1
|
He Y, Zhu D, Greenman K, Ruiz C, Shang J, Lu Q, Kojetin DJ, Drakas R, Cameron MD, Lizarzaburu M, Solt LA, Kamenecka TM. Structure-Activity Relationship and Biological Investigation of a REV-ERBα-Selective Agonist SR-29065 ( 34) for Autoimmune Disorders. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14815-14823. [PMID: 37888788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 50 million Americans, predominantly women, and are thought to be one of the top 10 leading causes of death among women in age groups up to 65 years. A central role for TH17 cells has been highlighted by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) linking genes preferentially expressed in TH17 cells to several human autoimmune diseases. We and others have reported that the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and β are cell-intrinsic repressors of TH17 cell development and pathogenicity and might therefore be therapeutic targets for intervention. Herein, we describe detailed SAR studies of a novel REV-ERBα-selective scaffold. Metabolic stability of the ligands was optimized allowing for in vivo interrogation of the receptor in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (EAE) with a ligand (34). Reduction in frequency and number of T-cells in the CNS as well as key REV-ERB target genes is a measure of target engagement in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun He
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Di Zhu
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kevin Greenman
- ChemPartner Corporation, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Claudia Ruiz
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jinsai Shang
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Qun Lu
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Robert Drakas
- ShangPharma Innovation, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Mike Lizarzaburu
- ChemPartner Corporation, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 100, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Laura A Solt
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng L, Chen L, Solt LA, Dominical VM, Shen Z. Editorial: Immunometabolism of T cells in skin infection, autoimmunity and cancer biology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237386. [PMID: 37457717 PMCID: PMC10349174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | | | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chan P, Wu L, Hovsepyan A, Mkhitaryan S, Karapetyan G, Shah K, Wakimoto H, Kamenecka T, Solt LA, Cope J, Moats RA, Hirota T, Rich JN, Kay SA. Abstract 505: Small molecule circadian clock compounds display therapeutic potential in targeting glioblastoma stem cells. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor, claiming the lives of roughly 10,000 Americans each year. Despite being the first cancer analyzed through the Cancer Genome Atlas, treatment success remains minimal, resulting average survival time of patients is 15 months following diagnosis and a five-year survival rate is 6.8%. One of the major challenges in treating GBM is the presence of GBM stem cells (GSCs) that are resistant to temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and radiation, which is part of the current standard of care for GBM following maximal surgical resection. We found, however, that GSCs have a unique dependence on core circadian clock proteins, Brain and Muscle ARNTL-Like 1 (BMAL1) and Circadian Locomoter Output Cycles Protein Kaput (CLOCK), which is not observed in differentiated GBM cells or normal neuronal stem cells. Here we explore the use of novel small molecule circadian clock compounds that either lower BMAL1 transcription (REV-ERB agonists) or inhibit BMAL1::CLOCK heterodimer transcriptional activity (Cryptochrome (CRY) stabilizers or Casein Kinase (CK) 1/2 inhibitors) in targeting GSCs in in vitro patient derived cell lines and in in vivo GBM patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. GSCs display increased sensitivity to clock compounds at single agent and combinations of clock compounds compared to non-cancerous cells, U2OS human osteosarcoma cells, and differentiated GSCs. Additionally, clock compounds are significantly more effective in targeting GSCs than TMZ. The clock compound SHP1705 increased over survival and delayed tumor growth in GBM PDX models. These results highlight the therapeutic potential small molecule circadian clock compounds have against GBM as both a single agent and adjuvant to existing therapies by specifically targeting the GSC population.
Citation Format: Priscilla Chan, Lian Wu, Anahit Hovsepyan, Seda Mkhitaryan, Gevorg Karapetyan, Khalid Shah, Hiroaki Wakimoto, Theodore Kamenecka, Laura A. Solt, Jamie Cope, Rex A. Moats, Tsuyoshi Hirota, Jeremy N. Rich, Steve A. Kay. Small molecule circadian clock compounds display therapeutic potential in targeting glioblastoma stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 505.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lian Wu
- 2University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rex A. Moats
- 3Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Steve A. Kay
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu CH, Yemanyi F, Bora K, Kushwah N, Blomfield AK, Kamenecka TM, SanGiovanni JP, Sun Y, Solt LA, Chen J. Genetic deficiency and pharmacological modulation of RORα regulate laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:37-52. [PMID: 36626253 PMCID: PMC9876633 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) causes acute vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genetic variations of the nuclear receptor RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) have been linked with neovascular AMD, yet its specific role in pathological CNV development is not entirely clear. In this study, we showed that Rora was highly expressed in the mouse choroid compared with the retina, and genetic loss of RORα in Staggerer mice (Rorasg/sg) led to increased expression levels of Vegfr2 and Tnfa in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) complex. In a mouse model of laser-induced CNV, RORα expression was highly increased in the choroidal/RPE complex post-laser, and loss of RORα in Rorasg/sg eyes significantly worsened CNV with increased lesion size and vascular leakage, associated with increased levels of VEGFR2 and TNFα proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of RORα also worsened CNV. In addition, both genetic deficiency and inhibition of RORα substantially increased vascular growth in isolated mouse choroidal explants ex vivo. RORα inhibition also promoted angiogenic function of human choroidal endothelial cell culture. Together, our results suggest that RORα negatively regulates pathological CNV development in part by modulating angiogenic response of the choroidal endothelium and inflammatory environment in the choroid/RPE complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Solt LA. Emerging insights and challenges for understanding T cell function through the proteome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028366. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells rapidly transition from a quiescent state into active proliferation and effector function upon exposure to cognate antigen. These processes are tightly controlled by signal transduction pathways that influence changes in chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, and metabolism, all of which collectively drive specific T cell memory or effector cell development. Dysregulation of any of these events can mediate disease and the past several years has shown unprecedented novel approaches to understand these events, down to the single-cell level. The massive explosion of sequencing approaches to assess the genome and transcriptome at the single cell level has transformed our understanding of T cell activation, developmental potential, and effector function under normal and various disease states. Despite these advances, there remains a significant dearth of information regarding how these events are translated to the protein level. For example, resolution of protein isoforms and/or specific post-translational modifications mediating T cell function remains obscure. The application of proteomics can change that, enabling significant insights into molecular mechanisms that regulate T cell function. However, unlike genomic approaches that have enabled exquisite visualization of T cell dynamics at the mRNA and chromatin level, proteomic approaches, including those at the single-cell level, has significantly lagged. In this review, we describe recent studies that have enabled a better understanding of how protein synthesis and degradation change during T cell activation and acquisition of effector function. We also highlight technical advances and how these could be applied to T cell biology. Finally, we discuss future needs to expand upon our current knowledge of T cell proteomes and disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wilson AN, Campbell S, Lu Q, Mosure SA, He Y, Bdiri B, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. Defining the transcriptional regulation of NR2F6 in CD4+ T helper cell responses. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.56.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
NR2F6, an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors, plays an important role in CD4+ T cell differentiation and effector function. As a transcriptional repressor, NR2F6 can directly repress expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-17A, IL-21, and IFNγ. Our overexpression data is consistent with this, demonstrating NR2F6 represses IL-17A production in TH17 cells, indicating it also may play a role in autoimmune regulation. Furthermore, genetic experiments have demonstrated the ability of NR2F6 to reduce tumor burden and develop host-protective immunological memory, a consequence of it acting as an immune checkpoint in effector T cells. Collectively, these data suggest that modulation of NR2F6 activity may have important clinical applications for autoimmune and cancer immune therapy. To date, no synthetic or endogenous ligands have been identified that modulate its activity and little is known about its transcriptional function at the molecular level. Here through integrating NR2F6 overexpression and cytokine profiling studies with -omics based approaches, such as RNAseq using T cell specific NR2F6 knockouts, we are working to elucidate NR2F6’s transcriptional function in T cells. Additionally, efforts to identify NR2F6 selective small molecules is underway so we can address how ligand modulation of NR2F6 alters its function. These experiments will help define the molecular mechanisms of NR2F6, which are poorly understood, and determine its niche in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmunity.
