. This would suggest that, similar to steroid nuclear receptors, the LXRs can be selectively modulated by different ligands. Here, we use RNA-sequencing of macrophages and single-cell RNA-sequencing of immune cells from metastasis-bearing murine lungs to provide evidence that LXR satisfies the 2 principles of selective nuclear receptor modulation: (1) different LXR ligands result in overlapping but distinct gene expression profiles within the same cell type, and (2) the same LXR ligands differentially regulate gene expression in a highly context-specific manner, depending on the cell or tissue type. The concept that the LXRs can be selectively modulated provides the foundation for developing precision pharmacology LXR ligands that are tailored to promote those activities that are desirable (proimmune), but at the same time minimizing harmful side effects (such as elevated triglyceride levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hashni Epa Vidana Gamage
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Srishti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chaeyeon Han
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Madeline A Henn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Payam Dibaeinia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rafael Ovidio Bautista Rivas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chris L Wright
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center DNA Services, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fangxiu Xu
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center DNA Services, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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Sakellakis M. Orphan receptors in prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:1016-1024. [PMID: 35538397 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new cellular receptors has been increasing rapidly. A receptor is called "orphan" if an endogenous ligand has not been identified yet. METHODS Here we review receptors that contribute to prostate cancer and are considered orphan or partially orphan. This means that the full spectrum of their endogenous ligands remains unknown. RESULTS The orphan receptors are divided into two major families. The first group includes G protein-coupled receptors. Most are orphan olfactory receptors. OR51E1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces senescence in prostate cancer. OR51E2 inhibits prostate cancer growth, but promotes invasiveness and metastasis. GPR158, GPR110, and GPCR-X play significant roles in prostate cancer development and progression. However, GPR160 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The other major subset of orphan receptors are nuclear receptors. Receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) inhibits tumor growth, but RORγ stimulates androgen receptor signaling. PXR contributes to metabolic deactivation of androgens and inhibits cell proliferation. TLX has protumorigenic effects in prostate cancer, while its knockdown triggers cellular senescence and growth arrest. Estrogen-related receptor ERRγ can inhibit tumor growth but ERRα is protumorigenic. Dax1 and short heterodimeric partner are also inhibitory in prostate cancer. CONCLUSION There is a "zoo" of relatively underappreciated orphan receptors that play key roles in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Sakellakis
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Center, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
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26
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Kim D, Lee KM, Lee C, Jo YS, Muradillaevna MS, Kim JH, Yoon JH, Song P. Pathophysiological role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in human diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 83:100837. [PMID: 34774482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated cholesterol derivatives and important regulators of cholesterol metabolism, lipid homeostasis, the immune system, and membrane fluidity regulation. Although the detailed mechanism of action of oxysterols remains unclear, activation of some nuclear receptors, such as liver X receptor α (LXRα) and RAR-related orphan receptors, have been believed to be critical for the regulation of various physiological processes in multiple tissues. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is an endogenous oxysterol, which has an intermediate function in cholesterol catabolism to bile acid synthesis. According to previous studies, however, there are opposing opinions on whether 27-OHC activates human LXR. Recently, several studies have shown that 27-OHC can activate or inhibit the function of estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ in a tissue-specific manner, indicating that the understanding of 27-OHC-mediated biological output is very complicated. This review summarizes the pathophysiological relevance of 27-OHC in various tissues, with a special discussion on their functions in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayea Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Min Lee
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Suk Jo
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea.
| | - Parkyong Song
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Safe S, Shrestha R, Mohankumar K. Orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) and novel ligands. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:877-886. [PMID: 34096590 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors encodes expression of 48 human genes that are important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology, and this has been observed for all sub-families including orphan receptors for which endogenous ligands have not yet been identified. The orphan NR4A1 (Nur77 and TR3) and other members of this sub-family (NR4A2 and NR4A3) are immediate early genes induced by diverse stressors, and these receptors play an important role in the immune function and are up-regulated in some inflammatory diseases including solid tumors. Although endogenous ligands for NR4A have not been identified, several different classes of compounds have been characterized as NR4A1 ligands that bind the receptor. These compounds include cytosporone B and structurally related analogs, bis-indole derived (CDIM) compounds, the triterpenoid celastrol and a number of other chemicals including polyunsaturated fatty acids. NR4A1 ligands bind different regions/surfaces of NR4A1 and exhibit selective NR4A1 modulator (SNR4AM) activities that are dependent on ligand structure and cell/tissue context. NR4A1 ligands exhibit pharmacologic activities in studies on cancer, endometriosis metabolic and inflammatory diseases and are promising agents with clinical potential for treating multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
| | - Rupesh Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
