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Winstel V, Abt ER, Le TM, Radu CG. Targeting host deoxycytidine kinase mitigates Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation. eLife 2024; 12:RP91157. [PMID: 38512723 PMCID: PMC10957174 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging approach to overcome antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. Specifically, HDT targets host-encoded factors required for pathogen replication and survival without interfering with microbial growth or metabolism, thereby eliminating the risk of resistance development. By applying HDT and a drug repurposing approach, we demonstrate that (R)-DI-87, a clinical-stage anticancer drug and potent inhibitor of mammalian deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), mitigates Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation in organ tissues upon invasive bloodstream infection. Mechanistically, (R)-DI-87 shields phagocytes from staphylococcal death-effector deoxyribonucleosides that target dCK and the mammalian purine salvage pathway-apoptosis axis. In this manner, (R)-DI-87-mediated protection of immune cells amplifies macrophage infiltration into deep-seated abscesses, a phenomenon coupled with enhanced pathogen control, ameliorated immunopathology, and reduced disease severity. Thus, pharmaceutical blockade of dCK represents an advanced anti-infective intervention strategy against which staphylococci cannot develop resistance and may help to fight fatal infectious diseases in hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Evan R Abt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
| | - Thuc M Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
| | - Caius G Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
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2
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Winstel V, Abt ER, Le TM, Radu CG. Targeting host deoxycytidine kinase mitigates Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553822. [PMID: 37645972 PMCID: PMC10462150 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging approach to overcome antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. Specifically, HDT targets host-encoded factors required for pathogen replication and survival without interfering with microbial growth or metabolism, thereby eliminating the risk of resistance development. By applying HDT and a drug repurposing approach, we demonstrate that (R)-DI-87, a clinical-stage anti-cancer drug and potent inhibitor of mammalian deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), mitigates Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation in organ tissues upon invasive bloodstream infection. Mechanistically, (R)-DI-87 shields phagocytes from staphylococcal death-effector deoxyribonucleosides that target dCK and the mammalian purine salvage pathway-apoptosis axis. In this manner, (R)-DI-87-mediated protection of immune cells amplifies macrophage infiltration into deep-seated abscesses, a phenomenon coupled with enhanced pathogen control, ameliorated immunopathology, and reduced disease severity. Thus, pharmaceutical blockade of dCK represents an advanced anti-infective intervention strategy against which staphylococci cannot develop resistance and may help to fight fatal infectious diseases in hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Evan R. Abt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Thuc M. Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
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3
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Guantay L, Garro C, Siri S, Pansa MF, Ghidelli-Disse S, Paviolo N, Racca A, Nicotra V, Radu C, Bocco JL, Felice R, Jansson KH, Remlinger K, Amador A, Stronach E, Coleman K, Muelbaier M, Drewes G, Gloger I, Madauss K, García M, Gottifredi V, Soria G. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) inhibition is synthetic lethal with BRCA2 deficiency. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 67:100932. [PMID: 36706533 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BRCA2 is a well-established cancer driver in several human malignancies. While the remarkable success of PARP inhibitors proved the clinical potential of targeting BRCA deficiencies, the emergence of resistance mechanisms underscores the importance of seeking novel Synthetic Lethal (SL) targets for future drug development efforts. In this work, we performed a BRCA2-centric SL screen with a collection of plant-derived compounds from South America. We identified the steroidal alkaloid Solanocapsine as a selective SL inducer, and we were able to substantially increase its potency by deriving multiple analogs. The use of two complementary chemoproteomic approaches led to the identification of the nucleotide salvage pathway enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) as Solanocapsine's target responsible for its BRCA2-linked SL induction. Additional confirmatory evidence was obtained by using the highly specific dCK inhibitor (DI-87), which induces SL in multiple BRCA2-deficient and KO contexts. Interestingly, dCK-induced SL is mechanistically different from the one induced by PARP inhibitors. dCK inhibition generates substantially lower levels of DNA damage, and cytotoxic phenotypes are associated exclusively with mitosis, thus suggesting that the fine-tuning of nucleotide supply in mitosis is critical for the survival of BRCA2-deficient cells. Moreover, by using a xenograft model of contralateral tumors, we show that dCK impairment suffices to trigger SL in-vivo. Taken together, our findings unveil dCK as a promising new target for BRCA2-deficient cancers, thus setting the ground for future therapeutic alternatives to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guantay
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sebastián Siri
