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Maurer L, Carmona E, Machate O, Schulze T, Krauss M, Brack W. Contamination Pattern and Risk Assessment of Polar Compounds in Snow Melt: An Integrative Proxy of Road Runoffs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4143-4152. [PMID: 36862848 PMCID: PMC10018729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To assess the contamination and potential risk of snow melt with polar compounds, road and background snow was sampled during a melting event at 23 sites at the city of Leipzig and screened for 489 chemicals using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry with target screening. Additionally, six 24 h composite samples were taken from the influent and effluent of the Leipzig wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) during the snow melt event. 207 compounds were at least detected once (concentrations between 0.80 ng/L and 75 μg/L). Consistent patterns of traffic-related compounds dominated the chemical profile (58 compounds in concentrations from 1.3 ng/L to 75 μg/L) and among them were 2-benzothiazole sulfonic acid and 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylurea from tire wear and denatonium used as a bittern in vehicle fluids. Besides, the analysis unveiled the presence of the rubber additive 6-PPD and its transformation product N-(1.3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) at concentrations known to cause acute toxicity in sensitive fish species. The analysis also detected 149 other compounds such as food additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Several biocides were identified as major risk contributors, with a more site-specific occurrence, to acute toxic risks to algae (five samples) and invertebrates (six samples). Ametryn, flumioxazin, and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester are the main compounds contributing to toxic risk for algae, while etofenprox and bendiocarb are found as the main contributors for crustacean risk. Correlations between concentrations in the WWTP influent and flow rate allowed us to discriminate compounds with snow melt and urban runoff as major sources from other compounds with other dominant sources. Removal rates in the WWTP showed that some traffic-related compounds were largely eliminated (removal rate higher than 80%) during wastewater treatment and among them was 6-PPDQ, while others persisted in the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Maurer
- Department
of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Carmona
- Department
of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Machate
- Department
of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department
of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department
of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department
of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ—Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe
University, Max-von-Laue-Str.
13, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
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Castillo G, Barrios-Arpi L, Ramos-Gonzalez M, Vidal P, Gonzales-Irribarren A, Ramos-Cevallos N, Rodríguez JL. Neurotoxicity associated with oxidative stress and inflammasome gene expression induced by allethrin in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:777-788. [PMID: 36074087 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221089585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids, including allethrin, have largely been used as commercial insecticides. The toxicity of allethrin is little known, but it is assumed that, as occurs with other pyrethroids, it could cause alterations of the nervous system and pose both occupational and non-occupational health hazards. To evaluate the neurotoxicity of allethrin we used the MTT assay of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to determine cell viability. Dose-dependent reductions of cell viability served to compare the vehicle-group and the IC50 for allethrin, which was 49.19 μM. ROS production increased significantly at concentrations of 10-200 μM of allethrin, and NO levels were significantly increased by the effect of allethrin at a minimum concentration of 50 μM. Lipid peroxidation increased by the effect of allethrin at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM. Caspase 3/7 activity was induced by allethrin concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μM. Here, we suggest that allethrin might affect the inflammasome complex (Caspase-1, NLRP3, and PYDC1) and apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2) gene expression by mRNA fold change expression levels shown in Caspase-1 (2.46-fold), NLRP3 (1.57-fold), PYDC1 (1.48-fold), and Bax (2.1-fold). These results demonstrated that allethrin induced neurotoxicity effects on SH-SY5Y cells through activation of inflammasome pathways, cell death, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Castillo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Research Institute Juan de Dios Guevara, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Barrios-Arpi
- Animal Phisiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Mariella Ramos-Gonzalez
- Zootechnics and Animal Production Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Paola Vidal
- Animal Phisiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Gonzales-Irribarren
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Norma Ramos-Cevallos
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Research Institute Juan de Dios Guevara, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - José-Luis Rodríguez
