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Yamazoe Y, Yamamura Y, Yoshinari K. Construction of a fused grid-based CYP2C8-Template system and the application. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:100492. [PMID: 38609777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A ligand-accessible space in the CYP2C8 active site was reconstituted as a fused grid-based Template∗ with the use of structural data of the ligands. An evaluation system of CYP2C8-mediated metabolism has been developed on Template with the introduction of the idea of Trigger-residue initiated ligand-movement and fastening. Reciprocal comparison of the data of simulation on Template with experimental results suggested a unified way of the interaction of CYP2C8 and its ligands through the simultaneous plural-contact with Rear-wall of Template. CYP2C8 was expected to have a room for ligands between vertically standing parallel walls termed Facial-wall and Rear-wall. Both the walls were separated by a distance corresponding to 1.5-Ring (grid) diameter size, which was termed Width-gauge. The ligand sittings were stabilized through contacts with Facial-wall and the left-side borders of Template including specific Position 29, left-side border of Rings I/J, or Left-end, after Trigger-residue initiated ligand-movement. Trigger-residue movement is suggested to force ligands to stay firmly in the active site and then to initiate CYP2C8 reactions. Simulation experiments for over 350 reactions of CYP2C8 ligands supported the system established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiya Yamamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Non-Clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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2
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Yamamura Y, Yoshinari K, Yamazoe Y. Construction of a fused grid-based CYP2C19-Template system and the application. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:100481. [PMID: 36813636 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A ligand-accessible space in the CYP2C19 active site was reconstituted as a fused grid-based Template with the use of structural data of the ligands. An evaluation system of CYP2C19-mediated metabolism has been developed on Template with the introduction of the idea of Trigger-residue initiated ligand-movement and fastening. Reciprocal comparison of the data of simulation on Template with experimental results suggested a unified way of the interaction of CYP2C19 and its ligands through the simultaneous plural-contact with Rear-wall of Template. CYP2C19 was expected to have a room for ligands between vertically standing parallel walls termed Facial-wall and Rear-wall, which were separated by a distance corresponding to 1.5-Ring (grid) diameter size. The ligand sittings were stabilized through contacts with Facial-wall and the left-side borders of Template including specific Position 29 or Left-end after Trigger-residue initiated ligand-movement. Trigger-residue movement is suggested to force ligands to stay firmly in the active site and then to initiate CYP2C19 reactions. Simulation experiments for over 450 reactions of CYP2C19 ligands supported the system established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Yamamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Non-Clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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3
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Dawed AY, Haider E, Pearson ER. Precision Medicine in Diabetes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 280:107-129. [PMID: 35704097 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring treatment or management to groups of individuals based on specific clinical, molecular, and genomic features is the concept of precision medicine. Diabetes is highly heterogenous with respect to clinical manifestations, disease progression, development of complications, and drug response. The current practice for drug treatment is largely based on evidence from clinical trials that report average effects. However, around half of patients with type 2 diabetes do not achieve glycaemic targets despite having a high level of adherence and there are substantial differences in the incidence of adverse outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to identify predictive markers that can inform differential drug responses at the point of prescribing. Recent advances in molecular genetics and increased availability of real-world and randomised trial data have started to increase our understanding of disease heterogeneity and its impact on potential treatments for specific groups. Leveraging information from simple clinical features (age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, and co-prescribed medications) and genomic markers has a potential to identify sub-groups who are likely to benefit from a given drug with minimal adverse effects. In this chapter, we will discuss the state of current evidence in the discovery of clinical and genetic markers that have the potential to optimise drug treatment in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Y Dawed
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Eram Haider
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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Balhara A, Kumar AR, Unadkat JD. Predicting Human Fetal Drug Exposure Through Maternal-Fetal PBPK Modeling and In Vitro or Ex Vivo Studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S94-S114. [PMID: 36106781 PMCID: PMC9494623 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Medication (drug) use in human pregnancy is prevalent. Determining fetal safety and efficacy of drugs is logistically challenging. However, predicting (not measuring) fetal drug exposure (systemic and tissue) throughout pregnancy is possible through maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation. Such prediction can inform fetal drug safety and efficacy. Fetal drug exposure can be quantified in 2 complementary ways. First, the ratio of the steady-state unbound plasma concentration in the fetal plasma (or area under the plasma concentration-time curve) to the corresponding maternal plasma concentration (ie, Kp,uu ). Second, the maximum unbound peak (Cu,max,ss,f ) and trough (Cu,min,ss,f ) fetal steady-state plasma concentrations. We (and others) have developed a maternal-fetal PBPK model that can successfully predict maternal drug exposure. To predict fetal drug exposure, the model needs to be populated with drug specific parameters, of which transplacental clearances (active and/or passive) and placental/fetal metabolism of the drug are critical. Herein, we describe in vitro studies in cells/tissue fractions or the perfused human placenta that can be used to determine these drug-specific parameters. In addition, we provide examples whereby this approach has successfully predicted systemic fetal exposure to drugs that passively or actively cross the placenta. Apart from maternal-fetal PBPK models, animal studies also have the potential to estimate fetal drug exposure by allometric scaling. Whether such scaling will be successful is yet to be determined. Here, we review the above approaches to predict fetal drug exposure, outline gaps in our knowledge to make such predictions and map out future research directions that could fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya R Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Mehta D, Li M, Nakamura N, Chidambaram M, He X, Bryant MS, Patton R, Davis K, Fisher J. In vivo pharmacokinetic analyses of placental transfer of three drugs of different physicochemical properties in pregnant rats. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 111:194-203. [PMID: 35714934 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the use of medication during pregnancy is common, information on exposure to the developing fetus and potential teratogenic effects is often lacking. This study used a rat model to examine the placental transfer of three small-molecule drugs with molecular weights ranging from approximately 300 to 800 Da with different physicochemical properties. Time-mated Sprague Dawley (Hsd:SD) rats aged 11-13 weeks were administered either glyburide, rifaximin, or fentanyl at gestational day 15. Maternal blood, placentae, and fetuses were collected at 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h post-dose. To characterize the rate and extent of placental drug transfer, we calculated several pharmacokinetic parameters such as maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), half-life (t1/2), clearance (CL), and volume of distribution (Vd) for plasma, placenta, and fetus tissues. The results indicated showed that fetal exposure was lowest for glyburide, accounting for only 2.2 % of maternal plasma exposure as measured by their corresponding AUC ratio, followed by rifaximin (37.9 %) and fentanyl (172.4 %). The fetus/placenta AUC ratios were found to be 10.7 % for glyburide, 11.8 % for rifaximin, and 39.1 % for fentanyl. These findings suggest that although the placenta acts as a protective shield for the fetus, the extent of protection varies for different drugs and depends on factors such as molecular weight, lipid solubility, transporter-mediated efflux, and binding to maternal and fetal plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Mehta
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Miao Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Noriko Nakamura
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Mani Chidambaram
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Matthew S Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ralph Patton
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Kelly Davis
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fisher
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Construction of a fused grid-based template system of CYP2C9 and its application. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 45:100451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Asano D, Hamaue S, Zahir H, Shiozawa H, Nishiya Y, Kimura T, Kazui M, Yamamura N, Ikeguchi M, Shibayama T, Inoue SI, Shinozuka T, Watanabe T, Yahara C, Watanabe N, Yoshinari K. CYP2C8-Mediated Formation of a Human Disproportionate Metabolite of the Selective Na V1.7 Inhibitor DS-1971a, a Mixed Cytochrome P450 and Aldehyde Oxidase Substrate. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:235-242. [PMID: 34930785 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting human disproportionate metabolites is difficult, especially when drugs undergo species-specific metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450s (P450s) and/or non-P450 enzymes. This study assessed human metabolites of DS-1971a, a potent Nav1.7-selective blocker, by performing human mass balance studies and characterizing DS-1971a metabolites, in accordance with the Metabolites in Safety Testing (MIST) guidance. In addition, we investigated the mechanism by which the major human disproportionate metabolite (M1) was formed. After oral administration of radiolabeled DS-1971a, the major metabolites in human plasma were P450-mediated monoxidized metabolites M1 and M2 with area under the curve ratios of 27% and 10% of total drug-related exposure, respectively; the minor metabolites were dioxidized metabolites produced by aldehyde oxidase and P450s. By comparing exposure levels of M1 and M2 between humans and safety assessment animals, M1 but not M2 was found to be a human disproportionate metabolite, requiring further characterization under the MIST guidance. Incubation studies with human liver microsomes indicated that CYP2C8 was responsible for the formation of M1. Docking simulation indicated that, in the formation of M1 and M2, there would be hydrogen bonding and/or electrostatic interactions between the pyrimidine and sulfonamide moieties of DS-1971a and amino acid residues Ser100, Ile102, Ile106, Thr107, and Asn217 in CYP2C8, and that the cyclohexane ring of DS-1971a would be located near the heme iron of CYP2C8. These results clearly indicate that M1 is the predominant metabolite in humans and a human disproportionate metabolite due to species-specific differences in metabolism. Significance Statement This report is the first to show a human disproportionate metabolite generated by CYP2C8-mediated primary metabolism. We clearly demonstrate that DS-1971a, a mixed aldehyde oxidase and cytochrome P450 substrate, was predominantly metabolized by CYP2C8 to form M1, a human disproportionate metabolite. Species differences in the formation of M1 highlight the regio- and stereoselective metabolism by CYP2C8, and the proposed interaction between DS-1971a and CYP2C8 provides new knowledge of CYP2C8-mediated metabolism of cyclohexane-containing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Asano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Japan