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Alpuche-Lazcano SP, Saliba J, Costa VV, Campolina-Silva GH, Marim FM, Ribeiro LS, Blank V, Mouland AJ, Teixeira MM, Gatignol A. Profound downregulation of neural transcription factor Npas4 and Nr4a family in fetal mice neurons infected with Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009425. [PMID: 34048439 PMCID: PMC8191876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of neurons leads to neurological complications and congenital malformations of the brain of neonates. To date, ZIKV mechanism of infection and pathogenesis is not entirely understood and different studies on gene regulation of ZIKV-infected cells have identified a dysregulation of inflammatory and stem cell maintenance pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of cellular genes and they contribute to cell development in normal function and disease. Previous reports with integrative analyses of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and miRNAs during ZIKV infection have not identified neurological pathway defects. We hypothesized that dysregulation of pathways involved in neurological functions will be identified by RNA profiling of ZIKV-infected fetal neurons. We therefore used microarrays to analyze gene expression levels following ZIKV infection of fetal murine neurons. We observed that the expression levels of transcription factors such as neural PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) and of three members of the orphan nuclear receptor 4 (Nr4a) were severely decreased after viral infection. We confirmed that their downregulation was at both the mRNA level and at the protein level. The dysregulation of these transcription factors has been previously linked to aberrant neural functions and development. We next examined the miRNA expression profile in infected primary murine neurons by microarray and found that various miRNAs were dysregulated upon ZIKV infection. An integrative analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs indicated that miR-7013-5p targets Nr4a3 gene. Using miRmimics, we corroborated that miR-7013-5p downregulates Nr4a3 mRNA and protein levels. Our data identify a profound dysregulation of neural transcription factors with an overexpression of miR-7013-5p that results in decreased Nr4a3 expression, likely a main contributor to ZIKV-induced neuronal dysfunction. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus transmitted horizontally between humans through mosquito bites, and sexual intercourse generally inducing a mild disease. ZIKV is also transmitted vertically from mother-to-child producing congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZVS) in neonates. CZVS leads to severe microcephaly associated with neurological, ocular, musculoskeletal, genitourinary disorders and other disabilities. Although numerous studies have been performed on ZIKV infection of brain cells, we are still far from understanding how ZIKV infection leads to dysregulation of host genes, virus-induced cytopathicity and consequent pathology. Micro (mi)RNAs are small noncoding RNAs encoded and processed by the host cell. They regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a process called RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we evaluated the relationship between ZIKV infection and the level of mRNAs and miRNAs expressed in the cell. ZIKV infection of mouse embryo neurons downregulated several neural immediate-early genes (IEG). Moreover, we revealed that ZIKV infection led to aberrant regulation of several miRNAs, and identified one whose cognate target was a neural IEG. Our work identifies novel genes and miRNAs that are modulated upon ZIKV infection of fetal murine neurons, therefore linking neuronal dysfunction to transcription and the RNA interference pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio P. Alpuche-Lazcano
- Virus-Cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - James Saliba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H. Campolina-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Marim
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Volker Blank
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Virus-Cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Zhou J, Pei X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Gao W, Ye R, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu Z, Yang X, Tao J, Gu C, Hu W, Chan FL, Li X, Mao J, Wu D. Orphan nuclear receptor TLX promotes immunosuppression via its transcriptional activation of PD-L1 in glioma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001937. [PMID: 33858847 PMCID: PMC8055120 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing tumors of the central nervous system, and are associated with poor prognosis and highly immunosuppressive microenvironments. Meanwhile, a better understanding of PD-L1, a major prognostic biomarker for checkpoint immune therapy, regulation may provide insights for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treating gliomas. In the present study, we elucidate the functional significance of the orphan nuclear receptor TLX in human glioma, and its functional role in immune suppression through regulation of PD-L1/PD-1 axis. METHODS TLX and PD-L1 expression patterns, and their association with clinicopathological parameters and immune phenotypes of glioma were analysed using CIBERSORT algorithm and single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n=695) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (n=1018) databases. Protein expression and cellular localization of TLX, PD-L1, and PD-1, as well as the prevalence of cytotoxic tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in the glioma immune microenvironment were analyzed via tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence. Glioma allografts and xenografts with TLX manipulation (knockdown/knockout or reverse agonist) were inoculated subcutaneously, or orthotopically into the brains of immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice to assess tumor growth by imaging, and the immune microenvironment by flow cytometry. PD-L1 transcriptional regulation by TLX was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS TLX and PD-L1 expression was positively associated with macrophage-mediated immunosuppressive phenotypes in gliomas. TLX showed significant upregulation and positive correlation with PD-L1. Meanwhile, suppression of TLX significantly inhibited in vivo growth of glioma allografts and xenografts (p<0.05), rescued the antitumoral immune response, significantly decreased the PD-L1+, and glioma-associated macrophage population, and increased cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration (p<0.05). Mechanistically, TLX binds directly to CD274 (PD-L1) gene promoter and activates CD274 transcription. CONCLUSIONS TLX contributes to glioma malignancy and immunosuppression through transcriptional activation of PD-L1 ligands that bind to PD-1 expressed on both TILs and TAMs. Thus, targeting the druggable TLX may have potential therapeutic significance in glioma immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Pei
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guandong, China
| | - Yingui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, China
| | - Ran Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiantong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuohao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinzhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingli Tao
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guandong, China
| | - Chunshan Gu
