1
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O'Mahony ET, Arian CM, Aryeh KS, Wang K, Thummel KE, Kelly EJ. Human intestinal enteroids: Nonclinical applications for predicting oral drug disposition, toxicity, and efficacy. Pharmacol Ther 2025:108879. [PMID: 40398537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 05/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
The application of human enteroid systems presents a significant opportunity within the drug development pipeline, highlighting considerable potential for advancements in the characterization and evaluation of new molecular entities. Derived from LGR5+ crypt-based columnar cells, enteroid systems more accurately recapitulate the microanatomy and physiological processes of the human intestinal mucosa compared to traditionally used systems. They contain the complement of major mucosal epithelial cell types, maintain the genetic identity of the donor and intestinal segment they were derived from, and exhibit biological functions and specific activities that are seen in vivo. In this review, we examine the applications of human enteroid systems in nonclinical drug development and compare findings to existing and emerging in vitro models of the small intestine. Specifically, we explore enteroid systems in the context of predicting oral drug disposition, focusing on apparent permeability, intestinal first-pass metabolism, and drug interactions, as well as their utility in assessing drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and screening therapeutic efficacy against enteric diseases. Additionally, we highlight aspects of enteroid systems that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear T O'Mahony
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Arian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kayenat S Aryeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, WA, United States of America
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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2
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Huang G, Perekatt A, Wang Y, Chen L. Advances and applications of gut organoids: modeling intestinal diseases and therapeutic development. LIFE MEDICINE 2025; 4:lnaf012. [PMID: 40276096 PMCID: PMC12018802 DOI: 10.1093/lifemedi/lnaf012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Gut organoids are 3D cellular structures derived from adult or pluripotent stem cells, capable of closely replicating the physiological properties of the gut. These organoids serve as powerful tools for studying gut development and modeling the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. This review provides an in-depth exploration of technological advancements and applications of gut organoids, with a focus on their construction methods. Additionally, the potential applications of gut organoids in disease modeling, microenvironmental simulation, and personalized medicine are summarized. This review aims to offer perspectives and directions for understanding the mechanisms of intestinal health and disease as well as for developing innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Guoxin Huang
- Clinical Research Center, Shantou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Malignant Tumor, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ansu Perekatt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Translation Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210031, China
- Institute of Microphysiological Systems, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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3
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Jang JY, Kim N, Nam RH, Kim EH, Song CH, Ha S, Lee J. Establishment of an Organoid Culture Model Derived from Small Intestinal Epithelium of C57BL/6 Mice and Its Benefits over Tissues. J Cancer Prev 2025; 30:12-23. [PMID: 40201028 PMCID: PMC11973465 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.25.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2025] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish an organoid culture model using small intestine tissues from male and female C57BL/6 mice and to compare it with rat organoid cultures derived from frozen tissues. Crypts were isolated from the small intestines of eight-week-old male and female mice and cultured in 3D extracellular matrix with Wnt, R-spondin, and Noggin. In addition, small intestine tissues from sixteen-week-old F344 rats were preserved in a storage solution immediately post-sacrifice and stored at -80°C before being transferred to a nitrogen tank. Upon thawing, crypts from frozen rat tissues failed to develop into organoids due to structural damage, suggesting the need for fresh tissues or optimized preservation methods. In contrast, mouse-derived organoids showed viability for 7 days, with distinct morphological changes and clear differentiation by Day 7. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Lgr5, a stem cell marker, showed significantly higher expression in organoids than in tissues, confirming the successful establishment of the organoid culture. Among epithelial markers, the antimicrobial enzyme Lyz1 was more highly expressed in organoids, while Muc2, a key goblet cell marker, was more highly expressed in male tissues. The enterocyte marker Alp exhibited higher expression in male organoids compared to females, with no sex differences in tissues. These findings highlight sex-specific differences in gene expression related to small intestine differentiation and demonstrate the challenges in organoid culture from frozen rat tissues. The results suggest the importance of immediate tissue processing or improved preservation methods for successful organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Jang
- Department of Medical Device Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Medical Device Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Center for Sex- and Gender-specific Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chin-Hee Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sungchan Ha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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4
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Calafato G, Alquati C, Bernardi A, Di Paola FJ, Ricciardiello L. Comparative Analysis of Commercial and Home-Made Media on RSPO1/S6R Axis in Organoids with Different Wnt Backgrounds: A Methodological Guide for the Selection of Intestinal Patient-Derived Organoids Culture Media. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11526. [PMID: 39519079 PMCID: PMC11546270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
WNT3A is an intestinal ligand triggering the Wnt/β-catenin (Wnt) pathway, which can be enhanced by R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) through the RSPO1-LGR axis or antagonized by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein supporting β-catenin-degradation. Wnt interplays with several pathways including PI3K/mTOR (mTOR). In this study, we evaluated the influence of WNT3A-commercial and home-made culture media and RSPO1 protein on the Wnt and mTOR interplay in non-APC and APC-mutated intestinal patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Normal mucosa (NM) of sporadic CRC and FAP PDOs were cultured with: WNT3A-lacking/containing commercial (A/A+B) or home-made (BASAL/WNT3A-conditioned medium (CM)±RSPO1) media. In non-APC-mutated-PDOs (CRC-NM), WNT3A-CM, over commercial A+B, strongly activated Wnt-target-genes CCND1 and c-MYC. Most importantly, the addition of RSPO1 to home-made WNT3A-CM or A+B led to the downregulation of the mTOR-downstream-effector phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (p-S6R), highlighting the activation of the RSPO1-pS6R in both non-APC (CRC-NM) and APC-mutated (FAP-NM) PDOs, independently from LGR5 gene expression modulation. Our work demonstrates that home-made WNT3A-CM strongly impacts the crosstalk between Wnt and mTOR over commercial media, and proposes RSPO1 as a key regulator of the RSPO1-p-S6R axis in both non-APC and APC-mutated PDOs. Together, these findings represent an important methodological guide for scientists working in these fields to select the most appropriate intestinal PDO media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calafato
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.)
