1
|
Shatrova D, Cáncer PF, Caperos JM. The role of interoception in reducing trauma-associated distress: a feasibility study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2306747. [PMID: 38289065 PMCID: PMC10829842 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2306747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Altered interoception plays an important role in chronic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a Trauma Sensitive Yoga (TSY) intervention for improving emotional distress and psychological discomfort in women living under circumstances of social and gender vulnerability. We assessed the effect of the treatment on the interoceptive mechanisms, and whether the psychological improvements were mediated by the changes in these mechanisms.Methods: The study involved a sample of 62 women who attended public community centres dedicated to supporting women victims of gender-based violence or who were socially and economically disadvantaged because of their gender. Participants underwent a six-week TSY programme. We evaluated dropout rate, adherence, and intervention satisfaction. We measured emotional distress, psychological discomfort, interoceptive mechanisms, and two nonequivalent dependent variables to enhance internal validity. We compared pre-post differences using paired samples t-test and a structural equation model (SEM) analysis was performed to compare the changes in the outcomes with the changes in the nonequivalent dependent variables. Mediation models were adjusted to evaluate the role of changes in interoception on outcome changes.Results: Fourteen (23%) women dropped out, mainly after the first intervention session. Intervention adherence (mean attendance 5.3 over 6 sessions) and acceptability were high (mean satisfaction 3.4 over 4). We observed post-intervention improvements in anxiety, depression, psychological discomfort, body responsiveness, and interoceptive awareness. The changes in the outcomes were larger than the changes in the nonequivalent dependent variables. Additionally, we found that the changes in body responsiveness partially mediated the change in anxiety and psychological discomfort but not in depression.Conclusions: TSY could be an interesting therapeutic approach for women experiencing chronic posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Our findings underscore the role of interoceptive mechanisms in traumatic stress and emphasize the importance of addressing these aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Shatrova
- UNINPSI, Dpto. de Psicología, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo F. Cáncer
- UNINPSI, Dpto. de Psicología, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Caperos
- UNINPSI, Dpto. de Psicología, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathew AR, Avery EF, Cox C, Nwanah P, Kalhan R, Hitsman B, Powell LH. Development of a targeted behavioral treatment for smoking cessation among individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Behav Med 2023; 46:1010-1022. [PMID: 37148395 PMCID: PMC10804287 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking cessation for individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is medically critical, but smoking for coping motives is a common barrier. METHOD In this evaluation of three treatment components (Mindfulness, Practice Quitting, and Countering Emotional Behaviors), we conducted two studies guided by the ORBIT model. Study 1 was a single-case design experiment (N = 18); Study 2 was a pilot feasibility study (N = 30). In both studies, participants were randomized to receive one of the three treatment modules. Study 1 examined implementation targets, changes in smoking for coping motives, and changes in smoking rate. Study 2 examined overall feasibility and participant-rated acceptability, and changes in smoking rate. RESULTS Study 1: Treatment implementation targets were met by 3/5 Mindfulness participants, 2/4 Practice Quitting participants, and 0/6 Countering Emotional Behaviors participants. The Practice Quitting condition led to 100% of participants meeting the clinically significant threshold in smoking for coping motives. Incidence of quit attempts ranged from 0-50%, and smoking rate was reduced by 50% overall. Study 2: Recruitment and retention met feasibility targets, with 97% of participants completing all four treatment sessions. Participants reported high treatment satisfaction by qualitative responses and rating scales (M = 4.8/ 5.0). Incidence of quit attempts ranged from 25-58%, and smoking rate was reduced by 56% overall. CONCLUSIONS These two small-N studies provide complementary findings on internal validity and implementation of the novel intervention. While Study 1 provided initial support for plausibility of clinically significant change, Study 2 provided data on key feasibility parameters. IMPLICATIONS Smoking cessation for individuals with COPD is medically critical. We conducted an early-phase evaluation of a novel behavioral treatment focused on reducing smoking for coping motives. Results provided initial support for plausibility of clinically significant change and feasibility of the intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea Cox
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Ravi Kalhan
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 1700 W. Van Buren St, Ste. 470, 60612, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Hitsman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 1700 W. Van Buren St, Ste. 470, 60612, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weiss NH, Schick MR, Raudales AM, Forkus SR, Thomas ED, Contractor AA, Sullivan TP. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Positive Emotion Dysregulation on Risky Behavior Following Idiographic Emotion Inductions. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:490-508. [PMID: 37576546 PMCID: PMC10420898 DOI: 10.1177/21677026221133295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