| | | | | | - Hideyuki Shiozawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Yumi Nishiya
- Drug Metabolism&Pharacokinetics Research Labo, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Takahiro Shibayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Japan
| | | | | | | | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Japan
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Dawed AY, Yee SW, Zhou K, van Leeuwen N, Zhang Y, Siddiqui MK, Etheridge A, Innocenti F, Xu F, Li JH, Beulens JW, van der Heijden AA, Slieker RC, Chang YC, Mercader JM, Kaur V, Witte JS, Lee MTM, Kamatani Y, Momozawa Y, Kubo M, Palmer CN, Florez JC, Hedderson MM, ‘t Hart LM, Giacomini KM, Pearson ER. Genome-Wide Meta-analysis Identifies Genetic Variants Associated With Glycemic Response to Sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:2673-2682. [PMID: 34607834 PMCID: PMC8669535 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sulfonylureas, the first available drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes, remain widely prescribed today. However, there exists significant variability in glycemic response to treatment. We aimed to establish heritability of sulfonylurea response and identify genetic variants and interacting treatments associated with HbA1c reduction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS As an initiative of the Metformin Genetics Plus Consortium (MetGen Plus) and the DIabetes REsearCh on patient straTification (DIRECT) consortium, 5,485 White Europeans with type 2 diabetes treated with sulfonylureas were recruited from six referral centers in Europe and North America. We first estimated heritability using the generalized restricted maximum likelihood approach and then undertook genome-wide association studies of glycemic response to sulfonylureas measured as HbA1c reduction after 12 months of therapy followed by meta-analysis. These results were supported by acute glipizide challenge in humans who were naïve to type 2 diabetes medications, cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), and functional validation in cellular models. Finally, we examined for possible drug-drug-gene interactions. RESULTS After establishing that sulfonylurea response is heritable (mean ± SEM 37 ± 11%), we identified two independent loci near the GXYLT1 and SLCO1B1 genes associated with HbA1c reduction at a genome-wide scale (P < 5 × 10-8). The C allele at rs1234032, near GXYLT1, was associated with 0.14% (1.5 mmol/mol), P = 2.39 × 10-8), lower reduction in HbA1c. Similarly, the C allele was associated with higher glucose trough levels (β = 1.61, P = 0.005) in healthy volunteers in the SUGAR-MGH given glipizide (N = 857). In 3,029 human whole blood samples, the C allele is a cis eQTL for increased expression of GXYLT1 (β = 0.21, P = 2.04 × 10-58). The C allele of rs10770791, in an intronic region of SLCO1B1, was associated with 0.11% (1.2 mmol/mol) greater reduction in HbA1c (P = 4.80 × 10-8). In 1,183 human liver samples, the C allele at rs10770791 is a cis eQTL for reduced SLCO1B1 expression (P = 1.61 × 10-7), which, together with functional studies in cells expressing SLCO1B1, supports a key role for hepatic SLCO1B1 (encoding OATP1B1) in regulation of sulfonylurea transport. Further, a significant interaction between statin use and SLCO1B1 genotype was observed (P = 0.001). In statin nonusers, C allele homozygotes at rs10770791 had a large absolute reduction in HbA1c (0.48 ± 0.12% [5.2 ± 1.26 mmol/mol]), equivalent to that associated with initiation of a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS We have identified clinically important genetic effects at genome-wide levels of significance, and important drug-drug-gene interactions, which include commonly prescribed statins. With increasing availability of genetic data embedded in clinical records these findings will be important in prescribing glucose-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Y. Dawed
- Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Nienke van Leeuwen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | - Moneeza K. Siddiqui
- Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Amy Etheridge
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Federico Innocenti
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fei Xu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Josephine H. Li
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Joline W. Beulens
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amber A. van der Heijden
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick C. Slieker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Josep M. Mercader
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Varinderpal Kaur
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Monique M. Hedderson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Leen M. ‘t Hart
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen M. Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ewan R. Pearson
- Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
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Bin Jardan YA, Ahad A, Raish M, Ahmad A, Alam MA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI. Assessment of glibenclamide pharmacokinetics in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:719-723. [PMID: 34400867 PMCID: PMC8347666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to describe the consequences of hyperlipidemia (HL) on the pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide (Gb) in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Rats were given intraperitoneal dose of poloxamer 407 to cause hyperlipidemia. A single oral dose of Gb (10 mg/Kg) was given to normal and HL rats. The Cmax and tmax after oral dose of Gb in normal rats were 340.10 µg/ml and 3.67 h, respectively. Whereas, the Cmax and tmax after oral dose of Gb in HL rats were noted as 773.39 µg/ml and 2.50 h respectively. The AUC value of Gb was found considerably higher in the HL rats. While the plasma clearance (CL) after oral dose of Gb was 2.53 ml/h and 1.39 ml/h in normal and HL rats respectively. The improved plasma concentration of Gb following oral dosing in rats with HL seems to be due to a direct influence on hepatic clearance or metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, the Gb pharmacokinetics was considerably affected by the HL in rats. Such findings play an important role for predicting the alterations in the pharmacokinetics of drugs including GB, in cases having hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Mohizea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Ren Z, Bremer AA, Pawlyk AC. Drug development research in pregnant and lactating women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:33-42. [PMID: 33887238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.04.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant and lactating women are considered "therapeutic orphans" because they generally have been excluded from clinical drug research and the drug development process owing to legal, ethical, and safety concerns. Most medications prescribed for pregnant and lactating women are used "off-label" because most of the clinical approved medications do not have appropriate drug labeling information for pregnant and lactating women. Medications that lack human safety data on use during pregnancy and lactation may pose potential risks for adverse effects in pregnant and lactating women as well as risks of teratogenic effects to their unborn and newborn babies. Federal policy requiring the inclusion of women in clinical research and trials led to considerable changes in research design and practice. Despite more women being included in clinical research and trials, the inclusion of pregnant and lactating women in drug research and clinical trials remains limited. A recent revision to the "Common Rule" that removed pregnant women from the classification as a "vulnerable" population may change the culture of drug research and drug development in pregnant and lactating women. This review article provides an overview of medications studied by the Obstetric-Fetal Pharmacology Research Units Network and Centers and describes the challenges in current obstetrical pharmacology research and alternative strategies for future research in precision therapeutics in pregnant and lactating women. Implementation of the recommendations of the Task Force on Research Specific to Pregnant Women and Lactating Women can provide legislative requirements and opportunities for research focused on pregnant and lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Ren
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD; Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aaron C Pawlyk
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
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11
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Matsumoto S, Uehara S, Kamimura H, Ikeda H, Maeda S, Hattori M, Nishiwaki M, Kato K, Yamazaki H. Human total clearance values and volumes of distribution of typical human cytochrome P450 2C9/19 substrates predicted by single-species allometric scaling using pharmacokinetic data sets from common marmosets genotyped for P450 2C19. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:479-493. [PMID: 33455494 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1871113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that genetically lack cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). Polymorphic marmoset CYP2C19 compensates by mediating oxidations of typical human CYP2C9/19 substrates.Twenty-four probe substrates were intravenously administered in combinations to marmosets assigned to extensive or poor metaboliser (PM) groups by CYP2C19 genotyping. Eliminations from plasma of cilomilast, phenytoin, repaglinide, tolbutamide, and S-warfarin in the CYP2C19 PM group were significantly slow; these drugs are known substrates of human CYP2C8/9/19.Human total clearance values and volumes of distribution of the 24 test compounds were extrapolated using single-species allometric scaling with experimental data from marmosets and found to be mostly comparable with the reported values.Human total clearance values and volumes of distribution of 15 of the 24 test compounds similarly extrapolated using reported data sets from cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys were comparable to the present predicted results, especially to those based on data from PM marmosets.These results suggest that single-species allometric scaling using marmosets, being small, has advantages over multiple-species-based allometry and could be applicable for pharmacokinetic predictions at the discovery stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matsumoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Labs., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kamimura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Business Promotion Dept., CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Tokyo Animal & Diet Dept., CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Yaotsu Breeding Center, CLEA Japan, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Megumi Nishiwaki
