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Frank D, Bergamasco M, Mlodzianoski MJ, Kueh A, Tsui E, Hall C, Kastrappis G, Voss AK, McLean C, Faux M, Rogers KL, Tran B, Vincan E, Komander D, Dewson G, Tran H. Trabid patient mutations impede the axonal trafficking of adenomatous polyposis coli to disrupt neurite growth. eLife 2023; 12:RP90796. [PMID: 38099646 PMCID: PMC10723793 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ZRANB1 (human Trabid) missense mutations have been identified in children diagnosed with a range of congenital disorders including reduced brain size, but how Trabid regulates neurodevelopment is not understood. We have characterized these patient mutations in cells and mice to identify a key role for Trabid in the regulation of neurite growth. One of the patient mutations flanked the catalytic cysteine of Trabid and its deubiquitylating (DUB) activity was abrogated. The second variant retained DUB activity, but failed to bind STRIPAK, a large multiprotein assembly implicated in cytoskeleton organization and neural development. Zranb1 knock-in mice harboring either of these patient mutations exhibited reduced neuronal and glial cell densities in the brain and a motor deficit consistent with fewer dopaminergic neurons and projections. Mechanistically, both DUB-impaired and STRIPAK-binding-deficient Trabid variants impeded the trafficking of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) to microtubule plus-ends. Consequently, the formation of neuronal growth cones and the trajectory of neurite outgrowth from mutant midbrain progenitors were severely compromised. We propose that STRIPAK recruits Trabid to deubiquitylate APC, and that in cells with mutant Trabid, APC becomes hyperubiquitylated and mislocalized causing impaired organization of the cytoskeleton that underlie the neuronal and developmental phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Frank
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Maria Bergamasco
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael J Mlodzianoski
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Dynamic Imaging, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Kueh
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Melbourne Advanced Genome Editing Centre, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Ellen Tsui
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Histology Facility, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cathrine Hall
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Georgios Kastrappis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Kathrin Voss
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maree Faux
- Neuro-Oncology Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kelly L Rogers
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Dynamic Imaging, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bang Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- The Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Komander
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hoanh Tran
- Ubiquitin Signalling Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Ryner RF, Derera ID, Armbruster M, Kansara A, Sommer ME, Pirone A, Noubary F, Jacob M, Dulla CG. Cortical Parvalbumin-Positive Interneuron Development and Function Are Altered in the APC Conditional Knockout Mouse Model of Infantile and Epileptic Spasms Syndrome. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1422-1440. [PMID: 36717229 PMCID: PMC9987578 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0572-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile and epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by infantile or late-onset spasms, abnormal neonatal EEG, and epilepsy. Few treatments exist for IESS, clinical outcomes are poor, and the molecular and circuit-level etiologies of IESS are not well understood. Multiple human IESS risk genes are linked to Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pathway that controls developmental transcriptional programs and promotes glutamatergic excitation via β-catenin's role as a synaptic scaffold. We previously showed that deleting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a component of the β-catenin destruction complex, in excitatory neurons (APC cKO mice, APCfl/fl x CaMKIIαCre) increased β-catenin levels in developing glutamatergic neurons and led to infantile behavioral spasms, abnormal neonatal EEG, and adult epilepsy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the development of GABAergic interneurons (INs) is disrupted in APC cKO male and female mice. IN dysfunction is implicated in human IESS, is a feature of other rodent models of IESS, and may contribute to the manifestation of spasms and seizures. We found that parvalbumin-positive INs (PV+ INs), an important source of cortical inhibition, were decreased in number, underwent disproportionate developmental apoptosis, and had altered dendrite morphology at P9, the peak of behavioral spasms. PV+ INs received excessive excitatory input, and their intrinsic ability to fire action potentials was reduced at all time points examined (P9, P14, P60). Subsequently, GABAergic transmission onto pyramidal neurons was uniquely altered in the somatosensory cortex of APC cKO mice at all ages, with both decreased IPSC input at P14 and enhanced IPSC input at P9 and P60. These results indicate that inhibitory circuit dysfunction occurs in APC cKOs and, along with known changes in excitation, may contribute to IESS-related phenotypes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Infantile and epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a devastating epilepsy with limited treatment options and poor clinical outcomes. The molecular, cellular, and circuit disruptions that cause infantile spasms and seizures are largely unknown, but inhibitory GABAergic interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in rodent models of IESS and may contribute to human IESS. Here, we use a rodent model of IESS, the APC cKO mouse, in which β-catenin signaling is increased in excitatory neurons. This results in altered parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneuron development and GABAergic synaptic dysfunction throughout life, showing that pathology arising in excitatory neurons can initiate long-term interneuron dysfunction. Our findings further implicate GABAergic dysfunction in IESS, even when pathology is initiated in other neuronal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael F Ryner
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Isabel D Derera
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Moritz Armbruster
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Anar Kansara
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Mary E Sommer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Antonella Pirone
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Farzad Noubary
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michele Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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Lee R, Li J, Li J, Wu CJ, Jiang S, Hsu WH, Chakravarti D, Chen P, LaBella KA, Li J, Spring DJ, Zhao D, Wang YA, DePinho RA. Synthetic Essentiality of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 in APC-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1702-1717. [PMID: 35537038 PMCID: PMC9262860 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is common across many cancer types and serves as a critical initiating event in most sporadic colorectal cancers. APC deficiency activates WNT signaling, which remains an elusive target for cancer therapy, prompting us to apply the synthetic essentiality framework to identify druggable vulnerabilities for APC-deficient cancers. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) was identified as a synthetic essential effector of APC-deficient colorectal cancer. Mechanistically, APC deficiency results in the TCF4/β-catenin-mediated upregulation of TDO2 gene transcription. TDO2 in turn activates the Kyn-AhR pathway, which increases glycolysis to drive anabolic cancer cell growth and CXCL5 secretion to recruit macrophages into the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutically, APC-deficient colorectal cancer models were susceptible to TDO2 depletion or pharmacologic inhibition, which impaired cancer cell proliferation and enhanced antitumor immune profiles. Thus, APC deficiency activates a TCF4-TDO2-AhR-CXCL5 circuit that affects multiple cancer hallmarks via autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms and illuminates a genotype-specific vulnerability in colorectal cancer. SIGNIFICANCE This study identifies critical effectors in the maintenance of APC-deficient colorectal cancer and demonstrates the relationship between APC/WNT pathway and kynurenine pathway signaling. It further determines the tumor-associated macrophage biology in APC-deficient colorectal cancer, informing genotype-specific therapeutic targets and the use of TDO2 inhibitors. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1599.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiexi Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chang-Jiun Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of The Translational Research to AdvanCe Therapeutics and Innovation in ONcology (TRACTION), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyle A. LaBella
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Denise J. Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y. Alan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Li A, Tang X. A pan-cancer analysis on the carcinogenic effect of human adenomatous polyposis coli. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265655. [PMID: 35303016 PMCID: PMC8932560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is the most commonly mutated gene in colon cancer and can cause familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Hypermethylation of the APC promoter can also promote the development of breast cancer, indicating that APC is not limited to association with colorectal neoplasms. However, no pan-cancer analysis has been conducted. We studied the location and structure of APC and the expression and potential role of APC in a variety of tumors by using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and online bioinformatics analysis tools. The APC is located at 5q22.2, and its protein structure is conserved among H. sapiens, M. musculus with C. elaphus hippelaphus. The APC identity similarity between homo sapiens and mus musculus reaches 90.1%. Moreover, APC is highly specifically expressed in brain tissues and bipolar cells but has low expression in most cancers. APC is mainly expressed on the cell membrane and is not detected in plasma by mass spectrometry. APC is low expressed in most tumor tissues, and there is a significant correlation between the expressed level of APC and the main pathological stages as well as the survival and prognosis of tumor patients. In most tumors, APC gene has mutation and methylation and an enhanced phosphorylation level of some phosphorylation sites, such as T1438 and S2260. The expressed level of APC is also involved in the level of CD8+ T-cell infiltration, Tregs infiltration, and cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration. We conducted a gene correlation study, but the findings seemed to contradict the previous analysis results of the low expression of the APC gene in most cancers. Our research provides a comparative wholesale understanding of the carcinogenic effects of APC in various cancers, which will help anti-cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinci Zhang
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
- Institute of Environment-Friendly Materials and Occupational Health of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu), Wuhu, China
| | - Xinkuang Liu
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Amin Li
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
- Institute of Environment-Friendly Materials and Occupational Health of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu), Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
- Institute of Environment-Friendly Materials and Occupational Health of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Wuhu), Wuhu, China
- * E-mail:
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Hatakeyama S, Tojo A, Satonaka H, Yamada NO, Senda T, Ishimitsu T. Decreased Podocyte Vesicle Transcytosis and Albuminuria in APC C-Terminal Deficiency Mice with Puromycin-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413412. [PMID: 34948207 PMCID: PMC8708520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In minimal change nephrotic syndrome, podocyte vesicle transport is enhanced. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) anchors microtubules to cell membranes and plays an important role in vesicle transport. To clarify the role of APC in vesicle transport in podocytes, nephrotic syndrome was induced by puromycin amino nucleoside (PAN) injection in mice expressing APC1638T lacking the C-terminal of microtubule-binding site (APC1638T mouse); this was examined in renal tissue changes. The kidney size and glomerular area of APC1638T mice were reduced (p = 0.014); however, the number of podocytes was same between wild-type (WT) mice and APC1638T mice. The ultrastructure of podocyte foot process was normal by electron microscopy. When nephrotic syndrome was induced, the kidneys of WT+PAN mice became swollen with many hyaline casts, whereas these changes were inhibited in the kidneys of APC1638T+PAN mice. Electron microscopy showed foot process effacement in both groups; however, APC1638T+PAN mice had fewer vesicles in the basal area of podocytes than WT+PAN mice. Cytoplasmic dynein-1, a motor protein for vesicle transport, and α-tubulin were significantly reduced in APC1638T+PAN mice associated with suppressed urinary albumin excretion compared to WT+PAN mice. In conclusion, APC1638T mice showed reduced albuminuria associated with suppressed podocyte vesicle transport when minimal change nephrotic syndrome was induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Hatakeyama
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (S.H.); (H.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Akihiro Tojo
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (S.H.); (H.S.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-282-86-1111
| | - Hiroshi Satonaka
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (S.H.); (H.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Nami O. Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (N.O.Y.); (T.S.)
| | - Takao Senda
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (N.O.Y.); (T.S.)
| | - Toshihiko Ishimitsu
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; (S.H.); (H.S.); (T.I.)