Supported by R01 CA225890
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna N Wilson
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida
- 2Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Florida
| | - Sean Campbell
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida
| | - Qun Lu
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida
- 2Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Florida
- 3Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Florida
| | - Yuanjun He
- 4Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Florida
| | - Bilel Bdiri
- 4Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Florida
| | | | - Laura A Solt
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Florida
- 4Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Florida
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang S, Liu CH, Wang Z, Fu Z, Britton WR, Blomfield AK, Kamenecka TM, Dunaief JL, Solt LA, Chen J. REV-ERBα regulates age-related and oxidative stress-induced degeneration in retinal pigment epithelium via NRF2. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102261. [PMID: 35176707 PMCID: PMC8851379 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and atrophy occur in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), often leading to photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss. Accumulated oxidative stress during aging contributes to RPE dysfunction and degeneration. Here we show that the nuclear receptor REV-ERBα, a redox sensitive transcription factor, protects RPE from age-related degeneration and oxidative stress-induced damage. Genetic deficiency of REV-ERBα leads to accumulated oxidative stress, dysfunction and degeneration of RPE, and AMD-like ocular pathologies in aging mice. Loss of REV-ERBα exacerbates chemical-induced RPE damage, and pharmacological activation of REV-ERBα protects RPE from oxidative damage both in vivo and in vitro. REV-ERBα directly regulates transcription of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its downstream antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and catalase to counter oxidative damage. Moreover, aged mice with RPE specific knockout of REV-ERBα also exhibit accumulated oxidative stress and fundus and RPE pathologies. Together, our results suggest that REV-ERBα is a novel intrinsic protector of the RPE against age-dependent oxidative stress and a new molecular target for developing potential therapies to treat age-related retinal degeneration.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen ML, Huang X, Wang H, Hegner C, Liu Y, Shang J, Eliason A, Diao H, Park H, Frey B, Wang G, Mosure SA, Solt LA, Kojetin DJ, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Schady DA, Weaver CT, Pipkin ME, Moore DD, Sundrud MS. CAR directs T cell adaptation to bile acids in the small intestine. Nature 2021; 593:147-151. [PMID: 33828301 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are lipid-emulsifying metabolites synthesized in hepatocytes and maintained in vivo through enterohepatic circulation between the liver and small intestine1. As detergents, bile acids can cause toxicity and inflammation in enterohepatic tissues2. Nuclear receptors maintain bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes and enterocytes3, but it is unclear how mucosal immune cells tolerate high concentrations of bile acids in the small intestine lamina propria (siLP). CD4+ T effector (Teff) cells upregulate expression of the xenobiotic transporter MDR1 (encoded by Abcb1a) in the siLP to prevent bile acid toxicity and suppress Crohn's disease-like small bowel inflammation4. Here we identify the nuclear xenobiotic receptor CAR (encoded by Nr1i3) as a regulator of MDR1 expression in T cells that can safeguard against bile acid toxicity and inflammation in the mouse small intestine. Activation of CAR induced large-scale transcriptional reprogramming in Teff cells that infiltrated the siLP, but not the colon. CAR induced the expression of not only detoxifying enzymes and transporters in siLP Teff cells, as in hepatocytes, but also the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Accordingly, CAR deficiency in T cells exacerbated bile acid-driven ileitis in T cell-reconstituted Rag1-/- or Rag2-/- mice, whereas pharmacological activation of CAR suppressed it. These data suggest that CAR acts locally in T cells that infiltrate the small intestine to detoxify bile acids and resolve inflammation. Activation of this program offers an unexpected strategy to treat small bowel Crohn's disease and defines lymphocyte sub-specialization in the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney Hegner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yujin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amber Eliason
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-ray Crystallography Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Blake Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deborah A Schady
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA. .,The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang R, Campbell S, Amir M, Mosure SA, Bassette MA, Eliason A, Sundrud MS, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the nuclear receptor RORα regulates T H17 driven inflammatory disorders. Nat Commun 2021; 12:76. [PMID: 33397953 PMCID: PMC7782731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Full development of IL-17 producing CD4+ T helper cells (TH17 cells) requires the transcriptional activity of both orphan nuclear receptors RORα and RORγt. However, RORα is considered functionally redundant to RORγt; therefore, the function and therapeutic value of RORα in TH17 cells is unclear. Here, using mouse models of autoimmune and chronic inflammation, we show that expression of RORα is required for TH17 cell pathogenicity. T-cell-specific deletion of RORα reduces the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and colitis. Reduced inflammation is associated with decreased TH17 cell development, lower expression of tissue-homing chemokine receptors and integrins, and increased frequencies of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Importantly, inhibition of RORα with a selective small molecule antagonist mostly phenocopies our genetic data, showing potent suppression of the in vivo development of both chronic/progressive and relapsing/remitting EAE, but with no effect on overall thymic cellularity. Furthermore, use of the RORα antagonist effectively inhibits human TH17 cell differentiation and memory cytokine secretion. Together, these data suggest that RORα functions independent of RORγt in programming TH17 pathogenicity and identifies RORα as a safer and more selective therapeutic target for the treatment of TH17-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sean Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Molly A Bassette
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Amber Eliason
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mosure SA, Strutzenberg TS, Shang J, Munoz-Tello P, Solt LA, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ. Structural basis for heme-dependent NCoR binding to the transcriptional repressor REV-ERBβ. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/5/eabc6479. [PMID: 33571111 PMCID: PMC7840129 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heme is the endogenous ligand for the constitutively repressive REV-ERB nuclear receptors, REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2), but how heme regulates REV-ERB activity remains unclear. Cellular studies indicate that heme is required for the REV-ERBs to bind the corepressor NCoR and repress transcription. However, fluorescence-based biochemical assays suggest that heme displaces NCoR; here, we show that this is due to a heme-dependent artifact. Using ITC and NMR spectroscopy, we show that heme binding remodels the thermodynamic interaction profile of NCoR receptor interaction domain (RID) binding to REV-ERBβ ligand-binding domain (LBD). We solved two crystal structures of REV-ERBβ LBD cobound to heme and NCoR peptides, revealing the heme-dependent NCoR binding mode. ITC and chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry reveals a 2:1 LBD:RID stoichiometry, consistent with cellular studies showing that NCoR-dependent repression of REV-ERB transcription occurs on dimeric DNA response elements. Our findings should facilitate renewed progress toward understanding heme-dependent REV-ERB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Timothy S Strutzenberg
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Q, Robinette ML, Billon C, Collins PL, Bando JK, Fachi JL, Sécca C, Porter SI, Saini A, Gilfillan S, Solt LA, Musiek ES, Oltz EM, Burris TP, Colonna M. Circadian rhythm-dependent and circadian rhythm-independent impacts of the molecular clock on type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/40/eaay7501. [PMID: 31586012 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay7501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many gut functions are attuned to circadian rhythm. Intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) include NKp46+ and NKp46- subsets, which are RORγt dependent and provide mucosal defense through secretion of interleukin-22 (IL-22) and IL-17. Because ILC3s highly express some key circadian clock genes, we investigated whether ILC3s are also attuned to circadian rhythm. We noted circadian oscillations in the expression of clock and cytokine genes, such as REV-ERBα, IL-22, and IL-17, whereas acute disruption of the circadian rhythm affected cytokine secretion by ILC3s. Because of prominent and rhythmic expression of REV-ERBα in ILC3s, we also investigated the impact of constitutive deletion of REV-ERBα, which has been previously shown to inhibit the expression of a RORγt repressor, NFIL3, while also directly antagonizing DNA binding of RORγt. Development of the NKp46+ ILC3 subset was markedly impaired, with reduced cell numbers, RORγt expression, and IL-22 production in REV-ERBα-deficient mice. The NKp46- ILC3 subsets developed normally, potentially due to compensatory expression of other clock genes, but IL-17 secretion paradoxically increased, probably because RORγt was not antagonized by REV-ERBα. We conclude that ILC3s are attuned to circadian rhythm, but clock regulator REV-ERBα also has circadian-independent impacts on ILC3 development and functions due to its roles in the regulation of RORγt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michelle L Robinette
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - José Luís Fachi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Sécca
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sofia I Porter
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ankita Saini