An experimental paradigm with subjective and objective assessments was used to further explicate the role of positive emotion dysregulation on risky behavior. Participants were 151 community women currently experiencing intimate partner violence and using substances (Mage = 40.81, 43.0% white). Participants were randomly assigned to positive, negative, and neutral idiographic emotion inductions. Subjective (state self-report) and objective (high frequency heart rate variability [hfHRV], skin conductance response, and salivary cortisol) markers of emotion dysregulation were assessed, following which participants completed subjective (state urges for substances) and objective (Balloon Analogue Risk Task) measures of risky behavior. Results showed (a) greater self-reported state emotion dysregulation and lower hfHRV predicted more urges for substances in the positive (versus negative and neutral) emotion induction conditions; and (b) lower hfHRV predicted more behavioral risk-taking propensity in the positive (versus neutral) emotion induction condition. Findings provide additional support for the influence of positive emotion dysregulation on risky behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa R. Schick
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Noda S, Nishiuchi M, Shirotsuki K. Awareness and Acceptance in Anxiety‐Provoking Social Situations and Social Anxiety: Development and Initial Validation of the Social Anxiety‐Awareness and Acceptance Scale. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
5
|
Töbelmann L, Hahne I, Schulze T, Bergmann N, Fuchs L, Zierhut M, Hahn E, Böge K. Mechanisms of action and processes of yoga-based group intervention for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders-A longitudinal qualitative study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1086468. [PMID: 36824673 PMCID: PMC9941680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1086468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research exploring the effects of yoga therapy (YT) on individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore possible mechanisms of actions and processes, as well as adverse effects of a novel yoga-based group intervention (YoGI) for in-patients with SSD in a German university hospital setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS A longitudinal qualitative study was integrated into a rater-blinded randomized controlled trial, exploring the impact of a 4-week YoGI as add-on treatment. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants receiving YoGI (n = 19) in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) and a control group (n = 14) which only received TAU. Interviews were conducted at baseline (n = 33) and 4 weeks post-intervention (N = 28) to assess the participant's experiences and how they changed over time. The interviews (N = 61) were audio-taped, translated, coded, and analyzed by means of inductive thematic analysis. Separate case summaries were prepared for each participant to analyze longitudinal changes within subjects. The research team members collaboratively discussed the final list of themes and subcodes. Rater-based questionnaires, such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), and Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) were administered at baseline to assess clinical outcomes. RESULTS At baseline, participants reported a desire to improve their stress- and symptom management. A minority of participants expressed reservations toward yoga, and several psychosocial barriers were named, including worries about symptom exacerbation. At post-intervention, four mechanisms of change became evident from the interviews: (1) acquiring competence in relaxation, (2) increased interoceptive awareness, (3) feeling connected, and (4) a sense of spiritual wellbeing. A small number of participants reported difficulties with YoGI. CONCLUSION Generally, YoGI positively influenced participants' experiences of their inpatient stay, regarding distress, self- and body awareness, social connectedness, and spiritual wellbeing. However, participants also illuminated necessary adjustments to improve the intervention. YoGI will therefore be adapted and further developed in an iterative process based on a participant involvement approach. The efficacy regarding outcomes and processes needs to be investigated in a future larger-scaled randomized controlled trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Töbelmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Hahne
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Fuchs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Zierhut
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerem Böge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang Y, Rak E, Faldowski RA, Nazareth M, Ryan J, Javalkar K, Pitts B, Díaz-González de Ferris M. The self-management and transition manual "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE" for adolescents with chronic kidney disease. J Pediatr Nurs 2022:S0882-5963(22)00251-2. [PMID: 36396566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE", a novel six-week, self-directed patient education manual designed to improve chronic kidney disease knowledge/self-management, health care transition readiness, self-advocacy, and mindfulness skills among adolescents with chronic kidney disease. DESIGN AND METHODS We enrolled 49 adolescents aged 11-17 years (mean age 14.7 ± 1.9; 53.1% males) from a university hospital kidney center who had CKD stages 3 and greater, who were randomly assigned into the "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE" patient education only group (n = 31) or the "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE" patient education plus mindfulness training group (n = 18). Participants completed Qualtrics surveys at baseline, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up. The survey included measures of outcome variables (i.e., self-management/transition readiness, patient self-advocacy, and mindfulness), and an additional demographic questionnaire was included in the baseline survey. Multilevel model analyses were used to examine the effects of group and time on the outcome variables. RESULTS Multilevel model analyses showed an overall significant time effect across all outcome variables in both groups. However, the group effects were not statistically significant across the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS Both interventions significantly increased participants' self-management/HCT readiness, self-advocacy, and mindfulness over time. Mindfulness training may not bring additional benefits to the "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE" education manual. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Pediatric nurses and clinicians may utilize the self-directed "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE" manual to increase self-management/transition readiness, self-advocacy, and mindfulness among adolescents with chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Huang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bondurant Hall, CB #7120, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7120, USA.