- Hospital Management & performance Office, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Franky Lueng Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Giffney HE, Cummins EP, Murphy EP, Brayden DJ, Crean D. Protein kinase D, ubiquitin and proteasome pathways are involved in adenosine receptor-stimulated NR4A expression in myeloid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:19-25. [PMID: 33812054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside pivotal for homeostasis in cells and tissues. Stimulation of the adenosine receptors (AR) has been shown to regulate the nuclear orphan receptor 4A (NR4A1-3) family, resulting in attenuation of hyper-inflammatory responses in myeloid cells. The NR4A1-3 orphan receptors are early immediate response genes and transcriptional regulators of cell and tissue homeostasis. The signal transduction and transcriptional mechanism(s) of how AR-stimulation promotes NR4A expression in myeloid cells is unknown and is the focus of this study. We confirm that adenosine and the stable analogue, 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), enhance NR4A1-3 expression in THP-1 cells. Pharmacological approaches identified that protein kinase D (PKD) mediates AR-stimulated NR4A expression in myeloid cells and reveals no involvement of PKA nor PKC. The role of NF-κB, a principal regulator of NR4A expression in myeloid cells, was examined as a possible transcriptional regulator downstream of PKD. Utilising BAY11-7082 and MG-132, inhibitors of the respective ubiquitin and proteasome pathways essential for NF-κB activation, suggested a prospective role for NF-κB, or more specifically signalling via IKKα/β. However, biological interventional studies using overexpression of IκBα in myeloid cells and MEF cells lacking IKKα and IKKβ (IKKα/β-/-) revealed the NF-κB pathway is not utilised in mediating AR-stimulated NR4A expression. Thus, this study contributes mechanistic insight into how AR signalling modulates the expression of NR4A receptors, pivotal regulators of inflammatory responses in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh E Giffney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - David J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crean
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Rieunier G, Wu X, Harris LE, Mills JV, Nandakumar A, Colling L, Seraia E, Hatch SB, Ebner DV, Folkes LK, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Bogenrieder T, Ryan AJ, Macaulay VM. Targeting IGF Perturbs Global Replication through Ribonucleotide Reductase Dysfunction. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2128-2141. [PMID: 33509941 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of IGF receptor (IGF1R) delays repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), prompting us to investigate whether IGF1R influences endogenous DNA damage. Here we demonstrate that IGF1R inhibition generates endogenous DNA lesions protected by 53BP1 bodies, indicating under-replicated DNA. In cancer cells, inhibition or depletion of IGF1R delayed replication fork progression accompanied by activation of ATR-CHK1 signaling and the intra-S-phase checkpoint. This phenotype reflected unanticipated regulation of global replication by IGF1 mediated via AKT, MEK/ERK, and JUN to influence expression of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit RRM2. Consequently, inhibition or depletion of IGF1R downregulated RRM2, compromising RNR function and perturbing dNTP supply. The resulting delay in fork progression and hallmarks of replication stress were rescued by RRM2 overexpression, confirming RRM2 as the critical factor through which IGF1 regulates replication. Suspecting existence of a backup pathway protecting from toxic sequelae of replication stress, targeted compound screens in breast cancer cells identified synergy between IGF inhibition and ATM loss. Reciprocal screens of ATM-proficient/deficient fibroblasts identified an IGF1R inhibitor as the top hit. IGF inhibition selectively compromised growth of ATM-null cells and spheroids and caused regression of ATM-null xenografts. This synthetic-lethal effect reflected conversion of single-stranded lesions in IGF-inhibited cells into toxic DSBs upon ATM inhibition. Overall, these data implicate IGF1R in alleviating replication stress, and the reciprocal IGF:ATM codependence we identify provides an approach to exploit this effect in ATM-deficient cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies regulation of ribonucleotide reductase function and dNTP supply by IGFs and demonstrates that IGF axis blockade induces replication stress and reciprocal codependence on ATM. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/8/2128/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Letitia E Harris
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jack V Mills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashwin Nandakumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Colling
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Seraia
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie B Hatch
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Pineda-Torra I, Siddique S, Waddington KE, Farrell R, Jury EC. Disrupted Lipid Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis: A Role for Liver X Receptors? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:639757. [PMID: 33927692 PMCID: PMC8076792 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.639757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease driven by autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes leading to neuronal demyelination and subsequent degeneration. Systemic lipid metabolism is disturbed in people with MS, and lipid metabolic pathways are crucial to the protective process of remyelination. The lipid-activated transcription factors liver X receptors (LXRs) are important integrators of lipid metabolism and immunity. Consequently, there is a strong interest in targeting these receptors in a number of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including MS. We have reviewed the evidence for involvement of LXR-driven lipid metabolism in the dysfunction of peripheral and brain-resident immune cells in MS, focusing on human studies, both the relapsing remitting and progressive phases of the disease are discussed. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the activity of these receptors with existing pharmacological agents and highlight important areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth C. Jury, ; Inés Pineda-Torra,
| | - Sherrice Siddique
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E. Waddington
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Farrell
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Jury
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth C. Jury, ; Inés Pineda-Torra,
