1
|
Zhang R, Dong Y, Liu Y, Moezzi D, Ghorbani S, Mirzaei R, Lozinski BM, Dunn JF, Yong VW, Xue M. Enhanced liver X receptor signalling reduces brain injury and promotes tissue regeneration following experimental intracerebral haemorrhage: roles of microglia/macrophages. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2023; 8:486-502. [PMID: 37137522 PMCID: PMC10800269 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation-exacerbated secondary brain injury and limited tissue regeneration are barriers to favourable prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). As a regulator of inflammation and lipid metabolism, Liver X receptor (LXR) has the potential to alter microglia/macrophage (M/M) phenotype, and assist tissue repair by promoting cholesterol efflux and recycling from phagocytes. To support potential clinical translation, the benefits of enhanced LXR signalling are examined in experimental ICH. METHODS Collagenase-induced ICH mice were treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 or vehicle. Behavioural tests were conducted at multiple time points. Lesion and haematoma volume, and other brain parameters were assessed using multimodal MRI with T2-weighted, diffusion tensor imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI sequences. The fixed brain cryosections were stained and confocal microscopy was applied to detect LXR downstream genes, M/M phenotype, lipid/cholesterol-laden phagocytes, oligodendrocyte lineage cells and neural stem cells. Western blot and real-time qPCR were also used. CX3CR1CreER: Rosa26iDTR mice were employed for M/M-depletion experiments. RESULTS GW3965 treatment reduced lesion volume and white matter injury, and promoted haematoma clearance. Treated mice upregulated LXR downstream genes including ABCA1 and Apolipoprotein E, and had reduced density of M/M that apparently shifted from proinflammatory interleukin-1β+ to Arginase1+CD206+ regulatory phenotype. Fewer cholesterol crystal or myelin debris-laden phagocytes were observed in GW3965 mice. LXR activation increased the number of Olig2+PDGFRα+ precursors and Olig2+CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes in perihaematomal regions, and elevated SOX2+ or nestin+ neural stem cells in lesion and subventricular zone. MRI results supported better lesion recovery by GW3965, and this was corroborated by return to pre-ICH values of functional rotarod activity. The therapeutic effects of GW3965 were abrogated by M/M depletion in CX3CR1CreER: Rosa26iDTR mice. CONCLUSIONS LXR agonism using GW3965 reduced brain injury, promoted beneficial properties of M/M and facilitated tissue repair correspondent with enhanced cholesterol recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dorsa Moezzi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian M Lozinski
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hua X, Wei X. Liver X receptors: From pharmacology to nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175953. [PMID: 37541371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of various biological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, development, and reproduction. As well-known nuclear oxysterol receptors of the nuclear receptor (NR) family, LXRs have two homologous subtypes, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2). Since the mid-1990s, numerous LXR-targeted drugs have been designed to treat diseases such as atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. These modulators include agonists and antagonists, and the selectivity of them have been development from diverse aspects, including subtype-specific, cell-specific, tissue-specific types. Meanwhile, advanced delivery systems are also exploreed to facilitate the application of LXR drugs in clinical setting. One of the most promising delivery systems involves the use of nanoparticles and is expected to increase the clinical potential of LXR modulators. This review discusses our current understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, focusing on the development of modulators for LXRα and/or LXRβ, and the nanoparticle-based delivery systems for promising LXR modulators with potential for use as drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Hua
- Department of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
| | - Xiduan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Narjes F, Llinas A, von Berg S, Jirholt J, Lever S, Pehrson R, Collins M, Malmberg A, Svanberg P, Xue Y, Olsson RI, Malmberg J, Hughes G, Hossain N, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Krutrök N, Bäck E, Ramnegård M, Lepistö M, Thunberg L, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Chen R, Xiong Y, Hansson TG. AZD0284, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inverse Agonist of Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor C2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13807-13829. [PMID: 34464130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2 have been widely pursued as a potential treatment for a variety of autoimmune diseases. We have discovered a novel series of isoindoline-based inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2, derived from our recently disclosed RORC2 inverse agonist 2. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies resulted in AZD0284 (20), which combined potent inhibition of IL-17A secretion from primary human TH17 cells with excellent metabolic stability and good PK in preclinical species. In two preclinical in vivo studies, compound 20 reduced thymocyte numbers in mice and showed dose-dependent reduction of IL-17A containing γδ-T cells and of IL-17A and IL-22 RNA in the imiquimod induced inflammation model. Based on these data and a favorable safety profile, 20 was progressed to phase 1 clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yafeng Xue
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Thunberg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Eva L Hansson
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakagawa H, Koyama R, Kamada Y, Ochida A, Kono M, Shirai J, Yamamoto S, Ambrus-Aikelin G, Sang BC, Nakayama M. Biochemical Properties of TAK-828F, a Potent and Selective Retinoid-Related Orphan Receptor Gamma t Inverse Agonist. Pharmacology 2018; 102:244-252. [PMID: 30134246 DOI: 10.1159/000492226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) is a master regulator of T helper 17 cells that plays a pivotal role in the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17. Therefore, RORγt has attracted much attention as a target receptor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and psoriasis. This study aims to characterize TAK-828F, a potent and selective RORγt inverse agonist. METHODS The biochemical properties of TAK-828F were evaluated using Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) binding assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor assay, cofactor recruitment assay, reporter assay, and IL-17 expression assay. RESULTS TR-FRET binding assay and SPR biosensor assay revealed rapid, reversible, and high affinity binding of TAK-828F to RORγt. The cofactor recruitment assay showed that TAK-828F inhibited the recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 to RORγt. Furthermore, TAK-828F inhibited the transcriptional activity of human and mouse RORγt with selectivity against human RORα and RORβ. TAK-828F also suppressed IL-17 production in Jurkat cells, overexpressing human RORγt. CONCLUSION These favorable properties will be of advantage in the evaluation of TAK-828F in clinical studies for inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that TAK-828F could serve as a pharmacological tool for further studies of RORγt and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan,
| | - Ryoukichi Koyama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamada
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ochida
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kono
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Junya Shirai
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Geza Ambrus-Aikelin
- Takeda California, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Fujisawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu H, Ma X, Song D, Xue D, He X, Zhang X. Comparison of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Induced by Liver X Receptor Agonist from Bone Marrow-derived Cells and Natural Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells. Clin Lab 2016; 62:249-61. [PMID: 27156312 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2015.150741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse dendritic cells (DCs) possess the tolerogenic potentiality after being induced by liver X receptor (LXR) agonist; while the characteristics and mechanisms of the induced DCs are still little known. METHODS Mouse bone marrow cells were pulsed with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with or without LXR agonist-T0901317 for 7 days, or induced with lipopolysaccharide for 3 days. Cellular biomarkers, inducing ability of T cell proliferation and regulatory T cells (Treg) formation, and cytokines in culture supernatants were tested. OVA-specific CD4⁺ T cells purified from BALB/c DO11.10 RAG⁻/⁻ mice were purified in Treg induction assay. NF-κB inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors were applied during cell culture. Natural tDCs (N-tDCs) isolated from mouse spleens were used as controls. RESULTS Compared with the N-tDCs, the morphology of T-tDCs (induced by T0901317 for 7 days) was similar to that of normal DCs but had slightly lower or moderate expression levels of CD80, CD86, and MHCII. The N-tDCs could significantly inhibit T cell proliferation, while T-tDCs lost their stimulatory effect on T cell viability. The co-treatment of T0901317 with NF-κB inhibitors or PI3K inhibitors propagated the inhibitory effect and resulted in significantly reduced T cell viability. The N-tDCs could induce the formation of Tregs, which was enhanced in the presence of TGF-β; however, T-tDCs did not have this capability. T-tDCs secreted much higher levels of IL-10 than did the N-tDCs. Neither the T-tDCs nor the N-tDCs produced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. CONCLUSIONS Compared with N-tDCs, T-tDCs have inhibitory effects. But they should function via different modes, involving the NF-κB and PI3K signal pathways.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sandoval-Hernández AG, Buitrago L, Moreno H, Cardona-Gómez GP, Arboleda G. Role of Liver X Receptor in AD Pathophysiology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145467. [PMID: 26720273 PMCID: PMC4697813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia worldwide. The pharmacological activation of nuclear receptors (Liver X receptors: LXRs or Retinoid X receptors: RXR) has been shown to induce overexpression of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), changes that are associated with improvement in cognition and reduction of amyloid beta pathology in amyloidogenic AD mouse models (i.e. APP, PS1: 2tg-AD). Here we investigated whether treatment with a specific LXR agonist has a measurable impact on the cognitive impairment in an amyloid and Tau AD mouse model (3xTg-AD: 12-months-old; three months treatment). The data suggests that the LXR agonist GW3965 is associated with increased expression of ApoE and ABCA1 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex without a detectable reduction of the amyloid load. We also report that most cells overexpressing ApoE (86±12%) are neurons localized in the granular cell layer of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. In the GW3965 treated 3xTg-AD mice we also observed reduction in astrogliosis and increased number of stem and proliferating cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Additionally, we show that GW3965 rescued hippocampus long term synaptic plasticity, which had been disrupted by oligomeric amyloid beta peptides. The effect of GW3965 on synaptic function was protein synthesis dependent. Our findings identify alternative functional/molecular mechanisms by which LXR agonists may exert their potential benefits as a therapeutic strategy against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luna Buitrago