| | - Eniko Rak
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bondurant Hall, CB #7120, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7120, USA
| | - Richard A Faldowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA
| | - Meaghan Nazareth
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 MacNider Hall, CB# 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7220, USA
| | - Jessica Ryan
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bondurant Hall, CB #7120, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7120, USA
| | - Karina Javalkar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 MacNider Hall, CB# 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7220, USA
| | - Brian Pitts
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 MacNider Hall, CB# 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7220, USA
| | - Maria Díaz-González de Ferris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 MacNider Hall, CB# 7220, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7220, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mindfulness-Enhanced Computerized Cognitive Training for Depression: An Integrative Review and Proposed Model Targeting the Cognitive Control and Default-Mode Networks. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050663. [PMID: 35625049 PMCID: PMC9140161 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is often associated with co-occurring neurocognitive deficits in executive function (EF), processing speed (PS) and emotion regulation (ER), which impact treatment response. Cognitive training targeting these capacities results in improved cognitive function and mood, demonstrating the relationship between cognition and affect, and shedding light on novel targets for cognitive-focused interventions. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is one such new intervention, with evidence suggesting it may be effective as an adjunct treatment for depression. Parallel research suggests that mindfulness training improves depression via enhanced ER and augmentation of self-referential processes. CCT and mindfulness training both act on anti-correlated neural networks involved in EF and ER that are often dysregulated in depression—the cognitive control network (CCN) and default-mode network (DMN). After practicing CCT or mindfulness, downregulation of DMN activity and upregulation of CCN activity have been observed, associated with improvements in depression and cognition. As CCT is posited to improve depression via enhanced cognitive function and mindfulness via enhanced ER ability, the combination of both forms of training into mindfulness-enhanced CCT (MCCT) may act to improve depression more rapidly. MCCT is a biologically plausible adjunct intervention and theoretical model with the potential to further elucidate and target the causal mechanisms implicated in depressive symptomatology. As the combination of CCT and mindfulness has not yet been fully explored, this is an intriguing new frontier. The aims of this integrative review article are four-fold: (1) to briefly review the current evidence supporting the efficacy of CCT and mindfulness in improving depression; (2) to discuss the interrelated neural networks involved in depression, CCT and mindfulness; (3) to present a theoretical model demonstrating how MCCT may act to target these neural mechanisms; (4) to propose and discuss future directions for MCCT research for depression.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramos G, Aguilera A, Montoya A, Lau A, Wen CY, Cruz Torres V, Chavira D. App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e35196. [PMID: 35436228 PMCID: PMC9052031 DOI: 10.2196/35196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People of color (POC) who experience race-related stress are at risk of developing mental health problems, including high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Mindfulness meditation may be especially well suited to help POC cope, given its emphasis on gaining awareness and acceptance of emotions associated with discriminatory treatment. However, mindfulness meditation rarely reaches POC, and digital approaches could reduce this treatment gap by addressing traditional barriers to care. Objective This study will test the effectiveness of a self-directed app-based mindfulness meditation program among POC who experience elevated levels of race-related stress. Implementation outcomes such as treatment acceptability, adherence, and satisfaction will be examined. Methods Participants (n=80) will be recruited online by posting recruitment materials on social media and sending emails to relevant groups. In-person recruitment will consist of posting flyers in communities with significant POC representation. Eligible participants will be block randomized to either the intervention group (n=40) that will complete a self-directed 4-week mindfulness meditation program or a wait-list control condition (n=40) that will receive access to the app after study completion. All participants will complete measures at baseline, midtreatment, and posttreatment. Primary outcomes include changes in stress, anxiety, and depression, and secondary outcomes constitute changes in mindfulness, self-compassion, rumination, emotion suppression, and experiential avoidance. Exploratory analyses will examine whether changes in the secondary outcomes mediate changes in primary outcomes. Finally, treatment acceptability, adherence, and satisfaction will be examined descriptively. Results Recruitment began in October 2021. Data will be analyzed using multilevel modeling, a statistical methodology that accounts for the dependence among repeated observations. Considering attrition issues in self-directed digital interventions and their potential effects on statistical significance and treatment effect sizes, we will examine data using both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Conclusions To our knowledge, this will be the first study to provide data on the effectiveness of a self-directed app-based mindfulness meditation program for POC recruited based on elevated race-related stress, a high-risk population. Similarly, meaningful clinical targets for POC affected by stressors related to race will be examined. Findings will provide important information regarding whether this type of intervention is an acceptable treatment among these marginalized groups. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05027113; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05027113 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/35196
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Aguilera
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Montoya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anna Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chu Yin Wen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Denise Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Transdiagnostic Processes as Mediators of Change in an Internet-Delivered Intervention Based on the Unified Protocol. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transdiagnostic treatments target shared mechanisms between disorders to facilitate change across diagnoses. The Unified Protocol (UP) aims at changing dysfunctional reactions towards emotions by increasing mindful emotion awareness and cognitive flexibility, as well as decreasing anxiety sensitivity and emotion avoidance.
Method
We investigated whether these transdiagnostic processes were malleable by treatment and mediated the relationship between treatment and outcome in an internet-delivered adaptation of the UP. N = 129 participants with mixed anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptom disorders were randomized to treatment or waitlist.
Results
The treatment yielded significant changes in all transdiagnostic processes over time in comparison to a waitlist condition. In separate mediator models, significant mediating effects were found for mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, behavioral activation, and experiential avoidance. When all mediators were combined in a multiple mediator model, the indirect effects through mindfulness and cognitive flexibility emerged as significant.
Conclusion
These findings add to the growing body of research on transdiagnostic processes as mediators of change and emphasize mindfulness and cognitive flexibility as a transdiagnostic treatment target. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously, as temporal precedence could not be established.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sighvatsson MB, Salkovskis PM, Sigurdsson E, Valdimarsdottir HB, Thorsdottir F, Sigurdsson JF. Evaluation of mechanism of change in transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy using single case experimental design. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2021; 71:101634. [PMID: 33388441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Transdiagnostic mechanisms of change (txMOC) specific to cognitive behaviour therapy are poorly understood. Salkovskis (1996) proposed one such mechanism in terms of the shift towards an alternative, less negative view of their problems or cognitive flexibility. This hypothesis has been described as involving a shift in beliefs, from "theory A″ to "theory B". The objective of this research was to evaluate this hypothesis. METHODS Effectiveness of a novel txCBT and temporal changes in process and symptom measures were evaluated using a non-concurrent multiple baseline design and Tau-U calculations with thirteen participants (five with obsessive-compulsive disorder, two with panic disorder with agoraphobia and six with major depressive disorder). As a secondary analysis authors calculated Kendall's - Tau correlation between process and symptom measures, performed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess treatment modules effect on negative thought and calculated Reliable change index (RCI). RESULTS The txCBT was clearly effective for eight participants. The results varied dependent on the stimuli evaluated as negative or threatening. Level and trend of the ratings of belief in theory A followed the level and trend of symptom measures to a greater extent than the (inverse) level and trend of belief in theory B. LIMITATIONS Only thirteen participants were recruited and evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the view that effective treatment may involve a txMOC characterized by the ability to shift from a relatively fixed negative view of their experience to a less negative psychologically focused alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Blondahl Sighvatsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland; Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland.