- Fuji Technical Service Center, CLEA Japan, Inc.., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Labs., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Shakkour Z, Habashy KJ, Berro M, Takkoush S, Abdelhady S, Koleilat N, Eid AH, Zibara K, Obeid M, Shear D, Mondello S, Wang KK, Kobeissy F. Drug Repurposing in Neurological Disorders: Implications for Neurotherapy in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:620-649. [PMID: 33089741 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420961078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant leading cause of death and disability among adults and children globally. To date, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that can substantially attenuate the sequelae of TBI. The innumerable challenges faced by the conventional de novo discovery of new pharmacological agents led to the emergence of alternative paradigm, which is drug repurposing. Repurposing of existing drugs with well-characterized mechanisms of action and human safety profiles is believed to be a promising strategy for novel drug use. Compared to the conventional discovery pathways, drug repurposing is less costly, relatively rapid, and poses minimal risk of the adverse outcomes to study on participants. In recent years, drug repurposing has covered a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders including brain injury. This review highlights the advances in drug repurposing and presents some of the promising candidate drugs for potential TBI treatment along with their possible mechanisms of neuroprotection. Edaravone, glyburide, ceftriaxone, levetiracetam, and progesterone have been selected due to their potential role as putative TBI neurotherapeutic agents. These drugs are Food and Drug Administration-approved for purposes other than brain injuries; however, preclinical and clinical studies have shown their efficacy in ameliorating the various detrimental outcomes of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Moussa Berro
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samira Takkoush
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nadia Koleilat
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Makram Obeid
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Yamazoe Y, Tohkin M. Development of template systems for ligand interactions of CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 and their distinctions from CYP3A4 template. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 38:100357. [PMID: 33866277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Starting from established CYP3A4 Template (DMPK. 2019, and 2020), CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 Templates have been constructed to be reliable tools for verification of their distinct catalytic properties. A distinct occupancy was observed on CYP3A4-selective ligands, but not on the non-selective ligands, in simulation experiments. These ligands often invade into Bay-1 region during the migration from Entrance to Site of oxidation in simulation experiments. These results offered an idea of the distinct localization of Bay-1 residue on CYP3A5 Template, in which the Bay-1 residue stayed closely to Template border. The idea also accounted for the higher oxidation rates of CYP3A5, than of CYP3A4, of noscapine and schisantherin E through their enhanced sitting-stabilization. Typical CYP3A7 substrates such as zonisamide and retinoic acids took their placements without occupying a left side region of Template for their metabolisms. In turn, the occupancies of the left-side region were inevitably observed among poor ligands of CYP3A7. Altered extent of IJK-Interaction or localization of a specific residue at the left-side would thus explain distinct catalytic properties of CYP3A7 on Template. These data suggest the alteration of each one of Template region, from CYP3A4 Template, led to the distinct catalytic properties of CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Tohkin
- Regulatory Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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Singh A, Zhao K, Bell C, Shah AJ. Effect of berberine on in vitro metabolism of sulfonylureas: A herb-drug interactions study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 4:e8651. [PMID: 31721320 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients with type 2 diabetes may co-ingest herbal and prescription medicines to control their blood sugar levels. Competitive binding of drug and herb may mutually affect their metabolism. This can alter the level of drug and its kinetics in the body, potentially causing toxicities or loss of efficacy. Understanding how the metabolism of sulfonylureas like glyburide and gliclazide can be affected by the presence of berberine and vice versa can provide valuable information on the possible risk of toxicities caused by co-ingestion of drugs. METHODS Berberine and sulfonylureas (glyburide and gliclazide) were co-incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of a NADPH-regenerating system. The metabolites of berberine and sulfonylureas were analysed using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. The role of individual isozymes in the metabolism of berberine, glyburide and gliclazide was investigated by using specific inhibitors. RESULTS In vitro metabolism of berberine led to the formation of demethyleneberberine (B1a) and its isomer B1b through demethylenation. Berberrubine (B2a) and its isomer B2b were formed through demethylation. The isozymes CYP3A and CYP2D were found to be involved in the metabolism of berberine. In vitro metabolism of glyburide and gliclazide led to the formation of hydroxylated metabolites. The isozymes CYP3A and CYP2C were found to be involved in the metabolism of glyburide. Gliclazide was metabolised by CYP2C. In vitro co-incubation of glyburide or gliclazide with berberine showed that each drug's metabolism was compromised as they share a common isozyme. A strong negative linear correlation of glyburide or gliclazide metabolite levels and the concentration of berberine confirmed the effect of berberine on the metabolism of sulfonylureas. CONCLUSIONS The metabolism of sulfonylureas and berberine was affected when these compounds were co-incubated with each other. This may be attributable to competitive binding of the herb and drug to the catalytic sites of the same isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrinder Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Kaicun Zhao
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Celia Bell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Ajit J Shah
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
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Bozcaarmutlu A, Sapmaz C, Bozdoğan Ö, Kükner A, Kılınç L, Kaya ST, Özarslan OT, Ekşioğlu D. The effect of co-administration of berberine, resveratrol, and glibenclamide on xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in diabetic rat liver. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:990-998. [PMID: 32762264 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1802475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is possible to use plant-derived antioxidant molecules in the form of dietary supplements. However, dietary supplement-drug interaction pattern has not been well defined for most of these products. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of berberine, resveratrol, and glibenclamide on xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin was administered to create experimental diabetes. Resveratrol (5 mg/kg) (R), glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) (G), and berberine (10 mg/kg) (B) were administered individually or in combinations in DMSO by intraperitoneal administration route to the diabetic rats. DMSO was also given to non-diabetic control (C) and diabetic control (D) groups. Livers of rats were taken under anesthesia at the end of the treatment period (12 days). Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD), aniline 4-hydroxylase (A4H), erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were measured in microsomes and cytosols. In addition, histomorphological studies were also performed in the liver tissues. EROD activity of D+R was significantly higher than C and D+R+B. PROD activity of D+R was significantly higher than C, D, D+R+G, D+R+B, and D+R+B+ G. PROD activity of D+B was significantly higher than C and D+R+B. ERND activity of D+R was significantly higher than D+R+G and D+R+B. GST activity of D+R was significantly higher than D+R+G. CAT activity of D+B was significantly lower than C. It is clear that co-administration of resveratrol, berberine, and glibenclamide modifies some of the important xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities. Resveratrol and berberine have the potential to cause dietary supplement-drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Bozcaarmutlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Canan Sapmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ömer Bozdoğan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Aysel Kükner
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Leyla Kılınç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Salih Tunç Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Oğulcan Talat Özarslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Didem Ekşioğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Lai JH, Wang MT, Wu CC, Huang YL, Lu CH, Liou JT. Risk of severe hypoglycemic events from amiodarone-sulfonylureas interactions: A population-based nested case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020; 29:842-853. [PMID: 32483856 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether concomitant use of amiodarone and sulfonylureas is associated with an increased risk of serious hypoglycemia. METHODS We conducted two nested case-control studies by analyzing the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2008 to 2013 among diabetic patients continuously receiving sulfonylureas. Cases were defined as patients with severe hypoglycemia and those with a composite outcome of severe hypoglycemia, altered consciousness, and fall-related fracture in the first and second study, respectively. In both studies, each case was individually matched up to 10 randomly-selected controls. Conditional logistic regressions were employed to estimate odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS We identified 1343 cases and 11 597 controls as well as 2848 cases of composite events and 24 808 controls among 46 317 sulfonylurea users. Concurrent use of amiodarone with sulfonylureas was associated with a 1.56-fold (95% CI: 0.98-2.46) increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, despite not statistically significant. Notably, an approximately 2-fold increased risk of severe hypoglycemia was observed with amiodarone therapy lasting for >180 days (adjusted OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.01-4.30) or at a daily dose greater than 1 defined daily dose (adjusted OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.25-3.91) when concurrently administrating sulfonylureas. A significantly increased risk of hypoglycemia-related composite events was also found with amiodarone concurrently used with sulfonylureas (adjusted OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24). CONCLUSIONS Concurrent use of amiodarone and sulfonylureas is associated with an increased risk of serious hypoglycemia among diabetic patients, with an elevated risk for amiodarone used in a long-term or at a high daily dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Heng Lai