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Wang L, Cheng CM, Qin J, Xu M, Kao CY, Shi J, You E, Gong W, Rosa LP, Chase P, Scampavia L, Madoux F, Spicer T, Hodder P, Xu HE, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Small-molecule inhibitor targeting orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII for prostate cancer treatment. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz8031. [PMID: 32494682 PMCID: PMC7190335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII is expressed at a low level in adult tissues, but its expression is increased and shown to promote progression of multiple diseases, including prostate cancer, heart failure, and muscular dystrophy. Suppression of COUP-TFII slows disease progression, making it an intriguing therapeutic target. Here, we identified a potent and specific COUP-TFII inhibitor through high-throughput screening. The inhibitor specifically suppressed COUP-TFII activity to regulate its target genes. Mechanistically, the inhibitor directly bound to the COUP-TFII ligand-binding domain and disrupted COUP-TFII interaction with transcription regulators, including FOXA1, thus repressing COUP-TFII activity on target gene regulation. Through blocking COUP-TFII's oncogenic activity in prostate cancer, the inhibitor efficiently exerted a potent antitumor effect in xenograft mouse models and patient-derived xenograft models. Our study identified a potent and specific COUP-TFII inhibitor that may be useful for the treatment of prostate cancer and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chiang-Min Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mafei Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jingjing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Erli You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wanchun Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laura Pedro Rosa
- Scripps Research, Molecular Screening Center, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Peter Chase
- Scripps Research, Molecular Screening Center, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- Scripps Research, Molecular Screening Center, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Franck Madoux
- Scripps Research, Molecular Screening Center, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Timothy Spicer
- Scripps Research, Molecular Screening Center, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Peter Hodder
- Scripps Research, Molecular Screening Center, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - H. Eric Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sophia Y. Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Beck KR, Inderbinen SG, Kanagaratnam S, Kratschmar DV, Jetten AM, Yamaguchi H, Odermatt A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases control access of 7β,27-dihydroxycholesterol to retinoid-related orphan receptor γ. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1535-1546. [PMID: 31273032 PMCID: PMC6718442 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols previously were considered intermediates of bile acid and steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways. However, recent research has emphasized the roles of oxysterols in essential physiologic processes and in various diseases. Despite these discoveries, the metabolic pathways leading to the different oxysterols are still largely unknown and the biosynthetic origin of several oxysterols remains unidentified. Earlier studies demonstrated that the glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2, interconvert 7-ketocholesterol (7kC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC). We examined the role of 11β-HSDs in the enzymatic control of the intracellular availability of 7β,27-dihydroxycholesterol (7β27OHC), a retinoid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) ligand. We used microsomal preparations of cells expressing recombinant 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 to assess whether 7β27OHC and 7-keto,27-hydroxycholesterol (7k27OHC) are substrates of these enzymes. Binding of 7β27OHC and 7k27OHC to 11β-HSDs was studied by molecular modeling. To our knowledge, the stereospecific oxoreduction of 7k27OHC to 7β27OHC by human 11β-HSD1 and the reverse oxidation reaction of 7β27OHC to 7k27OHC by human 11β-HSD2 were demonstrated for the first time. Apparent enzyme affinities of 11β-HSDs for these novel substrates were equal to or higher than those of the glucocorticoids. This is supported by the fact that 7k27OHC and 7β27OHC are potent inhibitors of the 11β-HSD1-dependent oxoreduction of cortisone and the 11β-HSD2-dependent oxidation of cortisol, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking calculations explained stereospecific enzyme activities. Finally, using an inducible RORγ reporter system, we showed that 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 controlled RORγ activity. These findings revealed a novel glucocorticoid-independent prereceptor regulation mechanism by 11β-HSDs that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia G Inderbinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharavan Kanagaratnam
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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35
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Abstract
In this chapter, we summarize the birth of the field of nuclear receptors. These receptors exhibit a multitude of roles in cell biology and hence have attracted a great deal of interest in the drug discovery field. It is not certain whether these receptors evolved independently or an ancestral protein acquired various functions upon binding to preexisting small molecules, ligands. Currently, members of this receptor superfamily are categorized in six groups, including "orphan receptors." Research in the area has resulted in several clinically used drugs and continues to reveal further previously unknown roles for these receptors paving the road toward more valuable discoveries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela I Mazaira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia R Zgajnar
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Lotufo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jeffrey C Sivils
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Olga B Soto
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Marc B Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Mario D Galigniana
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ren X, Santhosh SM, Coppo L, Ogata FT, Lu J, Holmgren A. The combination of ascorbate and menadione causes cancer cell death by oxidative stress and replicative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:350-358. [PMID: 30703479 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of ascorbate and menadione (VC:VK3 = 100:1) is an investigational treatment for cancer under clinical trials. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), the oxidized form of ascorbate, can be taken up by cells via glucose transporters, over-expressed in many cancer cells. It has been known that the combination of VC/VK3 kills cancer cells by inducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via a redox cycling reaction. However, the mechanism has not been fully understood yet. Intracellularly, DHA is reduced to ascorbate by NADPH via GSH and glutaredoxin as well as by thioredoxin (Trx) and the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). These two systems are also critical as electron donors for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which produces deoxyribonucleotides de novo for DNA replication and DNA repair and is highly expressed in tumor cells. We found that RNR was highly sensitive to VC/VK3 in vitro with similar effects as observed with H2O2. In cancer cells, VC/VK3 inhibited RNR mainly by targeting its R2 subunit. More importantly, both the Trx and GSH systems were oxidized by the combination, which resulted in the loss of GSH, increased protein glutathionylation, and highly oxidized Trx1. The mechanism of cell death induced by VC/VK3 was also elucidated. We found that VC/VK3 inhibited glutathione peroxidase activity and led to an elevated level of lipid peroxidation, which triggered apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) mediated cell death