| | - Paul M Salkovskis
- Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland; Oxford Centre for Psychological Health, Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Oxford Cognitive Therapy Center, Warneford Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland; Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Iceland.
| | - Heiddis B Valdimarsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Fanney Thorsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland.
| | - Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland; Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cullen B, Eichel K, Lindahl JR, Rahrig H, Kini N, Flahive J, Britton WB. The contributions of focused attention and open monitoring in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for affective disturbances: A 3-armed randomized dismantling trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244838. [PMID: 33434227 PMCID: PMC7802967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) includes a combination of focused attention (FA) and open monitoring (OM) meditation practices. The aim of this study was to assess both short- and long-term between- and within-group differences in affective disturbance among FA, OM and their combination (MBCT) in the context of a randomized controlled trial. Method One hundred and four participants with mild to severe depression and anxiety were randomized into one of three 8-week interventions: MBCT (n = 32), FA (n = 36) and OM (n = 36). Outcome measures included the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Mixed effects regression models were used to assess differential treatment effects during treatment, post-treatment (8 weeks) and long-term (20 weeks). The Reliable Change Index (RCI) was used to translate statistical findings into clinically meaningful improvements or deteriorations. Results All treatments demonstrated medium to large improvements (ds = 0.42–1.65) for almost all outcomes. While all treatments were largely comparable in their effects at post-treatment (week 8), the treatments showed meaningful differences in rapidity of response and pattern of deteriorations. FA showed the fastest rate of improvement and the fewest deteriorations on stress, anxiety and depression during treatment, but a loss of treatment-related gains and lasting deteriorations in depression at week 20. OM showed the slowest rate of improvement and lost treatment-related gains for anxiety, resulting in higher anxiety in OM at week 20 than MBCT (d = 0.40) and FA (d = 0.36), though these differences did not reach statistical significance after correcting for multiple comparisons (p’s = .06). MBCT and OM showed deteriorations in stress, anxiety and depression at multiple timepoints during treatment, with lasting deteriorations in stress and depression. MBCT showed the most favorable pattern for long-term treatment of depression. Conclusions FA, OM and MBCT show different patterns of response for different dimensions of affective disturbance. Trial registration This trial is registered at (v NCT01831362); www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Kristina Eichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Jared R Lindahl
- Department of Religious Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Hadley Rahrig
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Nisha Kini
- Quantitative Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Julie Flahive
- Quantitative Health Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Willoughby B Britton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sauer-Zavala S, Southward MW, Semcho SA. Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology in cognitive behavioral therapy. J Pers 2020; 90:89-102. [PMID: 33070346 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the strong association between personality features and psychopathology. This research has, however, had little influence on day-to-day therapeutic practice, particularly in cognitive behavioral approaches that have traditionally focused on addressing the symptoms of categorically defined diagnoses. Indeed, there are few CBT protocols aimed at altering the personality features. Recently, however, the CBT literature has displayed an increased focus on identifying alternative higher-order, dimensional mechanisms that may underscore the development and maintenance of broad classes of psychopathology (e.g., aversive reactivity to emotions, reward sensitivity, and performance expectancies). There is ample evidence linking these processes to DSM disorder severity; however, they may also represent a functional link between the personality domains and the disorder symptoms organized beneath them. The functional mechanisms through which an individual's personality confers risk for psychopathology may be naturally amenable to cognitive behavioral elements, and targeting these processes in treatment has the potential to address both disorder symptoms and underlying personality vulnerabilities. Thus, the identification of intermediate functional mechanisms may help bridge the gap between personality science and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A Semcho
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cavicchioli M, Ramella P, Simone G, Vassena G, Movalli M, Maffei C. Emotional difficulties among individuals with alcohol use disorder: the mediating role of psychological mechanisms linked to mindfulness. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1745310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavicchioli
- Department of Psychology, University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Ramella
- Department of Psychology, University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Simone
- Department of Psychology, University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Vassena
- Department of Psychology, University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Movalli
- Department of Psychology, University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Maffei
- Department of Psychology, University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Curreri AJ, Farchione TJ, Sauer-Zavala S, Barlow DH. Mindful Emotion Awareness Facilitates Engagement with Exposure Therapy: An Idiographic Exploration Using Single Case Experimental Design. Behav Modif 2020; 46:36-62. [PMID: 32752883 DOI: 10.1177/0145445520947662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure therapy works through inhibitory learning, whereby patients are exposed to stimuli that elicit anxiety in order to establish safety associations. Mindful emotion awareness, or nonjudgmental and present-focused attention toward emotions, may facilitate engagement in exposures, which may in turn enhance therapeutic outcome. This study utilizes a single-case experimental design (n = 6) to investigate the effect of mindful emotion awareness training on the use of avoidant strategies during exposures, distress during exposures, overall mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and symptom reduction in a sample of participants with social anxiety disorder. Data were analyzed using a combination of visual inspection and quantitative effect size metrics commonly applied in single-case experimental designs. To further investigate the relationship between distress and avoidant strategy use, contemporaneous and cross-lagged correlations were run. Results highlight individual differences in responses to mindful emotion awareness training and exposure exercises. Given these individual differences, repeated assessment and monitoring over the course of treatment may help clinicians most effectively identify treatment skills that will be most helpful for individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Curreri
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd J Farchione
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David H Barlow
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The personalized approach to psychopathology conceptualizes mental disorder as a complex system of contextualized dynamic processes that is nontrivially specific to each individual, and it seeks to develop formal idiographic statistical models to represent these individual processes. Although the personalized approach draws on long-standing influences in clinical psychology, there has been an explosion of research in recent years following the development of intensive longitudinal data capture and statistical techniques that facilitate modeling of the dynamic processes of each individual's pathology. Advances are also making idiographic analyses scalable and generalizable. We review emerging research using the personalized approach in descriptive psychopathology, precision assessment, and treatment selection and tailoring, and we identify future challenges and areas in need of additional research. The personalized approach to psychopathology holds promise to resolve thorny diagnostic issues, generate novel insights, and improve the timing and efficacy of interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA; ,
