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Bellotti C, Samudyata S, Thams S, Sellgren CM, Rostami E. Organoids and chimeras: the hopeful fusion transforming traumatic brain injury research. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:141. [PMID: 39215375 PMCID: PMC11363608 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Research in the field of traumatic brain injury has until now heavily relied on the use of animal models to identify potential therapeutic approaches. However, a long series of failed clinical trials has brought many scientists to question the translational reliability of pre-clinical results obtained in animals. The search for an alternative to conventional models that better replicate human pathology in traumatic brain injury is thus of the utmost importance for the field. Recently, orthotopic xenotransplantation of human brain organoids into living animal models has been achieved. This review summarizes the existing literature on this new method, focusing on its potential applications in preclinical research, both in the context of cell replacement therapy and disease modelling. Given the obvious advantages of this approach to study human pathologies in an in vivo context, we here critically review its current limitations while considering its possible applications in traumatic brain injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bellotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samudyata Samudyata
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Thams
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elham Rostami
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hong SJ, Bock M, Zhang S, An SB, Han I. Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Central Nervous System Organoids for Neural Reconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8540. [PMID: 39126108 PMCID: PMC11313261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) often leads to irreversible neurological deficits, and there are currently few effective treatments available. However, recent advancements in regenerative medicine have identified CNS organoids as promising therapeutic options for addressing CNS injuries. These organoids, composed of various neurons and supporting cells, have shown potential for direct repair at injury sites. CNS organoids resemble the structure and function of actual brain tissue, which allows them to adapt and function well within the physiological environment when transplanted into injury sites. Research findings suggest that CNS organoids can replace damaged neurons, form new neural connections, and promote neural recovery. This review highlights the emerging benefits, evaluates preclinical transplantation outcomes, and explores future strategies for optimizing neuroregeneration using CNS organoids. With continued research and technological advancements, these organoids could provide new hope for patients suffering from neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Hong
- Research Competency Milestones Program (RECOMP), School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsung Bock
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (S.Z.); (S.B.A.)
| | - Songzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (S.Z.); (S.B.A.)
| | - Seong Bae An
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (S.Z.); (S.B.A.)
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (S.Z.); (S.B.A.)
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Kim JT, Song K, Han SW, Youn DH, Jung H, Kim KS, Lee HJ, Hong JY, Cho YJ, Kang SM, Jeon JP. Modeling of the brain-lung axis using organoids in traumatic brain injury: an updated review. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:83. [PMID: 38909262 PMCID: PMC11193205 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is closely associated conditions of other organs, especially lungs as well as degree of brain injury. Even if there is no direct lung damage, severe brain injury can enhance sympathetic tones on blood vessels and vascular resistance, resulting in neurogenic pulmonary edema. Conversely, lung damage can worsen brain damage by dysregulating immunity. These findings suggest the importance of brain-lung axis interactions in TBI. However, little research has been conducted on the topic. An advanced disease model using stem cell technology may be an alternative for investigating the brain and lungs simultaneously but separately, as they can be potential candidates for improving the clinical outcomes of TBI.In this review, we describe the importance of brain-lung axis interactions in TBI by focusing on the concepts and reproducibility of brain and lung organoids in vitro. We also summarize recent research using pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids and their preclinical applications in various brain disease conditions and explore how they mimic the brain-lung axis. Reviewing the current status and discussing the limitations and potential perspectives in organoid research may offer a better understanding of pathophysiological interactions between the brain and lung after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Tae Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Song
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Han
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Youn
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Suh Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Bielanin JP, Metwally SAH, Paruchuri SS, Sun D. An overview of mild traumatic brain injuries and emerging therapeutic targets. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105655. [PMID: 38072207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