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Gudiño V, Cammareri P, Billard CV, Myant KB. Negative regulation of TGFβ-induced apoptosis by RAC1B enhances intestinal tumourigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:873. [PMID: 34564693 PMCID: PMC8464603 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAC1B is a tumour-related alternative splice isoform of the small GTPase RAC1, found overexpressed in a large number of tumour types. Building evidence suggests it promotes tumour progression but compelling in vivo evidence, demonstrating a role in driving tumour invasion, is currently lacking. In the present study, we have overexpressed RAC1B in a colorectal cancer mouse model with potential invasive properties. Interestingly, RAC1B overexpression did not trigger tumour invasion, rather it led to an acceleration of tumour initiation and reduced mouse survival. By modelling early stages of adenoma initiation we observed a reduced apoptotic rate in RAC1B overexpressing tumours, suggesting protection from apoptosis as a mediator of this phenotype. RAC1B overexpressing tumours displayed attenuated TGFβ signalling and functional analysis in ex vivo organoid cultures demonstrated that RAC1B negatively modulates TGFβ signalling and confers resistance to TGFβ-driven cell death. This work defines a novel mechanism by which early adenoma cells can overcome the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of TGFβ signalling and characterises a new oncogenic function of RAC1B in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gudiño
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) - CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Cammareri
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Caroline V Billard
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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Contreras X, Amberg N, Davaatseren A, Hansen AH, Sonntag J, Andersen L, Bernthaler T, Streicher C, Heger A, Johnson RL, Schwarz LA, Luo L, Rülicke T, Hippenmeyer S. A genome-wide library of MADM mice for single-cell genetic mosaic analysis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109274. [PMID: 34161767 PMCID: PMC8317686 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) offers one approach to visualize and concomitantly manipulate genetically defined cells in mice with single-cell resolution. MADM applications include the analysis of lineage, single-cell morphology and physiology, genomic imprinting phenotypes, and dissection of cell-autonomous gene functions in vivo in health and disease. Yet, MADM can only be applied to <25% of all mouse genes on select chromosomes to date. To overcome this limitation, we generate transgenic mice with knocked-in MADM cassettes near the centromeres of all 19 autosomes and validate their use across organs. With this resource, >96% of the entire mouse genome can now be subjected to single-cell genetic mosaic analysis. Beyond a proof of principle, we apply our MADM library to systematically trace sister chromatid segregation in distinct mitotic cell lineages. We find striking chromosome-specific biases in segregation patterns, reflecting a putative mechanism for the asymmetric segregation of genetic determinants in somatic stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lill Andersen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Bernthaler
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Heger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- HHMI and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- HHMI and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Benito I, Encío IJ, Milagro FI, Alfaro M, Martínez-Peñuela A, Barajas M, Marzo F. Microencapsulated Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus gasseri in Combination with Quercetin Inhibit Colorectal Cancer Development in Apc Min/+ Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4906. [PMID: 34063173 PMCID: PMC8124226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that flavonoids such as quercetin and probiotics such as Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bf) and Lactobacillus gasseri (Lg) could play a relevant role in inhibiting colon cancer cell growth. Our study investigated the role of dietary supplementation with microencapsulated probiotics (Bf and Lg) along with quercetin in the development of mouse colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Adenomatous polyposis coli/multiple intestinal neoplasia (ApcMin/+) mice were fed a standard diet or the same diet supplemented with microencapsulated probiotics (Bf and Lg strains, 107 CFU/100 g food) or both probiotics strains plus microencapsulated quercetin (15 mg/100 g food) for 73 days. Changes in body and organ weights, energy metabolism, intestinal microbiota, and colon tissue were determined. The expression of genes related to the Wnt pathway was also analyzed in colon samples. Results: Dietary supplementation with microencapsulated probiotics or microencapsulated probiotics plus quercetin reduced body weight loss and intestinal bleeding in ApcMin/+ mice. An improvement in energy expenditure was observed after 8 weeks but not after 10 weeks of treatment. A supplemented diet with microencapsulated Bf and Lg reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and adenomas by 45% and 60%, respectively, whereas the supplementation with Bf, Lg and quercetin decreased the number of ACF and adenomas by 57% and 80%, respectively. Microencapsulated Bf and Lg in combination with quercetin could exert inhibition of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the colon of ApcMin/+ mice Conclusions: The administration of microencapsulated Bf and Lg, individually or in combination with quercetin, inhibits the CRC development in ApcMin/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Benito
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, School of Agronomy, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Ignacio J. Encío
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Alfaro
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, School of Agronomy, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Florencio Marzo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, School of Agronomy, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (I.B.); (M.A.)
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te Paske IBAW, Ligtenberg MJL, Hoogerbrugge N, de Voer RM. Candidate Gene Discovery in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer and Polyposis Syndromes-Considerations for Future Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228757. [PMID: 33228212 PMCID: PMC7699508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To discover novel high-penetrant risk loci for hereditary colorectal cancer (hCRC) and polyposis syndromes many whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing (WES/WGS) studies have been performed. Remarkably, these studies resulted in only a few novel high-penetrant risk genes. Given this observation, the possibility and strategy to identify high-penetrant risk genes for hCRC and polyposis needs reconsideration. Therefore, we reviewed the study design of WES/WGS-based hCRC and polyposis gene discovery studies (n = 37) and provide recommendations to optimize discovery and validation strategies. The group of genetically unresolved patients is phenotypically heterogeneous, and likely composed of distinct molecular subtypes. This knowledge advocates for the screening of a homogeneous, stringently preselected discovery cohort and obtaining multi-level evidence for variant pathogenicity. This evidence can be collected by characterizing the molecular landscape of tumors from individuals with the same affected gene or by functional validation in cell-based models. Together, the combined approach of a phenotype-driven, tumor-based candidate gene search might elucidate the potential contribution of novel genetic predispositions in genetically unresolved hCRC and polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris B. A. W. te Paske
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.B.A.W.t.P.); (M.J.L.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Marjolijn J. L. Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.B.A.W.t.P.); (M.J.L.L.); (N.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.B.A.W.t.P.); (M.J.L.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Richarda M. de Voer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.B.A.W.t.P.); (M.J.L.L.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-24-36-14107
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10
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Zhang T, Ahn K, Emerick B, Modarai SR, Opdenaker LM, Palazzo J, Schleiniger G, Fields JZ, Boman BM. APC mutations in human colon lead to decreased neuroendocrine maturation of ALDH+ stem cells that alters GLP-2 and SST feedback signaling: Clue to a link between WNT and retinoic acid signalling in colon cancer development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239601. [PMID: 33112876 PMCID: PMC7592776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
APC mutations drive human colorectal cancer (CRC) development. A major contributing factor is colonic stem cell (SC) overpopulation. But, the mechanism has not been fully identified. A possible mechanism is the dysregulation of neuroendocrine cell (NEC) maturation by APC mutations because SCs and NECs both reside together in the colonic crypt SC niche where SCs mature into NECs. So, we hypothesized that sequential inactivation of APC alleles in human colonic crypts leads to progressively delayed maturation of SCs into NECs and overpopulation of SCs. Accordingly, we used quantitative immunohistochemical mapping to measure indices and proportions of SCs and NECs in human colon tissues (normal, adenomatous, malignant), which have different APC-zygosity states. In normal crypts, many cells staining for the colonic SC marker ALDH1 co-stained for chromogranin-A (CGA) and other NEC markers. In contrast, in APC-mutant tissues from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, the proportion of ALDH+ SCs progressively increased while NECs markedly decreased. To explain how these cell populations change in FAP tissues, we used mathematical modelling to identify kinetic mechanisms. Computational analyses indicated that APC mutations lead to: 1) decreased maturation of ALDH+ SCs into progenitor NECs (not progenitor NECs into mature NECs); 2) diminished feedback signaling by mature NECs. Biological experiments using human CRC cell lines to test model predictions showed that mature GLP-2R+ and SSTR1+ NECs produce, via their signaling peptides, opposing effects on rates of NEC maturation via feedback regulation of progenitor NECs. However, decrease in this feedback signaling wouldn't explain the delayed maturation because both progenitor and mature NECs are depleted in CRCs. So the mechanism for delayed maturation must explain how APC mutation causes the ALDH+ SCs to remain immature. Given that ALDH is a key component of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, that other components of the RA pathway are selectively expressed in ALDH+ SCs, and that exogenous RA ligands can induce ALDH+ cancer SCs to mature into NECs, RA signaling must be attenuated in ALDH+ SCs in CRC. Thus, attenuation of RA signaling explains why ALDH+ SCs remain immature in APC mutant tissues. Since APC mutation causes increased WNT signaling in FAP and we found that sequential inactivation of APC in FAP patient tissues leads to progressively delayed maturation of colonic ALDH+ SCs, the hypothesis is developed that human CRC evolves due to an imbalance between WNT and RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Koree Ahn
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Brooks Emerick
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Shirin R. Modarai
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Opdenaker
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Juan Palazzo
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Schleiniger
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce M. Boman
- Cawley Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, United States of America
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Applications of Mathematics in Medicine, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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11
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Baumann S, Komissarov A, Gili M, Ruprecht V, Wieser S, Maurer SP. A reconstituted mammalian APC-kinesin complex selectively transports defined packages of axonal mRNAs. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz1588. [PMID: 32201729 PMCID: PMC7069705 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Through the asymmetric distribution of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), cells spatially regulate gene expression to create cytoplasmic domains with specialized functions. In neurons, mRNA localization is required for essential processes such as cell polarization, migration, and synaptic plasticity underlying long-term memory formation. The essential components driving cytoplasmic mRNA transport in neurons and mammalian cells are not known. We report the first reconstitution of a mammalian mRNA transport system revealing that the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) forms stable complexes with the axonally localized β-actin and β2B-tubulin mRNAs, which are linked to a kinesin-2 via the cargo adaptor KAP3. APC activates kinesin-2, and both proteins are sufficient to drive specific transport of defined mRNA packages. Guanine-rich sequences located in 3'UTRs of axonal mRNAs increase transport efficiency and balance the access of different mRNAs to the transport system. Our findings reveal a minimal set of proteins sufficient to transport mammalian mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baumann
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Artem Komissarov
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Maria Gili
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Verena Ruprecht