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pansa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | | | - Natalia Paviolo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Racca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Caius Radu
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rosana Felice
- GlaxoSmithKline, Southern Cone LatAm, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Keith H Jansson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Katja Remlinger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Alejandro Amador
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Euan Stronach
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Coleman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Synthetic Lethal RU, Waltham, MA, United States
| | | | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH - a GSK Company, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isro Gloger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Madauss
- GlaxoSmithKline, Global Health R&D, Upper Providence, PA, United States
| | - Manuela García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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4
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Chen BY, Salas JR, Trias AO, Rodriguez AP, Tsang JE, Guemes M, Le TM, Galic Z, Shepard HM, Steinman L, Nathanson DA, Czernin J, Witte ON, Radu CG, Schultz KA, Clark PM. Targeting deoxycytidine kinase improves symptoms in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2023; 168:152-169. [PMID: 35986643 PMCID: PMC9844239 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease driven by lymphocyte activation against myelin autoantigens in the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway with the rate-limiting enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) captures extracellular deoxyribonucleosides for use in intracellular deoxyribonucleotide metabolism. Previous studies have shown that deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is enriched in lymphocytes and required for early lymphocyte development. However, specific roles for the deoxyribonucleoside salvage pathway and dCK in autoimmune diseases such as MS are unknown. Here we demonstrate that dCK activity is necessary for the development of clinical symptoms in the MOG35-55 and MOG1-125 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models of MS. During EAE disease, deoxyribonucleoside salvage activity is elevated in the spleen and lymph nodes. Targeting dCK with the small molecule dCK inhibitor TRE-515 limits disease severity when treatments are started at disease induction or when symptoms first appear. EAE mice treated with TRE-515 have significantly fewer infiltrating leukocytes in the spinal cord, and TRE-515 blocks activation-induced B and T cell proliferation and MOG35-55 -specific T cell expansion without affecting innate immune cells or naïve T and B cell populations. Our results demonstrate that targeting dCK limits symptoms in EAE mice and suggest that dCK activity is required for MOG35-55 -specific lymphocyte activation-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ying Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica R. Salas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa O. Trias
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arely Perez Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Tsang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Guemes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thuc M. Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zoran Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A. Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Czernin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter M. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Abt ER, Rashid K, Le TM, Li S, Lee HR, Lok V, Li L, Creech AL, Labora AN, Mandl HK, Lam AK, Cho A, Rezek V, Wu N, Abril-Rodriguez G, Rosser EW, Mittelman SD, Hugo W, Mehrling T, Bantia S, Ribas A, Donahue TR, Crooks GM, Wu TT, Radu CG. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase enables dual metabolic checkpoints that prevent T cell immunodeficiency and TLR7-associated autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e160852. [PMID: 35653193 PMCID: PMC9374381 DOI: 10.1172/jci160852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) enables the breakdown and recycling of guanine nucleosides. PNP insufficiency in humans is paradoxically associated with both immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, but the mechanistic basis for these outcomes is incompletely understood. Here, we identify two immune lineage-dependent consequences of PNP inactivation dictated by distinct gene interactions. During T cell development, PNP inactivation is synthetically lethal with downregulation of the dNTP triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1. This interaction requires deoxycytidine kinase activity and is antagonized by microenvironmental deoxycytidine. In B lymphocytes and macrophages, PNP regulates Toll-like receptor 7 signaling by controlling the levels of its (deoxy)guanosine nucleoside ligands. Overriding this regulatory mechanism promotes germinal center formation in the absence of exogenous antigen and accelerates disease in a mouse model of autoimmunity. This work reveals that one purine metabolism gene protects against immunodeficiency and autoimmunity via independent mechanisms operating in distinct immune lineages and identifies PNP as a potentially novel metabolic immune checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R. Abt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Thuc M. Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Suwen Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Hailey R. Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Vincent Lok
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Luyi Li
- Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Hanna K. Mandl
- Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex K. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Arthur Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Nanping Wu
- Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Steven D. Mittelman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, and
| | - Willy Hugo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Timothy R. Donahue
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
- Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Gay M. Crooks
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
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6
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Yang H, Liu B, Liu D, Yang Z, Zhang S, Xu P, Xing Y, Kutschick I, Pfeffer S, Britzen-Laurent N, Grützmann R, Pilarsky C. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screening Identifies DCK and CCNL1 as Genes That Contribute to Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133152. [PMID: 35804923 PMCID: PMC9264918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers. Although complete surgical resection is the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer, a late diagnosis is common and makes surgical treatment infeasible. Therefore, most patients receive chemotherapy to reduce the tumor burden. Gemcitabine has been the main chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer for over a decade; however, chemoresistance has emerged as a significant challenge to the efficacy of chemotherapy. In this study, we applied genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screening with gemcitabine treatment to identify DCK and CCNL1 as genes that contribute to gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer and explored the mechanism of CCNL1-related gemcitabine resistance. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers. Due to the difficulty of early diagnosis, most patients are diagnosed with metastasis or advanced-stage cancer, limiting the possibility of surgical treatment. Therefore, chemotherapy is applied to improve patient outcomes, and gemcitabine has been the primary chemotherapy drug for pancreatic cancer for over a decade. However, drug resistance poses a significant challenge to the efficacy of chemotherapy. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) gene-editing system is a powerful tool, and researchers have developed CRISPR/Cas9 library screening as a means to identify the genes associated with specific phenotype changes. We performed genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening in the mouse pancreatic cancer cell line TB32047 with gemcitabine treatment and identified deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and cyclin L1 (CCNL1) as the top hits. We knocked out DCK and CCNL1 in the TB32047 and PANC1 cell lines and confirmed that the loss of DCK or CCNL1 enhanced gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cells. Many researchers have addressed the mechanism of DCK-related gemcitabine resistance; however, no study has focused on CCNL1 and gemcitabine resistance. Therefore, we explored the mechanism of CCNL1-related gemcitabine resistance and found that the loss of CCNL1 activates the ERK/AKT/STAT3 survival pathway, causing cell resistance to gemcitabine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yang
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China;
| | - Dongxue Liu
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Pengyan Xu
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Yuming Xing
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Isabella Kutschick
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Susanne Pfeffer
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.Y.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (S.Z.); (P.X.); (Y.X.); (I.K.); (S.P.); (N.B.-L.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Vermeulen I, Isin EM, Barton P, Cillero-Pastor B, Heeren RM. Multimodal molecular imaging in drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2086-2099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Walter M, Herr P. Re-Discovery of Pyrimidine Salvage as Target in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040739. [PMID: 35203388 PMCID: PMC8870348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are synthesized through two distinct pathways: de novo synthesis and nucleoside salvage. Whereas the de novo pathway synthesizes nucleotides from amino acids and glucose, the salvage pathway recovers nucleosides or bases formed during DNA or RNA degradation. In contrast to high proliferating non-malignant cells, which are highly dependent on the de novo synthesis, cancer cells can switch to the nucleoside salvage pathways to maintain efficient DNA replication. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis remains the target of interest in cancer therapy and several inhibitors showed promising results in cancer cells and in vivo models. In the 1980s and 1990s, poor responses were however observed in clinical trials with several of the currently existing pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors. To overcome the observed limitations in clinical trials, targeting pyrimidine salvage alone or in combination with pyrimidine de novo inhibitors was suggested. Even though this approach showed initially promising results, it received fresh attention only recently. Here we discuss the re-discovery of targeting pyrimidine salvage pathways for DNA replication alone or in combination with inhibitors of pyrimidine de novo synthesis to overcome limitations of commonly used antimetabolites in various preclinical cancer models and clinical trials. We also highlight newly emerged targets in pyrimidine synthesis as well as pyrimidine salvage as a promising target in immunotherapy.
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