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Zhao L, Shen X, Yang L, Wang P, Zhang J, Liu N, Xie Y. Association of prognostic nutritional index with mortalities in American adult cancer survivors: A cohort study based on NHANES, 1999-2018. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1834-1846. [PMID: 38455180 PMCID: PMC10916647 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has been associated with disease progression and overall survival among cancer patients. Nonetheless, the association between PNI and mortality risk in adult cancer patients within the United States remains unexplored. This study aims to elucidate the connection between PNI and prognostic outcomes in American adult cancer patients. This cohort study derived data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination database, involving 4366 American adults diagnosed with cancer between 1999 and 2018. The nutritional status was assessed using the PNI, with higher PNI scores indicating a more favorable nutritional status. The study employed Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression to investigate the impact of PNI on various outcomes, including all-cause mortality (ACM), cardiovascular mortality (CAM), and malignancy tumor mortality (MTM) among adult cancer patients. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the potential nonlinear relationship between the variables by creating hazard ratio (HR) curves at four specific points. The median follow-up duration was 84 months, during which 1530 (35.04%) cases of ACM occurred, including 331 (13.67%) CAM and 449 (10.45%) MTM. COX regression analysis revealed a significant inverse association between PNI and patient prognosis, with HRs of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96, p < .001) for ACM, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90-0.96, p < .001) for CAM, and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91-0.97, p < .001) for MTM. Both Kaplan-Meier analyses and restricted cubic spline curves showed significant differences in mortality rates related to PNI (p < .001, nonlinear p < .001). Our study provides compelling evidence of a clear association between PNI and reduced risk of ACM, CAM, and MTM in adult cancer patients in the United States. These findings underscore the significance of incorporating PNI as a possible prognostic indicator for individuals diagnosed with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical CollegeJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Long Yang
- College of PediatricsXinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Anorectal SurgeryChina Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Xi Yuan HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical CollegeJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of the Office of Science and Education, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Hospital Sentinel Medicine, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuChina
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Huo X, Wu M, Gao D, Zhou Y, Han X, Lai W, Wang M, Hang Y. Geriatric nutrition risk index in the prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly hypertensive population: NHANES 1999-2016. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1203130. [PMID: 37465450 PMCID: PMC10350498 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1203130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is a major risk factor for the global burden of disease, and nutrition is associated with an increased risk of mortality from multiple diseases. Few studies have explored the association of nutritional risk with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in hypertension, and our study aims to fill this knowledge gap. Method We included data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2016 on a total of 10,037 elderly patients with hypertension. The nutritional status was evaluated using the Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index (GNRI). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to analyze the survival rates of different nutritional risk groups. COX proportional risk regression models were used to analyze the predictive effect of GNRI on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to explore the nonlinear relationship between GNRI and mortality. Result The mean age of the hypertensive patients was 70.7 years. A total of 4255 (42.3%) all-cause mortality and 1207 (17.2%) cardiovascular mortality occurred during a median follow-up period of 106 months. Kaplan-Meier showed a more significant reduction in survival for the moderate to severe malnutrition risk of GNRI. The adjusted COX proportional hazards model showed that the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the moderate to severe malnutrition risk group for GNRI were 2.112 (95% CI, 1.377,3.240) and 2.604 (95% CI, 1.603,4.229), respectively. The RCS showed that increased GNRI was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality risk reduction. Conclusion Malnutrition exposure assessed by GNRI effectively predicts the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiyin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, China
| | - YueShengzi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilun Hang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital, Zhejiang, China