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amir M, Campbell S, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. Pharmacological modulation and genetic deletion of REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ regulates dendritic cell development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1000-1007. [PMID: 32439175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ have been demonstrated to play key roles in the regulation of numerous physiological functions, such as metabolism and the circadian rhythm. Recent studies have established the REV-ERBs' roles in immunity, including macrophage and T cell responses. In contrast, their roles in dendritic cells have not been well defined. Dendritic cells are potent antigen presenting cells, connecting microbial sensing and innate immunity to adaptive immune responses. We demonstrate that both REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ expression is upregulated during the course of bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BMDC) differentiation. BMDCs from REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ deficient mice showed enhanced expression of maturation markers like CD86, MHCII, and proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, treatment of BMDCs with a REV-ERB-specific agonist, SR9009, inhibited the expression of maturation markers and proinflammatory cytokines. Our study suggests the REV-ERBs act as negative regulators of dendritic cell development and activation. These results indicate that pharmacological modulation of REV-ERB activity could be an attractive strategy to modulate DC activation status and for DC-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Sean Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mosure SA, Solt LA. REV-ERB-dependent heme signaling regulates Th17 cell activity. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.76.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells are important for protective immunity at mucosal surfaces, but their dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. A better understanding of the signaling pathways governing Th17 cell-mediated immunity and pathogenicity would aid in the development of novel therapeutics to treat Th17 cell-mediated diseases. We recently showed that the REV-ERB nuclear receptors (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ) are critical regulators of Th17 cell development and pathogenicity. As ligand-regulated transcription factors, the REV-ERBs can bind their natural ligand, heme, which modulates REV-ERB function. To investigate heme’s role as a REV-ERB-dependent signaling molecule in Th17 cells, we differentiated naive CD4+ T cells under Th17-polarizing conditions and found heme treatment repressed differentiation. Repression was partially ablated in cells lacking the REV-ERBs, indicating heme can specifically activate the REV-ERBs in Th17 cells. We further found that enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis and transport were upregulated during Th17 cell differentiation, indicating heme is actively produced in Th17 cells. To investigate the role of endogenous heme, we overexpressed REV-ERB mutants incapable of binding heme, which relieved repression of Th17 cell differentiation relative to over expression of wild type (WT) REV-ERBs. RNA-seq of mutant- vs WT-overexpressed cells revealed that heme modulates a specific subset of REV-ERB target genes. Together, our findings suggest that conditions affecting heme levels in Th17 cells can alter the transcriptional phenotype of the cell via heme modulation of REV-ERB activity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shang J, Mosure SA, Zheng J, Brust R, Bass J, Nichols A, Solt LA, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ. A molecular switch regulating transcriptional repression and activation of PPARγ. Nat Commun 2020; 11:956. [PMID: 32075969 PMCID: PMC7031403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) transcription factors use a conserved activation function-2 (AF-2) helix 12 mechanism for agonist-induced coactivator interaction and NR transcriptional activation. In contrast, ligand-induced corepressor-dependent NR repression appears to occur through structurally diverse mechanisms. We report two crystal structures of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in an inverse agonist/corepressor-bound transcriptionally repressive conformation. Helix 12 is displaced from the solvent-exposed active conformation and occupies the orthosteric ligand-binding pocket enabled by a conformational change that doubles the pocket volume. Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) NMR and chemical crosslinking mass spectrometry confirm the repressive helix 12 conformation. PRE NMR also defines the mechanism of action of the corepressor-selective inverse agonist T0070907, and reveals that apo-helix 12 exchanges between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations—supporting a fundamental hypothesis in the NR field that helix 12 exchanges between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations. Structural studies of nuclear receptor transcription factors revealed that nearly all nuclear receptors share a conserved helix 12 dependent transcriptional activation mechanism. Here the authors present two crystal structures of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in an inverse agonist/corepressor-bound transcriptionally repressive conformation, where helix 12 is located within the orthosteric ligand-binding pocket instead, and discuss mechanistic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Richard Brust
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jared Bass
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ashley Nichols
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellows (SURF) program, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haspel JA, Anafi R, Brown MK, Cermakian N, Depner C, Desplats P, Gelman AE, Haack M, Jelic S, Kim BS, Laposky AD, Lee YC, Mongodin E, Prather AA, Prendergast BJ, Reardon C, Shaw AC, Sengupta S, Szentirmai É, Thakkar M, Walker WE, Solt LA. Perfect timing: circadian rhythms, sleep, and immunity - an NIH workshop summary. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131487. [PMID: 31941836 PMCID: PMC7030790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries demonstrate a critical role for circadian rhythms and sleep in immune system homeostasis. Both innate and adaptive immune responses - ranging from leukocyte mobilization, trafficking, and chemotaxis to cytokine release and T cell differentiation -are mediated in a time of day-dependent manner. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently sponsored an interdisciplinary workshop, "Sleep Insufficiency, Circadian Misalignment, and the Immune Response," to highlight new research linking sleep and circadian biology to immune function and to identify areas of high translational potential. This Review summarizes topics discussed and highlights immediate opportunities for delineating clinically relevant connections among biological rhythms, sleep, and immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ron Anafi
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marishka K. Brown
- National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Depner
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences and
- Department of Pathology, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monika Haack
- Human Sleep and Inflammatory Systems Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanja Jelic
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Center for the Study of Itch
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Department of Pathology, and
- Department of Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron D. Laposky
- National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne C. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aric A. Prather
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian J. Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department, of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Éva Szentirmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Mahesh Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wendy E. Walker
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Amir M, Chaudhari S, Wang R, Campbell S, Mosure SA, Chopp LB, Lu Q, Shang J, Pelletier OB, He Y, Doebelin C, Cameron MD, Kojetin DJ, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. REV-ERBα Regulates T H17 Cell Development and Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3733-3749.e8. [PMID: 30590045 PMCID: PMC6400287 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RORγt is well recognized as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T helper 17 (TH17) cell development. However, the cell-intrinsic mechanisms that negatively regulate TH17 cell development and autoimmunity remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor REV-ERBα is exclusively expressed in TH17 cells, competes with RORγt for their shared DNA consensus sequence, and negatively regulates TH17 cell development via repression of genes traditionally characterized as RORγt dependent, including Il17a. Deletion of REV-ERBα enhanced TH17-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, exacerbating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and colitis. Treatment with REV-ERB-specific synthetic ligands, which have similar phenotypic properties as RORγ modulators, suppressed TH17 cell development, was effective in colitis intervention studies, and significantly decreased the onset, severity, and relapse rate in several models of EAE without affecting thymic cellularity. Our results establish that REV-ERBα negatively regulates pro-inflammatory TH17 responses in vivo and identifies the REV-ERBs as potential targets for the treatment of TH17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sweena Chaudhari
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sean Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA; Scripps Research, Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Laura B Chopp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Oliver B Pelletier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Christelle Doebelin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Galmozzi A, Kok BP, Kim AS, Montenegro-Burke JR, Lee JY, Spreafico R, Mosure S, Albert V, Cintron-Colon R, Godio C, Webb WR, Conti B, Solt LA, Kojetin D, Parker CG, Peluso JJ, Pru JK, Siuzdak G, Cravatt BF, Saez E. PGRMC2 is an intracellular haem chaperone critical for adipocyte function. Nature 2019; 576:138-142. [PMID: 31748741 PMCID: PMC6895438 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heme is an essential prosthetic group of numerous proteins and a central signaling molecule in many physiologic processes1,2. The chemical reactivity of heme requires that a network of intracellular chaperone proteins exist to avert the cytotoxic effects of free heme, but the constituents of such trafficking pathways are unknown3,4. Heme synthesis is completed in mitochondria, with ferrochelatase (FECH) adding iron to protoporphyrin IX. How this vital but highly reactive metabolite is delivered from mitochondria to hemoproteins throughout the cell remains poorly defined3,4. Here, we show that PGRMC2 is required for delivery of labile, or signaling heme, to the nucleus. Deletion of PGMRC2 in brown fat, which has a high demand for heme, reduced labile heme in the nucleus and increased stability of the heme-responsive transcriptional repressors Rev-Erbα and BACH1. Ensuing alterations in gene expression spawn severe mitochondrial defects that rendered adipose-specific PGRMC2-null mice unable to activate adaptive thermogenesis and prone to greater metabolic deterioration when fed a high-fat diet. In contrast, obese-diabetic mice treated with a small-molecule PGRMC2 activator showed substantial improvement of diabetic features. These studies uncover a role for PGRMC2 in intracellular heme transport, reveal the impact of adipose tissue heme dynamics on physiology, and suggest that modulation of PGRMC2 may revert obesity-linked defects in adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernard P Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Jae Y Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Mosure
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Verena Albert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rigo Cintron-Colon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Godio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William R Webb
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Douglas Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christopher G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James K Pru
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Amir M, Campbell S, Kamenecka T, Solt LA. REV-ERB mediated regulation of dendritic cell maturation and function. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.183.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The REV-ERBs (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors and owing to their ability to recruit corepressor, act as transcriptional repressors. The REV-ERBs have well-established roles in regulating various physiological functions, including metabolism and the circadian rhythm. However, little is known about their roles in the immune system. While some evidence exists suggesting the REV-ERBs, particularly REV-ERBα, regulates macrophage inflammatory responses, the REV-ERB’s role in regulating other cells of myeloid origin remains largely unknown.