| | - Chiara Alquati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.)
| | - Alice Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.)
| | | | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.A.)
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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5
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van Dinteren S, Araya-Cloutier C, Bastiaan-Net S, Boudewijn A, van Heek T, Vincken JP, Witkamp R, Meijerink J. Biotransformation and Epithelial Toxicity of Prenylated Phenolics from Licorice Roots ( Glycyrrhiza spp.) in 3D Apical-Out Mucus-Producing Human Enteroids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:20396-20409. [PMID: 39240776 PMCID: PMC11421016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Apical-out enteroids mimic the in vivo environment well due to their accessible apical surface and mucus layer, making them an ideal model for studying the impact of (bioactive) food compounds. Generated human ileal apical-out enteroids showed a fucose-containing mucus layer surrounding the apical brush border on their exposure side, indicating their physiological relevance. Effects on the mucosal epithelium of antibacterial prenylated phenolics (glabridin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin) from licorice roots were investigated for cytotoxicity, cell viability, barrier integrity, and biotransformation. At concentrations up to 500 μg mL-1, licochalcone A and glycycoumarin did not significantly affect apical-out enteroids, with cytotoxicities of -6 ± 2 and -2 ± 2% and cell viabilities of 77 ± 22 and 77 ± 13%, respectively (p > 0.05). Conversely, 500 μg mL-1 glabridin induced significant cytotoxicity (31 ± 25%, p < 0.05) and reduced cell viability (21 ± 14%, p < 0.01). Apical-out enteroids revealed differential sensitivities to prenylated phenolics not observed in apical-in enteroids and Caco-2 cells. Both enteroid models showed phase II biotransformation but differed in the extent of glucuronide conversion. The apical mucus layer of apical-out enteroids likely contributed to these differential interactions, potentially due to differences in electrostatic repulsion. This study underscores the relevance of 3D apical-out enteroid models and highlights the promise of prenylated phenolics for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Dinteren
- Division
of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen
University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Boudewijn
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen
University & Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Tjarda van Heek
- Department
of Abdominal Surgery, Hospital Gelderse
Vallei, Willy Brandtlaan 10, Ede 6716 RP, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Division
of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen
University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division
of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen
University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
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6
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Wang X, Jing Y, Zheng C, Huang C, Yao H, Guo Z, Wu Y, Wang Z, Wu Z, Ge R, Cheng W, Yan Y, Jiang S, Sun J, Li J, Xie Q, Li X, Wang H. Using integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to explore the effects of infant formula on the growth and development of small intestinal organoids. Food Funct 2024; 15:9191-9209. [PMID: 39158038 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01723d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Infant formulas are designed to provide sufficient energy and the necessary nutrients to support the growth and development of newborns. Currently, research on the functions of formula milk powder focuses on clinical research and cell experiments, and there were many cell experiments that investigated the effect of infant formulas on cellular growth. However, most of the cells used are tumor cell lines, which are unable to simulate the real digestion process of an infant. In this study, we innovatively proposed a method that integrates human small intestinal organoids (SIOs) with transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. We induced directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into SIOs and simulated the intestinal environment of newborns with them. Then, three kinds of 1-stage infant formulas from the same brand were introduced to simulate the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of the infant intestine. The nutritional value of each formula milk powder was examined by multi-omics sequencing methods, including transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. Results showed that there were significant alterations in gene expression and metabolites in the three groups of SIOs after absorbing different infant formulas. By analyzing transcriptome and metabolome data, combined with GO, KEGG, and GSEA analysis, we demonstrated the ability of SIOs to model the different aspects of the developing process of the intestine and discovered the correlation between formula components and their effects, including Lactobacillus lactis and lactoferrin. The study reveals the effect and mechanisms of formula milk powder on the growth and development of infant intestines and the formation of immune function. Furthermore, our method can help to construct a multi-level assessment model, detect the effects of nutrients, and evaluate the interactions between nutrients, which is helpful for future research and development of infant powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuxin Jing
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chengdong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Chenxuan Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiyang Yao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zimo Guo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yilun Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zening Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhengyang Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ruihong Ge
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jingquan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd, Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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7