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Shen X, Yang L, Gu X, Liu YY, Jiang L. Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in older Americans with diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:89. [PMID: 37127636 PMCID: PMC10152715 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have examined the relationship between malnutrition, as defined by the Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index (GNRI), and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality events, particularly in persons with diabetes. The study aimed at the association between GNRI and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in older Americans with diabetes. METHODS Data from this retrospective study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 1999-2016. Using data from The NHANES Public-Use Linked Mortality Files to assess all-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiovascular mortality (CVM). After excluding participants younger than 60 years and without diabetes, and with missing follow-up data, 4400 cases were left in this study. Persons with diabetes were divided by GNRI into 3 groups: GNRI ≥ 98; 92 ≤ GNRI < 98; and GNRI < 92; (No; Low; Moderate/Severe (M/S) group). We used Cox proportional hazard regression model to explore the predictive role of GNRI on ACM and CVM in elderly persons with diabetes. Restricted cubic splines to investigate the existence of a dose-response linear relationship between them. RESULT During a median follow-up period of 89 months, a total of 538 (12.23%) cardiovascular deaths occurred and 1890 (42.95%) all-cause deaths occurred. Multifactorial COX regression analysis showed all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.672-3.994, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.063-4.936, p = 0.034) associated with M/S group risk of malnutrition in GNRI compared to no group. A negative association between GNRI and all-cause mortality was observed across gender and ethnicity. However, the same negative association between GNRI and cardiovascular mortality was observed only for males (HR:0.94, 95% CI:0.905-0.974, p < 0.001) and other races (HR:0.92, 95% CI:0.861-0.976, p = 0.007). And there was no significant correlation between low malnutrition and cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.076). Restricted cubic splines showed a nonlinear relationship between GNRI and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality (non-linear p < 0.001, non-linear p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Lower GNRI levels are associated with mortality in older patients with diabetes. GNRI may be a predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality risk in older patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shen
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, 1800 Li Hu Avenue, Wuxi, 214062, China
| | - Long Yang
- College of Pediatrics, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China, 393 Xin Yi Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Xue Gu
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, 1800 Li Hu Avenue, Wuxi, 214062, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Nursing, Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, 1800 Li Hu Avenue, Wuxi, 214062, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Convalescent Hospital of East China, No.67 Da Ji Shan, Wuxi, 214065, China.
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Yang Z, Mi J, Wang Y, Xue L, Liu J, Fan M, Zhang D, Wang L, Qian H, Li Y. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice. Nutrition 2021; 89:111230. [PMID: 33838492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the prevalence of diabetes worldwide, it is urgent to find a suitable treatment. Recently, the ketogenic diet has shown beneficial effects in reducing blood glucose, but some concerns have been raised about its probable side effects, such as hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Because a low-carbohydrate diet replaces part of the fat with carbohydrates on the basis of the ketogenic diet, we would like to know whether it does better in treating type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of a low-carbohydrate diet as a substitute for a ketogenic diet intervention in mice with type 2 diabetes. METHODS C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes, constructed by a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin, were fed a standard diet, a high-fat diet, a low-carbohydrate diet, or a ketogenic diet for 14 wk, respectively. Then glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted. At the end of the study, blood and liver samples were collected and analyzed for serum biochemical indicators, histopathologic evaluation, hepatic lipid and glycogen content, and expression levels of mRNA and protein. RESULTS Reduced blood glucose could be observed in both low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets, as well as improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. However, the ketogenic diet decreased liver glycogen content and promoted gluconeogenesis. Mechanistically, this effect was due to inhibition of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase, which could be improved by a low-carbohydrate diet. Regarding lipid metabolism, the ketogenic diet increased lipid oxidation and reduced de novo lipogenesis, but the hepatic lipid content still inevitably increased. On the contrary, the low-carbohydrate diet reduced triacylglycerols and markers of liver damage. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that both diets are effective in lowering blood glucose, improving glucose tolerance, and raising insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the low-carbohydrate diet plays a role in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving lipid metabolism. The results suggest that the two diets have different effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and that the low-carbohydrate diet might have more benefits in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingyi Mi
- Wuxi 9th People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lamei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingcong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Westman EC, Tondt J, Maguire E, Yancy WS. Implementing a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:263-272. [PMID: 30289048 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1523713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached epidemic proportions in the modern world. For individuals affected by obesity-related T2DM, clinical studies have shown that carbohydrate restriction and weight loss can improve hyperglycemia, obesity, and T2DM. AREAS COVERED Reducing carbohydrate intake to a certain level, typically below 50 g per day, leads to increased ketogenesis in order to provide fuel for the body. Such low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets were employed to treat obesity and diabetes in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Recent clinical research has reinvigorated the use of the ketogenic diet for individuals with obesity and diabetes. Although characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, the underlying cause of T2DM is hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, typically as a result of increased energy intake leading to obesity. The ketogenic diet substantially reduces the glycemic response that results from dietary carbohydrate as well as improves the underlying insulin resistance. This review combines a literature search of the published science and practical guidance based on clinical experience. EXPERT COMMENTARY While the current treatment of T2DM emphasizes drug treatment and a higher carbohydrate diet, the ketogenic diet is an effective alternative that relies less on medication, and may even be a preferable option when medications are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Westman