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Sebastian P. Maurer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Chen Y, Vandereyken M, Newton IP, Moraga I, Näthke IS, Swamy M. Loss of adenomatous polyposis coli function renders intestinal epithelial cells resistant to the cytokine IL-22. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000540. [PMID: 31770366 PMCID: PMC6903767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a critical immune defence cytokine that maintains intestinal homeostasis and promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration, which can support the growth of colorectal tumours. Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (Apc) are a major driver of familial colorectal cancers (CRCs). How IL-22 contributes to APC-mediated tumorigenesis is poorly understood. To investigate IL-22 signalling in wild-type (WT) and APC-mutant cells, we performed RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of IL-22-treated murine small intestinal epithelial organoids. In WT epithelia, antimicrobial defence and cellular stress response pathways were most strongly induced by IL-22. Surprisingly, although IL-22 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in APC-mutant cells, STAT3 target genes were not induced. Our analyses revealed that ApcMin/Min cells are resistant to IL-22 due to reduced expression of the IL-22 receptor, and increased expression of inhibitors of STAT3, particularly histone deacetylases (HDACs). We further show that IL-22 increases DNA damage and genomic instability, which can accelerate cellular transition from heterozygosity (ApcMin/+) to homozygosity (ApcMin/Min) to drive tumour formation. Our data reveal an unexpected role for IL-22 in promoting early tumorigenesis while excluding a function for IL-22 in transformed epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (PPU), School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Maud Vandereyken
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (PPU), School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Newton
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Inke S. Näthke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mahima Swamy
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (PPU), School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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13
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Niccolai E, Baldi S, Ricci F, Russo E, Nannini G, Menicatti M, Poli G, Taddei A, Bartolucci G, Calabrò AS, Stingo FC, Amedei A. Evaluation and comparison of short chain fatty acids composition in gut diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5543-5558. [PMID: 31576099 PMCID: PMC6767983 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i36.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An altered (dysbiosis) and unhealthy status of the gut microbiota is usually responsible for a reduction of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration. SCFAs obtained from the carbohydrate fermentation processes are crucial in maintaining gut homeostasis and their determination in stool samples could provide a faster, reliable and cheaper method to highlight the presence of an intestinal dysbiosis and a biomarker for various gut diseases. We hypothesize that different intestinal diseases, such as celiac disease (CD), adenomatous polyposis (AP) and colorectal cancer (CRC) could display a particular fecal SCFAs' signature. AIM To compare the fecal SCFAs' profiles of CD, AP, CRC patients and healthy controls, using the same analytical method. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we defined and compared the SCFAs' concentration in fecal samples of 9 AP, 16 CD, 19 CRC patients and 16 healthy controls (HC). The SCFAs' analysis were performed using a gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method. Data analysis was carried out using Wilcoxon rank-sum test to assess pairwise differences of SCFAs' profiles, partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) to determine the status membership based on distinct SCFAs' profiles, and Dirichlet regression to determine factors influencing concentration levels of SCFAs. RESULTS We have not observed any difference in the SCFAs' amount and composition between CD and healthy control. On the contrary, the total amount of SCFAs was significantly lower in CRC patients compared to HC (P = 0.044) and CD (P = 0.005). Moreover, the SCFAs' percentage composition was different in CRC and AP compared to HC. In detail, HC displayed higher percentage of acetic acid (P value = 1.3 × 10-6) and a lower amount of butyric (P value = 0.02192), isobutyric (P value = 7.4 × 10-5), isovaleric (P value = 0.00012) and valeric (P value = 0.00014) acids compared to CRC patients. AP showed a lower abundance of acetic acid (P value = 0.00062) and higher percentages of propionic (P value = 0.00433) and isovaleric (P value = 0.00433) acids compared to HC. Moreover, AP showed higher levels of propionic acid (P value = 0.03251) and a lower level of isobutyric acid (P value = 0.00427) in comparison to CRC. The PLS-DA model demonstrated a significant separation of CRC and AP groups from HC, although some degree of overlap was observed between CRC and AP. CONCLUSION Analysis of fecal SCFAs shows the potential to provide a non-invasive means of diagnosis to detect patients with CRC and AP, while CD patients cannot be discriminated from healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Marta Menicatti
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Giovanni Poli
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications “G.Parenti”, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Antonino Salvatore Calabrò
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio” University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy
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14
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Kojima Y, Kondo Y, Fujishita T, Mishiro‐Sato E, Kajino‐Sakamoto R, Taketo MM, Aoki M. Stromal iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) promotes the growth of intestinal tumors in Apc Δ716 mutant mice. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2520-2528. [PMID: 31215118 PMCID: PMC6676103 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) converts the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to bioactive T3 in peripheral tissues and thereby regulates local thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Although epidemiologic studies suggest the contribution of TH to the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), the role of DIO2 in CRC remains elusive. Here we show that Dio2 is highly expressed in intestinal polyps of ApcΔ716 mice, a mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis and early stage sporadic CRC. Laser capture microdissection and in situ hybridization analysis show almost exclusive expression of Dio2 in the stroma of ApcΔ716 polyps in the proximity of the COX-2-positive areas. Treatment with iopanoic acid, a deiodinase inhibitor, or chemical thyroidectomy suppresses tumor formation in ApcΔ716 mice, accompanied by reduced tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Dio2 expression in ApcΔ716 polyps is strongly suppressed by treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data shows upregulation of DIO2 in CRC clinical samples and a close association of its expression pattern with the stromal component, consistently with almost exclusive expression of DIO2 in the stroma of human CRC as revealed by in situ hybridization. These results indicate essential roles of stromal DIO2 and thyroid hormone signaling in promoting the growth of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kojima
- Division of PathophysiologyAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
| | - Yuriko Kondo
- Division of PathophysiologyAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
| | - Teruaki Fujishita
- Division of PathophysiologyAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
| | - Emi Mishiro‐Sato
- Division of PathophysiologyAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
| | - Rie Kajino‐Sakamoto
- Division of PathophysiologyAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental TherapeuticsGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masahiro Aoki
- Division of PathophysiologyAichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoyaJapan
- Department of Cancer PhysiologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
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15
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Shinmura K, Kato H, Kawanishi Y, Goto M, Tao H, Yoshimura K, Nakamura S, Misawa K, Sugimura H. Defective repair capacity of variant proteins of the DNA glycosylase NTHL1 for 5-hydroxyuracil, an oxidation product of cytosine. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:264-273. [PMID: 30552997 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The NTHL1 gene encodes DNA glycosylase, which is involved in base excision repair, and biallelic mutations of this gene result in NTHL1-associated polyposis (NAP), a hereditary disease characterized by colorectal polyposis and multiple types of carcinomas. However, no proper functional characterization of variant NTHL1 proteins has been done so far. Herein, we report functional evaluation of variant NTHL1 proteins to aid in the accurate diagnosis of NAP. First, we investigated whether it would be appropriate to use 5-hydroxyuracil (5OHU), an oxidation product of cytosine, for the evaluation. In the supF forward mutation assay, 5OHU caused an increase of the mutation frequency in human cells, and the C→T mutation was predominant among the 5OHU-induced mutations. In addition, in DNA cleavage activity assay, 5OHU was excised by NTHL1 as well as four other DNA glycosylases (SMUG1, NEIL1, TDG, and UNG2). When human cells overexpressing the five DNA glycosylases were established, it was found that each of the five DNA glycosylases, including NTHL1, had the ability to suppress 5OHU-induced mutations. Based on the above results, we performed functional evaluation of eight NTHL1 variants using 5OHU-containing DNA substrate or shuttle plasmid. The DNA cleavage activity assay showed that the variants of NTHL1, Q90X, Y130X, R153X, and Q287X, but not R19Q, V179I, V217F, or G286S, showed defective repair activity for 5OHU and two other oxidatively damaged bases. Moreover, the supF forward mutation assay showed that the four truncated-type NTHL1 variants showed a reduced ability to suppress 5OHU-induced mutations in human cells. These results suggest that the NTHL1 variants Q90X, Y130X, R153X, and Q287X, but not R19Q, V179I, V217F, or G286S, were defective in 5OHU repair and the alleles encoding them were considered to be pathogenic for NAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Hisami Kato
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kawanishi
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masanori Goto
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hong Tao
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoki Nakamura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi Ward, Hamamatsu, Japan
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16
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Chow HY, Dong B, Valencia CA, Zeng CT, Koch JN, Prudnikova TY, Chernoff J. Group I Paks are essential for epithelial- mesenchymal transition in an Apc-driven model of colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3473. [PMID: 30150766 PMCID: PMC6110733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (Paks) play an important role in oncogenic signaling pathways and have been considered as potential therapeutic targets in various cancers. Most studies of Pak function employ gene knock-out or knock-down methods, but these approaches result in loss of both enzymatic and scaffolding properties of these proteins, and thus may not reflect the effects of small molecule inhibitors. Here we use a transgenic mouse model in which a specific peptide inhibitor of Group I Paks is conditionally expressed in response to Cre recombinase. Using this model, we show that inhibition of endogenous Paks impedes the transition of adenoma to carcinoma in an Apc-driven mouse model of colorectal cancer. These effects are mediated by inhibition of Wnt signaling through reduced β-catenin activity as well as suppression of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition program mediated by miR-200 and Snai1. These results highlight the potential therapeutic role of Pak1 inhibitors in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chow
- Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - B Dong
- Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C A Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - C T Zeng
- Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J N Koch
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - T Y Prudnikova
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - J Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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17
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Morris HT, Fort L, Spence HJ, Patel R, Vincent DF, Park JH, Snapper SB, Carey FA, Sansom OJ, Machesky LM. Loss of N-WASP drives early progression in an Apc model of intestinal tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2018; 245:337-348. [PMID: 29672847 PMCID: PMC6033012 DOI: 10.1002/path.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
N-WASP (WASL) is a widely expressed cytoskeletal signalling and scaffold protein also implicated in regulation of Wnt signalling and homeostatic maintenance of skin epithelial architecture. N-WASP mediates invasion of cancer cells in vitro and its depletion reduces invasion and metastatic dissemination of breast cancer. Given this role in cancer invasion and universal expression in the gastrointestinal tract, we explored a role for N-WASP in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. While deletion of N-wasp is not detectably harmful in the murine intestinal tract, numbers of Paneth cells increased, indicating potential changes in the stem cell niche, and migration up the crypt-villus axis was enhanced. Loss of N-wasp promoted adenoma formation in an adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) deletion model of intestinal tumourigenesis. Thus, we establish a tumour suppressive role of N-WASP in early intestinal carcinogenesis despite its later pro-invasive role in other cancers. Our study highlights that while the actin cytoskeletal machinery promotes invasion of cancer cells, it also maintains normal epithelial tissue function and thus may have tumour suppressive roles in pre-neoplastic tissues. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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MESH Headings