Dendritic cells (DCs), like macrophages, are of myeloid origin and serve as the master regulator of immune responses by connecting microbial sensing and innate immunity to adaptive immune responses. Given the central role of DCs in regulating immune responses, we investigated if the REV-ERBs regulate DC maturation and function. We found that both REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ expression is upregulated during the course of bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BMDCs) differentiation. BMDCs from REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ deficient mice showed enhanced expression of maturation markers like CD86, MHCII, CD83 and proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, treatment of BMDCs with a REV-ERB-specific agonist, SR9009, inhibited the expression of these maturation markers and proinflammatory cytokines. Our study suggests the REV-ERBs act as negative regulators of dendritic cell maturation and function thus pharmacological modulation of REV-ERB activity could be an attractive strategy in treating inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Solt LA, Wang R, Amir M, Chaudhari S, Campbell S, Bassette MB, Eliason A, Sundrud MS, Kamenecka T. Genetic and pharmacological modulation of RORα regulates TH17-driven inflammatory disorders. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.68.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While RORγt has been well characterized as the lineage defining transcription factor for TH17 cell development, TH17 cells are not absent in Rorc-deficient mice, suggesting other factors may be required. RORα, a close family member of RORγt, is also expressed during TH17 cell development but is considered functionally redundant, thus little is known about its function in TH17 cells. Using mouse models of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation, we show that expression of RORα is required for TH17 pathogenicity. T-cell specific deletion of RORα significantly abrogated the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and colitis, due to decreased development of TH17 cells and expression of homing receptors required for cells to gain access to sites of inflammation. These results were accompanied by increased Foxp3+T regulatory cells. Using a RORα-selective small molecule that we developed, we found that modulation of RORα activity largely phenocopied our genetic data, inhibiting the development of EAE, colitis, and relapse in a relapsing remitting model of multiple sclerosis. Importantly, treatment with a RORα modulator did not affect thymic cellularity. Finally, modulation of RORα activity inhibited the development of human TH17 cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression from subsets of CD4+CCR6+memory T cells. Our results establish that RORα has non-redundant functions to RORγt driving TH17 cell development and identifies RORα as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TH17-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 2Scripps Florida
| | - Ran Wang
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Mohammed Amir
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 2Scripps Florida
| | - Sweena Chaudhari
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Sean Campbell
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 2Scripps Florida
| | - Molly B Bassette
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Amber Eliason
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mosure SA, Kojetin D, Solt LA. Investigating heme regulation of REV-ERBα activity in Th17 cells. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.68.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cell dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Because current therapeutics exhibit negative side effects or are only successful in small patient subsets, there is a need to identify better Th17 cell-specific drug targets. We recently showed that the nuclear receptor (NR) REV-ERBα represses Th17 cell development and pathogenesis. As ligand-regulated transcription factors, NRs like REV-ERBα are amenable to pharmacological modulation, making REV-ERBα a viable target for the treatment of Th17 cell-mediated diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying ligand regulation of REV-ERBα in Th17 cells remain unclear.
REV-ERBα-mediated repression of target genes is enhanced by its endogenous ligand, heme, in other cell types, but heme’s role in Th17 cells is largely unexplored. To investigate heme’s role in Th17 cells, we differentiated naïve CD4+ T cells under Th17-polarizing conditions in vitro and found heme treatment repressed differentiation. To assess whether the effect was due to activation of REV-ERBα, we heme-treated cells lacking REV-ERBα and found the repression was partially ablated. We also found that overexpression of a REV-ERBα mutant incapable of binding heme relieved repression of Th17 cell differentiation relative to overexpression of wild type REV-ERBα. Our findings suggest that heme negatively regulates Th17 cell development, in part by activating REV-ERBα, which may require heme binding to repress target genes. Characterizing REV-ERBα regulation by heme may offer insight into mechanisms of Th17 cell pathogenesis, as well as inform the design of therapeutics for autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Doebelin C, He Y, Campbell S, Nuhant P, Kumar N, Koenig M, Garcia-Ordonez R, Chang MR, Roush WR, Lin L, Kahn S, Cameron MD, Griffin PR, Solt LA, Kamenecka TM. Discovery and Optimization of a Series of Sulfonamide Inverse Agonists for the Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor-α. Med Chem 2019; 15:676-684. [PMID: 30799793 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190222124745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a massive industry endeavor to develop RORγ-modulators for autoimmune disorders, there has been no indication of efforts to target the close family member RORα for similar indications. This may be due to the misconception that RORα is redundant to RORγ, or the inherent difficulty in cultivating tractable starting points for RORα. RORα-selective modulators would be useful tools to interrogate the biology of this understudied orphan nuclear receptor. OBJECTIVE The goal of this research effort was to identify and optimize synthetic ligands for RORα starting from the known LXR agonist T0901317. METHODS Fourty-five analogs of the sulfonamide lead (1) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to suppress the transcriptional activity of RORα, RORγ, and LXRα in cell-based assays. Analogs were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS analysis. The pharmacokinetic profile of the most selective RORα inverse agonist was evaluated in rats with intraperitoneal (i.p.) and per oral (p.o.)dosing. RESULTS Structure-activity relationship studies led to potent dual RORα/RORγ inverse agonists as well as RORα-selective inverse agonists (20, 28). LXR activity could be reduced by removing the sulfonamide nitrogen substituent. Attempts to improve the potency of these selective leads by varying substitution patterns throughout the molecule proved challenging. CONCLUSION The synthetic RORα-selective inverse agonists identified (20, 28) can be utilized as chemical tools to probe the function of RORα in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Doebelin
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Yuanjun He
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Sean Campbell
- Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Philippe Nuhant
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Marcel Koenig
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Ruben Garcia-Ordonez
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - William R Roush
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Susan Kahn
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Laura A Solt
- Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Doebelin C, Patouret R, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Chang MR, Dharmarajan V, Novick S, Ciesla A, Campbell S, Solt LA, Griffin PR, Kamenecka TM. Identification of potent RORβ modulators: Scaffold variation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3210-3215. [PMID: 30143422 PMCID: PMC6238650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We sought to develop RORβ-selective probe molecules in order to investigate the function of the receptor in vitro and in vivo and its role in the pathophysiology of disease. To accomplish this, we modified a potent dual RORβ/RORγ inverse agonist from the primary literature with the goal of improving selectivity for RORβ vs RORγ. Truncation of the Western portion of the molecule ablated activity at RORγ and led to a potent series of RORβ modulators. Continued exploration of this series investigated alternate replacement cores for the aminothiazole ring. Numerous suitable replacements were found during the course of our SAR investigations and are reported herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Doebelin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Rémi Patouret
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ruben D Garcia-Ordonez
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Venkatasubramanian Dharmarajan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Scott Novick
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anthony Ciesla
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sean Campbell
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 130 Scripps Way #C2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 130 Scripps Way #C2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao J, Zhang L, Mu X, Doebelin C, Nguyen W, Wallace C, Reay DP, McGowan SJ, Corbo L, Clemens PR, Wilson GM, Watkins SC, Solt LA, Cameron MD, Huard J, Niedernhofer LJ, Kamenecka TM, Robbins PD. Development of novel NEMO-binding domain mimetics for inhibiting IKK/NF-κB activation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004663. [PMID: 29889904 PMCID: PMC6013238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor important for regulating innate and adaptive immunity, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. Dysregulation of NF-κB and its upstream regulator IκB kinase (IKK) contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory and degenerative diseases as well as cancer. An 11-amino acid peptide containing the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) derived from the C-terminus of β subunit of IKK, functions as a highly selective inhibitor of the IKK complex by disrupting the association of IKKβ and the IKKγ subunit NEMO. A structure-based pharmacophore model was developed to identify NBD mimetics by in silico screening. Two optimized lead NBD mimetics, SR12343 and SR12460, inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation by blocking the interaction between IKKβ and NEMO and suppressed LPS-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Chronic treatment of a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with SR12343 and SR12460 attenuated inflammatory infiltration, necrosis and muscle degeneration, demonstrating that these small-molecule NBD mimetics are potential therapeutics for inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Mu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christelle Doebelin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - William Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Callen Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Reay