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Justin Tondt
- b Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine , Scranton , PA , USA
| | | | - William S Yancy
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
- d Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
- e Duke Diet and Fitness Center , Duke University Health System , Durham , NC , USA
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Recent development of single preparations and fixed-dose combination tablets for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:731-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Diabetes is one of the main economic burdens in health care, which threatens to worsen dramatically if prevalence forecasts are correct. What makes diabetes harmful is the multi-organ distribution of its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Regenerative medicine with cellular therapy could be the dam against life-threatening or life-altering complications. Bone marrow-derived stem cells are putative candidates to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, the bone marrow itself is affected by diabetes, as it can develop a microangiopathy and neuropathy similar to other body tissues. Neuropathy leads to impaired stem cell mobilization from marrow, the so-called mobilopathy. Here, we review the role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in diabetes: how they are affected by compromised bone marrow integrity, how they contribute to other diabetic complications, and how they can be used as a treatment for these. Eventually, we suggest new tactics to optimize stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mangialardi
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS28HW UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS28HW UK
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8
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Suh DC, Aagren M. Cost–effectiveness of insulin detemir: a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 11:641-55. [DOI: 10.1586/erp.11.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ncube-Zulu T, Danckwerts MP. Comparative hospitalization cost and length of stay between patients with and without diabetes in a large tertiary hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-013-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Ghoul JE, Boughattas NA, Ben-Attia M. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of ethanolic extract of Zygophyllum album in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:43-51. [PMID: 22499272 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712442706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Zygophyllum album has been mentioned in Tunisian system of folk medicine to be of value in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to investigate the possible antihyperglycemic effects of ethanolic extracts of the whole plant of Z. album on blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum lipids and hepatic glycogen and metabolism enzymes of carbohydrate in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Administration of the ethanolic extract from plant (100 and 300 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days resulted in significant reduction in plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density liprotein, hepatic glucokinase and glycogen in STZ diabetic mice. In addition to that, significant increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein, hepatic phosphofructokinase and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase was observed in STZ diabetic mice. After administration of the ethanolic extract, the increased level of plasma insulin is not significant in diabetic mice. In conclusion, the present results showed that the ethanolic extract of Z. album possesses significant antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in experimental model of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El Ghoul
- Unité de Toxicométrie and Chronobiométrie, Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement (LR01/ES14), Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, Tunisie.
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11
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Feenstra TL, van Baal PM, Jacobs-van der Bruggen MO, Hoogenveen RT, Kommer GJ, Baan CA. Targeted versus universal prevention. a resource allocation model to prioritize cardiovascular prevention. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2011; 9:14. [PMID: 21974836 PMCID: PMC3200148 DOI: 10.1186/1478-7547-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus brings an increased risk for cardiovascular complications and patients profit from prevention. This prevention also suits the general population. The question arises what is a better strategy: target the general population or diabetes patients. METHODS A mathematical programming model was developed to calculate optimal allocations for the Dutch population of the following interventions: smoking cessation support, diet and exercise to reduce overweight, statins, and medication to reduce blood pressure. Outcomes were total lifetime health care costs and QALYs. Budget sizes were varied and the division of resources between the general population and diabetes patients was assessed. RESULTS Full implementation of all interventions resulted in a gain of 560,000 QALY at a cost of €640 per capita, about €12,900 per QALY on average. The large majority of these QALY gains could be obtained at incremental costs below €20,000 per QALY. Low or high budgets (below €9 or above €100 per capita) were predominantly spent in the general population. Moderate budgets were mostly spent in diabetes patients. CONCLUSIONS Major health gains can be realized efficiently by offering prevention to both the general and the diabetic population. However, a priori setting a specific distribution of resources is suboptimal. Resource allocation models allow accounting for capacity constraints and program size in addition to efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha L Feenstra
- Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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Costi M, Smith H, Reviriego J, Castell C, Goday A, Dilla T. Costes directos sanitarios en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a los seis meses de inicio del tratamiento con insulina en España: estudio INSTIGATE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 58:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Marchesini G, Forlani G, Rossi E, Berti A, De Rosa M. The direct economic cost of pharmacologically-treated diabetes in Italy-2006. The ARNO observatory. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:339-346. [PMID: 20153612 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To estimate the prevalence and the direct cost of pharmacologically-treated diabetes in Italy. METHODS The ARNO observatory database, containing the 20-year medical prescriptions of over 10 million Italian people, was used. Ten-year longitudinal data were available in 22 Local Health Districts (LHD). Subjects were classified as having diabetes when prescribed glucose-lowering drugs (oral agents or insulin) (311,979 individuals in 2006). The direct cost was calculated as the sum of drug use, financial compensation by LHD for the inpatient (hospital DRG) and outpatient activities (consultations, laboratory tests, radiology, etc.), all regulated by government contracts. Individuals with diabetes were compared with pharmacologically-treated subjects without diabetes, pair-matched for age, sex and general practitioner. RESULTS In the 10-year period, the prevalence of pharmacologically-treated diabetes increased from 3.08% to 4.45% (P for trend, <0.001). The average pro capita cost totaled €2,589 in 2006 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2,584-2,594), corresponding to a rate ratio vs. no-diabetes of 1.54 (95% CI, 1.50-1.56). The cost of drugs was € 827 (rate ratio, 1.80 vs. no-diabetes; 95% CI, 1.79-1.82), that of service use, € 488 (rate ratio, 1.07 (0.93-1.25). Only 20% of the pharmaceutical cost was due to glucose-lowering drugs, a percentage stable through the years. The cost of any hospital admission, as defined by DRGs, was independent of diabetes, but the overall cost was much higher in diabetes due to much higher admission rates. Cardiovascular complications and renal failure accounted for the large majority of excess hospital cost. CONCLUSION The direct economic burden of pharmacologically-treated diabetes on the National Health System is very high, due to the growing prevalence of disease and the cost of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marchesini
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Dietetics, Alma Mater Studiorum University, Bologna, Italy.
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14
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Kruger DF, Bode B, Spollett GR. Understanding GLP-1 analogs and enhancing patients success. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2011; 36 Suppl 3:44S-72S; quiz 73S-74S. [PMID: 20736387 DOI: 10.1177/0145721710374370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research into the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes reveals intricate interactions among many hormonal processes. Ultimately, these pathways lead to hyperglycemia, pancreatic beta-cell failure, and the emergence of type 2 diabetes. The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are now known to play major roles in endogenous glucose control, including regulation of insulin, glucagon, and hepatic glucose metabolism. Investigation of the incretin system has led to development of drugs that mimic or enhance the endogenous hormones, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. This supplement describes the role of incretin hormones in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and their potential as therapeutic targets for disease management. In addition, safety and efficacy profiles of the GLP-1 receptor agonists are reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of these medications are discussed from the perspective of promoting their successful implementation in individualized treatment regimens. As understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes advances, the number of new therapeutic approaches expands. GLP-1 receptor agonists address several aspects of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. A large body of data reveals the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of these drugs. A clear understanding of the evidence base for these drugs will translate into improved education of patients regarding their options to improve glycemic control and, ultimately, to better patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davida F Kruger
- The Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Bone and Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bruce Bode
- The Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Bone and Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Geralyn R Spollett
- The Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Bone and Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
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15