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Herman Moreno
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52–21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Arboleda
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sandoval-Hernández AG, Hernández HG, Restrepo A, Muñoz JI, Bayon GF, Fernández AF, Fraga MF, Cardona-Gómez GP, Arboleda H, Arboleda GH. Liver X Receptor Agonist Modifies the DNA Methylation Profile of Synapse and Neurogenesis-Related Genes in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:243-53. [PMID: 26553261 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptor agonist, GW3965, improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Here, we determined if short-term GW3965 treatment induces changes in the DNA methylation state of the hippocampus, which are associated with cognitive improvement. Twenty-four-month-old triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice were treated with GW3965 (50 mg/kg/day for 6 days). DNA methylation state was examined by modified bisulfite conversion and hybridization on Illumina Infinium Methylation BeadChip 450 k arrays. The Morris water maze was used for behavioral analysis. Our results show in addition to improvement in cognition methylation changes in 39 of 13,715 interrogated probes in treated 3xTg-AD mice compared with untreated 3xTg-AD mice. These changes in methylation probes include 29 gene loci. Importantly, changes in methylation status were mainly from synapse-related genes (SYP, SYN1, and DLG3) and neurogenesis-associated genes (HMGB3 and RBBP7). Thus, our results indicate that liver X receptors (LXR) agonist treatment induces rapid changes in DNA methylation, particularly in loci associated with genes involved in neurogenesis and synaptic function. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism to explain the beneficial effect of GW3965.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Sandoval-Hernández
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - H G Hernández
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A Restrepo
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J I Muñoz
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G F Bayon
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A F Fernández
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M F Fraga
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - G P Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - H Arboleda
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo H Arboleda
- Grupo de Muerte Celular, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gabitova L, Restifo D, Gorin A, Manocha K, Handorf E, Yang DH, Cai KQ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Cunningham D, Kratz LE, Herman GE, Golemis EA, Astsaturov I. Endogenous Sterol Metabolites Regulate Growth of EGFR/KRAS-Dependent Tumors via LXR. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1927-38. [PMID: 26344763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis-activating sterols (MAS) are substrates of SC4MOL and NSDHL in the cholesterol pathway and are important for normal organismal development. Oncogenic transformation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or RAS increases the demand for cholesterol, suggesting a possibility for metabolic interference. To test this idea in vivo, we ablated Nsdhl in adult keratinocytes expressing KRAS(G12D). Strikingly, Nsdhl inactivation antagonized the growth of skin tumors while having little effect on normal skin. Loss of Nsdhl induced the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, reduced the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), decreased intracellular cholesterol, and was dependent on the liver X receptor (LXR) α. Importantly, EGFR signaling opposed LXRα effects on cholesterol homeostasis, whereas an EGFR inhibitor synergized with LXRα agonists in killing cancer cells. Inhibition of SC4MOL or NSDHL, or activation of LXRα by sterol metabolites, can be an effective strategy against carcinomas with activated EGFR-KRAS signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linara Gabitova
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420000, Russia
| | - Diana Restifo
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Andrey Gorin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420000, Russia
| | - Kunal Manocha
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Elizabeth Handorf
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - David Cunningham
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lisa E Kratz
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan 420000, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Flaveny CA, Griffett K, El-Gendy BEDM, Kazantzis M, Sengupta M, Amelio AL, Chatterjee A, Walker J, Solt LA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Broad Anti-tumor Activity of a Small Molecule that Selectively Targets the Warburg Effect and Lipogenesis. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:42-56. [PMID: 26120082 PMCID: PMC4965273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant cells exhibit aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) and become dependent on de novo lipogenesis, which sustains rapid proliferation and resistance to cellular stress. The nuclear receptor liver-X-receptor (LXR) directly regulates expression of key glycolytic and lipogenic genes. To disrupt these oncogenic metabolism pathways, we designed an LXR inverse agonist SR9243 that induces LXR-corepressor interaction. In cancer cells, SR9243 significantly inhibited the Warburg effect and lipogenesis by reducing glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression. SR9243 induced apoptosis in tumors without inducing weight loss, hepatotoxicity, or inflammation. Our results suggest that LXR inverse agonists may be an effective cancer treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Flaveny
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Kristine Griffett
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Melissa Kazantzis
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Monideepa Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - John Walker
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63310, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Glycolytic and lipogenic inhibitors have proven unsuccessful in cancer treatment strategies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Flaveny and colleagues target the liver-X-receptor with an inverse agonist and show that key glycolytic and lipogenic genes are suppressed, leading to apoptosis of tumor cells without an effect on non-malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Boussac H, Maqdasy S, Trousson A, Zelcer N, Volle DH, Lobaccaro JMA, Baron S. Enolase is regulated by Liver X Receptors. Steroids 2015; 99:266-71. [PMID: 25708389 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme known to inhibit cholesteryl ester hydrolases (CEHs). Cholesteryl ester loading of macrophages, as occurs during atherosclerosis, is accompanied by increased Enolase protein and activity. Here, we describe that J774 macrophages treated with LXR agonists exhibit reduced Enolase transcript and protein abundance. Moreover, we show that this reduction is further potentiated by activation of the LXR/RXR heterodimer with the RXR ligand 9-cis retinoic acid. Enolase levels are also reduced in vivo following activation of LXRs in the intestine, but not in the liver. This effect is lost in Lxrαβ-/- mice. In aggregate, our study identified Enolase as a new target of LXRs in vivo, which may promote cholesterol mobilization for subsequent efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugues De Boussac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Jean Perrin, 58 rue Montalembert, F-63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Academic, Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - David H Volle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; INSERM, UMR 1103, GReD, F-63177 Aubiere, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tagawa H, Irie J, Itoh A, Kusumoto Y, Kato M, Kobayashi N, Tanaka K, Morinaga R, Fujita M, Nakajima Y, Morimoto K, Sugizaki T, Kawano Y, Yamada S, Kawai T, Watanabe M, Itoh H. Bile acid binding resin improves hepatic insulin sensitivity by reducing cholesterol but not triglyceride levels in the liver. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:85-94. [PMID: 25981325 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bile acid binding resin (BAR) improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Although the mechanism is hypothesised to involve the clearance of excess hepatic triglyceride, this hypothesis has not been examined in appropriately designed studies. Therefore, we investigated whether reduced hepatic triglyceride deposition is involved in BAR-mediated improvements in glycaemic control in spontaneous fatty liver diabetic mice without dietary interventions. METHODS Male 6-week-old fatty liver Shionogi (FLS) mice were fed a standard diet without or with 1.5% BAR (colestilan) for 6 weeks. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, hepatic lipid content, and gene expression were assessed. A liver X receptor (LXR) agonist was also administered to activate the LXR pathway. We also retrospectively analysed the medical records of 21 outpatients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with colestilan for ≥6 months. RESULTS BAR enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in FLS mice without altering fat mass. BAR improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, increased IRS2 expression, and decreased SREBP expression. BAR reduced hepatic cholesterol levels but not hepatic triglyceride levels. BAR also reduced the expression of LXR target genes, and LXR activation abolished the BAR-mediated improvements in glycaemic control. Colestilan significantly lowered serum cholesterol levels and improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS BAR improved hepatic insulin resistance in FLS mice by reducing hepatic cholesterol without affecting hepatic triglyceride levels or body fat distribution. Our study revealed that BAR improves glycaemic control at least in part by downregulating the hepatic cholesterol-LXR-IRS2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsune Tagawa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junichiro Irie
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Arata Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukie Kusumoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mari Kato