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara J. McGowan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lana Corbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Clemens
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Mustata Wilson
- Department of Health Informatics and Information Management, College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the TSRI Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amador A, Campbell S, Kazantzis M, Lan G, Burris TP, Solt LA. Distinct roles for REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in oxidative capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196787. [PMID: 29723273 PMCID: PMC5933789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ have been demonstrated to be core members of the circadian clock and participate in the regulation of a diverse set of metabolic functions. Due to their overlapping tissue expression patterns and gene expression profiles, REV-ERBβ is thought to be redundant to REV-ERBα. Recent work has highlighted REV-ERBα's role in the regulation of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis. Considering the similarity between the REV-ERBs and the hypothesized overlap in function, we sought to determine whether REV-ERBβ-deficiency presented with a similar skeletal muscle phenotype as REV-ERBα-deficiency. Ectopic overexpression in C2C12 cells demonstrated that REV-ERBβ drives mitochondrial biogenesis and the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Intriguingly, knock down of REV-ERBβ in C2C12 cultures also resulted in mitochondrial biogenesis and increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. To determine whether these effects occurred in vivo, we examined REV-ERBβ-deficient mice and observed a similar increase in expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Consistent with these results, REV-ERBβ-deficient mice exhibited an altered metabolic phenotype compared to wild-type littermate controls when measured by indirect calorimetry. This likely compensated for the increased food consumption that occurred, possibly aiding in the maintenance of their weight over time. Since feeding behaviors are a direct circadian output, this study suggests that REV-ERBβ may have more subtle effects on circadian behaviors than originally identified. Furthermore, these data implicate REV-ERBβ in the control of skeletal muscle metabolism and energy expenditure and suggest that development of REV-ERBα versus REV-ERBβ selective ligands may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Weight
- Calorimetry, Indirect
- Cell Line
- Circadian Rhythm/genetics
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Muscle/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/physiology
- Organelle Biogenesis
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Amador
- Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sean Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Melissa Kazantzis
- Metabolic Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary Lan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Amir M, Chaudhari SM, Wang R, Campbell S, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. The REV-ERBs: Negative Regulators of Th17 Cell Development and Autoimmunity. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.163.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Th17 cells have been associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. While the nuclear receptor (NR) RORγt is considered the lineage determining transcription factor for Th17 cells, the REV-ERBs (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ), two other members of the NR superfamily, are often co-expressed in the same tissues as members of the ROR subfamily of NRs (i.e. RORγt) and bind to the same DNA response elements. In contrast to the RORs, which are transcriptional activators, the REV-ERBs are transcriptional repressors, suggesting mutual cross talk and co-regulation of their shared target genes. While the REV-ERBs are best known for their roles in the circadian rhythm and metabolic processes, their role in Th17 cell development and Th17 mediated inflammatory diseases is largely unexplored.
Our data indicates that over expression of the REV-ERBs inhibits Th17 cell differentiation whereas genetic deletion of the REV-ERBs perturbs Th17 cell differentiation. Using two commonly used mouse models of autoimmunity known to be Th17 driven [experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and adoptive transfer model of colitis], we found that loss of REV-ERB expression exacerbates EAE and colitis compared to WT controls, largely as a consequence of an increased number of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells. Finally, using REV-ERB-selective small molecules that we have developed, we discovered that pharmacological modulation of REV-ERB activity significantly inhibits the development of autoimmunity. Overall, our data suggests that the REV-ERBs are potent negative regulators of Th17 differentiation and identifies the REV-ERBs as viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Solt LA, Wang R, Amir M, Chaudhari SM, Campbell S, Bassette MA, Kamenecka TM. A non-redundant role for RORα in TH17 cell development and TH17-driven inflammatory disorders. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.121.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulated TH17 immune responses have been associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. While full development of TH17 cells requires both nuclear receptors RORα and RORγt, most of the work surrounding TH17 cells has focused on the lineage defining transcription factor RORγt. However, TH17 cells are not absent in RORγ−/− mice, suggesting that RORα plays an important role. Despite this, RORα is considered redundant to RORγt and little is known about its function in TH17 cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether RORα played a significant role in TH17 cell development and TH17-driven inflammatory disorders.
Using molecular, genetic, and pharmacological approaches our data suggests that RORα has non-redundant functions to RORγt driving TH17 cell development. Loss or overexpression of RORα in CD4+ T cells significantly decreased or increased IL-17A, respectively, despite no change in RORγt expression. Using two mouse models of autoimmunity known to be TH17 driven [experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and adoptive transfer model of colitis], we found that loss of RORα significantly inhibited the development of EAE and colitis, largely as a consequence of decreased frequencies of pro-inflammatory TH17 cells and increased frequencies of anti-inflammatory Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Finally, using a RORα-selective small molecule that we developed, we found that modulation of RORα activity significantly inhibited the development of autoimmunity. Our data suggests that RORα plays a non-redundant role to RORγt in TH17 cell development. Studies focusing on assessing RORα activity alone or along with RORγt may lend novel insight into future therapeutic design for TH17-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun Y, Liu CH, Wang Z, Meng SS, Burnim SB, SanGiovanni JP, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA, Chen J. RORα modulates semaphorin 3E transcription and neurovascular interaction in pathological retinal angiogenesis. FASEB J 2017. [PMID: 28646017 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700172r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathological proliferation of retinal blood vessels commonly causes vision impairment in proliferative retinopathies, including retinopathy of prematurity. Dysregulated crosstalk between the vasculature and retinal neurons is increasingly recognized as a major factor contributing to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3s), a group of neuron-secreted axonal and vascular guidance factors, suppress pathological vascular growth in retinopathy. However, the upstream transcriptional regulators that mediate the function of SEMA3s in vascular growth are poorly understood. Here we showed that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα), a nuclear receptor and transcription factor, is a novel transcriptional regulator of SEMA3E-mediated neurovascular coupling in a mouse model of oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy. We found that genetic deficiency of RORα substantially induced Sema3e expression in retinopathy. Both RORα and SEMA3E were expressed in retinal ganglion cells. RORα directly bound to a specific ROR response element on the promoter of Sema3e and negatively regulated Sema3e promoter-driven luciferase expression. Suppression of Sema3e using adeno-associated virus 2 carrying short hairpin RNA targeting Sema3e promoted disoriented pathological neovascularization and partially abolished the inhibitory vascular effects of RORα deficiency in retinopathy. Our findings suggest that RORα is a novel transcriptional regulator of SEMA3E-mediated neurovascular coupling in pathological retinal angiogenesis.-Sun, Y., Liu, C.-H., Wang, Z., Meng, S. S., Burnim, S. B., SanGiovanni, J. P., Kamenecka, T. M., Solt, L. A., Chen, J. RORα modulates semaphorin 3E transcription and neurovascular interaction in pathological retinal angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel B Burnim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Solt LA, Amir M, Chaudhari SM, Wang R, Campbell S. Negative regulation of Th17 cell development and function by the REV-ERBs. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.127.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A significant amount of work has identified key factors that drive Th17 cell development, including the nuclear receptors (NRs) RORα and RORγ. However, cell-intrinsic mechanisms that negatively regulate Th17 cell development and inflammation have received less attention. Two other members of the NR superfamily, the REV-ERBs (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ), are often co-expressed in the same tissues as the RORs, bind the same DNA response elements, and co-regulate their shared target genes. The REV-ERBs have well described roles in the regulation of the circadian rhythm and metabolism, but their roles in immune cell function are poorly understood. Therefore, we hypothesize that the REV-ERBs are key negative regulators of Th17 cell development and function.