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Home PD, Fritsche A, Schinzel S, Massi-Benedetti M. Meta-analysis of individual patient data to assess the risk of hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes using NPH insulin or insulin glargine. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:772-9. [PMID: 20649629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To estimate absolute and relative incidence rates of hypoglycaemia when using once-daily evening or morning regimens of insulin glargine (glargine) versus once-daily evening NPH insulin (NPH) using individual patient data (IPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomized controlled trials with accessible IPD and including white European people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using glargine or NPH once-daily (with oral glucose-lowering drugs) were identified. Two study pools were analysed: evening glargine versus evening NPH (pool 1); and morning glargine versus evening NPH (pool 2). The number-needed-to-treat to avoid hypoglycaemia was calculated for glargine versus NPH. RESULTS In study pool 1 (n = 2711), the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia was approximately halved with glargine compared with NPH [odds ratios (OR): 0.44-0.52, p < 0.001-0.047]. This led to a significant reduction in anytime risk of symptomatic hypoglycaemia [plasma glucose (PG) <3.9 mmol/l, OR: 0.64, p = 0.018; PG <2.0 mmol/l, OR: 0.51, p < 0.001]. In study pool 2 (n = 470), although a strong numerical reduction in all types of nocturnal hypoglycaemia was observed (OR: 0.16-0.64), statistical significance was reached only for symptomatic hypoglycaemia with PG <3.9 mmol/l (p < 0.001). Eight (pool 1) or five (pool 2) people with T2DM needed to use glargine rather than NPH to avoid one person from experiencing a nocturnal symptomatic hypoglycaemic event within a median of about 25 weeks of starting insulin. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of open-label studies provides confidence that reductions of around 50% of risk for nocturnal hypoglycaemia can be achieved with using glargine instead of NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Home
- Institute of Cellular Medicine-Diabetes, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Baik S, Chacra AR, Yuxiu L, White J, Güler S, Latif ZA. Conducting cost-effectiveness analyses of type 2 diabetes in low- and middle-income countries: can locally generated observational study data overcome methodological limitations? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 88 Suppl 1:S17-22. [PMID: 20466164 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(10)70004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries, the high personal and economic burden of type 2 diabetes is further compounded by inadequate resources for diabetes care when compared with high-income countries. Health technology assessments (HTAs) aim to inform policy decision makers in their efforts to achieve more effective allocation of resources by providing evidence-based input on new technologies. Within the hierarchy of evidence, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain the 'gold standard' used to inform HTAs, but are limited by poor external validity (ie, generalizability to real-world populations). Unlike RCTs, observational studies are able to enrol broader patient populations, but their design renders such studies vulnerable to confounding factors and selection bias. However, it is increasingly recognized that observational studies can complement RCTs by supporting and extending efficacy findings from RCTs to real-world clinical practice, particularly across geographical populations. They can also provide locally relevant baseline and disease natural history data to populate health economic models. Thus, observational data are likely to be of considerable informative value to policy makers in developing countries reaching decisions on diabetes care within an environment of scarce resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seihyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Cornell S. Managing diabetes-related costs and quality of life issues: Value of insulin analogs and pens for inpatient use. Health Policy 2010; 96:191-9. [PMID: 20226560 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that is growing at an epidemic rate, yet it can be managed and controlled with appropriate individualized therapy. In the hospital, costs can be reduced and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) improved by optimal glycemic and blood pressure control, minimal or no hypoglycemia, minimal glucose fluctuations, fewer or no complications, and a shorter length of stay. Insulin analogs and pens are tools that have been used successfully to manage hyperglycemia in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Limited evidence suggests that these advances in insulin therapy may increase HRQOL and improve cost-effectiveness in hospitalized patients compared with regular and NPH insulin and vial/syringe administration of insulin, although additional data are needed to confirm these findings. Most insulin algorithms used in hospitals rely on analogs for basal and prandial glucose control; however, analogs have not been extensively evaluated in clinical trials in this patient population. More studies are needed to evaluate the impact of insulin pen and analog use on HRQOL and costs in hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cornell
- Experiential Education, Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 W. 31st Street - AH 355, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This review examines glycemia management practices in hospitalized patients. Optimal glycemic control remains a challenge among hospitalized patients. Recent studies have questioned the benefit of tight glycemic control and have raised concerns regarding the safety of this approach. As a result, medical societies have updated glycemic targets and have published new consensus guidelines for management of glycemia in hospitalized patients. This review highlights recent inpatient glycemic trials, the new glycemic targets and recommended strategies for management of glycemia in hospitalized patients. METHODS Medline and PubMed searches (diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, intensive therapy insulin, tight glycemic control, and hospital patients) were performed for English-language articles on treatment of diabetes, insulin therapy, hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients published from 2004 to present. Earlier works cited in these papers were surveyed. Clinical studies, reviews, consensus/guidelines statements, and meta-analyses relevant to the