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nana Kobayashi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tanaka
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Rieko Morinaga
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masataka Fujita
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakajima
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kohkichi Morimoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugizaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Kawano
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Diabetes Center, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kawai
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsui KH, Chung LC, Feng TH, Lee TY, Chang PL, Chen WT, Juang HH. Divergent effect of liver X receptor agonists on prostate-specific antigen expression is dependent on androgen receptor in prostate carcinoma cells. Prostate 2015; 75:603-15. [PMID: 25560459 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptor (LXR) isoforms, LXRα and LXRβ, have similar protein structures and ligands, but diverse tissue distribution. We used two synthetic, non-steroidal LXR agonists, T0901317 and GW3965, to investigate the effects of LXR agonist modulation on prostate specific antigen (PSA) via the expressions of androgen receptors (AR), LXRα, or LXRβ, in prostate carcinoma cells. METHODS LXRα- or LXRβ-knockdown cells were transduced with specific shRNA lentiviral particles. LXRα and LXRβ expressions were assessed by immunoblotting and RT-qPCR assays. Cell proliferation was determined by (3) H-thymidine incorporation assays. The effects of LXR agonists and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on PSA expression were determined by ELISA, immunoblotting, or transient gene expression assays. RESULTS Treatment with either T0901317 or GW3965 significantly attenuated cell proliferation of LNCaP cells. T0901317 treatment suppressed PSA expression while GW3965 treatment enhanced PSA expression. The increase of PSA promoter activity by GW3965 was dependent on the expression of AR. Either LXRα- or LXRβ-knockdown did not affect the activation of androgen on PSA gene expression. However, as compared with mock knockdown-LNCaP cells, the LXRα-knockdown but not the LXRβ-knockdown attenuated the effects of T0901317 and GW3965 on PSA expressions. The effect of GW3965 on PSA expression was blocked by the addition of EGCG. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that T0901317 and GW3965 have divergent effects on PSA expressions. The effects of LXR agonists on PSA expression are LXRα-dependent and AR-dependent. EGCG blocks the inducing effect of GW3965 on PSA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dong Y, Gao G, Fan H, Li S, Li X, Liu W. Activation of the Liver X Receptor by Agonist TO901317 Improves Hepatic Insulin Resistance via Suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species and JNK Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124778. [PMID: 25909991 PMCID: PMC4409387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Liver X receptors (LXRs), key transcriptional regulators of glucose metabolism, normalizes glycemia and improves insulin sensitivity in rodent models with insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanism is unclear. This study is aimed to elucidate the mechanism of LXRs-mediated liver glucose metabolic regulation in vitro and in vivo. Db/db mice were used as an in vivo model of diabetes; palmitate (PA)-stimulated HepG2 cells were used as an in vitro cell model with impairment of insulin signaling. TO901317 (TO) was chosen as the LXRs agonist. We demonstrated that TO treatment for 14 days potently improved the hepatic glucose metabolism in db/db mice, including fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin level, and HOMA-IR. TO had no effect on the glucose metabolism in normal WT mice. TO-mediated activation of hepatic LXRs led to strong inhibition of ROS production accompanied by inactivation of JNK pathway and re-activation of Akt pathway. TO also suppressed the expression of gluconeogenic genes such as PEPCK and G-6-pase in db/db mice, but not in WT mice. In HepG2 cells, TO almost completely restored PA-induced Akt inactivation, and suppressed PA-stimulated ROS production and JNK activation. Interestingly, basal level of ROS was also inhibited by TO in HepG2 cells. TO significantly inhibited PA-stimulated expressions of gluconeogenic genes. Finally, we found that anti-oxidative genes, such as Nrf2, were up-regulated after LXRs activation by TO. These results strongly support the notion that activation of LXRs is critical in suppression of liver gluconeogenesis and improvement of insulin sensitivity in diabetic individuals. At molecular levels, the mode of action appears to be as fellows: under diabetic condition, ROS production is increased, JNK is activated, and Akt activity is inhibited; TO-mediated LXR activation potently inhibits ROS production, increases anti-oxidative gene expressions, suppresses JNK activation, and restores Akt activity. Our data provide new evidence to support LXRs as promising therapeutic targets for anti-diabetic drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine/GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Guirong Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhang Li
- Department of Medicine/GI Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WL); (XL)
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (XL)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacological lowering of LDL-C levels using statins reduces cardiovascular risk. However, a substantial residual risk persists especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Because of the inverse association observed in epidemiological studies of HDL-C with the risk for cardiovascular diseases, novel therapeutic strategies to raise HDL-C levels or improve HDL functionality are developed as complementary therapy for cardiovascular diseases. However, until now most therapies targeting HDL-C levels failed in clinical trials because of side effects or absence of clinical benefits. This chapter will highlight the emerging small molecules currently developed and tested in clinical trials to pharmacologically modulate HDL-C and functionality including new CETP inhibitors (anacetrapib, evacetrapib), novel PPAR agonists (K-877, CER-002, DSP-8658, INT131 and GFT505), LXR agonists (ATI-111, LXR-623, XL-652) and RVX-208.
Collapse
|
16
|
Candelaria NR, Addanki S, Zheng J, Nguyen-Vu T, Karaboga H, Dey P, Gabbi C, Vedin LL, Liu K, Wu W, Jonsson PK, Lin JZ, Su F, Bollu LR, Hodges SE, McElhany AL, Issazadeh MA, Fisher WE, Ittmann MM, Steffensen KR, Gustafsson JÅ, Lin CY. Antiproliferative effects and mechanisms of liver X receptor ligands in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106289. [PMID: 25184494 PMCID: PMC4153644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is difficult to detect early and is often resistant to standard chemotherapeutic options, contributing to extremely poor disease outcomes. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily carry out essential biological functions such as hormone signaling and are successfully targeted in the treatment of endocrine-related malignancies. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that regulate cholesterol homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, and LXR agonists have been developed to regulate LXR function in these processes. Intriguingly, these compounds also exhibit antiproliferative activity in diverse types of cancer cells. In this study, LXR agonist treatments disrupted proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and colony-formation of PDAC cells. At the molecular level, treatments downregulated expression of proteins involved in cell cycle progression and growth factor signaling. Microarray experiments further revealed changes in expression profiles of multiple gene networks involved in biological processes and pathways essential for cell growth and proliferation following LXR activation. These results establish the antiproliferative effects of LXR agonists and potential mechanisms of action in PDAC cells and provide evidence for their potential application in the prevention and treatment of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholes R. Candelaria
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sridevi Addanki
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jine Zheng
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Trang Nguyen-Vu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Husna Karaboga
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chiara Gabbi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ka Liu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wanfu Wu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip K. Jonsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jean Z. Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Diabetes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fei Su
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Reddy Bollu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sally E. Hodges
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Elkins Pancreas Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy L. McElhany
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Elkins Pancreas Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mehdi A. Issazadeh
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Elkins Pancreas Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William E. Fisher
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Elkins Pancreas Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Chin-Yo Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ackerson RM, Shum LC, Berry AR, Bucknell AL, King KB. In vivo model to measure bone repair efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Orthopedics 2014; 37:e707-11. [PMID: 25102506 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20140728-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone repair required for successful arthroplasty can be compromised in patients with comorbid conditions, such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Biological compounds have been proposed to promote bone health and repair. The authors have designed a new animal model for testing bone promoting compounds in the in vivo environment. For initial validation of this model, they used a synthetic agonist of a nuclear receptor, liver X receptor, which has been postulated to play a regulatory role in modulating bone growth. A distal femoral unicortical osteotomy was surgically created on skeletally mature C57Bl/6 male and female mice. A nanoparticle carrier delivery system was used to directly introduce N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide into the osteotomy. At 35 days post-procedure, the femora were harvested and specimens were obtained for histologic processing and qualitative analysis. The results indicate that the carrier nanoparticles entered the osteotomy defect. Results also indicate that bone repair occurred, although significant differences between groups were not detected in the current study. This study validates the mouse model for testing bone repair promoting compounds. This model can be combined with transgenic or other mouse models to simulate problematic bone repair environments, can