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/genetics
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/metabolism
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/pathology
- Aged
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Movement
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- DNA Mismatch Repair
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Genes, APC
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Paneth Cells/metabolism
- Paneth Cells/pathology
- Phenotype
- Stem Cell Niche
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/deficiency
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loic Fort
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteBearsden, GlasgowUK
| | | | - Rachana Patel
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteBearsden, GlasgowUK
| | | | - James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, Dentistry and NursingUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal InfirmaryGlasgowUK
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's HospitalDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteBearsden, GlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden, GlasgowUK
| | - Laura M Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteBearsden, GlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsden, GlasgowUK
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18
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Chou YT, Jiang JK, Yang MH, Lu JW, Lin HK, Wang HD, Yuh CH. Identification of a noncanonical function for ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A promotes colorectal cancer formation by stabilizing and activating β-catenin via a novel C-terminal domain. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003714. [PMID: 29337987 PMCID: PMC5786329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancers. Deregulation of ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA) in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is known to promote tumorigenesis in liver, lung, and breast tissues. Yet, the molecular mechanism of RPIA-mediated colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. Our study demonstrates a noncanonical function of RPIA in CRC. Data from the mRNAs of 80 patients’ CRC tissues and paired nontumor tissues and protein levels, as well as a CRC tissue array, indicate RPIA is significantly elevated in CRC. RPIA modulates cell proliferation and oncogenicity via activation of β-catenin in colon cancer cell lines. Unlike its role in PPP in which RPIA functions within the cytosol, RPIA enters the nucleus to form a complex with the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin. This association protects β-catenin by preventing its phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and subsequent degradation. The C-terminus of RPIA (amino acids 290 to 311), a region distinct from its enzymatic domain, is necessary for RPIA-mediated tumorigenesis. Consistent with results in vitro, RPIA increases the expression of β-catenin and its target genes, and induces tumorigenesis in gut-specific promotor-carrying RPIA transgenic zebrafish. Together, we demonstrate a novel function of RPIA in CRC formation in which RPIA enters the nucleus and stabilizes β-catenin activity and suggests that RPIA might be a biomarker for targeted therapy and prognosis. The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH, pentose, and ribose-5-phosphate by RPIA for nucleotide synthesis. Deregulation of RPIA is known to promote tumorigenesis in liver, lung, and breast tissues; however, the molecular mechanism of RPIA-mediated CRC is unknown. Here, we demonstrate a role of RPIA in CRC formation distinct from its role in these other tissues. We showed that RPIA is significantly elevated in CRC. RPIA increased cell proliferation and oncogenicity via activation of β-catenin, with RPIA entering the nucleus to form a complex with APC and β-catenin. Further investigation suggested that RPIA protects β-catenin by preventing its phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and subsequent degradation. In addition, the C-terminus of RPIA (amino acids 290 to 311), a portion of the protein not previously characterized, is necessary for RPIA-mediated tumorigenesis. Finally, we observed that transgenic expression of RPIA increases the expression of β-catenin and its target genes and induces tumorigenesis. Our findings suggest that RPIA can enter the nucleus and associate with APC/β-catenin, and suggest precise treatment of human CRC by targeting its nonenzymatic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Kuo Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CHY); (HDW)
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CHY); (HDW)
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19
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Sharman SK, Islam BN, Hou Y, Singh N, Berger FG, Sridhar S, Yoo W, Browning DD. Cyclic-GMP-Elevating Agents Suppress Polyposis in ApcMin mice by Targeting the Preneoplastic Epithelium. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:81-92. [PMID: 29301746 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cGMP signaling axis has been implicated in the suppression of intestinal cancers, but the inhibitory mechanism and the extent to which this pathway can be targeted remains poorly understood. This study has tested the effect of cGMP-elevating agents on tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal cancer. Treatment of ApcMin/+ mice with the receptor guanylyl-cyclase C (GCC) agonist linaclotide, or the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil, significantly reduced the number of polyps per mouse (67% and 50%, respectively). Neither of the drugs affected mean polyp size, or the rates of apoptosis and proliferation. This was possibly due to increased PDE10 expression, as endogenous GCC ligands were not deficient in established polyps. These results indicated that the ability of these drugs to reduce polyp multiplicity was primarily due to an effect on nonneoplastic tissues. In support of this idea, ApcMin/+ mice exhibited reduced levels of endogenous GCC agonists in the nonneoplastic intestinal mucosa compared with wild-type animals, and this was associated with crypt hyperplasia and a loss of goblet cells. Administration of either sildenafil or linaclotide suppressed proliferation, and increased both goblet cell numbers and luminal apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa. Taken together, the results demonstrate that targeting cGMP with either PDE5 inhibitors or GCC agonists alters epithelial homeostasis in a manner that reduces neoplasia, and suggests that this could be a viable chemoprevention strategy for patients at high risk of developing colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 11(2); 81-92. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Sharman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Bianca N Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yali Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Franklin G Berger
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Subbaramiah Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wonsuk Yoo
- Institute of Public and Preventative Health, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Darren D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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20
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Hochman G, Halevi-Tobias K, Kogan Y, Agur Z. Extracellular inhibitors can attenuate tumorigenic Wnt pathway activity in adenomatous polyposis coli mutants: Predictions of a validated mathematical model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179888. [PMID: 28708837 PMCID: PMC5510801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite considerable investigational efforts, no method to overcome the pathogenesis caused by loss of function (LoF) mutations in tumor suppressor genes has been successfully translated to the clinic. The most frequent LoF mutation in human cancers is Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), causing aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway. In nearly all colon cancer tumors, the APC protein is truncated, but still retains partial binding abilities. Objective & methods Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, although acting upstream of the APC mutation, can restore normal levels of pathway activity in colon cancer cells. To this end, we developed and simulated a mathematical model for the Wnt pathway in different APC mutants, with or without the effects of the extracellular inhibitors, Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein1 (sFRP1) and Dickhopf1 (Dkk1). We compared our model predictions to experimental data in the literature. Results Our model accurately predicts T-cell factor (TCF) activity in mutant cells that vary in APC mutation. Model simulations suggest that both sFRP1 and DKK1 can reduce TCF activity in APC1638N/1572T and Apcmin/min mutants, but restoration of normal activity levels is possible only in the former. When applied in combination, synergism between the two inhibitors can reduce their effective doses to one-fourth of the doses required under single inhibitor application. Overall, re-establishment of normal Wnt pathway activity is predicted for every APC mutant in whom TCF activity is increased by up to 11 fold. Conclusions Our work suggests that extracellular inhibitors can effectively restore normal Wnt pathway activity in APC-truncated cancer cells, even though these LoF mutations occur downstream of the inhibitory action. The insufficient activity of the truncated APC can be quantitatively balanced by the upstream intervention. This new concept of upstream intervention to control the effects of downstream mutations may be considered also for other partial LoF mutations in other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Hochman
- Institute for Medical BioMathematics, Bene Ataroth, Israel
| | | | - Yuri Kogan
- Institute for Medical BioMathematics, Bene Ataroth, Israel
| | - Zvia Agur
- Institute for Medical BioMathematics, Bene Ataroth, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Jayakumar A, Bothwell ALM. Stat6 Promotes Intestinal Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Adenomatous Polyposis by Expansion of MDSCs and Inhibition of Cytotoxic CD8 Response. Neoplasia 2017; 19:595-605. [PMID: 28654863 PMCID: PMC5487300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ model is initiated by aberrant activation of Wnt pathway. Increased IL-4 expression in human colorectal cancer tissue and growth of colon cancer cell lines implied that IL-4–induced Stat6-mediated tumorigenic signaling likely contributes to intestinal tumor progression in ApcMin/+ mice. Stat6 also appears to promote expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) cells. MDSCs promote polyp formation in the ApcMin/+ model. Hence, Stat6 could have a broad role in coordinating both polyp cell proliferation and MDSC expansion. We found that IL-4–induced Stat6-mediated proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells is augmented by platelet-derived growth factor–BB, a tumor-promoting growth factor. To determine whether polyp progression in ApcMin/+ mice is dependent on Stat6 signaling, we disrupted Stat6 in this model. Total polyps in the small intestine were fewer in ApcMin/+ mice lacking Stat6. Furthermore, proliferation of polyp epithelial cells was reduced, indicating that Stat6 in part controlled polyp formation. Stat6 also promoted expansion of MDSCs in the spleen and lamina propria of ApcMin/+ mice, implying regulation of antitumor T-cell response. More CD8 cells and reduced PD-1 expression on CD4 cells correlated with reduced polyps. In addition, a strong CD8-mediated cytotoxic response led to killing of tumor cells in Stat6-deficient ApcMin/+ mice. Therefore, these findings show that Stat6 has an oncogenic role in intestinal tumorigenesis by promoting polyp cell proliferation and immunosuppressive mediators, and preventing an active cytotoxic process.
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MESH Headings
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/etiology
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/metabolism
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/pathology
- Animals
- Becaplermin
- Biomarkers
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/metabolism
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/pharmacology
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jayakumar
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.
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22
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Kechele DO, Blue RE, Zwarycz B, Espenschied ST, Mah AT, Siegel MB, Perou CM, Ding S, Magness ST, Lund PK, Caron KM. Orphan Gpr182 suppresses ERK-mediated intestinal proliferation during regeneration and adenoma formation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:593-607. [PMID: 28094771 DOI: 10.1172/jci87588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan GPCRs provide an opportunity to identify potential pharmacological targets, yet their expression patterns and physiological functions remain challenging to elucidate. Here, we have used a genetically engineered knockin reporter mouse to map the expression pattern of the Gpr182 during development and adulthood. We observed that Gpr182 is expressed at the crypt base throughout the small intestine, where it is enriched in crypt base columnar stem cells, one of the most active stem cell populations in the body. Gpr182 knockdown had no effect on homeostatic intestinal proliferation in vivo, but led to marked increases in proliferation during intestinal regeneration following irradiation-induced injury. In the ApcMin mouse model, which forms spontaneous intestinal adenomas, reductions in Gpr182 led to more adenomas and decreased survival. Loss of Gpr182 enhanced organoid growth efficiency ex vivo in an EGF-dependent manner. Gpr182 reduction led to increased activation of ERK1/2 in basal and challenge models, demonstrating a potential role for this orphan GPCR in regulating the proliferative capacity of the intestine. Importantly, GPR182 expression was profoundly reduced in numerous human carcinomas, including colon adenocarcinoma. Together, these results implicate Gpr182 as a negative regulator of intestinal MAPK signaling-induced proliferation, particularly during regeneration and adenoma formation.