identification and management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients were included and selected. This is not an exhaustive review of the published literature. RESULTS Insulin remains the most appropriate agent for a majority of hospitalized patients. In critically ill patients insulin is given as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion and in non-critically ill inpatients hyperglycemia is best managed using scheduled subcutaneous (SC) basal-bolus insulin regimens supplemented with correction doses as needed and adjusted daily with the guidance of frequent blood glucose monitoring. Prevention of hypoglycemia is equally as important to patient outcomes and is an equally necessary part of any effective glucose control program. Modern insulin analogs offer advantages over the older human insulins (e.g., regular and neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH] insulin) because their time-action profiles more closely correspond to physiological basal and prandial insulin requirements, and have a lower propensity for inducing hypoglycemia than human insulin formulations. Long-acting basal insulin analogs (glargine, detemir) are suitable and preferred for the basal component of therapy; rapid-acting insulin analogs (aspart, lispro, glulisine) are recommended for bolus and correction doses. Sliding-scale insulin (SSI) regimens are not effective and should not be used, especially as this excludes a basal insulin component from the therapy. CONCLUSIONS Optimal glycemic management in the hospital setting requires judicious treatment of hyperglycemia while avoiding hypoglycemia. Insulin is the most appropriate agent for management of hyperglycemia for the majority of hospitalized patients. Intravenous insulin infusion is still preferred during and immediately after surgery, but s.c. basal insulin analogs with prandial or correction doses should be used after the immediate post-operative period, and also should be used in non-critically ill patients. Frequent and effective glucose monitoring is critical for avoiding wide deviations from acceptable glucose levels, which under a recently promulgated consensus guideline currently range between 140 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL. Glucose targets near 140 mg/dL are recommended as being the most appropriate for all hospitalized patients.
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Dionne F, Mitton C, Shoveller J, Peacock S, Barer M. How to control the costs of health care services--an inventory of strategic options. Healthc Manage Forum 2010; 22:23-30. [PMID: 20166518 DOI: 10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper has two objectives: (1) to provide an inventory of popular strategies for cost reduction or cost containment in the health services research literature and (2) to propose a coherent framework to organize this inventory. The purpose of this framework is to inform decision-makers when grappling with the opposing forces they face in choosing a cost reduction strategy. The trade-off is clear: to access progressively more possible strategies, the decision-maker must be ready to expose the population and patients to more significant changes in services provided. On one hand, more choices are preferable because each strategy attacks the problem from a different angle and being restricted to fewer "angles" increases the likelihood that a specific "well" may have dried up. On the other hand, we know that change is often viewed, a priori, negatively in health care management, so there are pressures to limit the impact on services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Dionne
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
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Pandikumar P, Babu NP, Ignacimuthu S. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Begonia malabarica Lam. in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:111-115. [PMID: 19443148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The stem of Begonia malabarica was used traditionally by the Malasar tribe to treat diabetes. To validate the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts obtained from an ethnomedicinal plant, Begonia malabarica. MATERIALS AND METHODS The doses for the study were fixed based on Irwin test. The hypoglycemic effect of hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts of Begonia malabarica stems were studied in normal animals. The antihyperglycemic effect of the methanol extract was studied in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. RESULTS In normal rats the treatment with the methanol extract of Begonia malabarica had shown a highly significant reduction (16.54 and 34.47%) in plasma glucose levels from the 0 h values at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats the body weight of the Begonia malabarica methanol extract treated animals had shown a significant increase (13.38% at 200 mg/kg) after 4 weeks treatment. The plasma glucose levels were reduced significantly by 46.57 and 50.20% after 4 weeks treatment at 100 and 200mg/kg respectively. Likewise the absolute kidney weight was also reduced in a significant manner. After 25 days treatment the Begonia malabarica methanol extract treated animals had shown low fasting plasma glucose levels (54.29, 61.34% in 100 and 200 mg/kg) and reduced postprandial plasma glucose levels (54.23, 65.96% in 100 and 200 mg/kg) when compared with diabetic control values. Serum insulin levels and liver glycogen levels were increased to 40.04 and 42.18% in 200 mg/kg Begonia malabarica methanol extract treated animals respectively. The treatment with Begonia malabarica methanol extract did not change the triglycerides and total cholesterol levels. The urea and creatinine levels were also reduced significantly by this treatment. The reduction in SGPT levels indicated the absence of toxicity of Begonia malabarica extract at this dose level. CONCLUSION This study supports the use of Begonia malabarica by the Malasar tribe for the treatment of diabetes. Fractionation of this extract may yield novel prototypes to manage diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pandikumar
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
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