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hua Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Ting Liou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Blanco-Castañeda R, Galaviz-Hernández C, Souto PCS, Lima VV, Giachini FR, Escudero C, Damiano AE, Barragán-Zúñiga LJ, Martínez-Aguilar G, Sosa-Macías M. The role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the placenta: a growing research field. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:247-263. [PMID: 32129110 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1733412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The placenta is a temporary and unique organ that allows for the physical connection between a mother and fetus; this organ regulates the transport of gases and nutrients mediating the elimination of waste products contained in the fetal circulation. The placenta performs metabolic and excretion functions, on the basis of multiple enzymatic systems responsible for the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation of xenobiotics. These mechanisms give the placenta a protective role that limits the fetal exposure to harmful compounds. During pregnancy, some diseases require uninterrupted treatment even if it is detrimental to the fetus. Drugs and other xenobiotics alter gene expression in the placenta with repercussions for the fetus and mother's well-being.Areas covered: This review provides a brief description of the human placental structure and function, the main drug and xenobiotic transporters and metabolizing enzymes, placenta-metabolized substrates, and alterations in gene expression that the exposure to xenobiotics may cause.Expert opinion: Research should be focused on the identification and validation of biological markers for the assessment of the harmful effects of some drugs in pregnancy, including the evaluation of polymorphisms and methylation patterns in chorionic villous samples and/or amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula C S Souto
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT) Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health) Basic Sciences Department Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Del Bio-Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - Alicia E Damiano
- Laboratorio De Biología De La Reproducción, IFIBIO Houssay-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad De Farmacia Y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, UBA, Argentina
| | | | - Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar
- Unidad De Investigación Biomédica - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Durango, Durango, México
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CIIDIR Durango, Durango, Mexico
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Challenges to assess substrate-dependent allelic effects in CYP450 enzymes and the potential clinical implications. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 19:501-515. [DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Middha SK, Usha T, Basistha BC, Goyal AK. Amelioration of antioxidant potential, toxicity, and antihyperglycemic activity of Hippophae salicifolia D. Don leaf extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:308. [PMID: 31355117 PMCID: PMC6661051 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of several plant extracts in the clinical research for modulating oxidative stress correlated with diabetes mellitus (DM) is well documented. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity, toxicity, and anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hippophae salicifolia leaves in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. H. salicifolia leaves were found to be rich in antioxidants. The acute toxicity test of methanolic extract of H. salicifolia leaves revealed that the median lethal dose (LD50) was found to be 3.92 g/kg body weight in mice. Administration of H. salicifolia leaves at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in alloxan-induced diabetic rats illustrated significant reduction (22% and 39%, respectively) in fasting blood glucose compared to diabetic control. Both the doses were found to be effective when compared to diabetic rats. The Hippophae-treated diabetic rats showed significant increase in the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (50% and 74%, respectively), glutathione peroxidase (57% and 41%, respectively) and decrease in malondialdehyde (33% and 15%, respectively) levels. These results suggested that the methanolic leaf extract of H. salicifolia enhanced the antioxidant defence against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycaemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Middha
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Malleswaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Talambedu Usha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bangalore University, Sneha Bhavana, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 5600056 India
| | | | - Arvind Kumar Goyal
- Centre for Bamboo Studies and Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Bodoland Territorial Area Districts (BTAD), Kokrajhar, Assam 783370 India
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Russo FM, Conings S, Allegaert K, Van Mieghem T, Toelen J, Van Calsteren K, Annaert P, Deprest J. Sildenafil crosses the placenta at therapeutic levels in a dually perfused human cotyledon model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219:619.e1-619.e10. [PMID: 30194048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sildenafil already is administered during gestation in patients with pulmonary hypertension and is under evaluation as a treatment for several pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Animal studies have shown a potential therapeutic effect of the drug in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, rescuing peripheral pulmonary vasculature, and airway phenotype. When considering this drug for evaluation in a clinical trial, data on effective human placental drug passage are required. OBJECTIVE We quantified transplacental passage of sildenafil in the ex vivo dually perfused cotyledon model. STUDY DESIGN Six placentas that were collected after term delivery from healthy volunteers were cannulated and perfused dually. Sildenafil citrate was added to the maternal circulation at 2 different concentrations: 500 ng/mL, which represented the maximum tolerated concentration (n=3), and 50 ng/mL, which represented the therapeutic concentration (n=3). Samples were collected from both the fetal and the maternal reservoir at 0, 6, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes; the concentrations of sildenafil and its metabolite desmethyl-sildenafil were determined with the use of high performance liquid chromatography. The fetal/maternal concentration ratio was calculated for each timepoint. Transfer clearance was calculated as the rate of maternal to fetal passage/maternal concentration. RESULTS Sildenafil crossed the placenta at both maximal and therapeutic concentrations. Maternal and fetal levels reached a plateau at 90-120 minutes. Transfer clearance was the highest during the first hour of perfusion: 3.15 mL/min (range, 2.14-3.19 mL/min) for the maximum tolerated concentration and 3.07mL/min (range, 2.75-3.42 mL/min) for the therapeutic concentration (not significant). The fetomaternal concentration ratio significantly increased over time, up to 0.91±0.16 for the maximal concentration and 0.95±0.22 for the therapeutic concentration at the end of the perfusion (not significant). Desmethyl-sildenafil was not detected in any sample. CONCLUSION Sildenafil crosses the term placenta at a relatively high rate ex vivo, which suggests that there is sufficient placental transfer to reach clinically active fetal drug levels at the currently used maternal doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Russo
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Conings
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Van Mieghem
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Fetal Medicine Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Van Calsteren
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, the Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- Cluster Woman and Child, the Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Women's Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Fujino R, Hashizume K, Aoyama S, Maeda K, Ito K, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Ninomiya SI, Sugiyama Y. Strategies to improve the prediction accuracy of hepatic intrinsic clearance of three antidiabetic drugs: Application of the extended clearance concept and consideration of the effect of albumin on CYP2C metabolism and OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:181-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Storelli F, Samer C, Reny JL, Desmeules J, Daali Y. Complex Drug-Drug-Gene-Disease Interactions Involving Cytochromes P450: Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Clinical Perspectives. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1267-1293. [PMID: 29667038 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug pharmacokinetics (PK) is influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, among which concomitant medications are responsible for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may have a clinical relevance, resulting in adverse drug reactions or reduced efficacy. The addition of intrinsic factors affecting cytochromes P450 (CYPs) activity and/or expression, such as genetic polymorphisms and diseases, may potentiate the impact and clinical relevance of DDIs. In addition, greater variability in drug levels and exposures has been observed when such intrinsic factors are present in addition to concomitant medications perpetrating DDIs. This variability results in poor predictability of DDIs and potentially dramatic clinical consequences. The present review illustrates the issue of complex DDIs using systematically searched published case reports of DDIs involving genetic polymorphisms, renal impairment, cirrhosis, and/or inflammation. Current knowledge on the impact of each of these factors on drug exposure and DDIs is summarized and future perspectives for the management of such complex DDIs in clinical practice are discussed, including the use of advanced Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) systems, the development of model-based dose optimization strategies, and the education of healthcare professionals with respect to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Storelli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Samer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Reny
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva-Lausanne School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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23
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Abstract
As a result of an increasing aging population, the number of individuals taking multiple medications simultaneously has grown considerably. For these individuals, taking multiple medications has increased the risk of undesirable drug–drug interactions (DDIs), which can cause serious and debilitating adverse drug reactions (ADRs). A comprehensive understanding of DDIs is needed to combat these deleterious outcomes. This review provides a synopsis of the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) mechanisms that underlie DDIs. PK-mediated DDIs affect all aspects of drug disposition: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). In this review, the cells that play a major role in ADME and have been investigated for DDIs are discussed. Key examples of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters that are involved in DDIs and found in these cells are described. The effect of inhibiting or inducing these proteins through DDIs on the PK parameters is also reviewed. Despite most DDI studies being focused on the PK effects, DDIs through PD can also lead to significant and harmful effects. Therefore, this review outlines specific examples and describes the additive, synergistic and antagonistic mechanisms of PD-mediated DDIs. The effects DDIs on the maximum PD response (Emax) and the drug dose or concentration (EDEC50) that lead to 50% of Emax are also examined. Significant gaps in our understanding of DDIs remain, so innovative and emerging approaches are critical for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Roberts
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,