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23
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Vouillarmet J, Fernandes-Rosa F, Graeppi-Dulac J, Lantelme P, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Thivolet C, Peix JL, Boulkroun S, Clauser E, Zennaro MC. Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma With a Somatic KCNJ5 Mutation Revealing APC-Dependent Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3874-3878. [PMID: 27648962 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recurrent somatic mutations in KCNJ5, CACNA1D, ATP1A1, and ATP2B3 have been identified in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). The question as to whether they are responsible for both nodulation and aldosterone production is not solved. CASE DESCRIPTION We describe the case of a young patient who was diagnosed with severe arterial hypertension due to primary aldosteronism at age 26 years, followed by hemorrhagic stroke 4 years later. Abdominal computed tomography showed bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Identification of lateralized aldosterone secretion led to right adrenalectomy, followed by normalization of biochemical and hormonal parameters and amelioration of blood pressure. The resected adrenal showed three nodules, one of them expressing aldosterone synthase and harboring a somatic KNCJ5 mutation. A Weiss revisited index of 3 of the APA prompted us to perform a second 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography after surgery, which revealed abnormal rectal activity despite the absence of clinical symptoms. Gastrointestinal exploration showed multiple polyps with severe dysplasia, and the diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis was established in the presence of a germline heterozygous APC gene mutation. Sequencing of somatic DNA from the APA and a second adrenal nodule revealed biallelic APC inactivation due to loss of heterozygosity in both nodules. CONCLUSIONS This case report underlines the need for establishing the frequency of germline APC variants in patients with primary aldosteronism and bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia because their presence may predispose to APA development and severe hypertension well before the first familial adenomatous polyposis symptoms appear. From a mechanistic point of view, it supports a two-hit model for APA development, whereby the first hit drives increased cell proliferation whereas the second hit specifies the pattern of hormonal secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Vouillarmet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Fernandes-Rosa
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julia Graeppi-Dulac
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lantelme
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Charles Thivolet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Peix
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Eric Clauser
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.V., J.G.-D., C.T.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Obésité, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Inserm, UMRS_970 (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (F.F.-R., S.B., E.C., M.-C.Z.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (F.F.-R., M.-C.Z.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, 75015 Paris, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.L.), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Cardiologie, European Society of Hypertension Excellence Center, 69317 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon (P.L.), CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (M.D.-P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'anatomo-pathologie, université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon I (P.L., M.D.-P., C.T.), 69100 Lyon, France; Inserm U1060 (C.T.), Faculté de médecine Lyon sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (J.-L.P.), Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, 69495 Pierre Bénite, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.C.), Hôpital Cochin, Service de Biologie Hormonale, 75014 Paris, France
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24
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a major public health problem as the third most commonly diagnosed and third most lethal malignancy worldwide. The prevalence and the physical accessibility to colorectal tumors have made CRC an ideal model for the study of tumor genetics. Early research efforts using patient derived CRC samples led to the discovery of several highly penetrant mutations (e.g., APC, KRAS, MMR genes) in both hereditary and sporadic CRC tumors. This knowledge has enabled researchers to develop genetically engineered and chemically induced tumor models of CRC, both of which have had a substantial impact on our understanding of the molecular basis of CRC. Despite these advances, the morbidity and mortality of CRC remains a cause for concern and highlight the need to uncover novel genetic drivers of CRC. This review focuses on mouse models of CRC with particular emphasis on a newly developed cancer gene discovery tool, the Sleeping Beauty transposon-based mutagenesis model of CRC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/genetics
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/metabolism
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/pathology
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Phenotype
- Transposases/genetics
- Transposases/metabolism
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25
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Tebbi A, Levillayer F, Jouvion G, Fiette L, Soubigou G, Varet H, Boudjadja N, Cairo S, Hashimoto K, Suzuki AM, Carninci P, Carissimo A, di Bernardo D, Wei Y. Deficiency of multidrug resistance 2 contributes to cell transformation through oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:39-48. [PMID: 26542370 PMCID: PMC4700935 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance 2 (Mdr2), also called adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette B4 (ABCB4), is the transporter of phosphatidylcholine (PC) at the canalicular membrane of mouse hepatocytes, which plays an essential role for bile formation. Mutations in human homologue MDR3 are associated with several liver diseases. Knockout of Mdr2 results in hepatic inflammation, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Whereas the pathogenesis in Mdr2 (-/-) mice has been largely attributed to the toxicity of bile acids due to the absence of PC in the bile, the question of whether Mdr2 deficiency per se perturbs biological functions in the cell has been poorly addressed. As Mdr2 is expressed in many cell types, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) derived from Mdr2 (-/-) embryos to show that deficiency of Mdr2 increases reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. We found that Mdr2 (-/-) MEFs undergo spontaneous transformation and that Mdr2 (-/-) mice are more susceptible to chemical carcinogen-induced intestinal tumorigenesis. Microarray analysis in Mdr2-/- MEFs and cap analysis of gene expression in Mdr2 (-/-) HCCs revealed extensively deregulated genes involved in oxidation reduction, fatty acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Our findings imply a close link between Mdr2 (-/-) -associated tumorigenesis and perturbation of these biological processes and suggest potential extrahepatic functions of Mdr2/MDR3.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/metabolism
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Damage
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tebbi
- Laboratoire de Pathogenèse des Virus de l’hépatite B
- Unité d’Histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Plate-forme 2, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux 75015, Paris
- XenTech, Evry, France
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan and
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Laboratoire de Pathogenèse des Virus de l’hépatite B
- Unité d’Histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Plate-forme 2, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux 75015, Paris
- XenTech, Evry, France
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan and
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Guillaume Soubigou
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Plate-forme 2, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux 75015, Paris
| | - Hugo Varet
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Plate-forme 2, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux 75015, Paris
| | - Nesrine Boudjadja
- Laboratoire de Pathogenèse des Virus de l’hépatite B
- Unité d’Histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Plate-forme 2, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux 75015, Paris
- XenTech, Evry, France
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan and
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Kosuke Hashimoto
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan and
| | - Ana Maria Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan and
| | - Piero Carninci
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan and
| | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego di Bernardo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Yu Wei
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +33 145688866; Fax: +33 140613841;
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26
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Weren RDA, Venkatachalam R, Cazier JB, Farin HF, Kets CM, de Voer RM, Vreede L, Verwiel ETP, van Asseldonk M, Kamping EJ, Kiemeney LA, Neveling K, Aben KKH, Carvajal-Carmona L, Nagtegaal ID, Schackert HK, Clevers H, van de Wetering M, Tomlinson IP, Ligtenberg MJL, Hoogerbrugge N, Geurts van Kessel A, Kuiper RP. Germline deletions in the tumour suppressor gene FOCAD are associated with polyposis and colorectal cancer development. J Pathol 2015; 236:155-64. [PMID: 25712196 PMCID: PMC6681464 DOI: 10.1002/path.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heritable genetic variants can significantly affect the lifetime risk of developing cancer, including polyposis and colorectal cancer (CRC). Variants in genes currently known to be associated with a high risk for polyposis or CRC, however, explain only a limited number of hereditary cases. The identification of additional genetic causes is, therefore, crucial to improve CRC prevention, detection and treatment. We have performed genome-wide and targeted DNA copy number profiling and resequencing in early-onset and familial polyposis/CRC patients, and show that deletions affecting the open reading frame of the tumour suppressor gene FOCAD are recurrent and significantly enriched in CRC patients compared with unaffected controls. All patients carrying FOCAD deletions exhibited a personal or family history of polyposis. RNA in situ hybridization revealed FOCAD expression in epithelial cells in the colonic crypt, the site of tumour initiation, as well as in colonic tumours and organoids. Our data suggest that monoallelic germline deletions in the tumour suppressor gene FOCAD underlie moderate genetic predisposition to the development of polyposis and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert D A Weren
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henner F Farin
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Marleen Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richarda M de Voer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Vreede
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eugène T P Verwiel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique van Asseldonk
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline J Kamping
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja K H Aben
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Carvajal-Carmona
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, CA, USA
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans K Schackert
- Department of Surgical Research, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ian P Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford, UK
| | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Geurts van Kessel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Ueberham E, Glöckner P, Göhler C, Straub BK, Teupser D, Schönig K, Braeuning A, Höhn AK, Jerchow B, Birchmeier W, Gaunitz F, Arendt T, Sansom O, Gebhardt R, Ueberham U. Global increase of p16INK4a in APC-deficient mouse liver drives clonal growth of p16INK4a-negative tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:239-49. [PMID: 25270420 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0278-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reduction of β-catenin (CTNNB1) destroying complex components, for example, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), induces β-catenin signaling and subsequently triggers activation of genes involved in proliferation and tumorigenesis. Though diminished expression of APC has organ-specific and threshold-dependent influence on the development of liver tumors in mice, the molecular basis is poorly understood. Therefore, a detailed investigation was conducted to determine the underlying mechanism in the development of liver tumors under reduced APC levels. Mouse liver at different developmental stages was analyzed in terms of β-catenin target genes including Cyp2e1, Glul, and Ihh using real-time RT-PCR, reporter gene assays, and immunohistologic methods with consideration of liver zonation. Data from human livers with mutations in APC derived from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were also included. Hepatocyte senescence was investigated by determining p16(INK4a) expression level, presence of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and assessing ploidy. A β-catenin activation of hepatocytes does not always result in β-catenin positive but unexpectedly also in mixed and β-catenin-negative tumors. In summary, a senescence-inducing program was found in hepatocytes with increased β-catenin levels and a positive selection of hepatocytes lacking p16(INK4a), by epigenetic silencing, drives the development of liver tumors in mice with reduced APC expression (Apc(580S) mice). The lack of p16(INK4a) was also detected in liver tumors of mice with triggers other than APC reduction. IMPLICATIONS Epigenetic silencing of p16(Ink4a) in selected liver cells bypassing senescence is a general principle for development of liver tumors with β-catenin involvement in mice independent of the initial stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ueberham
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Department of Cell Engineering/GLP, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Glöckner
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, University of Leipzig, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Göhler
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Schönig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Jerchow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | | | - Frank Gaunitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, University of Leipzig, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Owen Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Ueberham
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, University of Leipzig, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Rubio CA, Rodesjö M, Duvander A, Mathies M, Garberg L, Shetye J. p53 up-regulation during colorectal carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:6973-6979. [PMID: 25503123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found foci of p53 up-regulation in dysplasia in colorectal adenomas (CRAs). The present study aimed at exploring the frequency of this phenomenon in CRAs with and without submucosal invasive carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sections from 568 polypectomies or surgical resections harbouring a CRA (without or with submucosal invasion) or overt colorectal carcinomas were challenged with p53 immunostaining. The largest section from single colorectal neoplasias was measured by the aid of a calibrated ocular scale in a conventional microscope. Lesions were divided into small adenomas (≤10 mm in size), large adenomas (≥11 mm in size), adenomas with submucosal invasion, and overt invasive carcinomas (without any recognizable adenoma remnant tissue). RESULTS CRAs with three or more dysplastic foci of p53-up-regulation gradually increased from 8% in small adenomas (size: ≤10 mm) to 48% in large adenomas (size: ≥11 mm), and to 65% in the adenomatous tissue in adenomas displaying submucosal invasion), but plummeted to 13% in the submucosal carcinomatous tissue and to 11% in overt carcinomas. In contrast, extensive p53 up-regulation predominated in the submucosal carcinomatous tissue (87%) and in overt carcinomas (89%). CONCLUSION The frequency of foci of dysplastic glands with up-regulation of p53 (hotspots) gradually increased from small to larger CRAs, being highest in the adenomatous tissue of CRAs with submucosal invasive carcinoma. The foci of p53 up-regulation became confluent (appreciated as extensive up-regulation) in the submucosal carcinomatous tissue and in overt carcinomas. It is concluded that a high number of foci with p53 up-regulation in adenomatous tissue might be required before submucosal invasive carcinoma ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rubio
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Rodesjö
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Duvander
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Mathies
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Garberg
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jayant Shetye
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Wielenga MCB, Jeude JFVLD, Rosekrans SL, Levin AD, Schukking M, D’Haens GRAM, Heijmans J, Jansen M, Muncan V, Brink GRVD. Azathioprine does not reduce adenoma formation in a mouse model of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16683-16689. [PMID: 25469037 PMCID: PMC4248212 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate if azathioprine could reduce adenoma formation in ApcMin/+, a mouse model of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis.