be used with a variety of drug carriers, and can test many types of interventional compounds to evaluate potential orthopedic therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fu Y, Tian Y, Wei Z, Liu H, Song X, Liu W, Zhang W, Wang W, Cao Y, Zhang N. Liver X receptor agonist prevents LPS-induced mastitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:379-83. [PMID: 25066757 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptor-α (LXR-α) which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Best known for its ability to regulate lipid metabolism and transport, LXRs have recently also been implicated in regulation of inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of synthetic LXR-α agonist T0901317 on LPS-induced mastitis in mice. The mouse model of mastitis was induced by injection of LPS through the duct of mammary gland. T0901317 was injected 1h before and 12h after induction of LPS intraperitoneally. The results showed that T0901317 significantly attenuated the infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes, and the activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO); down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and PEG2; inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α and NF-κB p65, caused by LPS. Moreover, we report for the first time that LXR-α activation impaired LPS-induced mastitis. Taken together, these data indicated that T0901317 had protective effect on mastitis and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of T0901317 on LPS induced mastitis in mice may be due to its ability to inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway. LXR-α activation can be used as a therapeutic approach to treat mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Daqing Honggang District Animal Health Supervision, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163000, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Daqing Honggang District Animal Health Supervision, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163000, PR China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Z, Liu J, Fu Z, Ye C, Zhang R, Song Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Ying H, Liu H. 24(S)-Saringosterol from edible marine seaweed Sargassum fusiforme is a novel selective LXRβ agonist. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:6130-7. [PMID: 24927286 DOI: 10.1021/jf500083r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols have been successfully used for lowering cholesterol levels, which correlates with the fact that some phytosterols are able to act as liver X receptor (LXR) agonists. Sargassum fusiforme is an edible marine seaweed well-known for its antiatherosclerotic function in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, seven phytosterols including fucosterol (1), saringosterol (2), 24-hydroperoxy-24-vinyl-cholesterol (3), 29-hydroperoxy-stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (4), 24-methylene-cholesterol (5), 24-keto-cholesterol (6), and 5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (7) were purified and evaluated for their actions on LXR-mediated transcription using a reporter assay. Among these phytosterols, 2 was the most potent compound in stimulating the transcriptional activities of LXRα by (3.81±0.15)-fold and LXRβ by (14.40±1.10)-fold, respectively. Two epimers of 2, 24(S)-saringosterol (2a) and 24(R)-saringosterol (2b), were subsequently separated by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Interestingly, 2a was more potent than 2b in LXRβ-mediated transactivation ((3.50±0.17)-fold vs (1.63±0.12)-fold) compared with control. Consistently, 2a induced higher expression levels of LXR target genes including key players in reverse cholesterol transport in six cell lines. These data along with molecular modeling suggested that 2a acts as a selective LXRβ agonist and is a potent natural cholesterol-lowering agent. This study also demonstrated that phytosterols in S. fusiforme contributed to the well-known antiatherosclerotic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Food and Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zheng F, Zhang S, Lu W, Wu F, Yin X, Yu D, Pan Q, Li H. Regulation of insulin resistance and adiponectin signaling in adipose tissue by liver X receptor activation highlights a cross-talk with PPARγ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101269. [PMID: 24972069 PMCID: PMC4074121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis; however, their role in insulin sensitivity is controversial. Adiponectin plays a unique role in maintaining insulin sensitivity. Currently, no systematic experiments elucidating the role of LXR activation in insulin function based on adiponectin signaling have been reported. Here, we investigated the role of LXR activation in insulin resistance based on adiponectin signaling, and possible mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice maintained on a regular chow received the LXR agonist, T0901317 (30 mg/kg.d) for 3 weeks by intraperitoneal injection, and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with T0901317 or GW3965. T0901317 treatment induced significant insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice. It decreased adiponectin gene transcription in epididymal fat, as well as serum adiponectin levels. Activity of AMPK, a key mediator of adiponectin signaling, was also decreased, resulting in decreased Glut-4 membrane translocation in epididymal fat. In contrast, adiponectin activity was not changed in the liver of T0901317 treated mice. In vitro, both T0901317 and GW3965 decreased adiponectin expression in adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, an effect which was diminished by LXRα silencing. ChIP-qPCR studies demonstrated that T0901317 decreased the binding of PPARγ to the PPAR-responsive element (PPRE) of the adiponectin promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, T0901317 exerted an antagonistic effect on the expression of adiponectin in adipocytes co-treated with 3 µM Pioglitazone. In luciferase reporter gene assays, T0901317 dose-dependently inhibited PPRE-Luc activity in HEK293 cells co-transfected with LXRα and PPARγ. These results suggest that LXR activation induces insulin resistance with decreased adiponectin signaling in epididymal fat, probably due to negative regulation of PPARγ signaling. These findings indicate that the potential of LXR activation as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis may be limited by the possibility of exacerbating insulin resistance-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenping Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Saifei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weina Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xueyao Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Pan
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Haq R, Flaherty K. The melanoma metastasis X-factor. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:698. [PMID: 24953382 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Agarwal JR, Wang Q, Tanno T, Rasheed Z, Merchant A, Ghosh N, Borrello I, Huff CA, Parhami F, Matsui W. Activation of liver X receptors inhibits hedgehog signaling, clonogenic growth, and self-renewal in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1873-81. [PMID: 24807964 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers, and recent clinical studies have demonstrated that pathway inhibitors are effective in advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The majority of these agents have been designed to target SMOOTHENED (SMO), a transmembrane regulator of Hh signaling, but subsequent mutations in SMO have been found to generate drug resistance. In other cancers, oncogenic events that bypass SMO may activate canonical Hh signaling, and SMO antagonists have not demonstrated significant activity in several diseases. Therefore, alternative strategies targeting the Hh pathway downstream of SMO may have clinical utility. Liver X receptors (LXR) regulate cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis, and LXR activation can inhibit the Hh pathway in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We examined the effects of LXR activation on Hh signaling in human multiple myeloma cells and found that LXR agonists inhibited Hh pathway activity and clonogenic tumor growth in vitro. LXR activation also inhibited putative multiple myeloma cancer stem cells in vivo leading to the loss of tumor initiating and self-renewal potential. Finally, Hh signaling was inhibited downstream of SMO, suggesting that LXR agonists may represent a novel strategy to target pathogenic Hh signaling as well as treat multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Agarwal
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toshihiko Tanno
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zeshaan Rasheed
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akil Merchant
- Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California; and
| | - Nilanjan Ghosh
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Farhad Parhami
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - William Matsui
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Liu J, Su W, Wu J, Wang C, Kong X, Gustafsson JÅ, Ding J, Ma X, Guan Y. Liver X receptor activation increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation by the induction of SCD1 expression through an LXRα-SREBP1c-dependent mechanism. J Diabetes 2014; 6:212-20. [PMID: 23945440 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptors (LXRs) including LXRα and LXRβ are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors, which serve as lipid sensors to regulate expression of genes controlling many aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. The liver is the central organ in controlling lipid metabolism. In the present study, we aimed at elucidating the role of LXR activation in hepatic fatty acid homeostasis. METHODS We treated C57BL/6 mice with a synthetic non-selective LXR agonist TO901317. Fatty acid profile of lipid esters in the livers was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to determine the expression of SREBP1c and SCD1 in TO901317-treated livers and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Oral administration of TO901317 resulted in increased fatty acid desaturation in the liver, with concomitant increase in hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) expression. TO901317-induced SCD1 expression was observed in LXRβ-/- mice, but not in LXRα-/- mice. Furthermore, TO901317 significantly increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), the deficiency of which almost completely abolished the induction of SCD1 by TO901317. This drug induced both SREBP1c and SCD1 expression in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of SREBP1c resulted in a significant increase in SCD1 promoter activity and expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present studies demonstrate that pan-LXR activation increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation via the induction of SCD1 expression in an LXRα-dependent and SREBP1c-mediated manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Shenzhen University Diabetes Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptor targeting suppresses melanoma progression in diverse preclinical models.