| | - Morgan E Gibbs
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA,
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24
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Nam YH, Brensinger CM, Bilker WB, Leonard CE, Han X, Hennessy S. Serious Hypoglycemia and Use of Warfarin in Combination With Sulfonylureas or Metformin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 105:210-218. [PMID: 29885251 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that warfarin, when given concomitantly with some sulfonylureas, may increase the risk of serious hypoglycemia. However, the clinical significance remains unclear. We examined rate ratios (RRs) for the association between serious hypoglycemia and concomitant use of warfarin with either sulfonylureas or metformin using a self-controlled case series design and US Medicaid claims (supplemented with Medicare claims) from 1999 to 2011. Across all risk windows combined, warfarin was associated with an elevated rate of serious hypoglycemia when given concomitantly with glimepiride (RR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.02) and metformin (RR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.38-2.16). Particularly in the late risk window (>120 days since beginning concomitancy), most of the RRs for warfarin were elevated: glipizide (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.29-2.29), glyburide (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.15-2.15), metformin (RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.67-3.05), and glimepiride (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.97-2.50). These results are consistent with a previously hypothesized hypoglycemic effect of warfarin in patients with type 2 diabetes through inhibition of the carboxylation of osteocalcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Nam
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colleen M Brensinger
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Warren B Bilker
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles E Leonard
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xu Han
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean Hennessy
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Asaumi R, Toshimoto K, Tobe Y, Hashizume K, Nunoya K, Imawaka H, Lee W, Sugiyama Y. Comprehensive PBPK Model of Rifampicin for Quantitative Prediction of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions: CYP3A/2C9 Induction and OATP Inhibition Effects. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018; 7:186-196. [PMID: 29368402 PMCID: PMC5869557 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampicin that can accurately and quantitatively predict complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving its saturable hepatic uptake and auto-induction. Using in silico and in vitro parameters, and reported clinical pharmacokinetic data, rifampicin PBPK model was built and relevant parameters for saturable hepatic uptake and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) auto-induction were optimized by fitting. The parameters for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and CYP2C9 induction by rifampicin were similarly optimized using clinical DDI data with midazolam and tolbutamide as probe substrates, respectively. For validation, our current PBPK model was applied to simulate complex DDIs with glibenclamide (a substrate of CYP3A/2C9 and hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)). Simulated results were in quite good accordance with the observed data. Altogether, our constructed PBPK model of rifampicin demonstrates the robustness and utility in quantitatively predicting CYP3A/2C9 induction-mediated and/or OATP inhibition-mediated DDIs with victim drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Asaumi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama LaboratoryRIKEN Innovation Center, RIKENYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshifusa Tobe
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kenta Hashizume
- Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd.IbarakiJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama LaboratoryRIKEN Innovation Center, RIKENYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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26
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The Placental Barrier: the Gate and the Fate in Drug Distribution. Pharm Res 2018; 35:71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Li R, Bi YA, Vildhede A, Scialis RJ, Mathialagan S, Yang X, Marroquin LD, Lin J, Varma MVS. Transporter-Mediated Disposition, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Cholestatic Potential of Glyburide and Its Primary Active Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:737-747. [PMID: 28438781 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyburide is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We studied the mechanisms involved in the disposition of glyburide and its pharmacologically active hydroxy metabolites M1 and M2b and evaluated their clinical pharmacokinetics and the potential role in glyburide-induced cholestasis employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Transport studies of parent and metabolites in human hepatocytes and transfected cell systems imply hepatic uptake mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Metabolites are also subjected to basolateral and biliary efflux by P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and are substrates to renal organic anion transporter 3. A PBPK model in combination with a Bayesian approach was developed considering the identified disposition mechanisms. The model reasonably described plasma concentration time profiles and urinary recoveries of glyburide and the metabolites, implying the role of multiple transport processes in their pharmacokinetics. Predicted free liver concentrations of the parent (∼30-fold) and metabolites (∼4-fold) were higher than their free plasma concentrations. Finally, all three compounds showed bile salt export pump inhibition in vitro; however, significant in vivo inhibition was not apparent for any compound on the basis of a predicted unbound liver exposure-response effect model using measured in vitro IC50 values. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important role of multiple drug transporters in the disposition of glyburide and its active metabolites, suggesting that variability in the function of these processes may lead to pharmacokinetic variability in the parent and the metabolites, potentially translating to pharmacodynamic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Renato J Scialis
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Lisa D Marroquin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
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28
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Vanhove T, Remijsen Q, Kuypers D, Gillard P. Drug-drug interactions between immunosuppressants and antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 31:69-77. [PMID: 27665059 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant diabetes mellitus is a frequent complication of solid organ transplantation that generally requires treatment with lifestyle interventions and antidiabetic medication. A number of demonstrated and potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) exist between commonly used immunosuppressants and antidiabetic drugs, which are comprehensively summarized in this review. Cyclosporine (CsA) itself inhibits the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 enzyme and a variety of drug transporters. As a result, it increases exposure to repaglinide and sitagliptin, will likely increase the exposure to nateglinide, glyburide, saxagliptin, vildagliptin and alogliptin, and could theoretically increase the exposure to gliquidone and several sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors. Currently available data, although limited, suggest that these increases are modest and, particularly with regard to gliptins and SGLT-2 inhibitors, unlikely to result in hypoglycemia. The interaction with repaglinide is more pronounced but does not preclude concomitant use if repaglinide dose is gradually titrated. Mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine do not engage in DDIs with any antidiabetic drug. Although calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) are intrinsically prone to DDIs, their disposition is not influenced by metformin, pioglitazone, sulfonylureas (except possibly glyburide) or insulin. An effect of gliptins on the disposition of CNIs and mTORi is unlikely, but has not been definitively ruled out. Based on their disposition profiles, glyburide and canagliflozin could affect CNI and mTORi disposition although this requires further study. Finally, delayed gastric emptying as a result of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists seems to have a limited, but not necessarily negligible effect on CNI disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhove
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, and Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Quinten Remijsen
- Department of Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca BeLux, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Kuypers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, and Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Laboratory and Clinic of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, and Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:168-241. [PMID: 26721703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 has emerged as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. CYP2C8 is highly expressed in human liver and is known to metabolize more than 100 drugs. CYP2C8 substrate drugs include amodiaquine, cerivastatin, dasabuvir, enzalutamide, imatinib, loperamide, montelukast, paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rosiglitazone, and the number is increasing. Similarly, many drugs have been identified as CYP2C8 inhibitors or inducers. In vivo, already a small dose of gemfibrozil, i.e., 10% of its therapeutic dose, is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of CYP2C8. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that the acyl-β-glucuronides of gemfibrozil and clopidogrel cause metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP2C8, leading to a strong potential for drug interactions. Also several other glucuronide metabolites interact with CYP2C8 as substrates or inhibitors, suggesting that an interplay between CYP2C8 and glucuronides is common. Lack of fully selective and safe probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers challenges execution and interpretation of drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Apart from drug-drug interactions, some CYP2C8 genetic variants are associated with altered CYP2C8 activity and exhibit significant interethnic frequency differences. Herein, we review the current knowledge on substrates, inhibitors, inducers, and pharmacogenetics of CYP2C8, as well as its role in clinically relevant drug interactions. In addition, implications for selection of CYP2C8 marker and perpetrator drugs to investigate CYP2C8-mediated drug metabolism and interactions in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
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30