pathway. Therefore, the combination not only induced replicative stress by inhibiting RNR, but also oxidative stress by targeting anti-oxidant systems and triggered AIF-mediated cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastin M Santhosh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fernando T Ogata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and an important regulator of cholesterol metabolism, in part due to their role as ligands for nuclear receptors, such as the liver X receptors. Oxysterols are also known to be ligands for the RAR-related orphan receptors, involved in normal T cell differentiation. However, increasing evidence supports a role for oxysterols in the progression of several diseases. Here, we review recent developments in oxysterol research, highlighting the biological functions that oxysterols exert through their target nuclear receptors: the liver X receptors, estrogen receptors, RAR-related orphan receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor. We also bring the regulation of the immune system into the context of interaction between oxysterols and nuclear receptors, discussing the effect of such interaction on the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages and the development of T cells. Finally, we examine the impact that oxysterols have on various disease models, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, stressing the role of nuclear receptors if previously identified. This review underscores the need to consider the multifaceted roles of oxysterols in terms of multiple receptor engagements and selective modulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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Saddic LA, Howard-Quijano K, Kipke J, Kubo Y, Dale EA, Hoover D, Shivkumar K, Eghbali M, Mahajan A. Progression of myocardial ischemia leads to unique changes in immediate-early gene expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1592-H1601. [PMID: 30216122 PMCID: PMC6336975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00337.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological consequences of ischemic heart disease involve signaling through the autonomic nervous system. Although early activation may serve to maintain hemodynamic stability, persistent aberrant sympathoexcitation contributes to the development of lethal arrhythmias and heart failure. We hypothesized that as the myocardium reacts and remodels to ischemic injury over time, there is an analogous sequence of gene expression changes in the thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn, the processing center for incoming afferent fibers from the heart to the central nervous system. Acute and chronic myocardial ischemia (MI) was induced in a large animal model of Yorkshire pigs, and the thoracic dorsal horn of treated pigs, along with control nonischemic pigs, was harvested for transcriptome analysis. We identified 32 differentially expressed genes between healthy and acute ischemia cohorts and 46 differentially expressed genes between healthy and chronic ischemia cohorts. The canonical immediate-early gene c-fos was upregulated after acute MI, along with fosB, dual specificity phosphatase 1 and 2 ( dusp1 and dusp2), and early growth response 2 (egr2). After chronic MI, there was a persistent yet unique activation of immediate-early genes, including fosB, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A members 1-3 ( nr4a1, nr4a2, and nr4a3), egr3, and TNF-α-induced protein 3 ( tnfaip3). In addition, differentially expressed genes from the chronic MI signature were enriched in pathways linked to apoptosis, immune regulation, and the stress response. These findings support a dynamic progression of gene expression changes in the dorsal horn with maturation of myocardial injury, and they may explain how early adaptive autonomic nervous system responses can maintain hemodynamic stability, whereas prolonged maladaptive signals can predispose patients to arrhythmias and heart failure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activation of the autonomic nervous system after myocardial injury can provide early cardiovascular support or prolonged aberrant sympathoexcitation. The later response can lead to lethal arrhythmias and heart failure. This study provides evidence of ongoing changes in the gene expression signature of the spinal cord dorsal horn as myocardial injury progresses over time. These changes could help explain how an adaptive nervous system response can become maladaptive over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Saddic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Kimberly Howard-Quijano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jasmine Kipke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Yukiko Kubo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Erica A Dale
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Donald Hoover
- Quillen College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
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Nakagawa H, Koyama R, Kamada Y, Ochida A, Kono M, Shirai J, Yamamoto S, Ambrus-Aikelin G, Sang BC, Nakayama M. Biochemical Properties of TAK-828F, a Potent and Selective Retinoid-Related Orphan Receptor Gamma t Inverse Agonist. Pharmacology 2018; 102:244-252. [PMID: 30134246 DOI: 10.1159/000492226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) is a master regulator of T helper 17 cells that plays a pivotal role in the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17. Therefore, RORγt has attracted much attention as a target receptor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and psoriasis. This study aims to characterize TAK-828F, a potent and selective RORγt inverse agonist. METHODS The biochemical properties of TAK-828F were evaluated using Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) binding assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor assay, cofactor recruitment assay, reporter assay, and IL-17 expression assay. RESULTS TR-FRET binding assay and SPR biosensor assay revealed rapid, reversible, and high affinity binding of TAK-828F to RORγt. The cofactor recruitment assay showed that TAK-828F inhibited the recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 to RORγt. Furthermore, TAK-828F inhibited the transcriptional activity of human and mouse RORγt with selectivity against human RORα and RORβ. TAK-828F also suppressed IL-17 production in Jurkat cells, overexpressing human RORγt. CONCLUSION These favorable properties will be of advantage in the evaluation of TAK-828F in clinical studies for inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that TAK-828F could serve as a pharmacological tool for further studies of RORγt and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan,
| | - Ryoukichi Koyama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamada
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kono
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Junya Shirai
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Geza Ambrus-Aikelin
- Takeda California, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
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40