METHODS: Azathioprine was administered via drinking water (estimated 6-20 mg/kg body weight per day) to ApcMin/+ and wildtype mice. Control animals received vehicle only (DMSO) dissolved in drinking water. At 15 wk of age all mice were sacrificed and intestines of ApcMin/+ were harvested for evaluation of polyp number. Azathioprine induced toxicity was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis on spleens.
RESULTS: All azathioprine treated mice showed signs of drug-associated toxicity such as weight loss and development of splenic T-cell lymphomas. Although this suggests that the thiopurine concentration was clearly in the therapeutic range, it did not reduce tumor formation (48 ± 3.1 adenomas vs 59 ± 5.7 adenomas, P = 0.148).
CONCLUSION: We conclude that in the absence of inflammation, azathioprine does not affect intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, Lu M, Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:61-7. [PMID: 25060418 PMCID: PMC4177939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K actin binding peptide. Tβ4 improves neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke and research is now focused on optimizing its dose for clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to perform a dose-response study of Tβ4 to determine the optimal dose of neurological improvement in a rat model of embolic stroke. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals/group: control, 2, 12 and 18 mg/kg. Tβ4 was administered intraperitoneally 24h after MCAo and then every 3 days for 4 additional doses in a randomized controlled fashion. Neurological tests were performed after MCAo and before treatment and up to 8 weeks after treatment. The rats were sacrificed 56 days after MCAo and lesion volumes measured. Generalized estimating equation was used to compare the treatment effect on long term functional recovery at day 56. A quartic regression model was used for an optimal dose determination. RESULTS Tβ4 significantly improved neurological outcome at dose of 2 and 12 mg/kg at day 14 and extended to day 56 (p-values <0.05). The higher dose of 18 mg/kg did not show significant improvement. The estimated optimal dose of 3.75 mg/kg would provide optimal neurological improvement. CONCLUSIONS This study shown that Tβ4 significantly improved the long term neurological functional recovery at day 56 after MCAo with an optimal dose of 3.75 mg/kg. These results provide preclinical data for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Morris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Y Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - W L Cheung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - M Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Z G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - M Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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Song JH, Huels DJ, Ridgway RA, Sansom OJ, Kholodenko BN, Kolch W, Cho KH. The APC network regulates the removal of mutated cells from colonic crypts. Cell Rep 2014; 7:94-103. [PMID: 24685131 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal is essential for multicellular organisms but carries the risk of somatic mutations that can lead to cancer, which is particularly critical for rapidly renewing tissues in a highly mutagenic environment such as the intestinal epithelium. Using computational modeling and in vivo experimentation, we have analyzed how adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations and β-catenin aberrations affect the maintenance of mutant cells in colonic crypts. The increasing abundance of APC along the crypt axis forms a gradient of cellular adhesion that causes more proliferative cells to accelerate their movement toward the top of the crypt, where they are shed into the lumen. Thus, the normal crypt can efficiently eliminate β-catenin mutant cells, whereas APC mutations favor retention. Together, the molecular design of the APC/β-catenin signaling network integrates cell proliferation and migration dynamics to translate intracellular signal processing and protein gradients along the crypt into intercellular interactions and whole-crypt physiological or pathological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hoon Song
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David J Huels
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kit OI, Frantsiiants EM, Kozlova LS, Terpugov AL. [Serpins in hyperplastic colon tissue]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2014:18-21. [PMID: 25911925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to define α-2-macroglobulin (α-2M) and α-1-proteinase inhibitor (α-1PI) in tissues of malignant tumors and polyps of the lower parts of the colon. 28 patients had malignant tumors of the sigmoid colon or rectum (T3N0-1M0-2), 29 had polyps of the same location. Content of α-2M and α-1PI was studied in cytosols of the central, peripheral and conditionally healthy tissues (of resection line) of the mentioned hyperplasias by the ELISA method using standard test kits. Suppression of a-2M and increase of α-1PI (perifocal zone) were found in malignant tumor tissue, as well as α-1PI maintenance in tumorous focus. Increase of α-2M and decrease of α-1PI were detected in polyp tissue. Changes in physiological balance of serpins were assessed by α-1PI/α-2M ratio in comparison with the resection line. The risk of distortion of proliferation and differentiation processes increases in polyps in ineffective inhibition of proteolysis under the influence of released factors of malignancy. Endogenous or medicamentous restoration of balance of interaction of trypsin-like proteases and kallikrein with inhibitors will probably play the crucial role.
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Xie ZY, Gong LB, Zhang WT, Lv XP. Expression of Notch-signaling pathway in familial adenomatous polyposis and its clinical significance. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014; 18:3183-3188. [PMID: 25487926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between Notch-signaling pathway and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) through the expressions of Notch-1, DLL-1, and p-mTOR, and to explore its correlation with tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expressions of Notch1, DLL-1, and p-mTOR were detected in 21 cases of FAP polyps, 20 cases of colorectal inflammatory polyp, and 20 cases of poorly differentiated colorectal cancer by Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein and mRNA expressions of these genes were then compared among the FAP group, colorectal adenoma group, and colorectal cancer group. RESULTS The protein and mRNA expressions of Notch-1, DLL-1, and p-mTOR in the FAP group were significantly higher than those in colorectal adenoma group; furthermore, they were significantly higher in the colorectal cancer group (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Notch signaling is activated in FAP. The activated Notch-signaling pathway may play an important role in the malignant transformation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Minde DP, Radli M, Forneris F, Maurice MM, Rüdiger SGD. Large extent of disorder in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli offers a strategy to guard Wnt signalling against point mutations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77257. [PMID: 24130866 PMCID: PMC3793970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the central region of the signalling hub Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) cause colorectal tumourigenesis. The structure of this region remained unknown. Here, we characterise the Mutation Cluster Region in APC (APC-MCR) as intrinsically disordered and propose a model how this structural feature may contribute to regulation of Wnt signalling by phosphorylation. APC-MCR was susceptible to proteolysis, lacked α-helical secondary structure and did not display thermal unfolding transition. It displayed an extended conformation in size exclusion chromatography and was accessible for phosphorylation by CK1ε in vitro. The length of disordered regions in APC increases with species complexity, from C. elegans to H. sapiens. We speculate that the large disordered region harbouring phosphorylation sites could be a successful strategy to stabilise tight regulation of Wnt signalling against single missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Minde
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Radli
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Forneris
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon M. Maurice
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SR); (MMM)
| | - Stefan G. D. Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SR); (MMM)
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Dominguez-Valentin M, Therkildsen C, Veerla S, Jönsson M, Bernstein I, Borg A, Nilbert M. Distinct gene expression signatures in lynch syndrome and familial colorectal cancer type x. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71755. [PMID: 23951239 PMCID: PMC3741139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heredity is estimated to cause at least 20% of colorectal cancer. The hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer subset is divided into Lynch syndrome and familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX) based on presence of mismatch repair (MMR) gene defects. Purpose We addressed the gene expression signatures in colorectal cancer linked to Lynch syndrome and FCCTX with the aim to identify candidate genes and to map signaling pathways relevant in hereditary colorectal carcinogenesis. Experimental design The 18 k whole-genome c-DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation (WG-DASL) assay was applied to 123 colorectal cancers, including 39 Lynch syndrome tumors and 37 FCCTX tumors. Target genes were technically validated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the expression signature was validated in independent datasets. Results Colorectal cancers linked to Lynch syndrome and FCCTX showed distinct gene expression profiles, which by significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) differed by 2188 genes. Functional pathways involved were related to G-protein coupled receptor signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, and cell cycle function and mitosis. qRT-PCR verified altered expression of the selected genes NDUFA9, AXIN2, MYC, DNA2 and H2AFZ. Application of the 2188-gene signature to independent datasets showed strong correlation to MMR status. Conclusion Distinct genetic profiles and deregulation of different canonical pathways apply to Lynch syndrome and FCCTX and key targets herein may be relevant to pursue for refined diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in hereditary colorectal cancer.