Collapse
|
25
|
Archer A, Laurencikiene J, Ahmed O, Steffensen KR, Parini P, Gustafsson JÅ, Korach-André M. Skeletal muscle as a target of LXR agonist after long-term treatment: focus on lipid homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E494-502. [PMID: 24368671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00410.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR)α and LXRβ are transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor family, which play a central role in metabolic homeostasis, being master regulators of key target genes in the glucose and lipid pathways. Wild-type (WT), LXRα(-/-), and LXRβ(-/-) mice were fed a chow diet with (treated) or without (control) the synthetic dual LXR agonist GW3965 for 5 wk. GW3965 raised intrahepatic triglyceride (TG) level but, surprisingly, reduced serum TG level through the activation of serum lipase activity. The serum TG reduction was associated with a repression of both catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis and relative glucose incorporation into lipid in isolated adipocytes through activation of LXRβ. We also demonstrated that LXRα is required for basal (nonstimulated) adipocyte metabolism, whereas LXRβ acts as a repressor of lipolysis. On the contrary, in skeletal muscle (SM), the lipogenic and cholesterol transporter LXR target genes were markedly induced in WT and LXRα(-/-) mice and to a lesser extent in LXRβ(-/-) mice following treatment with GW3965. Moreover, TG content was reduced in SM of LXRβ(-/-) mice, associated with increased expression of the main TG-lipase genes Hsl and Atgl. Energy expenditure was increased, and a switch from glucose to lipid oxidation was observed. In conclusion, we provide evidence that LXR might be an essential regulator of the lipid balance between tissues to ensure appropriate control of the flux of fuel. Importantly, we show that, after chronic treatment with GW3965, SM becomes the target tissue for LXR activation, as opposed to liver, in acute treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amena Archer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
El Kharrassi Y, Samadi M, Lopez T, Nury T, El Kebbaj R, Andreoletti P, El Hajj HI, Vamecq J, Moustaid K, Latruffe N, El Kebbaj MS, Masson D, Lizard G, Nasser B, Cherkaoui-Malki M. Biological activities of Schottenol and Spinasterol, two natural phytosterols present in argan oil and in cactus pear seed oil, on murine miroglial BV2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:798-804. [PMID: 24582563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of the major phytosterols present in argan oil (AO) and in cactus seed oil (CSO) in BV2 microglial cells. Accordingly, we first determined the sterol composition of AO and CSO, showing the presence of Schottenol and Spinasterol as major sterols in AO. While in CSO, in addition to these two sterols, we found mainly another sterol, the Sitosterol. The chemical synthesis of Schottenol and Spinasterol was performed. Our results showed that these two phytosterols, as well as sterol extracts from AO or CSO, are not toxic to microglial BV2 cells. However, treatments by these phytosterols impact the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, both Schottenol and Spinasterol can modulate the gene expression of two nuclear receptors, liver X receptor (LXR)-α and LXRβ, their target genes ABCA1 and ABCG1. Nonetheless, only Schottenol exhibited a differential activation vis-à-vis the nuclear receptor LXRβ. Thus Schottenol and Spinasterol can be considered as new LXR agonists, which may play protective roles by the modulation of cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El Kharrassi
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Department of Chemistry, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | | | - Thomas Nury
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Riad El Kebbaj
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Hammam I El Hajj
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM and HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Khadija Moustaid
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - M'Hammed Saïd El Kebbaj
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Lipoprotéines et l'Athérosclérose, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik, Avenue Cdt Driss El Harti BP. 7955, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Gérard Lizard
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan I, BP 577, 26000 Settat, Morocco
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Patel M, Wang XX, Magomedova L, John R, Rasheed A, Santamaria H, Wang W, Tsai R, Qiu L, Orellana A, Advani A, Levi M, Cummins CL. Liver X receptors preserve renal glomerular integrity under normoglycaemia and in diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:435-46. [PMID: 24201575 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear hormone receptors that are widely expressed in the kidney. They promote cholesterol efflux from cells and inhibit inflammatory responses by regulating gene transcription. Here, we hypothesised (1) that LXR deficiency would promote renal decline in a mouse model of diabetes by accelerating intraglomerular cholesterol accumulation and, conversely, (2) that LXR agonism would attenuate renal decline in diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) and maintained for 14 weeks in Lxrα/β (+/+) (Lxrα, also known as Nr1h3; Lxrβ, also known as Nr1h2) and Lxrα/β (-/-) mice. In addition, STZ-injected DBA/2J mice were treated with vehicle or the LXR agonist N,N-dimethyl-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) (80 mg/kg daily) for 10 weeks. To determine the role of cholesterol in diabetic nephropathy (DN), mice were placed on a Western diet after hyperglycaemia developed. RESULTS Even in the absence of diabetes, Lxrα/β (-/-) mice exhibited a tenfold increase in the albumin:creatinine ratio and a 40-fold increase in glomerular lipid accumulation compared with Lxrα/β (+/+) mice. When challenged with diabetes, Lxrα/β (-/-) mice showed accelerated mesangial matrix expansion and glomerular lipid accumulation, with upregulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In the DN-sensitive STZ DBA/2J mouse model, DMHCA treatment significantly decreased albumin and nephrin excretion (by 50% each), glomerular lipids and plasma triacylglycerol (by 70%) and cholesterol (by 48%); it also decreased kidney inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared with vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data support the idea that LXR plays an important role in the normal and diabetic kidney, while showing that LXR, through its inhibitory effect on inflammation and cholesterol accumulation in glomeruli, could also be a novel therapeutic target for DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheng Y, Feng Y, Zhu M, Yan B, Fu S, Guo J, Hu J, Song X, Guo S, Liu G. Synthetic liver X receptor agonist T0901317 attenuates high glucose-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:214-21. [PMID: 23915475 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of T0901317 (T0), a potent agonist of liver X receptors (LXRs), on high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac cells. Exposure of H9c2 cells to high glucose alone, not only caused a significant increase in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, but also led to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), release of cytochrome c, decrease in Bcl-2, increase in Bax expression and the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. However, pretreatment with T0 effectively decreased apoptosis, reduced the levels of ROS, abrogated ΔΨm, inhibited cytochrome c release and NF-κB activation, increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that T0 exerts protective effects against high glucose-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells via inhibition of ROS production, mitochondrial death and NF-κB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukuan Feng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People's Republic of China; Department of Anatomy, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Guo
- Laboratory of Child Nerve Rehabilitation, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province 154003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiandong Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufen Guo
- Department of Pathology, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibo Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province 157011, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sima M, Slanar O. [Pharmacological importance of orphan nuclear receptors]. Cesk Fysiol 2014; 63:19-24. [PMID: 24968536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptors belong to the family of ligand-activated transcription factors localized in the nucleus or cytoplasm. Through them, many biological processes such as metabolism of glucose, lipids and bile acids, inflammation, tumour growth, or differentiation of cells, are controlled. From the pharmacological point of view, they play a significant role in regulating the elimination of xenobiotics from the organism. Also interesting is the possibility of xenobiotic targeting the orphan nuclear receptors for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The basal transcriptional activity of unliganded human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR) was shown to be repressed by the potent liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, TO901317, in a concentration-dependent manner using a reporter assay in cultured cells. TO901317 also repressed the basal transcriptional activity of both mouse and rat CAR. The certified hCAR agonist, CITCO, partially reversed this repressive effect of TO901317 on hCAR basal activity. Unlike hCAR, a three alanine insertion mutant and the splice variant 2 of hCAR require agonists, such as CITCO, to become transcriptionally active and the CITCO-induced reporter activity was repressed by TO901317. As has been previously shown for the typical hCAR inverse agonist, PK11195, TO901317 blocked the interaction of hCAR with steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC1). In contrast, the interaction between hCAR and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) was promoted by PK11195 and TO901317. Furthermore, the hCAR-mediated basal induction of endogenous cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) mRNA was adversely affected by co-treatment with TO901317.