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Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of glibenclamide tablet given, off label, orally to children suffering from neonatal syndromic hyperglycemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:1373-1379. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Zhou X, Rougée LRA, Bedwell DW, Cramer JW, Mohutsky MA, Calvert NA, Moulton RD, Cassidy KC, Yumibe NP, Adams LA, Ruterbories KJ. Difference in the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatic Metabolism of Antidiabetic Drugs in Zucker Diabetic Fatty and Sprague-Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1184-92. [PMID: 27217490 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, an inbred strain of obese Zucker fatty rat, develops early onset of insulin resistance and displays hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The phenotypic changes resemble human type 2 diabetes associated with obesity and therefore the strain is used as a pharmacological model for type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and hepatic metabolism in male ZDF and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of five antidiabetic drugs that are known to be cleared via various mechanisms. Among the drugs examined, metformin, cleared through renal excretion, and rosiglitazone, metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 2C, did not exhibit differences in the plasma clearance in ZDF and SD rats. In contrast, glibenclamide, metabolized by hepatic CYP3A, canagliflozin, metabolized mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), and troglitazone, metabolized by sulfotransferase and UGT, exhibited significantly lower plasma clearance in ZDF than in SD rats after a single intravenous administration. To elucidate the mechanisms for the difference in the drug clearance, studies were performed to characterize the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes using liver S9 fractions from the two strains. The results revealed that the activity for CYP3A and UGT was decreased in ZDF rats using the probe substrates, and decreased unbound intrinsic clearance in vitro for glibenclamide, canagliflozin, and troglitazone was consistent with lower plasma clearance in vivo. The difference in pharmacokinetics of these two strains may complicate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlations, given that ZDF is used as a pharmacological model, and SD rat as the pharmacokinetics and toxicology strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Luc R A Rougée
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David W Bedwell
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeff W Cramer
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan A Calvert
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard D Moulton
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth C Cassidy
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan P Yumibe
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa A Adams
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth J Ruterbories
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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32
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Leonard CE, Bilker WB, Brensinger CM, Han X, Flory JH, Flockhart DA, Gagne JJ, Cardillo S, Hennessy S. Severe hypoglycemia in users of sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents and antihyperlipidemics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 99:538-47. [PMID: 26566262 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions causing severe hypoglycemia due to antidiabetic drugs is a major clinical and public health problem. We assessed whether sulfonylurea use with a statin or fibrate was associated with severe hypoglycemia. We conducted cohort studies of users of glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride plus a statin or fibrate within a Medicaid population. The outcome was a validated, diagnosis-based algorithm for severe hypoglycemia. Among 592,872 persons newly exposed to a sulfonylurea+antihyperlipidemic, the incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 5.8/100 person-years. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for sulfonylurea+statins were consistent with no association. Most overall HRs for sulfonylurea+fibrate were elevated, with sulfonylurea-specific adjusted HRs as large as 1.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-1.81) for glyburide+gemfibrozil, 1.37 (95% CI: 1.11-1.69) for glipizide+gemfibrozil, and 1.63 (95% CI: 1.29-2.06) for glimepiride+fenofibrate. Concomitant therapy with a sulfonylurea and fibrate is associated with an often delayed increased rate of severe hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Leonard
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W B Bilker
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C M Brensinger
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - X Han
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J H Flory
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Division of Comparative Effectiveness, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - D A Flockhart
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - J J Gagne
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Cardillo
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S Hennessy
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Schelleman H, Han X, Brensinger CM, Quinney SK, Bilker WB, Flockhart DA, Li L, Hennessy S. Pharmacoepidemiologic and in vitro evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions of sulfonylureas with fibrates and statins. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:639-48. [PMID: 24548191 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether initiation of fibrates or statins in sulfonylurea users is associated with hypoglycaemia, and examine in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes by statins, fenofibrate and glipizide. METHODS We used healthcare data to conduct nested case-control studies of serious hypoglycaemia (i.e. resulting in hospital admission or emergency department treatment) in persons taking glipizide or glyburide, and calculated adjusted overall and time-stratified odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also characterized the in vitro inhibition of CYP enzymes by statins, fenofibrate and glipizide using fluorometric CYP450 inhibition assays, and estimated area under the concentration-time curve ratios (AUCRs) for the drug pairs. RESULTS We found elevated adjusted overall ORs for glyburide-fenofibrate (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.37, 2.47) and glyburide-gemfibrozil (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25, 1.96). The apparent risk did decline over time as might be expected from a pharmacokinetic mechanism. Fenofibrate was a potent in vitro inhibitor of CYP2C19 (IC50 = 0.2 μm) and CYP2B6 (IC50 = 0.7 μm) and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C9 (IC50 = 9.7 μm). The predicted CYP-based AUCRs for fenofibrate-glyburide and gemfibrozil-glyburide interactions were only 1.09 and 1.04, suggesting that CYP inhibition is unlikely to explain such an interaction. CONCLUSIONS Use of fenofibrate or gemfibrozil together with glyburide was associated with elevated overall risks of serious hypoglycaemia. CYP inhibition seems unlikely to explain this observation. We speculate that a pharmacodynamic effect of fibrates (e.g. activate peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha) may contribute to these apparent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schelleman
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Jiang S, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhong Z, Zhang M, Li F, Xu P, Zhao K, Li Y, Liu L, Liu X. Paroxetine decreased plasma exposure of glyburide partly via inhibiting intestinal absorption in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:240-6. [PMID: 25890690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences have shown that diabetes is often accompanied with depression, thus it is possible that oral antidiabetic agent glyburide and antidepressive agent paroxetine are co-administered in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to assess interactions between glyburide and paroxetine in rats. Effect of paroxetine on pharmacokinetics of orally administered glyburide was investigated. Effect of naringin (NAR), an inhibitor of rat intestinal organic anion transporting polypeptides 1a5 (Oatp1a5), on pharmacokinetics of glyburide was also studied. The results showed that co-administration of paroxetine markedly reduced plasma exposure and prolonged Tmax of glyburide, accompanied by significant increase in fecal excretion of glyburide. Co-administration of naringin also significantly decreased plasma exposure of glyburide. Data from intestinal perfusion experiments showed that both paroxetine and naringin significantly inhibited intestinal absorption of glyburide. Caco-2 cells were used to investigate whether paroxetine and naringin affected intestinal transport of glyburide and fexofenadine (a substrate of Oatp1a5). The results showed that both paroxetine and naringin greatly inhibited absorption of glyburide and fexofenadine. All results gave a conclusion that co-administration of paroxetine decreased plasma exposure of glyburide in rats via inhibiting intestinal absorption of glyburide, which may partly be attributed to the inhibition of intestinal Oatp1a5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Weiman Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Zeyu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Feng Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Kaijing Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
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Abstract
Insulin has been the mainstay of treatment of diabetes during pregnancy for decades. Although glyburide and metformin are classified as category B during pregnancy, recent research has suggested that these oral agents alone or in conjunction with insulin may be safe for the treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM). This paper summarizes the data on the use of glyburide and metformin for treatment of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Buschur
- University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA,
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36
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Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with a variety of physiological changes that can alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several drugs. However, limited data exists on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the majority of the medications used in pregnancy. In this article, we first describe basic concepts (drug absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and transport) in pharmacokinetics. Then, we discuss several physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that theoretically affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Further, we provide a brief review of the literature on the clinical pharmacokinetic studies performed in pregnant women in recent years. In general, pregnancy increases the clearance of several drugs and correspondingly decreases drug exposure during pregnancy. Based on current drug exposure measurements during pregnancy, alterations in the dose or dosing regimen of certain drugs are essential during pregnancy. More pharmacological studies in pregnant women are needed to optimize drug therapy in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mary F. Hebert