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Bargi-Souza P, Goulart-Silva F, Nunes MT. Novel aspects of T 3 actions on GH and TSH synthesis and secretion: physiological implications. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R167-R178. [PMID: 28951438 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) classically regulate the gene expression by transcriptional mechanisms. In pituitary, the encoding genes for growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are examples of genes regulated by triiodothyronine (T3) in a positive and negative way, respectively. Recent studies have shown a rapid adjustment of GH and TSH synthesis/secretion induced by T3 posttranscriptional actions. In somatotrophs, T3 promotes an increase in Gh mRNA content, poly(A) tail length and binding to the ribosome, associated with a rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. In thyrotrophs, T3 reduces Tshb mRNA content, poly(A) tail length and its association with the ribosome. In parallel, it promotes a redistribution of TSH secretory granules to more distal regions of the cell periphery, indicating a rapid effect of T3 inhibition of TSH secretion. T3 was shown to affect the content of tubulin and the polymerization of actin and tubulin cytoskeletons in the whole anterior pituitary gland, and to increase intracellular alpha (CGA) content. This review summarizes genomic and non-genomic/posttranscriptional actions of TH on the regulation of several steps of GH and TSH synthesis and secretion. These distinct mechanisms induced by T3 can occur simultaneously, even though non-genomic effects are promptly elicited and precede the genomic actions, coexisting in a functional network within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M T Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics of the Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Misra J, Kim DK, Jung YS, Kim HB, Kim YH, Yoo EK, Kim BG, Kim S, Lee IK, Harris RA, Kim JS, Lee CH, Cho JW, Choi HS. O-GlcNAcylation of Orphan Nuclear Receptor Estrogen-Related Receptor γ Promotes Hepatic Gluconeogenesis. Diabetes 2016; 65:2835-48. [PMID: 27335230 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a major positive regulator of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Its transcriptional activity is suppressed by phosphorylation signaled by insulin in the fed state, but whether posttranslational modification alters its gluconeogenic activity in the fasted state is not known. Metabolically active hepatocytes direct a small amount of glucose into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, leading to protein O-GlcNAcylation. In this study, we demonstrate that ERRγ is O-GlcNAcylated by O-GlcNAc transferase in the fasted state. This stabilizes the protein by inhibiting proteasome-mediated protein degradation, increasing ERRγ recruitment to gluconeogenic gene promoters. Mass spectrometry identifies two serine residues (S317, S319) present in the ERRγ ligand-binding domain that are O-GlcNAcylated. Mutation of these residues destabilizes ERRγ protein and blocks the ability of ERRγ to induce gluconeogenesis in vivo. The impact of this pathway on gluconeogenesis in vivo was confirmed by the observation that decreasing the amount of O-GlcNAcylated ERRγ by overexpressing the deglycosylating enzyme O-GlcNAcase decreases ERRγ-dependent glucose production in fasted mice. We conclude that O-GlcNAcylation of ERRγ serves as a major signal to promote hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Misra
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byeol Kim
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Deagu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gyu Kim
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Deagu, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Fan J, Zareyan S, Zhao W, Shimizu Y, Pfeifer TA, Tak JH, Isman MB, Van den Hoven B, Duggan ME, Wood MW, Wellington CL, Kulic I. Identification of a Chrysanthemic Ester as an Apolipoprotein E Inducer in Astrocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162384. [PMID: 27598782 PMCID: PMC5012716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the most highly associated susceptibility locus for late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and augmenting the beneficial physiological functions of apoE is a proposed therapeutic strategy. In a high throughput phenotypic screen for small molecules that enhance apoE secretion from human CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, we show the chrysanthemic ester 82879 robustly increases expressed apoE up to 9.4-fold and secreted apoE up to 6-fold and is associated with increased total cholesterol in conditioned media. Compound 82879 is unique as structural analogues, including pyrethroid esters, show no effect on apoE expression or secretion. 82879 also stimulates liver x receptor (LXR) target genes including ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), LXRα and inducible degrader of low density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) at both mRNA and protein levels. In particular, the lipid transporter ABCA1 was increased by up to 10.6-fold upon 82879 treatment. The findings from CCF-STTG1 cells were confirmed in primary human astrocytes from three donors, where increased apoE and ABCA1 was observed along with elevated secretion of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like apoE particles. Nuclear receptor transactivation assays revealed modest direct LXR agonism by compound 82879, yet 10 μM of 82879 significantly upregulated apoE mRNA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) depleted of both LXRα and LXRβ, demonstrating that 82879 can also induce apoE expression independent of LXR transactivation. By contrast, deletion of LXRs in MEFs completely blocked mRNA changes in ABCA1 even at 10 μM of 82879, indicating the ability of 82879 to stimulate ABCA1 expression is entirely dependent on LXR transactivation. Taken together, compound 82879 is a novel chrysanthemic ester capable of modulating apoE secretion as well as apoE-associated lipid metabolic pathways in astrocytes, which is structurally and mechanistically distinct from known LXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shahab Zareyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom A. Pfeifer
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun-Hyung Tak
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murray B. Isman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mark E. Duggan
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Wood
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1866:23-36. [PMID: 27264242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptors are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and are so named because their endogenous physiological ligands are either unknown or may not exist. Because of their important regulatory roles in many key physiological processes, dysregulation of signalings controlled by these receptors is associated with many diseases including cancer. Over years, studies of orphan NRs have become an area of great interest because their specific physiological and pathological roles have not been well-defined, and some of them are promising drug targets for diseases. The recently identified synthetic small molecule ligands, acting as agonists or antagonists, to these orphan NRs not only help to understand better their functional roles but also highlight that the signalings mediated by these ligand-independent NRs in diseases could be therapeutically intervened. This review is a summary of the recent advances in elucidating the emerging functional roles of orphan NRs in cancers, especially prostate cancer. In particular, some orphan NRs, RORγ, TR2, TR4, COUP-IFII, ERRα, DAX1 and SHP, exhibit crosstalk or interference with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in either normal or malignant prostatic cells, highlighting their involvement in prostate cancer progression as androgen and AR signaling pathway play critical roles in this process. We also propose that a better understanding of the mechanism of actions of these orphan NRs in prostate gland or prostate cancer could help to evaluate their potential value as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alyson Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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44