Collapse
|
31
|
Higham A, Lea S, Plumb J, Maschera B, Simpson K, Ray D, Singh D. The role of the liver X receptor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2013; 14:106. [PMID: 24118845 PMCID: PMC3852990 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel anti-inflammatory therapies to treat COPD. The liver X receptor (LXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor with anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS We investigated LXR gene and protein expression levels in alveolar macrophages and whole lung tissue from COPD patients and controls, the effect of LXR activation on the suppression of inflammatory mediators from LPS stimulated COPD alveolar macrophages, and the effect of LXR activation on the induction of genes associated with alternative macrophage polarisation. RESULTS The levels of LXR mRNA were significantly increased in whole lung tissue extracts in COPD patients and smokers compared to non-smokers. The expression of LXR protein was significantly increased in small airway epithelium and alveolar epithelium in COPD patients compared to controls. No differences in LXR mRNA and protein levels were observed in alveolar macrophages between patient groups. The LXR agonist GW3965 significantly induced the expression of the LXR dependent genes ABCA1 and ABCG1 in alveolar macrophage cultures. In LPS stimulated alveolar macrophages, GW3965 suppressed the production of CXCL10 and CCL5, whilst stimulating IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS GW3965 did not significantly suppress the production of TNFα, IL-1β, or CXCL8. Our major finding is that LXR activation has anti-inflammatory effects on CXC10, CCL5 and IL-10 production from alveolar macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higham
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Simon Lea
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Jonathan Plumb
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Barbara Maschera
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Karen Simpson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory CEDD, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Ray
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- The University of Manchester, NIHR Translational Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
El Roz A, Bard JM, Valin S, Huvelin JM, Nazih H. Macrophage apolipoprotein E and proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells: role of LXR. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:3783-3789. [PMID: 24023310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE), a lipid transport protein that has a key role in the lipoprotein metabolism, is expressed by macrophages under the control of the transcription factor Liver X Receptor (LXR), an oxysterol-activated transcriptional factor involved in cholesterol metabolism. Recent work has shown that LXR agonists may inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro. We hypothesized that LXR-activated macrophages, and in particular secreted macrophagic APOE, may potentiate the effect of LXR agonists. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of APOE, secreted by THP-1 macrophages under the control of LXR, on MCF-7 cell proliferation, a model of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCF-7 cells were incubated with supernatants from THP-1 cells previously treated with LXR agonists [T0901317 or 22(R)-hydroxycholestrol], or supernatants from THP-1 cells transfected with siRNA against APOE mRNA. RESULTS Viability assays and cell death quantification showed that media from LXR-activated macrophages reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, the opposite effects were observed when MCF-7 cells wre treated with media from the siRNA APOE-mediated knock-down model. CONCLUSION This study highlights the protective role of LXR-activated macrophages against breast cancer growth, and the implication of APOE protein in the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali El Roz
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44068, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pettersson AML, Stenson BM, Lorente-Cebrián S, Andersson DP, Mejhert N, Krätzel J, Aström G, Dahlman I, Chibalin AV, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. LXR is a negative regulator of glucose uptake in human adipocytes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2044-54. [PMID: 23765184 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterised by impaired insulin-mediated glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Liver X receptor (LXR) is a positive regulator of adipocyte glucose transport in murine models and a possible target for diabetes treatment. However, the levels of LXRα are increased in obese adipose tissue in humans. We aimed to investigate the transcriptome of LXR and the role of LXR in the regulation of glucose uptake in primary human adipocytes. METHODS The insulin responsiveness of human adipocytes differentiated in vitro was characterised, adipocytes were treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 and global transcriptome profiling was determined by microarray, followed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot and ELISA. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured and the effect on plasma membrane translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was assayed. RESULTS LXR activation resulted in transcriptional suppression of several insulin signalling genes, such as AKT2, SORBS1 and CAV1, but caused only minor changes (<15%) in microRNA expression. Activation of LXR impaired the plasma membrane translocation of GLUT4, but not the expression of its gene, SLC2A4. LXR activation also diminished insulin-stimulated glucose transport and lipogenesis in adipocytes obtained from overweight individuals. Furthermore, AKT2 expression was reduced in obese adipose tissue, and AKT2 and SORBS1 expression was inversely correlated with BMI and HOMA index. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In contrast to murine models, LXR downregulates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in human adipocytes from overweight individuals. This could be due to suppression of Akt2, c-Cbl-associated protein and caveolin-1. These findings challenge the idea of LXR as a drug target in the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M L Pettersson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fediushkina IV, Stulov SV, Dugin NO, Misharin AI, Mekhtiev AR, Morozevich GE, Veselovskiĭ AV. [Molecular modeling of interaction of 17(20)Z- and 17(20)E-pregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-oyl amides with the nuclear receptor LXRbeta]. Biomed Khim 2013; 59:321-9. [PMID: 23987069 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20135903321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aiming the search of novel regulators of lipid metabolism and their potential targets, in this study we performed molecular modeling of eight isomeric 17(20)Z- and 17(20)E-pregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-oyl amides differing in structure of the amide moiety. Analysis of the low energy conformers revealed that all 17(20)E-isomers had three main energy minima (corresponding to values of the dihedral angle theta20,21 (C17 = C20-C21 = 0) to approximately 0 degrees, to approximately 120 degrees and to approximately 240 degrees), the most occupied minimum was found to correspond to theta20,21 to approximately 0 degrees; while 17(20)Z-isomers had either one or two pools of low energy conformations. Molecular docking of these compounds to the ligand-binding site of the nuclear receptor LXRbeta (a potential target) indicates high probability of binding for E-isomers and the absence of that for Z-isomers. Results of the molecular modeling were confirmed by an experiment in which stimulation of triglyceride biosynthesis in Hep G2 cells in the presence of 17(20)E-3beta-hydroxypregna-5,17(20)-dien-21-oyl (hydroxyethyl)amide was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kumar P, Raghavan S, Shanmugam G, Shanmugam N. Ligation of RAGE with ligand S100B attenuates ABCA1 expression in monocytes. Metabolism 2013; 62:1149-58. [PMID: 23523156 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS ATP Binding Cassette Transporter (ABC) A1 is one of the key regulators of HDL synthesis and reverse cholesterol transport. Activation of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, and its complications. The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of RAGE ligand S100B on ABCA1 expression. METHODS S100B mediated regulation of LXR target genes like ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG8, LXR-α and LXR-β in THP-1 cells was analyzed by real-time PCR, RT-PCR and western blots. ABCA1 mRNA expression in monocytes from diabetic patients was studied. Effect of LXR ligand on S100B induced changes in LXR target genes was also studied. Luciferase reporter assay was used for S100B induced ABCA1 promoter regulation. RESULTS S100B treatment resulted in a significant 2-3 fold reduction (p<0.01) in ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA in dose and time dependent manner in THP1 cells. ABCA1 protein level was also significantly (p<0.01) reduced. S100B-induced reduction on ABCA1 mRNA expression was blocked by treating THP-1 cell with anti-RAGE antibody. Reduced ABCA1 mRNA levels seen in peripheral blood monocytes from diabetes patients showed the in-vivo relevance of our in-vitro results. Effect of S100B on ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression was reversed by LXR ligand treatment. S100B treatment showed significant 2 fold (p<0.01) decrease in T1317 induced ABCA1 promoter activation. CONCLUSIONS These results show for the first time that ligation of RAGE with S100B can attenuate the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 through the LXRs. This could reduce ApoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux from monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Baranowski M, Blachnio-Zabielska AU, Zabielski P, Harasim E, Harasiuk D, Chabowski A, Gorski J. Liver X receptor agonist T0901317 enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta expression and fatty acid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 64:289-297. [PMID: 23959725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) have been characterized as key transcriptional regulators of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. LXR are expressed also in skeletal muscle, however, their role in this tissue is poorly investigated and the vast majority of available data comes from studies on cultured myotubes. Therefore, we aimed to examine effects of in vivo LXR activation on muscle lipid metabolism. The experiments were performed on male Wistar rats fed on a standard rodent chow. The animals were divided into two groups (n=10) receiving either LXR activator (T0901317, 10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for one week. Samples of the soleus as well as red and white sections of the gastrocnemius muscle were excised. T0901317 increased muscle expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ and its target genes involved in fatty acid uptake and oxidation. In addition, LXR agonist enhanced palmitate oxidation (by 55%) in isolated soleus muscle. However, palmitate incorporation into triacylglycerol was decreased (by 38%), which was associated with reduced diacylglycerol acyltransferase expression (by 66%). Despite markedly increased plasma lipid concentration upon T0901317 treatment, muscle triacylglycerol level was elevated only in the red section of the gastrocnemius muscle. We conclude that T0901317 enhances muscle fatty acid oxidation, which prevents overt accumulation of intramuscular lipids that could be expected considering T0901317-induced hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Namjoshi DR, Martin G, Donkin J, Wilkinson A, Stukas S, Fan J, Carr M, Tabarestani S, Wuerth K, Hancock REW, Wellington CL. The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53529. [PMID: 23349715 PMCID: PMC3547922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and leads to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits similar to those found in AD. Agonists of Liver X receptors (LXRs), which regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation, improve cognition and reduce neuropathology in AD mice. One pathway by which LXR agonists exert their beneficial effects is through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid transport onto apolipoprotein E (apoE). To test the therapeutic utility of this pathway for TBI, we subjected male wild-type (WT) and apoE−/− mice to mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mrTBI) followed by treatment with vehicle or the LXR agonist GW3965 at 15 mg/kg/day. GW3965 treatment restored impaired novel object recognition memory in WT but not apoE−/− mice. GW3965 did not significantly enhance the spontaneous recovery of motor deficits observed in all groups. Total soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were significantly elevated in WT and apoE−/− mice after injury, a response that was suppressed by GW3965 in both genotypes. WT mice showed mild but significant axonal damage at 2 d post-mrTBI, which was suppressed by GW3965. In contrast, apoE−/− mice showed severe axonal damage from 2 to 14 d after mrTBI that was unresponsive to GW3965. Because our mrTBI model does not produce significant inflammation, the beneficial effects of GW3965 we observed are unlikely to be related to reduced inflammation. Rather, our results suggest that both apoE-dependent and apoE-independent pathways contribute to the ability of GW3965 to promote recovery from mrTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay R. Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgina Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Donkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Carr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sepideh Tabarestani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelli Wuerth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: *