| | - William C Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Apolinário-Hagen J, Drüge M, Fritsche L. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Acceptance Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Integrating Traditional with Digital Treatment Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:291-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
17
|
Zhu T, Xue J, Montuclard A, Jiang Y, Weng W, Chen S. Can Mindfulness-Based Training Improve Positive Emotion and Cognitive Ability in Chinese Non-clinical Population? A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1549. [PMID: 31333552 PMCID: PMC6619344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on eastern philosophy, mindfulness is becoming popular for human being's mental health and well-being in western countries. In this study, we proposed to explore the effectiveness and potential pathway of mindfulness-based training (MBT) on Chinese Non-clinical higher education students' cognition and emotion. METHODS A paired control design was used. 48 higher education students (24 in MBT group, 24 in control group) were recruited in the study. The MBT group engaged in a 12-week MBT. A package of measurements, including sustained attention tasks (The Continuous Performance Test, CPT), executive function task (Stroop) for cognitive functions, the self-reported mindfulness levels (The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, MAAS) and emotion (The Profile of Mood States, POMS), were apply for all participants at baseline and every 4 weeks during next 12 weeks. RESULTS There were no differences in baseline demographic variables between two groups. Over the 12-week training, participants assigned to MBT group had a significantly greater reduction in CPT reaction time (Cohen's d 0.72), significantly greater improvement in positive emotion (Vigor-Activity, VA) (Cohen's d 1.08) and in MAAS (Cohen's d 0.49) than those assigned to control group. And, MAAS at 4th week could significantly predict the CPT RT and VA at 8th week in the MBT group. VA at 4th week could significantly predict the CPT RT at 8th week (B = 4.88, t = 2.21, p = 0.034, R2 = 0.35). CONCLUSION This study shows the efficiency of 12-week MBT on Chinese Non-clinical students' cognition and emotion. Mindfulness training may impact cognition and emotion through the improvement in mindfulness level, and may impact cognition through the improvement in positive emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingfei Zhu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Xue
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Astrid Montuclard
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yuxing Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Weng
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carpenter JK, Sanford J, Hofmann SG. The Effect of a Brief Mindfulness Training on Distress Tolerance and Stress Reactivity. Behav Ther 2019; 50:630-645. [PMID: 31030879 PMCID: PMC6494113 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor distress tolerance (DT) is considered an underlying facet of anxiety, depression, and a number of other psychological disorders. Mindfulness may help to increase DT by fostering an attitude of acceptance or nonjudgment toward distressing experiences. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of a brief mindfulness training on tolerance of different types of distress, and tested whether trait mindfulness moderates the effect of such training. Undergraduates (n = 107) naïve to mindfulness completed a measure of trait mindfulness and underwent a series of stress tasks (cold pressor, hyperventilation challenge, neutralization task) before and after completing a 15-minute mindfulness training or a no-instruction control in which participants listened to relaxing music. Participants in the mindfulness condition demonstrated greater task persistence on the hyperventilation task compared to the control group, as well as a decreased urge to neutralize the effects of writing an upsetting sentence. No effect on distress ratings during the tasks were found. Overall trait mindfulness did not significantly moderate task persistence, but those with lower scores on the act with awareness facet of mindfulness demonstrated greater relative benefit of mindfulness training on the hyperventilation challenge. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of mindfulness training on cold pressor task persistence and urges to neutralize through the use of the nonjudge and nonreact facets of mindfulness. These results suggest that a brief mindfulness training can increase DT without affecting the subjective experience of distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Carpenter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St, 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215;
| | - Jenny Sanford
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St, 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215; ,Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114;
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon St, 6th floor, Boston, MA, 02215; ,Denotes corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Britton WB. Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:159-165. [PMID: 30708288 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found that very few, if any, psychological or physiological processes are universally beneficial. Instead, positive phenomena tend to follow a non-monotonic or inverted U-shaped trajectory where their typically positive effects eventually turn negative. This review investigates mindfulness-related processes for signs of non-monotonicity. A number of mindfulness-related processes-including, mindful attention (observing awareness, interoception), mindfulness qualities, mindful emotion regulation (prefrontal control, decentering, exposure, acceptance), and meditation practice-show signs of non-monotonicity, boundary conditions, or negative effects under certain conditions. A research agenda that investigates the possibility of mindfulness as non-monotonic may be able to provide an explanatory framework for the mix of positive, null, and negative effects that could maximize the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Beblo T, Pelster S, Schilling C, Kleinke K, Iffland B, Driessen M, Fernando S. Breath Versus Emotions: The Impact of Different Foci of Attention During Mindfulness Meditation on the Experience of Negative and Positive Emotions. Behav Ther 2018; 49:702-714. [PMID: 30146138 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation yields beneficial effects on the processing of emotions. However, it is still unclear whether the focus of attention during meditation influences these effects. In the present study we aimed at comparing the effects of breathing meditation and emotion-focused meditation on the immediate and delayed processing of negative and positive emotions. The study included 65 adult novice meditators who were exposed to positively and negatively valenced film clips. Participants were randomly assigned to three conditions. While watching the films at t1, they were asked to mindfully focus on their breath (condition 1), on emotions (condition 2), or on nothing in particular (condition 3). Ten minutes later at t2, comparable film clips were shown but all participants watched them without taking up a mindful attitude. Dependent measures were emotional states at t1 and t2. Participants of both meditation conditions particularly showed a more preferable delayed emotional reaction to negative stimuli than participants of the control condition. Breathing meditation and emotion-focused meditation may constitute effective emotion regulation strategies to deal with negatively valenced emotional states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beblo
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany; University of Bielefeld.