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; McGovern Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Ke AB, Nallani SC, Zhao P, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Unadkat JD. Expansion of a PBPK model to predict disposition in pregnant women of drugs cleared via multiple CYP enzymes, including CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:554-70. [PMID: 23834474 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Conducting PK studies in pregnant women is challenging. Therefore, we asked if a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could be used to predict the disposition in pregnant women of drugs cleared by multiple CYP enzymes. METHODS We expanded and verified our previously published pregnancy PBPK model by incorporating hepatic CYP2B6 induction (based on in vitro data), CYP2C9 induction (based on phenytoin PK) and CYP2C19 suppression (based on proguanil PK), into the model. This model accounted for gestational age-dependent changes in maternal physiology and hepatic CYP3A, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 activity. For verification, the pregnancy-related changes in the disposition of methadone (cleared by CYP2B6, 3A and 2C19) and glyburide (cleared by CYP3A, 2C9 and 2C19) were predicted. RESULTS Predicted mean post-partum to second trimester (PP : T2 ) ratios of methadone AUC, Cmax and Cmin were 1.9, 1.7 and 2.0, vs. observed values 2.0, 2.0 and 2.6, respectively. Predicted mean post-partum to third trimester (PP : T3 ) ratios of methadone AUC, Cmax and Cmin were 2.1, 2.0 and 2.4, vs. observed values 1.7, 1.7 and 1.8, respectively. Predicted PP : T3 ratios of glyburide AUC, Cmax and Cmin were 2.6, 2.2 and 7.0 vs. observed values 2.1, 2.2 and 3.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our PBPK model integrating prior physiological knowledge, in vitro and in vivo data, allowed successful prediction of methadone and glyburide disposition during pregnancy. We propose this expanded PBPK model can be used to evaluate different dosing scenarios, during pregnancy, of drugs cleared by single or multiple CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ban Ke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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38
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Shuster DL, Risler LJ, Prasad B, Calamia JC, Voellinger JL, Kelly EJ, Unadkat JD, Hebert MF, Shen DD, Thummel KE, Mao Q. Identification of CYP3A7 for glyburide metabolism in human fetal livers. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:690-700. [PMID: 25450675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyburide is commonly prescribed for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus; however, fetal exposure to glyburide is not well understood and may have short- and long-term consequences for the health of the child. Glyburide can cross the placenta; fetal concentrations at term are nearly comparable to maternal levels. Whether or not glyburide is metabolized in the fetus and by what mechanisms has yet to be determined. In this study, we determined the kinetic parameters for glyburide depletion by CYP3A isoenzymes; characterized glyburide metabolism by human fetal liver tissues collected during the first or early second trimester of pregnancy; and identified the major enzyme responsible for glyburide metabolism in human fetal livers. CYP3A4 had the highest metabolic capacity towards glyburide, followed by CYP3A7 and CYP3A5 (Clint,u=37.1, 13.0, and 8.7ml/min/nmol P450, respectively). M5 was the predominant metabolite generated by CYP3A7 and human fetal liver microsomes (HFLMs) with approximately 96% relative abundance. M5 was also the dominant metabolite generated by CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and adult liver microsomes; however, M1-M4 were also present, with up to 15% relative abundance. CYP3A7 protein levels in HFLMs were highly correlated with glyburide Clint, 16α-OH DHEA formation, and 4'-OH midazolam formation. Likewise, glyburide Clint was highly correlated with 16α-OH DHEA formation. Fetal demographics as well as CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 genotype did not alter CYP3A7 protein levels or glyburide Clint. These results indicate that human fetal livers metabolize glyburide predominantly to M5 and that CYP3A7 is the major enzyme responsible for glyburide metabolism in human fetal livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Shuster
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Linda J Risler
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357630, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Justina C Calamia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jenna L Voellinger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Mary F Hebert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357630, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Danny D Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357630, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Zhang X, Wang X, Vernikovskaya DI, Fokina VM, Nanovskaya TN, Hankins GDV, Ahmed MS. Quantitative determination of metformin, glyburide and its metabolites in plasma and urine of pregnant patients by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:560-9. [PMID: 25164921 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of glyburide (GLB), its five metabolites (M1, M2a, M2b, M3 and M4) and metformin (MET) in plasma and urine of pregnant patients under treatment with a combination of the two medications. The extraction recovery of the analytes from plasma samples was 87-99%, and that from urine samples was 85-95%. The differences in retention times among the analytes and the wide range of the concentrations of the medications and their metabolites in plasma and urine patient samples required the development of three LC methods. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of the analytes in plasma samples was as follows: GLB, 1.02 ng/mL; its five metabolites, 0.100-0.113 ng/mL; and MET, 4.95 ng/mL. The LLOQ in urine samples was 0.0594 ng/mL for GLB, 0.984-1.02 ng/mL for its five metabolites and 30.0 µg/mL for MET. The relative deviation of this method was <14% for intra-day and inter-day assays in plasma and urine samples, and the accuracy was 86-114% in plasma, and 94-105% in urine. The method described in this report was successfully utilized for determining the concentrations of the two medications in patient plasma and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Maternal-Fetal Pharmacology and Bio-development Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0587, USA
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40
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Shuster DL, Risler LJ, Liang CKJ, Rice KM, Shen DD, Hebert MF, Thummel KE, Mao Q. Maternal-fetal disposition of glyburide in pregnant mice is dependent on gestational age. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:425-34. [PMID: 24898265 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a major complication of human pregnancy. The oral clearance (CL) of glyburide, an oral antidiabetic drug, increases 2-fold in pregnant women during late gestation versus nonpregnant controls. In this study, we examined gestational age-dependent changes in maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics (PK) of glyburide and metabolites in a pregnant mouse model. Nonpregnant and pregnant FVB mice were given glyburide by retro-orbital injection. Maternal plasma was collected over 240 minutes on gestation days (gd) 0, 7.5, 10, 15, and 19; fetuses were collected on gd 15 and 19. Glyburide and metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and PK analyses were performed using a pooled data bootstrap approach. Maternal CL of glyburide increased approximately 2-fold on gd 10, 15, and 19 compared with nonpregnant controls. Intrinsic CL of glyburide in maternal liver microsomes also increased as gestation progressed. Maternal metabolite/glyburide area under the curve ratios were generally unchanged or slightly decreased throughout gestation. Total fetal exposure to glyburide was <5% of maternal plasma exposure, and was doubled on gd 19 versus gd 15. Fetal metabolite concentrations were below the limit of assay detection. This is the first evidence of gestational age-dependent changes in glyburide PK. Increased maternal glyburide clearance during gestation is attributable to increased hepatic metabolism. Metabolite elimination may also increase during pregnancy. In the mouse model, fetal exposure to glyburide is gestational age-dependent and low compared with maternal plasma exposure. These results indicate that maternal glyburide therapeutic strategies may require adjustments in a gestational age-dependent manner if these same changes occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Shuster
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda J Risler
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chao-Kang J Liang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Danny D Shen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary F Hebert
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qingcheng Mao
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.L.S., L.J.R., D.D.S., K.E.T., Q.M.) and Pharmacy (D.D.S., M.F.H.), School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (C.-K.J.L., K.M.R.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine (M.F.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Varma MVS, Scialis RJ, Lin J, Bi YA, Rotter CJ, Goosen TC, Yang X. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic modeling to evaluate transporter-enzyme interplay in drug interactions and pharmacogenetics of glyburide. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:736-48. [PMID: 24839071 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize the involvement of hepato-biliary transport and cytochrome-P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism in the disposition of glyburide and predict its pharmacokinetic variability due to drug interactions and genetic variations. Comprehensive in vitro studies suggested that glyburide is a highly permeable drug with substrate affinity to multiple efflux pumps and to organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP2B1. Active hepatic uptake was found to be significantly higher than the passive uptake clearance (15.8 versus 5.3 μL/min/10(6)-hepatocytes), using the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model. In vitro, glyburide is metabolized (intrinsic clearance, 52.9 μL/min/mg-microsomal protein) by CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C8 with fraction metabolism of 0.53, 0.36, and 0.11, respectively. Using these in vitro data, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, assuming rapid-equilibrium between blood and liver compartments or permeability-limited hepatic disposition, were built to describe pharmacokinetics and evaluate drug interactions. Permeability-limited model successfully predicted glyburide interactions with rifampicin and other perpetrator drugs. Conversely, model assuming rapid-equilibrium mispredicted glyburide interactions, overall, suggesting hepatic uptake as the primary rate-determining process in the systemic clearance of glyburide. Further modeling and simulations indicated that the impairment of CYP2C9 function has a minimal effect on the systemic exposure, implying discrepancy in the contribution of CYP2C9 to glyburide clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA,