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou T, Cong S, Sun S, Sun H, Zou R, Wang S, Wang C, Jiao J, Goto K, Nawata H, Yanase T, Zhao Y. Identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals activating SXR-mediated transactivation of CYP3A and CYP7A1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:36-43. [PMID: 22975079 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have emerged as a major public health issue because of their potentially disruptive effects on physiological hormonal actions. SXR (steroid xenobiotic receptor), also known as NR1I2, regulates CYP3A expression in response to exogenous chemicals, such as EDCs, after binding to SXRE (SXR response element). In our study, luciferase assay showed that 14 out of 55 EDCs could enhance SXR-mediated rat or human CYP3A gene transcription nearly evenly, and could also activate rat CYP7A1 gene transcription by cross-interaction of SXR and LXRE (LXRα response element). SXR diffused in the nucleus without ligand, whereas intranuclear foci of liganded SXR were produced. Furthermore, endogenous mRNA expression of CYP3A4 gene was enhanced by the 14 positive EDCs. Our results suggested a probable mechanism of EDCs disrupting the steroid or xenobiotic metabolism homeostasis via SXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is one of the active ingredients of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., a novel traditional herbal medicine exerting pharmacological effects including antihyperlipidemic, neuroprotective, and anti-hepatofibrosis effects. Liver X receptor (LXR) acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor to exhibit antihyperlipidemic and neuroprotective effects. In this study, the activity of paeoniflorin against LXR was evaluated by the mammalian one-hybrid and transient transfection reporter assays. The results showed that paeoniflorin transactivated GAL4, rat cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase, phospholipid transfer protein, and ATP-binding cassette A1 gene promoters in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the docking study demonstrated that paeoniflorin resided in the LXR ligand-binding pocket in the similar manner as GSK 3987, a novel LXR agonist. These results indicated that paeoniflorin might exert pharmacological effects through LXR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ru Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu CA, Wang N, Zhao DH. An evaluation of the mechanism of ABCA7 on cellular lipid release in ABCA7-HEC293 cell. Chin Med J (Engl) 2013; 126:306-310. [PMID: 23324282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABCA7 is a member of the ABCA subfamily that shows a high degree of homology to ABCA1 and, like ABCA1, mediates cellular cholesterol and phospholipid release by apolipoproteins when transfected in vitro. However, expression of ABCA7 has been shown to be downregulated by increased cellular cholesterol while ABCA1 was upregulated. METHODS The underlying mechanism for this effect was examined in ABCA1 or ABCA7-transfected HEC293. Lipid content in the medium and cells was determined by enzymatic assays. Gene expression was quantitated by real time PCR, and protein content was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS While ABCA7 mRNA was decreased by 25-hydroxycholesterol treatment, ABCA1 was apparently increased. Treatment with the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 (T09) upregulated ABCA1 expression and apoAI-mediated cellular lipid release in ABCA1-transfected HEC293 cells, but ABCA7 expression and cellular lipid release in ABCA7-transfected HEC293 cells showed no obvious changes. CONCLUSION The ABCA7 gene is regulated by sterol in a direction opposite to that of ABCA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ai Wu
- Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, Beijing Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing 100035, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hazra S, Rasheed A, Bhatwadekar A, Wang X, Shaw LC, Patel M, Caballero S, Magomedova L, Solis N, Yan Y, Wang W, Thinschmidt JS, Verma A, Li Q, Levi M, Cummins CL, Grant MB. Liver X receptor modulates diabetic retinopathy outcome in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:3270-9. [PMID: 22891211 PMCID: PMC3501845 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), critical for mediating vascular repair, are dysfunctional in a hyperglycemic and/or hypercholesterolemic environment. Their dysfunction contributes to the progression of diabetic macro- and microvascular complications. Activation of "cholesterol-sensing" nuclear receptors, the liver X receptors (LXRα/LXRβ), protects against atherosclerosis by transcriptional regulation of genes important in promoting cholesterol efflux and inhibiting inflammation. We hypothesized that LXR activation with a synthetic ligand would correct diabetes-induced EPC dysfunction and improve diabetic retinopathy. Studies were performed in streptozotocin (STZ)-injected DBA/2J mice fed a high-fat Western diet (DBA/STZ/WD) and treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 and in LXRα(-/-), LXRβ(-/-), and LXRα/β(-/-) mice. Retinas were evaluated for number of acellular capillaries and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. Bone marrow EPCs were analyzed for migratory function and gene expression. Compared with vehicle-treated DBA/STZ/WD mice, GW3965 treated mice showed fewer acellular capillaries and reduced GFAP expression. These mice also exhibited enhanced EPC migration and restoration of inflammatory and oxidative stress genes toward nondiabetic levels. LXRα(-/-), LXRβ(-/-), and LXRα/β(-/-) mice developed acellular capillaries and EPC dysfunction similar to the DBA/STZ/WD mice. These studies support a key role for LXR in retinal and bone marrow progenitor dysfunction associated with type 1 diabetes. LXR agonists may represent promising pharmacologic targets for correcting retinopathy and EPC dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Hazra
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adil Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashay Bhatwadekar
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn C. Shaw
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Monika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Solis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carolyn L. Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Carolyn L. Cummins,
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Carolyn L. Cummins,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kleyer A, Scholtysek C, Bottesch E, Hillienhof U, Beyer C, Distler JH, Tuckermann JP, Schett G, Krönke G. Liver X receptors orchestrate osteoblast/osteoclast crosstalk and counteract pathologic bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2442-51. [PMID: 22806960 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by enhanced differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, resulting in a rapid loss of functional trabecular bone. Bone-forming osteoblasts and osteoblast-derived osteocytes perform a key role in the regulation of osteoclast development by providing both the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and its natural decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). By regulating the RANKL/OPG ratio, osteoblasts hence determine the rate of both osteoclast differentiation and bone turnover. Here, we describe a novel role for liver X receptors (LXRs) during the crosstalk of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. By using a system of osteoblast/osteoclast cocultures, we identify LXRs as regulator of RANKL expression and the RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoblasts. Activation of LXRs drastically reduced the RANKL/OPG ratio and interfered with osteoblast-mediated osteoclast differentiation in vitro. During an ovariectomy (OVX)-induced model of postmenopausal osteoporosis, the application of an LXR agonist shifted the RANKL/OPG ratio in vivo, ameliorated the enhanced osteoclast differentiation, and provided complete protection from OVX-induced bone loss. These results reveal an unexpected involvement of LXRs in the regulation of bone turnover and highlight a potential role for LXRs as novel targets in the treatment of osteoporosis and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rébé C, Filomenko R, Raveneau M, Chevriaux A, Ishibashi M, Lagrost L, Junien JL, Gambert P, Masson D. Identification of biological markers of liver X receptor (LXR) activation at the cell surface of human monocytes. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185273 PMCID: PMC3504056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver X receptor (LXR) α and LXR β (NR1H3 and NR1H2) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors involved in the control of major metabolic pathways such as cholesterol homeostasis, lipogenesis, inflammation and innate immunity. Synthetic LXR agonists are currently under development and could find applications in various fields such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The clinical development of LXR agonists requires the identification of biological markers for pharmacodynamic studies. In this context, monocytes represent an attractive target to monitor LXR activation. They are easily accessible cells present in peripheral blood; they express LXR α and β and respond to LXR agonist stimulation in vitro. The aim of our study was to identify cell surface markers of LXR agonists on monocytes. For this, we focused on clusters of differentiation (CD) markers because they are well characterized and accessible cell surface molecules allowing easy immuno-phenotyping. Methodology/Principal Findings By using microarray analysis of monocytes treated or not with an LXR agonist in vitro, we selected three CD, i.e. CD82, CD226, CD244 for further analysis by real time PCR and flow cytometry. The three CD were up-regulated by LXR agonist treatment in vitro in a time- and dose- dependent manner and this induction was LXR specific as assessed by a SiRNA or LXR antagonist strategy. By using flow cytometry, we could demonstrate that the expression of these molecules at the cell surface of monocytes was significantly increased after LXR agonist treatment. Conclusions/Significance We have identified three new cell surface markers that could be useful to monitor LXR activation. Future studies will be required to confirm the biological and diagnostic significance of the markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Rodolphe Filomenko
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Magalie Raveneau
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Angélique Chevriaux
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Minako Ishibashi
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Louis Junien
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Gambert