The majority of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), approximately 90%, are classified as mild (mTBIs). Globally, an estimated 4 million injuries occur each year from concussions or mTBIs, highlighting their significance as a public health crisis. TBIs can lead to substantial long-term health consequences, including an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease (PD), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and nearly doubling one's risk of suicide. However, the current management of mTBIs in clinical practice and the available treatment options are limited. There exists an unmet need for effective therapy. This review addresses various aspects of mTBIs based on the most up-to-date literature review, with the goal of stimulating translational research to identify new therapeutic targets and improve our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms. First, we provide a summary of mTBI symptomatology and current diagnostic parameters such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for classifying mTBIs or concussions, as well as the utility of alternative diagnostic parameters, including imaging techniques like MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and serum biomarkers such as S100B, NSE, GFAP, UCH-L1, NFL, and t-tau. Our review highlights several pre-clinical concussion models employed in the study of mTBIs and the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in mTBI-related pathogenesis, including axonal damage, demyelination, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Finally, we examine a selection of new therapeutic targets currently under investigation in pre-clinical models. These targets may hold promise for clinical translation and address the pressing need for more effective treatments for mTBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bielanin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shamseldin A H Metwally
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Satya S Paruchuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Urzì O, Gasparro R, Costanzo E, De Luca A, Giavaresi G, Fontana S, Alessandro R. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures: The Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12046. [PMID: 37569426 PMCID: PMC10419178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and signaling pathways as well as nuclear activities, the simplicity of this system does not fully reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of the in vivo systems. From this arises the need to use animals for experimental research and in vivo testing. Nevertheless, animal use in experimentation presents various aspects of complexity, such as ethical issues, which led Russell and Burch in 1959 to formulate the 3R (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) principle, underlying the urgent need to introduce non-animal-based methods in research. Considering this, three-dimensional (3D) models emerged in the scientific community as a bridge between in vitro and in vivo models, allowing for the achievement of cell differentiation and complexity while avoiding the use of animals in experimental research. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the most common methods to establish 3D cell culture and to discuss their promising applications. Three-dimensional cell cultures have been employed as models to study both organ physiology and diseases; moreover, they represent a valuable tool for studying many aspects of cancer. Finally, the possibility of using 3D models for drug screening and regenerative medicine paves the way for the development of new therapeutic opportunities for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Elisa Costanzo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Angela De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
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Kim JT, Cho SM, Youn DH, Hong EP, Park CH, Lee Y, Jung H, Jeon JP. Therapeutic Effect of a Hydrogel-based Neural Stem Cell Delivery Sheet for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00351-3. [PMID: 37356785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are no effective clinically applicable treatments for neuronal dysfunction after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a new delivery method of mouse neural stem cell (mNSC) spheroids using a hydrogel, in terms of improvement in damaged cortical lesions and cognitive impairment after mild TBI. METHODS mNSCs were isolated from the subventricular zone and subgranular zone by a hydrogel-based culture system. GFP-transduced mNSCs were generated into spheroids and wrapped into a sheet for transplantation. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation, TBI, TBI with mNSC spheroids, and TBI with mNSC spheroid sheet transplantation covering the damaged cortex. Histopathological and immunohistochemical features and cognitive function were evaluated 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation following TBI. RESULTS Hydrogel-based culture systems and mNSC isolation were successfully established from the adult mice. Essential transcription factors for NSCs, such as SOX2, PAX6, Olig2, nestin, and doublecortin (DCX), were highly expressed in the mNSCs. A transplanted hydrogel-based mNSC spheroid sheet showed good engraftment and survival ability, differentiated into TUJ1-positive neurons, promoted angiogenesis, and reduced neuronal degeneration. Also, TBI mice treated with mNSC spheroid sheet transplantation exhibited a significantly increased preference for a new object, suggesting improved cognitive function compared to the mNSC spheroids or no treatment groups. CONCLUSION Transplantation with a hydrogel-based mNSC spheroid sheet showed engraftment, migration, and stability of delivered cells in a hostile microenvironment after TBI, resulting in improved cognitive function via reconstruction of the damaged cortex. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This study presents the therapeutic effect of a new delivery method of mouse neural stem cells spheroids using a hydrogel, in terms of improvement in damaged cortical lesions and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury. Collagen/fibrin hydrogel allowed long-term survival and migratory ability of NSCs spheroids. Furthermore, transplanted hydrogel-based mNSCs spheroids sheet showed good engraftment, migration, and stability of delivered cells in a hostile microenvironment, resulting in reconstruction of the damaged cortex and improved cognitive function after TBI. Therefore, we suggest that a hydrogel-based mNSCs spheroids sheet could help to improve cognitive impairment after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Tae Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Youn
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Pyo Hong
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Younghyurk Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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