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Jung YS, Lee JM, Kim DK, Lee YS, Kim KS, Kim YH, Kim J, Lee MS, Lee IK, Kim SH, Cho SJ, Jeong WI, Lee CH, Harris RA, Choi HS. The Orphan Nuclear Receptor ERRγ Regulates Hepatic CB1 Receptor-Mediated Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159425. [PMID: 27455076 PMCID: PMC4959684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a stress inducible hepatokine, is synthesized in the liver and plays important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the mechanism of hepatic cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor-mediated induction of FGF21 gene expression is largely unknown. Results Activation of the hepatic CB1 receptor by arachidonyl-2’-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a CB1 receptor selective agonist, significantly increased FGF21 gene expression. Overexpression of estrogen-related receptor (ERR) γ increased FGF21 gene expression and secretion both in hepatocytes and mice, whereas knockdown of ERRγ decreased ACEA-mediated FGF21 gene expression and secretion. Moreover, ERRγ, but not ERRα and ERRβ, induced FGF21 gene promoter activity. In addition, deletion and mutation analysis of the FGF21 promoter identified a putative ERRγ-binding motif (AGGTGC, a near-consensus response element). A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed direct binding of ERRγ to the FGF21 gene promoter. Finally, GSK5182, an ERRγ inverse agonist, significantly inhibited hepatic CB1 receptor-mediated FGF21 gene expression and secretion. Conclusion Based on our data, we conclude that ERRγ plays a key role in hepatic CB1 receptor-mediated induction of FGF21 gene expression and secretion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors/genetics
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seok Jung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
- Boryung Central Research Institute, Ansan, 15425, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Richard Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Gu SH, Hsieh YC, Lin PL. Stimulation of orphan nuclear receptor HR38 gene expression by PTTH in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Physiol 2016; 90:8-16. [PMID: 27090809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A complex signaling network appears to be involved in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs). Less is known about the genomic action of PTTH signaling. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PTTH on the expression of Bombyx mori HR38, an immediate early gene (IEG) identified in insect systems. Our results showed that treatment of B. mori PGs with PTTH in vitro resulted in a rapid increase in HR38 expression. Injection of PTTH into day-5 last instar larvae also greatly increased HR38 expression, verifying the in vitro effect. Cycloheximide did not affect induction of HR38 expression, suggesting that protein synthesis is not required for PTTH's effect. A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126), and a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002), partially inhibited PTTH-stimulated HR38 expression, implying the involvement of both the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways. When PGs were treated with agents that directly elevate the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration (either A23187 or thapsigargin), an increase in HR38 expression was also detected, indicating that Ca(2+) is involved in PTTH-stimulated HR38 gene expression. A Western blot analysis showed that PTTH treatment increased the HR38 protein level, and protein levels showed a dramatic increase during the later stages of the last larval instar. Expression of HR38 transcription in response to PTTH appeared to undergo development-specific changes. Treatment with ecdysone in vitro did not affect HR38 expression. However, 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment decreased HR38 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HR38 is a PTTH-stimulated IEG that is, at least in part, induced through Ca(2+)/ERK and PI3K signaling. The present study proposes a potential cross talk mechanism between PTTH and ecdysone signaling to regulate insect development and lays a foundation for a better understanding of the mechanisms of PTTH's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yun-Chih Hsieh
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang L, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Schwaiger S, Linder T, Hošek J, Palme V, Schilcher N, Polanský O, Heiss EH, Stangl H, Mihovilovic MD, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. Leoligin, the Major Lignan from Edelweiss (Leontopodium nivale subsp. alpinum), Promotes Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:1651-7. [PMID: 27220065 PMCID: PMC4924082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Leoligin is a natural lignan found in Edelweiss (Leontopodium nivale ssp. alpinum). The aim of this study was to examine its influence on cholesterol efflux and to address the underlying mechanism of action. Leoligin increases apo A1- as well as 1% human plasma-mediated cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages without affecting cell viability as determined by resazurin conversion. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein levels of the cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 were upregulated, whereas the SR-B1 protein level remained unchanged upon treatment with leoligin (10 μM, 24 h). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR further uncovered that leoligin also increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels without affecting the half-life of the two mRNAs in the presence of actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor. Proteome analysis revealed the modulation of protein expression fingerprint in the presence of leoligin. Taken together, these results suggest that leoligin induces cholesterol efflux in THP-1-derived macrophages by upregulating ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. This novel activity suggests leoligin as a promising candidate for further studies addressing a possible preventive or therapeutic application in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Latkolik
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy,
Center for Molecular Biosciences, University
of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Linder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Hošek
- Department of Molecular
Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Brno, Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Veronika Palme
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Schilcher