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- Centre de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Santé-Sciences et Techniques de l'Information et de la Communication, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang X, Bai Q, Kakiyama G, Xu L, Kim JK, Pandak WM, Ren S. Cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate, promotes hepatic proliferation in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:262-70. [PMID: 22732306 PMCID: PMC3463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxysterols are well known as physiological ligands of liver X receptors (LXRs). Oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol as endogenous ligands of LXRs, suppress cell proliferation via LXRs signaling pathway. Recent reports have shown that sulfated oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate (25HC3S) as LXRs antagonist, plays an opposite direction to oxysterols in lipid biosynthesis. The present report was to explore the effect and mechanism of 25HC3S on hepatic proliferation in vivo. Following administration, 25HC3S had a 48 h half life in the circulation and widely distributed in mouse tissues. Profiler™ PCR array and RTqPCR analysis showed that either exogenous or endogenous 25HC3S generated by overexpression of oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) plus administration of 25HC significantly up-regulated the proliferation gene expression of Wt1, Pcna, cMyc, cyclin A, FoxM1b, and CDC25b in a dose-dependent manner in liver while substantially down-regulating the expression of cell cycle arrest gene Chek2 and apoptotic gene Apaf1. Either exogenous or endogenous administration of 25HC3S significantly induced hepatic DNA replication as measured by immunostaining of the PCNA labeling index and was associated with reduction in expression of LXR response genes, such as ABCA1 and SREBP-1c. Synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 effectively blocked 25HC3S-induced hepatic proliferation. CONCLUSIONS 25HC3S may be a potent regulator of hepatocyte proliferation and oxysterol sulfation may represent a novel regulatory pathway in liver proliferation via inactivating LXR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianming Bai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. Tel.: +1 (804) 675-5000×4973 Fax: +1 (804) 675-5359
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
TH17 cells, which require the expression of both retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γt (RORαand RORγt) for full differentiation and function, have been implicated as major effectors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We recently demonstrated that the Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonist, T0901317 (T09), also displays high-affinity RORα and RORγ inverse activity, potentially explaining its effectiveness in various TH17-mediated autoimmune disease models. However, recent studies suggest that in conjunction with the RORs, LXR mediates a negative regulatory effect on TH17 cell differentiation. Since T09 acts on both LXRs and RORs, it presents as a valuable tool to understand how compounds with mixed pharmacology affect potential pathological cell types. Therefore, using T09, we investigated the mechanism by which the LXRs and RORs affect TH17 cell differentiation and function. Here we demonstrate that T09 activity at RORα and γ, not LXR, is facilitating the inhibition of TH17 cell differentiation and function. We also demonstrate that LXR activity inhibits the differentiation and function of TH1, TH2 and iTreg cells. Finally, T09 inhibited T cell proliferation and induced cell death. These data help explain much of the efficacy of T09 in inflammatory models and suggest that the generation of synthetic ligands with graded, combined LXR and ROR activity may hold utility in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where targeting both TH17 and TH1 cells is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li CH, Duan HL, Fan WW, Wang YB, Zhang Z, Zhang RQ, Bu QT, Li XJ, Cao F. [Beneficial effects of liver X receptor agonist on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in mice with myocardial infarction]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2012; 40:723-728. [PMID: 23141082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of liver X receptor (LXR) agonist on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) implantation into infarcted hearts of mice. METHOD AD-MSC(Fluc+) which stably expressed firefly luciferase (Fluc) were isolated from β-actin-Fluc transgenic mice and characterized by flow cytometry. Male FVB mice were randomly allocated into the following four groups (n = 10 each): (1) sham group; (2) MI + PBS group; (3) MI + AD-MSC(Fluc+) group; (4) MI + AD-MSC(Fluc+) + LXR agonist (T0901317) group. AD-MSC(Fluc+) or PBS were injected intramyocardial into peri-infarcted region of mice heart after permanent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed for quantification of injected cells retention and survival. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. RESULTS The AD-MSC(Fluc+) were positive for CD44 and CD90 by flow cytometry. BLI evidenced the firefly luciferase expression of AD-MSC(Fluc+) which was positively correlated with cell numbers (r(2) = 0.98). The results of BLI in vivo revealed that LXR agonist could improve the survival of AD-MSC(Fluc+) at day 7, 14 and 21 after transplantation compared with AD-MSC(Fluc+) alone group. Cardiac function was further improved in combination therapy group compared with AD-MSC(Fluc+) alone group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LXR agonist T0901317 can improve the retention and survival of intramyocardial injected AD-MSC(Fluc+) post-MI, and the combination therapy of T0901317 and AD-MSC(Fluc+) has a synergetic effect on improving cardiac function in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-hong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
El Roz A, Bard JM, Huvelin JM, Nazih H. LXR agonists and ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: relation to proliferation and apoptosis. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:3007-3013. [PMID: 22753765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptor (LXR) plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport by inducing the expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, implicated in cholesterol efflux. Recent data showed that LXR agonists inhibit the proliferation of multiple types of human cancer cells. However, whether these effects are related to cholesterol efflux has not yet been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of two LXR agonists (TO901317 and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol [22(R)-HC]) on proliferation, apoptosis and cholesterol efflux were examined in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. RESULTS Treatment with LXR agonists (TO901317 at 20 μM and 22(R)-HC at 2 μg/ml) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, LXR activation resulted in an increase in gene and protein levels of ABCG1 transporters and in cholesterol efflux to isolated high-density lipoprotein (HDL), without affecting the ABCA1/APOA-I mediated efflux. Under these conditions, a remarkable reduction of intracellular and membrane-associated cholesterol levels was observed. CONCLUSION LXR activation in MCF-7 cells could deprive cells of cholesterol, required for their growth, by stimulating its efflux, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation and in stimulation of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali El Roz
- EA-2160, MMS, Mer, Molecules, Sante, IUML: Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Meng ZX, Yin Y, Lv JH, Sha M, Lin Y, Gao L, Zhu YX, Sun YJ, Han X. Aberrant activation of liver X receptors impairs pancreatic beta cell function through upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in mouse islets and rodent cell lines. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1733-44. [PMID: 22415588 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Liver X receptors (LXR) are important transcriptional regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism. Our previous report demonstrated that LXR activation inhibited pancreatic beta cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest. Here we explore the role of LXR activation in beta cell insulin secretion and the underlying mechanism that might be involved. METHODS Mouse pancreatic islets or insulin-secreting MIN6 cells were exposed to the LXR agonist, T0901317, and insulin secretion, glucose and fatty acid oxidation, and lipogenic gene expression were assessed. The unsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and the dominant negative sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were used to inhibit endogenous SREBP1c and evaluate the involvement of SREBP1c in beta cell dysfunction induced by LXR activation. RESULTS Treatment with the LXR agonist decreased beta cell glucose sensitivity and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro. This was accompanied by derangements of beta cell glucose oxygen consumption, glucose oxidation, ATP production and intracellular voltage-gated calcium channel flux. LXR activation also regulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes such as Fas, Acc (also known as Acaca) and Cpt1a, and led to intracellular lipid accumulation. Further studies revealed that inhibition of SREBP1c abolished LXR activation-induced lipid accumulation and improved beta cell glucose metabolism, ATP production and insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data reveal that aberrant activation of LXR reproduced the phenomenon of beta cell dysfunction in the development of type 2 diabetes in vitro and in vivo. Upregulation of SREBP1c production and the lipotoxicity mediated by it played a central role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z X Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
von Grafenstein S, Mihaly-Bison J, Wolber G, Bochkov VN, Liedl KR, Schuster D. Identification of novel liver X receptor activators by structure-based modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1391-400. [PMID: 22489742 PMCID: PMC3360526 DOI: 10.1021/ci300096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. Activators of LXRs are of high pharmacological interest as LXRs regulate cholesterol, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammatory processes. On the basis of different X-ray crystal structures, we established a virtual screening workflow for the identification of novel LXR modulators. A two-step screening concept to identify active compounds included 3D-pharmacophore filters and rescoring by shape alignment. Eighteen virtual hits were tested in vitro applying a reporter gene assay, where concentration-dependent activity was proven for four novel lead structures. The most active compound 10, a 1,4-naphthochinone, has an estimated EC₅₀ of around 5 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin
Luise Strasse 2 + 4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design
(CAMD) Group and CMBI, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cruz-Garcia L, Sánchez-Gurmaches J, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I. Role of LXR in trout adipocytes: target genes, hormonal regulation, adipocyte differentiation and relation to lipolysis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:120-6. [PMID: 22626869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe an initial approach to investigate the role of LXR in fish adipose tissue. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isolated adipocytes were incubated with LXR agonists, unsaturated fatty acids, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), insulin or growth hormone (GH) for 6h and LXR expression was analyzed. Lipolysis was measured after incubation with one of the LXR agonists and LXR expression was compared with levels of lipolysis. LXR expression was also analyzed during the differentiation of adipocytes in culture. The incubations with agonists in isolated adipocytes indicated that ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an LXR target gene, but lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) are not. LXR agonists also induced LXR expression and raised lipolysis levels. Besides, LXR expression was upregulated in parallel with basal lipolysis. LXR mRNA expression was regulated by unsaturated fatty acids, insulin, TNFα and GH in isolated adipocytes. Besides, LXR showed an upregulation during adipocyte differentiation. All these data indicate that LXR is involved in orchestrating the transcriptional regulatory network in trout adipocyte lipid metabolism, specifically, in cholesterol transport, adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|