We we aim to understand the role of the REV-ERBs in Th17 cell development as well as determine whether targeting these NRs is a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. Our results indicate that the REV-ERBs are differentially expressed during Th17 cell development. Overexpression and pharmacological modulation of REV-ERB activity suppresses Th17 cell development whereas genetic deletion of the REV-ERBs perturbs Th17 cell development in vitro and induces autoimmunity in vivo. Using REV-ERB-specific small molecules that we have developed, we have found that pharmacological modulation of REV-ERB activity suppresses Th17 cell development in vitro and development of autoimmunity in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that the REV-ERBs are key negative regulators of Th17 cell development and function and represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Funding support – NIH (R01AI116885-01A1)
Collapse
|
29
|
Amador A, Huitron-Resendiz S, Roberts AJ, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA, Burris TP. Pharmacological Targeting the REV-ERBs in Sleep/Wake Regulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162452. [PMID: 27603791 PMCID: PMC5014418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock maintains appropriate timing for a wide range of behaviors and physiological processes. Circadian behaviors such as sleep and wakefulness are intrinsically dependent on the precise oscillation of the endogenous molecular machinery that regulates the circadian clock. The identical core clock machinery regulates myriad endocrine and metabolic functions providing a link between sleep and metabolic health. The REV-ERBs (REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ) are nuclear receptors that are key regulators of the molecular clock and have been successfully targeted using small molecule ligands. Recent studies in mice suggest that REV-ERB-specific synthetic agonists modulate metabolic activity as well as alter sleep architecture, inducing wakefulness during the light period. Therefore, these small molecules represent unique tools to extensively study REV-ERB regulation of sleep and wakefulness. In these studies, our aim was to further investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting the REV-ERBs for regulation of sleep by characterizing efficacy, and optimal dosing time of the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 using electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Applying different experimental paradigms in mice, our studies establish that SR9009 does not lose efficacy when administered more than once a day, nor does tolerance develop when administered once a day over a three-day dosing regimen. Moreover, through use of a time response paradigm, we determined that although there is an optimal time for administration of SR9009 in terms of maximal efficacy, there is a 12-hour window in which SR9009 elicited a response. Our studies indicate that the REV-ERBs are potential therapeutic targets for treating sleep problems as those encountered as a consequence of shift work or jet lag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Amador
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 34583, United States of America
| | - Salvador Huitron-Resendiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 34583, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 34583, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Amador A, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA, Burris TP. Correction: Pharmacological and Genetic Modulation of REV-ERB Activity and Expression Affects Orexigenic Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156367. [PMID: 27195801 PMCID: PMC4872992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151014.].
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang R, Solt LA. Metabolism of murine TH 17 cells: Impact on cell fate and function. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:807-16. [PMID: 26893133 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An effective adaptive immune response relies on the ability of lymphocytes to rapidly act upon a variety of insults. In T lymphocytes, this response includes cell growth, clonal expansion, differentiation, and cytokine production, all of which place a significant energy burden on the cell. Recent evidence shows that T-cell metabolic reprogramming is an essential component of the adaptive immune response and specific metabolic pathways dictate T-cell fate decisions, including the development of TH 17 versus T regulatory (Treg) cells. TH 17 cells have garnered significant attention due to their roles in the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Attempts to characterize TH 17 cells have demonstrated that they are highly dynamic, adjusting their function to environmental cues, which dictate their metabolic program. In this review, we highlight recent data demonstrating the impact of cellular metabolism on the TH 17/Treg balance and present factors that mediate TH 17-cell metabolism. Some examples of these include the differential impact of the mTOR signaling complexes on T-helper-cell differentiation, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) promotion of glycolysis to favor TH 17-cell development, and ACC1-dependent de novo fatty acid synthesis favoring TH 17-cell development over Treg cells. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic options and the implications of modulating TH 17-cell metabolism for the treatment of TH 17-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Amador A, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Kameneka TM, Solt LA, Burris TP. Pharmacological and Genetic Modulation of REV-ERB Activity and Expression Affects Orexigenic Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151014. [PMID: 26963516 PMCID: PMC4786293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are transcription factors that play pivotal roles in the regulation of the circadian rhythm and various metabolic processes. The circadian rhythm is an endogenous mechanism, which generates entrainable biological changes that follow a 24-hour period. It regulates a number of physiological processes, including sleep/wakeful cycles and feeding behaviors. We recently demonstrated that REV-ERB-specific small molecules affect sleep and anxiety. The orexinergic system also plays a significant role in mammalian physiology and behavior, including the regulation of sleep and food intake. Importantly, orexin genes are expressed in a circadian manner. Given these overlaps in function and circadian expression, we wanted to determine whether the REV-ERBs might regulate orexin. We found that acute in vivo modulation of REV-ERB activity, with the REV-ERB-specific synthetic ligand SR9009, affects the circadian expression of orexinergic genes in mice. Long term dosing with SR9009 also suppresses orexinergic gene expression in mice. Finally, REV-ERBβ-deficient mice present with increased orexinergic transcripts. These data suggest that the REV-ERBs may be involved in the repression of orexinergic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Amador
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kameneka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Flaveny CA, Griffett K, El-Gendy BEDM, Kazantzis M, Sengupta M, Amelio AL, Chatterjee A, Walker J, Solt LA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Broad Anti-tumor Activity of a Small Molecule that Selectively Targets the Warburg Effect and Lipogenesis. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:42-56. [PMID: 26120082 PMCID: PMC4965273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant cells exhibit aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) and become dependent on de novo lipogenesis, which sustains rapid proliferation and resistance to cellular stress. The nuclear receptor liver-X-receptor (LXR) directly regulates expression of key glycolytic and lipogenic genes. To disrupt these oncogenic metabolism pathways, we designed an LXR inverse agonist SR9243 that induces LXR-corepressor interaction. In cancer cells, SR9243 significantly inhibited the Warburg effect and lipogenesis by reducing glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression. SR9243 induced apoptosis in tumors without inducing weight loss, hepatotoxicity, or inflammation. Our results suggest that LXR inverse agonists may be an effective cancer treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Flaveny
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Kristine Griffett
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - Melissa Kazantzis
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Monideepa Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - John Walker
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63310, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 1B2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sitaula S, Billon C, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA, Burris TP. Suppression of atherosclerosis by synthetic REV-ERB agonist. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:566-71. [PMID: 25800870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors for heme, REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, play important roles in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation. Recently it was demonstrated that reduced REV-ERBα expression in hematopoetic cells in LDL receptor null mice led to increased atherosclerosis. We sought to determine if synthetic REV-ERB agonists that we have developed might have the ability to suppress atherosclerosis in this model. A previously characterized synthetic REV-ERB agonist, SR9009, was used to determine if activation of REV-ERB activity would affect atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient mice. Atherosclerotic plaque size was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in mice administered SR9009 (100 mg/kg) for seven weeks compared to control mice (n = 10 per group). SR9009 treatment of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages (BMDM) reduced the polarization of BMDMs to proinflammatory M1 macrophage while increasing the polarization of BMDMs to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Our results suggest that pharmacological targeting of REV-ERBs may be a viable therapeutic option for treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadichha Sitaula
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Hyperglycemia associated with type 1 diabetes is a consequence of immune-mediated destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. Although it is apparent that both CD8(+) T cells and TH1 cells are key contributors to type 1 diabetes, the function of TH17 cells in disease onset and progression remains unclear. The nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors-α and γt (RORα and RORγt) play critical roles in the development of TH17 cells and ROR-specific synthetic ligands have proven efficacy in several mouse models of autoimmunity. To investigate the roles and therapeutic potential for targeting the RORs in type 1 diabetes, we administered SR1001, a selective RORα/γ inverse agonist, to nonobese diabetic mice. SR1001 significantly reduced diabetes incidence and insulitis in the treated mice. Furthermore, SR1001 reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, particularly TH17-mediated cytokines, reduced autoantibody production, and increased the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells. These data suggest that TH17 cells may have a pathological role in the development of type 1 diabetes, and use of ROR-specific synthetic ligands targeting this cell type may prove utility as a novel treatment for type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Insulin/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics (L.A.S., S.B., S.C., T.M.K.), The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458; and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science (T.B.P.), Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63104