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Zuo X, Shureiqi I. Eicosanoid profiling in colon cancer: emergence of a pattern. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:139-43. [PMID: 22960430 PMCID: PMC3532570 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been linked to tumorigenesis in general and colonic tumorigenesis in particular. Earlier studies showed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) have opposing impacts on colonic tumorigenesis: COX-2 promotes while 15-LOX-1 inhibits colonic tumorigenesis. Advances in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry have allowed for measurement of various products of oxidative metabolism in a single colonic biopsy specimen. Studies of LOX products in preclinical models and in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic colorectal tumorigenesis indicate that LOX pathways are shifted during colonic tumorigenesis and that the main shift is downregulation of 15-LOX-1. This shift occurs during the polyp formation stage and thus offers the opportunity to modulate tumorigenesis early by correcting 15-LOX-1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Radulescu S, Ridgway RA, Cordero J, Athineos D, Salgueiro P, Poulsom R, Neumann J, Jung A, Patel S, Woodgett J, Barker N, Pritchard DM, Oien K, Sansom OJ. Acute WNT signalling activation perturbs differentiation within the adult stomach and rapidly leads to tumour formation. Oncogene 2013; 32:2048-57. [PMID: 22665058 PMCID: PMC3631308 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A role for WNT signalling in gastric carcinogenesis has been suggested due to two major observations. First, patients with germline mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) are susceptible to stomach polyps and second, in gastric cancer, WNT activation confers a poor prognosis. However, the functional significance of deregulated WNT signalling in gastric homoeostasis and cancer is still unclear. In this study we have addressed this by investigating the immediate effects of WNT signalling activation within the stomach epithelium. We have specifically activated the WNT signalling pathway within the mouse adult gastric epithelium via deletion of either glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) or APC or via expression of a constitutively active β-catenin protein. WNT pathway deregulation dramatically affects stomach homoeostasis at very short latencies. In the corpus, there is rapid loss of parietal cells with fundic gland polyp (FGP) formation and adenomatous change, which are similar to those observed in familial adenomatous polyposis. In the antrum, adenomas occur from 4 days post-WNT activation. Taken together, these data show a pivotal role for WNT signalling in gastric homoeostasis, FGP formation and adenomagenesis. Loss of the parietal cell population and corresponding FGP formation, an early event in gastric carcinogenesis, as well as antral adenoma formation are immediate effects of nuclear β-catenin translocation and WNT target gene expression. Furthermore, our inducible murine model will permit a better understanding of the molecular changes required to drive tumourigenesis in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radulescu
- CR-UK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R A Ridgway
- CR-UK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Cordero
- CR-UK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Athineos
- CR-UK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Salgueiro
- CR-UK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - R Poulsom
- Histopathology Lab, CR-UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - J Neumann
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - A Jung
- Pathologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - S Patel
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Woodgett
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - D M Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - K Oien
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- CR-UK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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Zhang Z, Li W, Blatner NR, Dennis KL, Procissi D, Khazaie K, Larson AC. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in the transgenic APC(Δ468) mouse model of hereditary colon cancer. Mol Imaging 2013; 12:59-66. [PMID: 23348792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for in vivo detection and quantitative characterization of colorectal tumors in the transgenic APC(Δ468) mouse model. High-resolution T(1)-weighted (T(1)W) images, T(2)-weighted (T(2)W) images, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) measurements were performed using a 7.0 T small-animal imaging system (N = 10). Individual tumors were identified on both T(1)W and T(2)W images. Twenty-eight tumors (2.8 ± 0.9 mm, mean ± SD) were detected with high-resolution MRI across a distance of roughly 3 cm from the rectum to the splenic flexure, whereas 29 tumors were found within corresponding colon tissue samples examined at gross necropsy in the same area. T(2) values were significantly different between tumor, skeletal muscle, and normal intestinal wall tissues (p < .05). For analysis of the vascular characteristics of colon tumor tissues using DCE measurements, the initial area under the curve (IAUC) for Gd contrast concentration curve (time) (C(Gd) [t]) was calculated with integration times of 60 and 120 seconds post-contrast infusion; two integration times were selected to capture both tracer wash-in and wash-out characteristics. IAUC measurements were significantly larger in tumor tissues compared to both normal intestinal wall and skeletal muscle tissues (p < .001). In vivo anatomic and quantitative MRI measurements were readily feasible in the transgenic APC(Δ468) mouse model. These noninvasive methods should improve experimental efficiencies during longitudinal survival studies that otherwise would require single-end-point necropsy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Zhao Q, Zhou C, Wei H, He Y, Chai X, Ren Q. Ex vivo determination of glucose permeability and optical attenuation coefficient in normal and adenomatous human colon tissues using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:105004. [PMID: 23223998 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.10.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a useful tool for quantifying the permeability of hyperosmotic agents in various tissues. We report our preliminary results on quantification of glucose diffusion and assessment of the optical attenuation change due to the diffusion of glucose in normal and adenomatous human colon tissues in vitro by using a SD-OCT and then calculated the permeability coefficients (PC) and optical attenuation coefficients (AC). The PC of a 30% aqueous solution of glucose was 3.37±0.23×10⁻⁶ cm/s in normal tissue and 5.65±0.16×10⁻⁶ cm/s in cancerous colon tissue. Optical AC in a normal colon ranged from 3.48±0.37 to 2.68±0.82 mm⁻¹ and was significantly lower than those seen in the cancerous tissue (8.48±0.95 to 3.16±0.69 mm⁻¹, p<0.05). The results suggest that quantitative measurements of using PC and AC from OCT images could be a potentially powerful method for colon cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Ahearn TU, Shaukat A, Flanders WD, Seabrook ME, Bostick RM. Markers of the APC/β-catenin signaling pathway as potential treatable, preneoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:969-79. [PMID: 22539608 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malfunctioning of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/β-catenin signaling pathway is both an early and common event in sporadic colorectal cancer. To assess the potential of APC/β-catenin signaling pathway markers as treatable, preneoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms, we conducted a pilot colonoscopy-based case-control study (51 cases and 154 controls) of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. METHODS We evaluated APC, β-catenin, and E-cadherin expression in normal mucosa from the rectum and ascending and sigmoid colon using automated immunohistochemical and quantitative image analysis. Diet, lifestyle, and medical history were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS In the normal rectal mucosa, the ratio of the proportion of APC expression in the upper 40% of crypts with total β-catenin expression (APC/β-catenin score) was 14.3% greater in controls than in cases [P = 0.02; OR, 0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14-1.14]. Compared with controls, in cases, APC expression was 3.2% lower, β-catenin expression was 3.0% higher, and E-cadherin expression was 0.7% lower; however, none of these differences were statistically significant. The APC/β-catenin score statistically significantly differed according to categories of plausible risk factors for colorectal cancer [e.g., it was 17.7% higher among those with 25(OH) vitamin D(3) concentrations ≥ 27 ng/mL]. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that the combined expression of APC and β-catenin in the normal rectal mucosa may be associated with risk for incident, sporadic colorectal neoplasms, as well as with modifiable risk factors for colorectal neoplasms. IMPACT Our results may help advance the development of treatable, preneoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Ahearn
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Varan A, Yazici N, Akalan N, Yalcin B, Akyüz C, Kutluk T, Büyükpamukçu M. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system associated with genetic and metabolic defects. J Neurosurg Sci 2012; 56:49-53. [PMID: 22415382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the genetic, congenital and metabolic disorders which were detected concurrently with primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) of the central nervous system in children. METHODS Medical records of 1030 children who were admitted to our department with diagnosis of brain tumor between 1975 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Medulloblastoma and supratentorial PNETs were detected in 289 patients. They were reviewed for associated metabolic conditions, genetic and congenital defects. RESULTS One of the following conditions were detected in 10 patients with medulloblastoma and supratentorial PNETs: Neurofibromatosis type 1, Gorlin syndrome, juvenile polyposis coli, cancer prone syndrome of total premature chromatid separation and Fanconi anemia, bilateral retinoblastoma, L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Gilbert syndrome, gray platelet syndrome, cleft lip-palate and left renal agenesis. In the patients with multiple malignant diseases, cancer prone syndrome of total premature chromatid separation and Fanconi anemia, Gorlin syndrome and juvenile polyposis coli were diagnosed after diagnosis of the malignant tumors. Medulloblastoma was the first manifestation in the case with Gorlin syndrome. In case with retinoblastoma, pineal PNET was detected 2 months after diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Cleft lip-palate and L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria were detected previously in the patients before their brain tumors whereas Gray platelet, Gilbert syndrome and left renal agenesis were diagnosed during treatment of medulloblastoma. CONCLUSION Associated genetic, metabolic and congenital conditions were detected in 3.5% of the cases. Thus the patients with PNET should be followed for these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicin, Ankara, Turkey
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He S, Wang F, Yang L, Guo C, Wan R, Ke A, Xu L, Hu G, Xu X, Shen J, Wang X. Expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3a are regulated by GLI1 in human pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27684. [PMID: 22110720 PMCID: PMC3215738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS GLI1, as an indispensable transcriptional factor of Hedgehog signaling pathway, plays an important role in the development of pancreatic cancer (PC). DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) mediate the methylation of quantity of tumor-related genes. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between GLI1 and DNMTs. METHODS Expressions of GLI1 and DNMTs were detected in tumor and adjacent normal tissues of PC patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC). PANC-1 cells were treated by cyclopamine and GLI1-siRNA, while BxPC-3 cells were transfected with overexpression-GLI1 lentiviral vector. Then GLI1 and DNMTs expression were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot (WB). Then we took chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to demonstrate GLI1 bind to DNMT1. Finally, nested MSP was taken to valuate the methylation levels of APC and hMLH1, when GLI1 expression altered. RESULTS IHC result suggested the expressions of GLI1, DNMT1 and DNMT3a in PC tissues were all higher than those in adjacent normal tissues (p<0.05). After GLI1 expression repressed by cyclopamine in mRNA and protein level (down-regulation 88.1±2.2%, 86.4±2.2%, respectively), DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA and protein level decreased by 91.6%±2.2% and 83.8±4.8%, 87.4±2.7% and 84.4±1.3%, respectively. When further knocked down the expression of GLI1 by siRNA (mRNA decreased by 88.6±2.1%, protein decreased by 63.5±4.5%), DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA decreased by 80.9±2.3% and 78.6±3.8% and protein decreased by 64.8±2.8% and 67.5±5.6%, respectively. Over-expression of GLI1 by GLI1 gene transfection (mRNA increased by 655.5±85.9%, and protein increased by 272.3±14.4%.), DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA and protein increased by 293.0±14.8% and 578.3±58.5%, 143.5±17.4% and 214.0±18.9%, respectively. ChIP assays showed GLI1 protein bound to DNMT1 but not to DNMT3a. Results of nested MSP demonstrated GLI1 expression affected the DNA methylation level of APC but not hMLH1 in PC. CONCLUSION DNMT1 and DNMT3a are regulated by GLI1 in PC, and DNMT1 is its direct target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - LiJuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - ChuanYong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - AiWu Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - GuoYong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - XuanFu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - XingPeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Barone M, Scavo MP, Papagni S, Piscitelli D, Guido R, Di Lena M, Comelli MC, Di Leo A. ERβ expression in normal, adenomatous and carcinomatous tissues of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:1320-8. [PMID: 20446826 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.487915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The APC gene mutation triggers familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and approximately 80% of sporadic colorectal cancers. FAP summarizes the natural history of colorectal cancer because low- and high-grade dysplastic lesions and adenocarcinoma are simultaneously present in the same patients free from individual and environmental variability factors. Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has recently been suggested as the most likely mediator of estrogen-related anti-carcinogenic effects in Apc(Min-/+) mice and humans. In this study we assessed the ERβ expression in the intestinal mucosa of FAP patients to verify its possible involvement in tumor progression in colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS ERβ and ERα expression, cell proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (TUNEL), were evaluated on archival biopsy material from six patients with FAP who underwent colectomy. RESULTS A progressive significant decrease of ERβ expression was observed in the different stages of the disease as compared to normal mucosa (p < 0.001). Interestingly, a decreased ERβ expression was directly correlated with apoptosis (r = 0.76, p < 0.001), and inversely correlated with cell proliferation (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ERβ expression is related to the severity of the disease, supporting the role of ERβ as a relevant biomarker of tumor progression and possible chemopreventive target in patients at risk of colonic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Crist RC, Roth JJ, Baran AA, McEntee BJ, Siracusa LD, Buchberg AM. The armadillo repeat domain of Apc suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:450-7. [PMID: 20886217 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to act as a tumor suppressor gene in both sporadic and hereditary colorectal cancer by negatively regulating WNT signaling. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients develop intestinal polyps due to the presence of a single germline mutation in APC. The severity of the FAP phenotype is a function of the position of the APC mutation, indicating a complex role for APC that extends beyond the canonical WNT pathway. APC encodes a large protein with multiple functional domains, including an armadillo repeat domain that has been linked to protein-protein interactions. To determine the effect of the armadillo repeat domain on intestinal tumorigenesis, we generated a congenic mouse line (Apc ( Δ242 )) carrying a gene trap cassette between exons 7 and 8 of the murine Apc gene. Apc ( Δ242/+) mice express a truncated Apc product lacking the armadillo repeat domain as part of a fusion protein with β-geo. Expression of the fusion product was confirmed by X-gal staining, ensuring that Apc ( Δ242 ) is not a null allele. In contrast, Apc ( Min/+) mice produce a truncated Apc product that contains an intact armadillo repeat domain. On the C57BL/6J background, Apc ( Δ242/+) mice develop more polyps than do Apc ( Min/+) mice along the entire length of the small intestine; however, polyps were significantly smaller in Apc ( Δ242/+) mice. In addition, polyp multiplicity in Apc ( Δ242/+) mice is affected by polymorphisms between inbred strains. These data suggest that the armadillo repeat domain of the Apc protein suppresses tumor initiation in the murine intestine while also promoting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Crist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th St., BLSB 709, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Leal RF, Ayrizono MLS, Milanski M, Coope A, Fagundes JJ, Velloso LA, Coy CSR. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) and differential expression of interferon-gamma and anti-inflammatory proteins in pelvic ileal pouches for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:380-5. [PMID: 20345984 PMCID: PMC2883108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pouchitis after total rectocolectomy is the most common complication of ulcerative colitis (UC). The immunological mechanisms involved in the genesis of pouchitis are unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the inflammatory activity in normal ileal pouch mucosa by determining signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT-1) activation and cytokine expression in patients operated for UC and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Eighteen asymptomatic patients, who underwent total rectocolectomy and J pouch, were evaluated: nine with UC and nine with FAP. The activation of STAT-1 and cytokine expression were determined by immunoblot of total protein extracts from pouch mucosal biopsies. The absence of pouchitis was assessed by clinical, histological and endoscopic parameters, according to the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. The patients were not receiving any medication. Analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey-Kramer's test were applied. The local ethical committee approved the study and informed consent was signed by all participants. STAT-1 activation was increased in UC when compared to FAP and controls (P < 0.05). Higher levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma expression were observed in UC patients when compared to the control group (P < 0.05), but were similar to FAP. In contrast, cytokine signalling (SOCS-3) and interleukin (IL)-10 expression were similar in all groups (P > 0.05). These findings could explain the higher susceptibility to this inflammatory complication in UC when compared to FAP. A tendency towards increased levels of IFN-gamma and STAT-1 in patients with UC, even without clinical and endoscopic evidence of pouchitis, was observed; studying inflammatory activity in asymptomatic ileal pouches may help understanding of the pathogenesis of pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Leal
- Coloproctology Unit, Surgery Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Guillen-Ahlers H, Suckow MA, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Fas/CD95 deficiency in ApcMin/+ mice increases intestinal tumor burden. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9070. [PMID: 20140201 PMCID: PMC2816700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis family, is responsible for initiating the apoptotic pathway when bound to its ligand, Fas-L. Defects in the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway have been reported in colorectal cancer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, a variant of the Apc(Min/+) mouse, a model for the human condition, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), was generated with an additional deficiency of Fas (Apc(Min/+)/Fas(lpr)) by cross-breeding Apc(Min/+) mice with Fas deficient (Fas(lpr)) mice. One of the main limitations of the Apc(Min/+) mouse model is that it only develops benign polyps. However, Apc(Min/+)/Fas(lpr) mice presented with a dramatic increase in tumor burden relative to Apc(Min/+) mice and invasive lesions at advanced ages. Proliferation and apoptosis markers revealed an increase in cellular proliferation, but negligible changes in apoptosis, while p53 increased at early ages. Fas-L was lower in Apc(Min/+)/Fas(lpr) mice relative to Apc(Min/+) cohorts, which resulted in enhanced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that imposition of a Fas deletion in an Apc(Min/+) background results in a more aggressive phenotype of the Apc(Min/+) mouse model, with more rapid development of invasive intestinal tumors and a decrease in Fas-L levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Guillen-Ahlers
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A biomarker, according to a generally accepted definition, is a substance or a manifestation used as indicator of a biologic state. It has the characteristic to be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers are important tools available to the clinicians with escalating perspectives in oncologic field. Clinical and genetic biomarkers are essential to properly individuate the disease, to address patients to specific surveillance programs and therapeutic strategies. An ideal biomarker should be absent in normal tissue/condition but present in precancerous lesions like dysplasia and so able to recognize early cancer. Coming from these considerations, several of the known genetic pathways in cancer pathogenesis could be considerate potential candidate biomarkers. In this review, we have reported clinical and molecular biomarkers helpful to manage the Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), a dominantly inherited colorectal cancer predisposition syndrome. Biomarkers, both clinical and molecular, are essential to reduce the high potential morbidity of FAP giving the opportunity to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Signoroni
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumours, Preventive-Predictive Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Foundation, Milan, Italy
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Wang Y, Azuma Y, Friedman DB, Coffey RJ, Neufeld KL. Novel association of APC with intermediate filaments identified using a new versatile APC antibody. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:75. [PMID: 19845967 PMCID: PMC2774295 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a key player in suppression of colon tumorigenesis, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) has been widely studied to determine its cellular functions. However, inconsistencies of commercially available APC antibodies have limited the exploration of APC function. APC is implicated in spindle formation by direct interactions with tubulin and microtubule-binding protein EB1. APC also interacts with the actin cytoskeleton to regulate cell polarity. Until now, interaction of APC with the third cytoskeletal element, intermediate filaments, has remained unexamined. RESULTS We generated an APC antibody (APC-M2 pAb) raised against the 15 amino acid repeat region, and verified its reliability in applications including immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence in cultured cells and tissue. Utilizing this APC-M2 pAb, we immunoprecipitated endogenous APC and its binding proteins from colon epithelial cells expressing wild-type APC. Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified 42 proteins in complex with APC, including beta-catenin and intermediate filament (IF) proteins lamin B1 and keratin 81. Association of lamin B1 with APC in cultured cells and human colonic tissue was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and colocalization. APC also colocalized with keratins and remained associated with IF proteins throughout a sequential extraction procedure. CONCLUSION We introduce a versatile APC antibody that is useful for cell/tissue immunostaining, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. We also present evidence for interactions between APC and IFs, independent of actin filaments and microtubules. Our results suggest that APC associates with all three major components of the cytoskeleton, thus expanding potential roles for APC in the regulation of cytoskeletal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David B Friedman
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Gaspar C, Franken P, Molenaar L, Breukel C, van der Valk M, Smits R, Fodde R. A targeted constitutive mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene underlies mammary but not intestinal tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000547. [PMID: 19578404 PMCID: PMC2697381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominant hereditary predisposition to the development of multiple colorectal adenomas and of a broad spectrum of extra-intestinal tumors. Moreover, somatic APC mutations play a rate-limiting and initiating role in the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers. Notwithstanding its multifunctional nature, the main tumor suppressing activity of the APC gene resides in its ability to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Notably, genotype–phenotype correlations have been established at the APC gene between the length and stability of the truncated proteins encoded by different mutant alleles, the corresponding levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity they encode for, and the incidence and distribution of intestinal and extra-intestinal tumors. Here, we report a novel mouse model, Apc1572T, obtained by targeting a truncated mutation at codon 1572 in the endogenous Apc gene. This hypomorphic mutant allele results in intermediate levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation when compared with other Apc mutations associated with multifocal intestinal tumors. Notwithstanding the constitutive nature of the mutation, Apc+/1572T mice have no predisposition to intestinal cancer but develop multifocal mammary adenocarcinomas and subsequent pulmonary metastases in both genders. The histology of the Apc1572T primary mammary tumours is highly heterogeneous with luminal, myoepithelial, and squamous lineages and is reminiscent of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in humans. The striking phenotype of Apc+/1572T mice suggests that specific dosages of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity differentially affect tissue homeostasis and initiate tumorigenesis in an organ-specific fashion. Although signal transduction pathways are often described as “on–off” systems, the more quantitative aspects of signalling are likely to represent a very important means of regulation of the downstream biological outcomes. Mutations in members of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway represent among the most common defects in human cancers. However, it is yet unclear which factors determine tissue and organ specificity of the tumours arising upon Wnt constitutive activation. Previously, we have generated a series of hypomorphic alleles at the Apc tumor suppressor gene and showed that the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells is dependent on the dosage of Wnt/β-catenin signalling these mutants encode for. Likewise, analysis of the two mutational hits occurring at the Apc gene in human and mouse intestinal tumors showed that these are selected to retain specific residual dosages of β-catenin downregulation. Here, we provide further support for this “just-right” signalling model by targeting a germline Apc mutation encoding for very low levels of Wnt signalling activation when compared with other mutants known to trigger intestinal tumorigenesis. Notwithstanding the constitutive nature of this mutation, heterozygous mice show a remarkable and highly penetrant predisposition to multifocal and metastatic mammary cancers without the GI tract tumor phenotype characteristic of the majority of Apc mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gaspar
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Franken
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia Molenaar
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Breukel
- Human and Clinical Genetics Center, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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