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Driessen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany; University of Bielefeld
| | - Silvia Fernando
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Andreotti E, Congard A, Le Vigouroux S, Dauvier B, Illy J, Poinsot R, Antoine P. Rumination and Mindlessness Processes: Trajectories of Change in a 42-Day Mindfulness-Based Intervention. J Cogn Psychother 2018; 32:127-139. [DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.32.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This preliminary study aimed to understand the effects of an autonomous mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on mindlessness propensities: rumination, automatic pilot functioning, and attentional distractibility. The ecological momentary assessment was completed by community participants assigned to two nonrandomized groups: an experimental group (n = 45) that practiced 20-minute daily mindfulness meditation for 42 days and a control group (n = 44) that was on the waiting list for the MBI. All participants completed a self-assessment on rumination and mindlessness propensities twice a day. The MBI led to a favorable gradual decrease in automatic pilot functioning and attentional distractibility. Rumination evolved in three stages: a rapid decrease during the first week, a stabilization phase between the 10th and 30th days, and an additional decrease after 30 days of practice. This innovative study provides a promising perspective regarding rumination, automatic pilot functioning, and attentional distractibility dynamic trajectories over the course of an MBI.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sauer-Zavala S, Cassiello-Robbins C, Ametaj AA, Wilner JG, Pagan D. Transdiagnostic Treatment Personalization: The Feasibility of Ordering Unified Protocol Modules According to Patient Strengths and Weaknesses. Behav Modif 2018; 43:518-543. [PMID: 29742904 DOI: 10.1177/0145445518774914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most patients in community practice attend significantly fewer sessions than are recommended by treatment protocols that have demonstrated efficacy in addressing emotional disorders. Personalized interventions that target the core processes thought to maintain a wide range of disorders may serve to increase treatment efficiency, addressing this gap. This study sought to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the personalized delivery of a mechanistically transdiagnostic intervention, the Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Using an AB phase change design in accordance with the single-case reporting guideline for behavioral interventions (SCRIBE), 18 individuals with heterogeneous emotional disorders were randomly assigned to receive UP treatment modules ordered according to either their pretreatment strengths or weaknesses. Results support the feasibility of reordering the treatment modules as the majority of patients presented with marked differences in skill levels, as well as the acceptability of this approach as patients in both conditions reported satisfaction with their assigned treatment order. Furthermore, the majority of patients demonstrated symptom improvement consistent with previously reported effects of the standard-order UP. Finally, there is preliminary evidence to suggest that those in the strengths condition displayed improvements in outcomes earlier in treatment than those in the weaknesses condition. Taken together, these findings offer preliminary support for improving treatment efficiency through the utilization of a personalized, strengths-based, transdiagnostic approach.