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Banerjee S, Wang Y, Solt LA, Griffett K, Kazantzis M, Amador A, El-Gendy BM, Huitron-Resendiz S, Roberts AJ, Shin Y, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Pharmacological targeting of the mammalian clock regulates sleep architecture and emotional behaviour. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5759. [PMID: 25536025 PMCID: PMC4495958 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic drug-like molecules that directly modulate the activity of key clock proteins offer the potential to directly modulate the endogenous circadian rhythm and treat diseases associated with clock dysfunction. Here we demonstrate that synthetic ligands targeting a key component of the mammalian clock, the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and β, regulate sleep architecture and emotional behaviour in mice. REV-ERB agonists induce wakefulness and reduce REM and slow-wave sleep. Interestingly, REV-ERB agonists also reduce anxiety-like behaviour. These data are consistent with increased anxiety-like behaviour of REV-ERBβ-null mice, in which REV-ERB agonists have no effect. These results indicate that pharmacological targeting of REV-ERB may lead to the development of novel therapeutics to treat sleep disorders and anxiety.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Animals
- Anxiety/drug therapy
- Anxiety/genetics
- Anxiety/metabolism
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- CLOCK Proteins/genetics
- CLOCK Proteins/metabolism
- Circadian Clocks/drug effects
- Circadian Clocks/genetics
- Circadian Rhythm/genetics
- Cryptochromes/genetics
- Cryptochromes/metabolism
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/metabolism
- Period Circadian Proteins/genetics
- Period Circadian Proteins/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/agonists
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reward
- Signal Transduction
- Sleep, REM/drug effects
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Kristine Griffett
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Melissa Kazantzis
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Ariadna Amador
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Bahaa M. El-Gendy
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Salvador Huitron-Resendiz
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Youseung Shin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter FL 33458
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matta-Camacho E, Banerjee S, Hughes TS, Solt LA, Wang Y, Burris TP, Kojetin DJ. Structure of REV-ERBβ ligand-binding domain bound to a porphyrin antagonist. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20054-66. [PMID: 24872411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.545111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of circadian physiology, metabolism, and immune function. Although the REV-ERBs were originally characterized as orphan receptors, recent studies have demonstrated that they function as receptors for heme. Here, we demonstrate that cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP) and zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) are ligands that bind directly to the REV-ERBs. However, instead of mimicking the agonist action of heme, CoPP and ZnPP function as antagonists of REV-ERB function. This was unexpected because the only distinction between these ligands is the metal ion that is coordinated. To understand the structural basis by which REV-ERBβ can differentiate between a porphyrin agonist and antagonist, we characterized the interaction between REV-ERBβ with heme, CoPP, and ZnPP using biochemical and structural approaches, including x-ray crystallography and NMR. The crystal structure of CoPP-bound REV-ERBβ indicates only minor conformational changes induced by CoPP compared with heme, including the porphyrin ring of CoPP, which adopts a planar conformation as opposed to the puckered conformation observed in the heme-bound REV-ERBβ crystal structure. Thus, subtle changes in the porphyrin metal center and ring conformation may influence the agonist versus antagonist action of porphyrins and when considered with other studies suggest that gas binding to the iron metal center heme may drive alterations in REV-ERB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna Matta-Camacho
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and
| | - Travis S Hughes
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and
| | - Laura A Solt
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and
| | - Yongjun Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - Thomas P Burris
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and the Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- From the Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33418 and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Precise regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is crucial for normal immune responses, and defective NF-κB activity underlies a range of immunodeficiencies. NF-κB is activated through two signaling cascades: the classical and noncanonical pathways. The classical pathway requires inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ) and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and hypomorphic mutations in the gene encoding NEMO (ikbkg) lead to inherited immunodeficiencies, collectively termed NEMO-ID. Noncanonical NF-κB activation requires NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and IKKα, but not NEMO. We found that noncanonical NF-κB was basally active in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from NEMO-ID patients and that noncanonical NF-κB signaling was similarly enhanced in cell lines lacking functional NEMO. NIK, which normally undergoes constitutive degradation, was aberrantly present in resting NEMO-deficient cells, and regulation of its abundance was rescued by reconstitution with full-length NEMO, but not a mutant NEMO protein unable to physically associate with IKKα or IKKβ. Binding of NEMO to IKKα was not required for ligand-dependent stabilization of NIK or noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Rather, an intact and functional IKK complex was essential to suppress basal NIK activity in unstimulated cells. Despite interacting with IKKα and IKKβ to form an IKK complex, NEMO mutants associated with immunodeficiency failed to rescue classical NF-κB signaling or reverse the accumulation of NIK. Together, these findings identify a crucial role for classical NF-κB activity in the suppression of basal noncanonical NF-κB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Gray
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline Remouchamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, The University of Liège-GIGA Research, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kelly A. McCorkell
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, The University of Liège-GIGA Research, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J. May
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Woldt E, Sebti Y, Solt LA, Duhem C, Lancel S, Eeckhoute J, Hesselink MKC, Paquet C, Delhaye S, Shin Y, Kamenecka TM, Schaart G, Lefebvre P, Nevière R, Burris TP, Schrauwen P, Staels B, Duez H. Rev-erb-α modulates skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. Nat Med 2013; 19:1039-46. [PMID: 23852339 PMCID: PMC3737409 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Rev-erb-α modulates hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism, adipogenesis and the inflammatory response in macrophages. We show here that Rev-erb-α is highly expressed in oxidative skeletal muscle and plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative function, in gain- and loss-of function studies. Rev-erb-α-deficiency in skeletal muscle leads to reduced mitochondrial content and oxidative function, resulting in compromised exercise capacity. This phenotype was recapitulated in isolated fibers and in muscle cells upon Rev-erbα knock-down, while Rev-erb-α over-expression increased the number of mitochondria with improved respiratory capacity. Rev-erb-α-deficiency resulted in deactivation of the Stk11–Ampk–Sirt1–Ppargc1-α signaling pathway, whereas autophagy was up-regulated, resulting in both impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and increased clearance. Muscle over-expression or pharmacological activation of Rev-erb-α increased respiration and exercise capacity. This study identifies Rev-erb-α as a pharmacological target which improves muscle oxidative function by modulating gene networks controlling mitochondrial number and function.
Collapse
|
41
|
Burris TP, Solt LA, Wang Y, Crumbley C, Banerjee S, Griffett K, Lundasen T, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ. Nuclear receptors and their selective pharmacologic modulators. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:710-78. [PMID: 23457206 PMCID: PMC11060414 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and include the receptors for steroid hormones, lipophilic vitamins, sterols, and bile acids. These receptors serve as targets for development of myriad drugs that target a range of disorders. Classically defined ligands that bind to the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors, whether they are endogenous or synthetic, either activate receptor activity (agonists) or block activation (antagonists) and due to the ability to alter activity of the receptors are often termed receptor "modulators." The complex pharmacology of nuclear receptors has provided a class of ligands distinct from these simple modulators where ligands display agonist/partial agonist/antagonist function in a tissue or gene selective manner. This class of ligands is defined as selective modulators. Here, we review the development and pharmacology of a range of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way 2A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Griffett K, Solt LA, El-Gendy BEDM, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. A liver-selective LXR inverse agonist that suppresses hepatic steatosis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:559-67. [PMID: 23237488 DOI: 10.1021/cb300541g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver, which often accompanies obesity and type 2 diabetes, frequently leads to a much more debilitating hepatic disease including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current pharmacological therapies lack conclusive efficacy and thus treatment options are limited. Novel therapeutics that suppress either hepatic lipogenesis and/or hepatic inflammation may be useful. Here, we describe the development of the first selective synthetic LXR inverse agonist (SR9238) and demonstrate that this compound effectively suppresses hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, and hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis. SR9238 displays high potency for both LXRα and LXRβ (40-200 nM IC50) and was designed to display liver specificity so as to avoid potential side effects due to suppression of LXR in the periphery. Unexpectedly, treatment of diet-induced obese mice with SR9238 suppressed plasma cholesterol levels. These data indicate that liver-selective LXR inverse agonists may hold utility in the treatment of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | - Laura A. Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily whose activity has been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. The RORs, specifically RORα and RORγ, are considered to be master regulators of T(H)17 cells, a recently described subset of CD4(+) T helper cells that have been demonstrated to have a pathological role in autoimmune disease. As with most members of the NR superfamily, RORs are ligand-regulated, suggesting that their activity can be modulated by synthetic ligands. Recent advances in the field have established that selective inhibition of the RORs is a viable therapeutic approach for not only the treatment of autoimmune disorders but also ROR-mediated metabolic disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Metabolic Diseases/physiopathology
- Mice