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Günther C, Winner B, Neurath MF, Stappenbeck TS. Organoids in gastrointestinal diseases: from experimental models to clinical translation. Gut 2022; 71:1892-1908. [PMID: 35636923 PMCID: PMC9380493 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are entering an era of medicine where increasingly sophisticated data will be obtained from patients to determine proper diagnosis, predict outcomes and direct therapies. We predict that the most valuable data will be produced by systems that are highly dynamic in both time and space. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are poised to be such a highly valuable system for a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In the lab, organoids have emerged as powerful systems to model molecular and cellular processes orchestrating natural and pathophysiological human tissue formation in remarkable detail. Preclinical studies have impressively demonstrated that these organs-in-a-dish can be used to model immunological, neoplastic, metabolic or infectious GI disorders by taking advantage of patient-derived material. Technological breakthroughs now allow to study cellular communication and molecular mechanisms of interorgan cross-talk in health and disease including communication along for example, the gut-brain axis or gut-liver axis. Despite considerable success in culturing classical 3D organoids from various parts of the GI tract, some challenges remain to develop these systems to best help patients. Novel platforms such as organ-on-a-chip, engineered biomimetic systems including engineered organoids, micromanufacturing, bioprinting and enhanced rigour and reproducibility will open improved avenues for tissue engineering, as well as regenerative and personalised medicine. This review will highlight some of the established methods and also some exciting novel perspectives on organoids in the fields of gastroenterology. At present, this field is poised to move forward and impact many currently intractable GI diseases in the form of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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8
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Giacomini KM, Yee SW, Koleske ML, Zou L, Matsson P, Chen EC, Kroetz DL, Miller MA, Gozalpour E, Chu X. New and Emerging Research on Solute Carrier and ATP Binding Cassette Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development: Outlook From the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:540-561. [PMID: 35488474 PMCID: PMC9398938 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enabled by a plethora of new technologies, research in membrane transporters has exploded in the past decade. The goal of this state-of-the-art article is to describe recent advances in research on membrane transporters that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and development. This review covers advances in basic, translational, and clinical research that has led to an increased understanding of membrane transporters at all levels. At the basic level, we describe the available crystal structures of membrane transporters in both the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette superfamilies, which has been enabled by the development of cryogenic electron microscopy methods. Next, we describe new research on lysosomal and mitochondrial transporters as well as recently deorphaned transporters in the SLC superfamily. The translational section includes a summary of proteomic research, which has led to a quantitative understanding of transporter levels in various cell types and tissues and new methods to modulate transporter function, such as allosteric modulators and targeted protein degraders of transporters. The section ends with a review of the effect of the gut microbiome on modulation of transporter function followed by a presentation of 3D cell cultures, which may enable in vivo predictions of transporter function. In the clinical section, we describe new genomic and pharmacogenomic research, highlighting important polymorphisms in transporters that are clinically relevant to many drugs. Finally, we describe new clinical tools, which are becoming increasingly available to enable precision medicine, with the application of tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles and real-world biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sook W. Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Megan L. Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ling Zou
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug MetabolismAmgen Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of PharmacologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eugene C. Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Deanna L. Kroetz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elnaz Gozalpour
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech UnitSafety and ADME Translational Sciences DepartmentAstraZeneca R&DCambridgeUK
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of ADME and Discovery ToxicologyMerck & Co. IncKenilworthNew JerseyUSA
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9
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Häfliger J, Morsy Y, Scharl M, Wawrzyniak M. From Patient Material to New Discoveries: a Methodological Review and Guide for Intestinal Stem Cell Researchers. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1309-1321. [PMID: 35038103 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are characterized by their ability to continuously self-renew and differentiate into various functionally distinct intestinal epithelial cell types. Impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation can cause severe dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and lead to the development of several clinical disorders. Animal mouse models provide a valuable platform to study ISC function, disease mechanisms, and the intestinal epithelium's regenerative capacity upon tissue damage. However, advanced in vitro systems that are more relevant to human physiology are needed to understand better the diverse disease-triggering factors and the heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. Intestinal biopsies from patients might serve as potent starting material for such "gut-in-a-dish" approaches. While many promising tools for intestinal tissue processing, in vitro expansion, and downstream analysis have been developed in recent years, a comprehensive guide with recommendations to successfully launch or improve intestinal stem cell culture is missing. In this review, we present a selection of currently established methods, highlight recent publications and discuss the potential and limitations of those methodological approaches to facilitate and support the future design of novel and more personalized therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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