Collapse
|
23
|
Attachment and psychopathology: a dynamic model of the insecure cycle. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 25:76-80. [PMID: 29614483 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
24
|
Britton WB, Davis JH, Loucks EB, Peterson B, Cullen BH, Reuter L, Rando A, Rahrig H, Lipsky J, Lindahl JR. Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Creation and validation of 8-week focused attention and open monitoring interventions within a 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2018; 101:92-107. [PMID: 29106898 PMCID: PMC5801080 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) employ two distinct practices, focused attention (FA) and open monitoring (OM), the integrated delivery of these practices in MBIs precludes understanding of their practice-specific effects or mechanisms of action. The purpose of this study is to isolate hypothesized active ingredients and practice-specific mechanistic target engagement by creating structurally equivalent interventions that differ only by the active ingredient (meditation practice) offered and to test whether the hypothesized components differentially engage the mechanistic targets that they are purported to engage. METHODS Participants were intended to be representative of American meditators and had mild to severe affective disturbances. Measures of structural equivalence included participant-level (sample characteristics), treatment-level (program structure and duration, program materials, class size, attendance, homework compliance, etc.), and instructor-level variables (training, ratings and adherence/fidelity). Measures of differential validity included analysis of program materials and verification of differential mechanistic target engagement (cognitive and affective skills and beliefs about meditation acquired by participants after the 8-week training). RESULTS The results indicate successful creation of structurally equivalent FA and OM programs that were matched on participant-level, treatment-level, and instructor-level variables. The interventions also differed as expected with respect to program materials as well as mechanistic targets engaged (skills and beliefs acquired). CONCLUSIONS These validated 8-week FA and OM training programs can be applied in future research to assess practice-specific effects of meditation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willoughby B Britton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Jake H Davis
- Virtues of Attention Project, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Barnes Peterson
- Director of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Recovery Services, Cheshire County Department of Corrections, Keene, NH, United States
| | - Brendan H Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Laura Reuter
- Stanley Street Treatment and Resource, Fall River, MA, United States
| | - Alora Rando
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hadley Rahrig
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jonah Lipsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jared R Lindahl
- Cogut Center for the Humanities, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Homework in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Systematic Review of Adherence Assessment in Anxiety and Depression (2011-2016). Psychiatr Clin North Am 2017; 40:625-639. [PMID: 29080590 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment adherence has posed a substantial challenge not only for patients but also for the health profession for many decades. The last 5 years has witnessed significant attention toward adherence with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) homework for anxiety and depressive disorders, and adherence assessment methods have diversified. However, there remains a large component of the adherence process not assessed in CBT, with patient effort, engagement, and the known role for treatment appraisals and beliefs necessitating the pursuit of improved adherence assessment methods.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wilson AD, Roos CR, Robinson CS, Stein ER, Manuel JA, Enkema MC, Bowen S, Witkiewitz K. Mindfulness-based interventions for addictive behaviors: Implementation issues on the road ahead. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:888-896. [PMID: 29072477 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 35 years, mindfulness meditation practices have increasingly been integrated into Western medical settings. Research into the benefits of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) continues to expand, such that there are currently more than a dozen different protocolled MBIs for patients suffering from a variety of physical and psychological disorders. In the last decade, a number of MBIs specifically designed to treat addictive behaviors have been developed and tested. This review first provides a brief overview of the current state of the science with respect to the efficacy of MBIs for addictive behaviors, and some of the proposed mechanisms underlying the efficacy of MBIs. Second, the review highlights unresolved implementation issues and provides suggestions for how future research can address the implementation challenges to advance the delivery of MBIs. Specifically, this review focuses on the lack of clear empirical guidelines in the following areas: (a) effective training for MBI treatment providers; (b) adaptations of the traditional 2-hr closed-cohort group format; (c) delivery of MBIs in 1-on-1 treatment contexts; (d) delivery of MBIs at different points in the change process; (e) delivery of MBIs via technology-based platforms; and (f) facilitation of precision medicine in the delivery of MBIs. Specific research directions are suggested with an eye toward a meaningful increase in access to MBIs for front-line clinicians and clients. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey R Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Pacific University
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nejati S, Rajezi Esfahani S, Rahmani S, Afrookhteh G, Hoveida S. The Effect of Group Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction and Consciousness Yoga Program on Quality of Life and Fatigue Severity in Patients with MS. J Caring Sci 2016; 5:325-335. [PMID: 28032077 PMCID: PMC5187553 DOI: 10.15171/jcs.2016.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The chronic nature of Multiple Sclerosis (MS),
have can leave devastating effects on quality of life and fatigue. The present research
aimed to study the effect of group Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and conscious
yoga program on the quality of life and fatigue severity among patients with MS. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with intervention
and control groups. The statistical population included all members to MS Society of
Tehran Province, 24 of whom diagnosed with MS were selected as the sample based on the
inclusion criteria. The subjects were randomly assigned into the test group (12 patients)
and the control group (12 patients). MS Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) and Fatigue Severity
Scale (FSS) were used for data collection. Subjects in the test group underwent a MBSR and
conscious yoga program in 8 two-hour sessions. The data were analyzed using the SPSS
ver.13 software. Results: The study findings showed that there was a
significant difference between subjects in the experimental and control groups in terms of
mean score of some subscales of quality of life including physical health, role
limitations due to physical and emotional problems, energy, emotional well-being, health
distress, health perception, and satisfaction with sexual function, overall quality of
life, and fatigue severity. Conclusion: The results show that the program is effective
in reduction of fatigue severity and improving some subscales of quality of life in MS
patients. Hence, this supportive method can be used as an effective way for improving
quality of life and relieving fatigue in MS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Nejati
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rajezi Esfahani