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/physiology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
TH17 cells, which require the expression of both retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γt (RORαand RORγt) for full differentiation and function, have been implicated as major effectors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We recently demonstrated that the Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonist, T0901317 (T09), also displays high-affinity RORα and RORγ inverse activity, potentially explaining its effectiveness in various TH17-mediated autoimmune disease models. However, recent studies suggest that in conjunction with the RORs, LXR mediates a negative regulatory effect on TH17 cell differentiation. Since T09 acts on both LXRs and RORs, it presents as a valuable tool to understand how compounds with mixed pharmacology affect potential pathological cell types. Therefore, using T09, we investigated the mechanism by which the LXRs and RORs affect TH17 cell differentiation and function. Here we demonstrate that T09 activity at RORα and γ, not LXR, is facilitating the inhibition of TH17 cell differentiation and function. We also demonstrate that LXR activity inhibits the differentiation and function of TH1, TH2 and iTreg cells. Finally, T09 inhibited T cell proliferation and induced cell death. These data help explain much of the efficacy of T09 in inflammatory models and suggest that the generation of synthetic ligands with graded, combined LXR and ROR activity may hold utility in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where targeting both TH17 and TH1 cells is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Solt LA, Kumar N, He Y, Kamenecka TM, Griffin PR, Burris TP. Identification of a selective RORγ ligand that suppresses T(H)17 cells and stimulates T regulatory cells. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1515-9. [PMID: 22769242 DOI: 10.1021/cb3002649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors, many of which are validated targets for clinical purposes. The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptors alpha and gamma t (RORα and RORγt) are considered to be the master regulators of development of T(H)17 cells, a subset of T cells that have been implicated in the pathology of several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report here the identification of a novel RORγ-specific synthetic ligand, SR1555, that not only inhibits T(H)17 cell development and function but also increases the frequency of T regulatory cells. Our data suggests synthetic RORγ ligands can be developed that target both suppression of T(H)17 and stimulation of T regulatory cells, offering key advantages in development of therapeutics targeting autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter,
Florida 33458, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter,
Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yuanjun He
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter,
Florida 33458, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter,
Florida 33458, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that display canonical domain structure with highly conserved DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains. The identification of the endogenous ligands for several receptors remains elusive or is controversial, and thus these receptors are classified as orphans. One such orphan receptor is the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ). An isoform of RORγ, RORγt, has been shown to be essential for the expression of Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and the differentiation of Th17 cells. Th17 cells have been implicated in the pathology of several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genetic ablation of RORγ alone or in combination with RORα in mice led to impaired Th17 differentiation and protected the mice from development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Here we describe SR2211, a selective RORγ modulator that potently inhibits production of IL-17 in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | - Brent Lyda
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | - Janelle L. Lauer
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida Jupiter, FL33458, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Solt LA, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Hughes T, Kojetin DJ, Lundasen T, Shin Y, Liu J, Cameron MD, Noel R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Butler AA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature 2012; 485:62-8. [PMID: 22460951 PMCID: PMC3343186 DOI: 10.1038/nature11030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synchronizing rhythms of behavior and metabolic processes is important for cardiovascular health and preventing metabolic diseases. The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ play an integral role in regulating the expression of core clock proteins driving rhythms in activity and metabolism. Here we describe the identification of potent synthetic REV-ERB agonists with in vivo activity. Administration of synthetic REV-ERB ligands alters circadian behavior and the circadian pattern of core clock gene expression in the hypothalami of mice. The circadian pattern of expression of an array of metabolic genes in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue was also altered resulting in increased energy expenditure. Treatment of diet-induced obese mice with a REV-ERB agonist decreased obesity by reducing fat mass and markedly improving dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. These results suggest that synthetic REV-ERB ligands that pharmacologically target the circadian rhythm may hold utility in the treatment of sleep disorders as well as metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Doerdelmann T, Kojetin DJ, Baird-Titus JM, Solt LA, Burris TP, Rance M. Structural and biophysical insights into the ligand-free Pitx2 homeodomain and a ring dermoid of the cornea inducing homeodomain mutant. Biochemistry 2012; 51:665-76. [PMID: 22224469 PMCID: PMC3264736 DOI: 10.1021/bi201639x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain-containing transcription factor Pitx2 (pituitary homeobox protein 2) is present in many developing embryonic tissues, including the heart. Its homeodomain is responsible for the recognition and binding to target DNA sequences and thus constitutes a major functional unit in the Pitx2 protein. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were employed to determine the solution structure of the native Pitx2 homeodomain and a R24H mutant that causes autosomal dominantly inherited ring dermoid of the cornea syndrome. The structures reveal that both isoforms possess the canonical homeodomain fold. However, the R24H mutation results in a 2-fold increase in DNA binding affinity and a 5 °C decrease in thermal stability, while changing the dynamic environment of the homeodomain only locally. When introduced into full-length Pitx2c, the mutation results in an only 25% loss of transactivation activity. Our data correlate well with clinical observations suggesting a milder deficiency for the R24H mutation compared to those of other Pitx2 homeodomain mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doerdelmann
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Douglas J. Kojetin
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jamie M. Baird-Titus
- College of Mount St. Joseph, Department of Chemistry, 5701 Delhi Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mark Rance
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Begriche K, Levasseur PR, Zhang J, Rossi J, Skorupa D, Solt LA, Young B, Burris TP, Marks DL, Mynatt RL, Butler AA. Genetic dissection of the functions of the melanocortin-3 receptor, a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor, suggests roles for central and peripheral receptors in energy homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40771-81. [PMID: 21984834 PMCID: PMC3220494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) gene is pleiotropic, influencing body composition, natriuresis, immune function, and entrainment of circadian rhythms to nutrient intake. MC3Rs are expressed in hypothalamic and limbic regions of the brain and in peripheral tissues. To investigate the roles of central MC3Rs, we inserted a "lox-stop-lox" (LoxTB) 5' of the translation initiation codon of the mouse Mc3r gene and reactivated transcription using neuron-specific Cre transgenic mice. As predicted based on earlier observations of Mc3r knock-out mice, Mc3r(TB/TB) mice displayed reduced lean mass, increased fat mass, and accelerated diet-induced obesity. Surprisingly, rescuing Mc3r expression in the nervous system using the Nestin-Cre transgene only partially rescued obesity in chow-fed conditions and had no impact on the accelerated diet-induced obesity phenotype. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), a critical node in the neural networks regulating feeding-related behaviors and metabolic homeostasis, exhibits dense Mc3r expression relative to other brain regions. To target VMH MC3R expression, we used the steroidogenic factor-1 Cre transgenic mouse. Although restoring VMH MC3R signaling also had a modest impact on obesity, marked improvements in metabolic homeostasis were observed. VMH MC3R signaling was not sufficient to rescue the lean mass phenotype or the regulation of behaviors anticipating food anticipation. These results suggest that actions of MC3Rs impacting on energy homeostasis involve both central and peripheral sites of action. The impact of central MC3Rs on behavior and metabolism involves divergent pathways; VMH MC3R signaling improves metabolic homeostasis but does not significantly impact on the expression of behaviors anticipating nutrient availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- the Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, and
| | - Jingying Zhang
- the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Jari Rossi
- From the Departments of Metabolism and Aging and
| | | | | | - Brandon Young
- the Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | | | - Daniel L. Marks
- the Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, and
| | - Randall L. Mynatt
- the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Solt LA, Kumar N, Nuhant P, Wang Y, Lauer JL, Liu J, Istrate MA, Kamenecka TM, Roush WR, Vidović D, Schürer SC, Xu J, Wagoner G, Drew PD, Griffin PR, Burris TP. Suppression of TH17 differentiation and autoimmunity by a synthetic ROR ligand. Nature 2011; 472:491-4. [PMID: 21499262 PMCID: PMC3148894 DOI: 10.1038/nature10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T helper cells that produce Interleukin-17 (IL-17) (TH17 cells) are a recently identified CD4+ T-cell subset with characterized pathological roles in autoimmune diseases1–3. The nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γt (RORα and RORγt) have indispensible roles in the development of this cell type4–7. Here we present a first-in-class, high-affinity synthetic ligand, SR1001, specific to both RORα and RORγt that inhibits TH17 cell differentiation and function. SR1001 binds specifically to the ligand binding domains (LBDs) of RORα and RORγt inducing a conformational change within the LBD that encompasses repositioning of helix 12 leading to diminished affinity for coactivators and increased affinity for corepressors resulting in suppression of the receptors transcriptional activity. SR1001 inhibited the development of murine TH17 cells as demonstrated by inhibition of IL-17A gene expression and protein production. Additionally, SR1001 inhibited the expression of cytokines when added to differentiated murine or human TH17 cells. Finally, SR1001 effectively suppressed the clinical severity of autoimmune disease in mice. Thus, our data demonstrates the feasibility of targeting the orphan receptors RORα and RORγt to specifically inhibit TH17 cell differentiation and function and indicates that this novel class of compound has potential utility in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|