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 33209Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Arif A, Hashmi MA, Salam S, Younus H, Mahmood R. Interaction of the insecticide bioallethrin with human hemoglobin: biophysical, in silico and enzymatic studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35950518 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioallethrin is an insecticide that is widely used in households resulting in human exposure. Bioallethrin is cytotoxic to human erythrocytes. Here we have studied the interaction of bioallethrin with human hemoglobin (Hb) using in silico and biophysical approaches. Incubation of Hb (5 μM) with bioallethrin (1-50 µM) led to increase in absorbance at 280 nm while the Soret band at 406 nm was slightly reduced. The intrinsic fluorescence of Hb was enhanced with the appearance of a new peak around 305 nm. Synchronous fluorescence showed that the binding of bioallethrin to Hb mainly affects the tyrosine microenvironment. The structural changes in Hb were confirmed with a significant shift in CD spectra and about 25% loss of α-helix. Molecular docking and visualisation through Discovery studio confirmed the formation of Hb-bioallethrin complex with a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol. Molecular simulation showed the stability and energy dynamics of the binding reaction between bioallethrin and Hb. The structural changes induced by bioallethrin led to inhibition of the esterase activity of Hb. In conclusion, this study shows that bioallethrin forms a stable complex with human Hb which may lead to loss of Hb function in the body.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Amiruddin Hashmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samreen Salam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hina Younus
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Singh S, Mukherjee A, Jaiswal DK, de Araujo Pereira AP, Prasad R, Sharma M, Kuhad RC, Shukla AC, Verma JP. Advances and future prospects of pyrethroids: Toxicity and microbial degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154561. [PMID: 35296421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides structurally similar to that of natural pyrethrins. The application of pyrethrins in agriculture and pest control lead to many kinds of environmental pollution affecting human health and loss of soil microbial population that affect soil fertility and health. Natural pyrethrins have been used since ancient times as insect repellers, and their synthetic versions especially type 2 pyrethroids could be highly toxic to humans. PBO (Piperonyl butoxide) is known to enhance the toxicity of prallethrin in humans due to the resistance in its metabolic degradation. Pyrethroids are also known to cause plasma biochemical profile changes in humans and they also lead to the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Further they are also known to increase SGPT activity in humans. Due to the toxicity of pyrethrins in water bodies, soils, and food products, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable approaches to reduce their levels in the respective fields, which are eco-friendly, economically viable, and socially acceptable for on-site remediation. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to analyse the advances and prospects in using pyrethrins and possible technologies to control their harmful effects. The pyrethroid types, composition and biochemistry of necessary pyrethroid insecticides have been discussed in detail, in the research paper, along with their effect on insects and humans. It also covers the impact of pyrethroids on different plants and soil microbial flora. The second part deals with the microbial degradation of the pyrethroids through different modes, i.e., bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Many microbes such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, Microsphaeropsis, Westerdykella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus have been used in the individual form for the degradation of pyrethroids, while some of them such as Bacillus are even used in the form of consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Singh
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arpan Mukherjee
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | | | | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, East Champaran, 845401, Bihar, India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India; Laboratoire de "Chimie verte et Produits Biobasés", Haute Ecole Provinciale du Hainaut- Condorcet, Département AgroBioscience et Chimie, 11, Rue de la Sucrerie, 7800 ATH, Belgium
| | - Ramesh Chander Kuhad
- Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurgaon-Badli Road Chandu, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
| | | | - Jay Prakash Verma
- Plant Microbe Interaction Lab, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Kim JH, Jo S, Lee S, Yoo GM, Na HG, Choi YS, Bae CH, Song SY, Kim YD. Peroxiredoxin 2 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Induced Mucin Expression and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2021; 64:887-895. [DOI: 10.3342/kjorl-hns.2021.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in signaling pathway. Prx2 is the most abundant in mammalian gray matter neurons and has protective role under oxidative stress. MUC5AC and MUC5B are typical mucin genes in human airway epithelial cells. Even if free radicals play a key role in chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases, the effects of the Prx2 on mucin expression and oxidative stress are not clearly known. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Prx2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MUC5AC/5B expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human airway epithelial cells.Subjects and Method In NCI-H292 cells and human nasal epithelial cells, the effects of Prx2 on LPS-induced MUC5AC/5B expression and ROS production were investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry analysis.Results MUC5AC, MUC5B mRNA expression and protein production were increased by LPS. ROS production was also increased by LPS. Prx2 suppressed the LPS-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression and protein production as well as ROS production. However, Prx2 did not inhibit MUC5B mRNA expression and protein production. N-acetylcysteine, diphenyleneiodonium, and apocynin also inhibited LPS-induced ROS production.Conclusion These results may show that Prx2 suppresses LPS-induced MUC5AC expression via ROS in human airway epithelial cells.