- Clinical Psychology, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahmani
- Department of Psychology and Educational Science, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Gita Afrookhteh
- Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Azad University of Science and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Hoveida
- Health Psychology, Azad University of Science and Research, Alborz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sauer-Zavala S, Cassiello-Robbins C, Conklin LR, Bullis JR, Thompson-Hollands J, Kennedy KA. Isolating the Unique Effects of the Unified Protocol Treatment Modules Using Single Case Experimental Design. Behav Modif 2016; 41:286-307. [PMID: 28198196 DOI: 10.1177/0145445516673827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Unified Protocol (UP) for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to treat the range of anxiety, depressive, and related disorders. Thus far, the UP treatment modules have only been studied when they are delivered in their entirety and presented in a standard sequence. To personalize the presentation of the UP modules for a given patient's presentation (e.g., providing the modules in a varied order, dropping irrelevant modules), it is first necessary to establish that each module leads to change in the skill it is designed to promote, and that these changes can occur in the absence of the other modules. Using a multiple baseline design in accordance with the single-case reporting guidelines in behavioral interventions (SCRIBE), eight patients with heterogeneous emotional disorders were randomly assigned to a 1- or 3-week baseline assessment phase followed by four sessions of one of four UP modules (psychoeducation, emotional awareness, cognitive flexibility, and countering emotional behaviors). Results provide preliminary support for the notion that each UP module under study leads to change in its associated skill in the absence of the other modules (five of eight patients demonstrated reliable change in the module-specific skill). In addition, exploratory analyses suggest that the emotion awareness training and cognitive flexibility modules appeared to exhibit change specific to their associated skills, psychoeducation, and countering emotional behaviors demonstrated somewhat more broad-based change across skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laren R Conklin
- 1 Boston University, MA, USA.,2 Chalmer's P. Wylie VA Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Bullis
- 1 Boston University, MA, USA.,3 McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Andrasik F, Grazzi L, D'Amico D, Sansone E, Leonardi M, Raggi A, Salgado-García F. Mindfulness and headache: A "new" old treatment, with new findings. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:1192-1205. [PMID: 27694139 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416667023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Mindfulness refers to a host of procedures that have been practiced for centuries, but only recently have begun to be applied to varied pain conditions, with the most recent being headache. Methods We reviewed research that incorporated components of mindfulness for treating pain, with a more in depth focus on headache disorders. We also examined literature that has closely studied potential physiological processes in the brain that might mediate the effects of mindfulness. We report as well preliminary findings of our ongoing trial comparing mindfulness alone to pharmacological treatment alone for treating chronic migraine accompanied by medication overuse. Results Although research remains in its infancy, the initial findings support the utility of varied mindfulness approaches for enhancing usual care for headache management. Our preliminary findings suggest mindfulness by itself may produce effects comparable to that of medication alone for patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse. Conclusions Much work remains to more fully document the role and long term value of mindfulness for specific headache types. Areas in need of further investigation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Andrasik
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Licia Grazzi
- 2 Headache and Neuroalgology Unit, Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico D'Amico
- 2 Headache and Neuroalgology Unit, Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sansone
- 3 Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Leonardi
- 3 Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- 3 Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Meinlschmidt G, Lee JH, Stalujanis E, Belardi A, Oh M, Jung EK, Kim HC, Alfano J, Yoo SS, Tegethoff M. Smartphone-Based Psychotherapeutic Micro-Interventions to Improve Mood in a Real-World Setting. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1112. [PMID: 27516747 PMCID: PMC4963605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using mobile communication technology as new personalized approach to treat mental disorders or to more generally improve quality of life is highly promising. Knowledge about intervention components that target key psychopathological processes in terms of transdiagnostic psychotherapy approaches is urgently needed. We explored the use of smartphone-based micro-interventions based on psychotherapeutic techniques, guided by short video-clips, to elicit mood changes. METHOD As part of a larger neurofeedback study, all subjects-after being randomly assigned to an experimental or control neurofeedback condition-underwent daily smartphone-based micro-interventions for 13 consecutive days. They were free to choose out of provided techniques, including viscerosensory attention, emotional imagery, facial expression, and contemplative repetition. Changes in mood were assessed in real world using the Multidimensional Mood State Questionnaire (scales: good-bad, GB; awake-tired, AT; and calm-nervous, CN). RESULTS Twenty-seven men participated on at least 11 days and were thus included in the analyses. Altogether, they underwent 335, generally well-tolerated, micro-intervention sessions, with viscerosensory attention (178 sessions, 53.13%) and contemplative repetition (68 sessions, 20.30%) being the most frequently applied techniques. Mixed models indicated that subjects showed better mood [GB: b = 0.464, 95%confidence interval (CI) [0.068, 0.860], t (613.3) = 2.298, p = 0.022] and became more awake [AT: b = 0.514, 95%CI [0.103, 0.925], t (612.4) = 2.456, p = 0.014] and calmer [CN: b = 0.685, 95%CI [0.360, 1.010], t (612.3) = 4.137, p < 0.001] from pre- to post-micro-intervention. These mood improvements from pre- to post-micro-intervention were associated with changes in mood from the 1st day until the last day with regard to GB mood (r = 0.614, 95%CI [0.297, 0.809], p < 0.001), but not AT mood (r = 0.279, 95%CI [-0.122, 0.602], p = 0.167) and CN mood (r = 0.277, 95%CI [0.124, 0.601], p = 0.170). DISCUSSION Our findings provide evidence for the applicability of smartphone-based micro-interventions eliciting short-term mood changes, based on techniques used in psychotherapeutic approaches, such as mindfulness-based psychotherapy, transcendental meditation, and other contemplative therapies. The results encourage exploring these techniques' capability to improve mood in randomized controlled studies and patients. Smartphone-based micro-interventions are promising to modify mood in real-world settings, complementing other psychotherapeutic interventions, in line with the precision medicine approach. The here presented data were collected within a randomized trial, registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT01921088) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01921088.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Meinlschmidt
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Esther Stalujanis
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Belardi
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Minkyung Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Janine Alfano
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of KoreaIncheon, South Korea
| | - Marion Tegethoff
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|