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Kumar BH, Joshi B, Singh JCH, Diwan PV. Drug-drug interaction between voriconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 45:155-8. [PMID: 23716892 PMCID: PMC3660928 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective was to study the of drug-drug interaction between voriconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The study was designed in two phases. In the first phase, influence of glibenclamide (0.45 mg/kg, p.o.) and pioglitazone (2.7 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) on blood glucose levels in normoglycemic rats was studied and then influence of voriconazole (18 mg/kg, p.o. twice daily.) pre-treatment on the hypoglycemic activity studied. Simultaneously the influence of voriconazole treatment for seven consecutive days (per se effect) on blood glucose levels was also studied in normoglycemic rats. In the second phase of the study alloxan-induced diabetic rats were used to find out the influence of voriconazole pre-treatment on glibenclamide and pioglitazone induced hypoglycemic effect in pathophysiological condition. Blood samples were collected from retro orbital plexus at regular intervals of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 18.0 and 24.0 h after drug treatment. All the blood samples were analyzed for plasma glucose by glucose oxidase peroxidase method (GOD/POD). Results: The therapeutic dose of voriconazole potentiates the hypoglycemic activity of glibenclamide and pioglitazone both in normoglycemic and diabetic rats respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that the dose of oral hypoglycemic agents needs to be adjusted if co-administered with voriconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyina Hemanth Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Greupink R, Schreurs M, Benne MS, Huisman MT, Russel FG. Semi-mechanistic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical glibenclamide pharmacokinetics and drug–drug-interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:819-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brill MJE, Diepstraten J, van Rongen A, van Kralingen S, van den Anker JN, Knibbe CAJ. Impact of obesity on drug metabolism and elimination in adults and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012; 51:277-304. [PMID: 22448619 DOI: 10.2165/11599410-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in adults and children is rapidly increasing across the world. Several general (patho)physiological alterations associated with obesity have been described, but the specific impact of these alterations on drug metabolism and elimination and its consequences for drug dosing remains largely unknown. In order to broaden our knowledge of this area, we have reviewed and summarized clinical studies that reported clearance values of drugs in both obese and non-obese patients. Studies were classified according to their most important metabolic or elimination pathway. This resulted in a structured review of the impact of obesity on metabolic and elimination processes, including phase I metabolism, phase II metabolism, liver blood flow, glomerular filtration and tubular processes. This literature study shows that the influence of obesity on drug metabolism and elimination greatly differs per specific metabolic or elimination pathway. Clearance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 substrates is lower in obese as compared with non-obese patients. In contrast, clearance of drugs primarily metabolized by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), glomerular filtration and/or tubular-mediated mechanisms, xanthine oxidase, N-acetyltransferase or CYP2E1 appears higher in obese versus non-obese patients. Additionally, in obese patients, trends indicating higher clearance values were seen for drugs metabolized via CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, while studies on high-extraction-ratio drugs showed somewhat inconclusive results. Very limited information is available in obese children, which prevents a direct comparison between data obtained in obese children and obese adults. Future clinical studies, especially in children, adolescents and morbidly obese individuals, are needed to extend our knowledge in this clinically important area of adult and paediatric clinical pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreke J E Brill
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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Rubinchik-Stern M, Eyal S. Drug Interactions at the Human Placenta: What is the Evidence? Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:126. [PMID: 22787449 PMCID: PMC3391695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women (and their fetuses) are treated with a significant number of prescription and non-prescription medications. Interactions among those drugs may affect their efficacy and toxicity in both mother and fetus. Whereas interactions that result in altered drug concentrations in maternal plasma are detectable, those involving modulation of placental transfer mechanisms are rarely reflected by altered drug concentrations in maternal plasma. Therefore, they are often overlooked. Placental-mediated interactions are possible because the placenta is not only a passive diffusional barrier, but also expresses a variety of influx and efflux transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. Current data on placental-mediated drug interactions are limited. In rodents, pharmacological or genetic manipulations of placental transporters significantly affect fetal drug exposure. In contrast, studies in human placentae suggest that the magnitude of such interactions is modest in most cases. Nevertheless, under certain circumstances, such interactions may be of clinical significance. This review describes currently known mechanisms of placental-mediated drug interactions and the potential implications of such interactions in humans. Better understanding of those mechanisms is important for minimizing fetal toxicity from drugs while improving their efficacy when directed to treat the fetus.
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Abduljalil K, Furness P, Johnson TN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Soltani H. Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Changes with Gestational Age during Normal Pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2012; 51:365-96. [DOI: 10.2165/11597440-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Drug interactions with oral antidiabetic agents: pharmacokinetic mechanisms and clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:312-22. [PMID: 22475684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and it is associated with various comorbidities. Patients with T2DM are usually treated with multiple drugs, and are therefore at an increased risk of harmful drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Several potentially life-threatening DDIs concerning oral antidiabetic drugs have been identified. This has mostly been initiated by case reports but, more recently, the understanding of their mechanisms has greatly increased. In this article, we review the pharmacokinetic DDIs concerning oral antidiabetics, including metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinide analogs, thiazolidinediones and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and the underlying mechanistic basis that can help to predict and prevent DDIs. In particular, the roles of membrane transporters and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in these DDIs are discussed.
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Liu H, Liu L, Li J, Mei D, Duan R, Hu N, Guo H, Zhong Z, Liu X. Combined contributions of impaired hepatic CYP2C11 and intestinal breast cancer resistance protein activities and expression to increased oral glibenclamide exposure in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1104-12. [PMID: 22393122 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contributions of impaired cytochrome P450 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) activity and expression to drug pharmacokinetics under diabetic conditions. Diabetes was induced in rats with the intraperitoneal administration of streptozocin. Glibenclamide (GLB), a substrate of BCRP, served as a model drug. The pharmacokinetics of orally administered GLB (10 mg/kg) were studied. The results showed that diabetes mellitus significantly increased exposure (area under the curve and peak concentration) to GLB after oral administration. Data from hepatic microsomes suggested impairment of GLB metabolism in diabetic rats. GLB metabolism in hepatic microsomes was significantly inhibited by a selective inhibitor (sulfaphenazole) of CYP2C11 and an anti-CYP2C11 antibody. Western blotting further indicated the contribution of impaired CYP2C11 expression to the impairment of GLB metabolism. Excretion data showed that ∼72% of the orally administered dose was excreted in the feces of normal rats, which indicates an important role for intestinal BCRP. Diabetes significantly decreased the recovery from feces, which was only 40% of the orally administered dose. Results from in situ, single-pass, intestinal perfusion experiments revealed that diabetes significantly increased the apparent effective permeability and decreased the efflux of GLB through the intestine; this suggests impairment of intestinal BCRP function, which may play a role in the increased exposure to orally administered GLB in diabetic rats. Insulin treatment partly or completely reversed the changes in diabetic rats. All results yielded the conclusion that impaired hepatic CYP2C11 and intestinal BCRP expression and activity induced by diabetes contributed to the increased exposure of orally administered GLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Graefe-Mody U, Rose P, Ring A, Zander K, Iovino M, Woerle HJ. Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 26:123-9. [PMID: 21084763 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics of glyburide (a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate) and vice versa. This randomized, open-label, three-period, two-way crossover study examined the effects of co-administration of multiple oral doses of linagliptin (5 mg/day × 6 days) and single doses of glyburide (1.75 mg/day × 1 day) on the relative bioavailability of either compound in healthy subjects (n = 20, age 18-55 years). Coadministration of glyburide did not alter the steady-state pharmacokinetics of linagliptin. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) [90% CI] for (linagliptin + glyburide)/linagliptin AUC(τ,ss) and C(max,ss) were 101.7% [97.7-105.8%] and 100.8% [89.0-114.3%], respectively. For glyburide, there was a slight reduction in exposure of ∼14% when coadministered with linagliptin (GMRs [90% CI] for (glyburide + linagliptin)/glyburide AUC(0-∞) and C(max) were 85.7% [79.8-92.1%] and 86.2% [79.6-93.3%], respectively). However, this was not seen as clinically relevant due to the absence of a reliable dose-response relationship and the known large pharmacokinetic interindividual variability of glyburide. These results further support the assumption that linagliptin is not a clinically relevant inhibitor of CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 in vivo. Coadministration of linagliptin and glyburide had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of linagliptin or glyburide. Both agents were well tolerated and can be administered together without the need for dosage adjustments.
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Zhou L, Naraharisetti SB, Liu L, Wang H, Lin YS, Isoherranen N, Unadkat JD, Hebert MF, Mao Q. Contributions of human cytochrome P450 enzymes to glyburide metabolism. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010; 31:228-42. [PMID: 20437462 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glyburide (GLB) is a widely used oral sulfonylurea for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The therapeutic use of GLB is often complicated by a substantial inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug in human populations, which might be caused by inter-individual variations in factors such as GLB metabolism. Therefore, there has been a continued interest in identifying human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms that play a major role in the metabolism of GLB. However, contrasting data are available in the present literature in this regard. The present study systematically investigated the contributions of various human CYP isoforms (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19) to in vitro metabolism of GLB. GLB depletion and metabolite formation in human liver microsomes were most significantly inhibited by the CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole compared with the inhibitors of other CYP isoforms. Furthermore, multiple correlation analysis between GLB depletion and individual CYP activities was performed, demonstrating a significant correlation between GLB depletion and the CYP3A probe activity in 16 individual human liver microsomal preparations, but not between GLB depletion and the CYP2C19, CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 probe activity. By using recombinant supersomes overexpressing individual human CYP isoforms, it was found that GLB could be depleted by all the enzymes tested; however, the intrinsic clearance (V(max)/K(m)) of CYP3A4 for GLB depletion was 4-17 times greater than that of other CYP isoforms. These results confirm that human CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved in the in vitro metabolism of GLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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