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Institute of Medical
Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy,
Center for Molecular Biosciences, University
of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of
Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Tel: +43-1-4277-55231. Fax: +43-1-4277-55969. E-mail:
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Pytlowanciv EZ, Pinto-Fochi ME, Reame V, Gobbo MG, Ribeiro DL, Taboga SR, Góes RM. Differential ontogenetic exposure to obesogenic environment induces hyperproliferative status and nuclear receptors imbalance in the rat prostate at adulthood. Prostate 2016; 76:662-78. [PMID: 26847797 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental data indicate that high-fat diet (HFD) may alter proliferative activity and prostate health. However, the consequences of HFD exposure during different periods of ontogenetic development on prostate histophysiology remain to be elucidated. Herein, we compare the influence of obesogenic environment (OE) due to maternal obesity and HFD at different periods of life on proliferative activity and nuclear receptors frequency in the rat ventral prostate and a possible relationship with metabolic and hormonal alterations. METHODS Male Wistar rats (19 weeks old), treated with balanced chow (Control group-C; 3% high-fat, 3.5 Kcal/g), were compared with those exposed to HFD (20% high-fat, 4.9 kcal/g) during gestation (G-maternal obesity), gestation and lactation (GL), from post-weaning to adulthood (WA), from lactation to adulthood (LA) and from gestation to adulthood (GA). After the experimental period, the ventral prostate lobes were removed and analyzed with different methods. RESULTS Metabolic data indicated that G and GL rats became insulin resistant and WA, LA, and GA became insulin resistant and obese. There was a strong inverse correlation between serum testosterone (∼133% lower) and leptin levels (∼467% higher) in WA, LA, and GA groups. Estrogen serum levels increased in GA, and insulin levels increased in all groups, especially in WA (64.8×). OE-groups exhibited prostatic hypertrophy, since prostate weight increased ∼40% in G, GL, LA, and GA and 31% in WA. As indicated by immunohistochemistry, all HFD-groups except G exhibited an increase in epithelial cell proliferation (PCNA-positive) and a decrease in frequency of AR- and ERβ-positive epithelial cells; there was also an increment of ERα-positive stromal cells in comparison with control. Cells containing PPARγ increased in both epithelium and stroma of all OE groups and those expressing LXRα decreased, particularly in groups OE-exposed during gestation (G, GL and GA). CONCLUSIONS OE leads to prostate hypertrophy regardless of the period of development and, except when restricted to gestation, leads to a hyperproliferative status which was correlated to downregulation of AR and LXRα and upregulation of ERα and PPARγ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Zanin Pytlowanciv
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Etelvina Pinto-Fochi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Reame
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Guimarães Gobbo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The peptide hormones contained within the sequence of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) have diverse roles ranging from pigmentation to regulation of adrenal function to control of our appetite. It is generally acknowledged to be the archetypal hormone precursor, and as its biology has been unravelled, so too have many of the basic principles of hormone biosynthesis and processing. This short review focuses on one group of its peptide products, namely, those derived from the N-terminal of POMC and their role in the regulation of adrenal growth. From a historical and a personal perspective, it describes how their role in regulating proliferation of the adrenal cortex was identified and also highlights the key questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Bicknell
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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Ballestri S, Nascimbeni F, Romagnoli D, Baldelli E, Lonardo A. The Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Pathophysiology, Natural Course, and Drug Treatment of NAFLD in Humans. Adv Ther 2016; 33:291-319. [PMID: 26921205 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, namely the entire alcohol-like spectrum of liver disease though observed in the nonalcoholic, dysmetabolic, individual free of competing causes of liver disease. NAFLD, which is a major public health issue, exhibits intrahepatic triglyceride storage giving rise to lipotoxicity. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcriptional factors which, activated by ligands, are master regulators of metabolism and also have intricate connections with circadian control accounting for cyclical patterns in the metabolic fate of nutrients. Several transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and their molecular cascades, finely regulate energetic fluxes and metabolic pathways. Dysregulation of such pathways is heavily implicated in those metabolic derangements characterizing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome and in the histogenesis of progressive NAFLD forms. We review the role of selected NRs in NAFLD pathogenesis. Secondly, we analyze the role of NRs in the natural history of human NAFLD. Next, we discuss the results observed in humans following administration of drug agonists or antagonists of the NRs pathogenically involved in NAFLD. Finally, general principles of treatment and lines of research in human NAFLD are briefly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Nascimbeni
- NOCSAE, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Operating Unit Internal Medicine, Azienda USL Modena, Modena, Italy
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Dante Romagnoli
- NOCSAE, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Operating Unit Internal Medicine, Azienda USL Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Amedeo Lonardo
- NOCSAE, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Operating Unit Internal Medicine, Azienda USL Modena, Modena, Italy.
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Abstract
Since the first cloning of the human estrogen receptor (ER) α in 1986 and the subsequent cloning of human ERβ, there has been extensive investigation of the role of estrogen/ER. Estrogens/ER play important roles not only in sexual development and reproduction but also in a variety of other functions in multiple tissues. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) are ER lignds that act as agonists or antagonists depending on the target genes and tissues, and until recently, only synthetic SERMs have been recognized. However, the discovery of the first endogenous SERM, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), opened a new dimension of ER action in health and disease. In addition to the identification of 27HC as a SERM, oxysterols have been recently demonstrated as indirect modulators of ER through interaction with the nuclear receptor Liver X Receptor (LXR) β. In this review, the recent progress on these novel roles of oxysterols in ER modulation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC 545, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA.
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