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Bedford R, Perkins E, Clements J, Hollings M. Recent advancements and application of in vitro models for predicting inhalation toxicity in humans. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105299. [PMID: 34920082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animals have been indispensable in testing chemicals that can pose a risk to human health, including those delivered by inhalation. In recent years, the combination of societal debate on the use of animals in research and testing, the drive to continually enhance testing methodologies, and technology advancements have prompted a range of initiatives to develop non-animal alternative approaches for toxicity testing. In this review, we discuss emerging in vitro techniques being developed for the testing of inhaled compounds. Advanced tissue models that are able to recreate the human response to toxic exposures alongside examples of their ability to complement in vivo techniques are described. Furthermore, technology being developed that can provide multi-organ toxicity assessments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - E Perkins
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - J Clements
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - M Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
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Liu H, Hussain SA, Ali D, Omar SYA, Shaik U, Alghamdi HAH, Maddu N. Induced alteration of rat erythrocyte membrane with effect of pyrethroid based compounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3669-3675. [PMID: 33304179 PMCID: PMC7715483 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of tetramethrin and prallethrin exposure on plasma total proteins, free amino acids, albumins, urea, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine were tested. Serum SGOT, SGPT and lipid profile, antioxidants super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, GSH, G-Px, phospholipids, cholesterol, C/P ratio in membranes of erythrocyte and membrane fluidity were analyzed. The reason of the study were analyzed to examine the possessions of mosquito repellent pyrethroid (MRP) based compounds tetramethrin and prallethrin exposure on plasma profile, antioxidant status of erythrocyte membrane, membrane fluidity in male Wistar rats. We tested chronically for three months exposure every day (continuously for 8-10 h per day by inhalation) of tetramethrin and prallethrin markedly available (MRP) repellents treated on male Wistar rats. Our results confirmed that tetrarmethrin and prallethrin treatment effect of plasma profile alterations, and lipid homeostasis mechanism in Red Blood cells (RBCs). Tetramethrin and prallethrin treatment significantly increased in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and decreased levels of cholesterol with no change of protein content, increased C/P ration levels. Inhalation of tetramethrin and prallethrin stimulate plasma biophysical and biochemical modify SGOT, SGPT, erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and phospholipid levels, individual phospholipids and membrane fluidity of exposure rats compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, 3201 Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China
| | - Shaik Althaf Hussain
- Central Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Yousef Al Omar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umeshareen Shaik
- Sri Adi Siva Sadguru Alli Saheb Sivaaryula Ayurvedic Medical College, Guntakal, A.P., India
| | | | - Narendra Maddu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Bhatt P, Rene ER, Kumar AJ, Zhang W, Chen S. Binding interaction of allethrin with esterase: Bioremediation potential and mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123845. [PMID: 32707504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this work was to study the allethrin binding interactions with esterase and its bioremediation potential using an isolated bacterial strain CW7, identified as Pseudomonas nitroreducens. The degradation conditions with strain CW7 were optimized using response surface methodology at pH 7.0, a temperature of 32 °C, and an inocula concentration of 150 mg·L-1, with 96% allethrin degradation observed over 7 days. The kinetic parameters qmax, Ks, and Ki were calculated to be 0.512 day-1, 4.97 mg·L-1, and 317.13 mg·L-1, respectively. Nine intermediate metabolites were identified after analysing the degradation products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Strain CW7 effectively degraded a wide variety of pyrethroids as a carbon source. Molecular modeling, docking, and enzyme kinetics were used to investigate the binding pocket of the esterase containing amino acids such as alanine, arginine, valine, proline, cysteine, glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine, asparagine, and threonine, which play active roles in allethrin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Bhatt P, Zhang W, Lin Z, Pang S, Huang Y, Chen S. Biodegradation of Allethrin by a Novel Fungus Fusarium proliferatum Strain CF2, Isolated from Contaminated Soils. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E593. [PMID: 32325934 PMCID: PMC7232317 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous use of allethrin has resulted in heavy environmental contamination and has raised public concern about its impact on human health, yet little is known about the kinetics and microbial degradation of this pesticide. This study reported the degradation kinetics in a novel fungal strain, Fusarium proliferatum CF2, isolated from contaminated agricultural fields. Strain CF2 utilized 50 mg·L-1 of allethrin as the sole carbon source for growth in minimal salt medium and tolerated high concentrations of allethrin of up to 1000 mg·L-1. The optimum degradation conditions for strain CF2 were determined to be a temperature of 26 °C and pH 6.0 using response surface methodology. Under optimum conditions, strain CF2 completely degraded allethrin within 144 hours. The degradation kinetics of allethrin followed first order reaction kinetics. Kinetics analysis showed that its half-life was substantially reduced by 507.1 hours, as compared to the uninoculated control. This study provides new insights into the microbial degradation of allethrin with fungal F. proliferatum CF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.B.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.B.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.B.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.B.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.B.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (P.B.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.P.); (Y.H.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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