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Safi IN, Hussein BMA, Al-Shammari AM. Bio-hybrid dental implants prepared using stem cells with β-TCP-coated titanium and zirconia. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:242-257. [PMID: 35775699 PMCID: PMC9253282 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2006080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated periodontal ligament (PDL) restoration in osseointegrated implants using stem cells. Methods Commercial pure titanium and zirconium oxide (zirconia) were coated with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) using a long-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm). Isolated bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMMSCs) from rabbit tibia and femur, isolated PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) from the lower right incisor, and co-cultured BMMSCs and PDLSCs were tested for periostin markers using an immunofluorescent assay. Implants with 3D-engineered tissue were implanted into the lower right central incisors after extraction from rabbits. Forty implants (Ti or zirconia) were subdivided according to the duration of implantation (healing period: 45 or 90 days). Each subgroup (20 implants) was subdivided into 4 groups (without cells, PDLSC sheets, BMMSC sheets, and co-culture cell sheets). All groups underwent histological testing involving haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry, stereoscopic analysis to measure the PDL width, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The natural lower central incisors were used as controls. Results The BMMSCs co-cultured with PDLSCs generated a well-formed PDL tissue that exhibited positive periostin expression. Histological analysis showed that the implantation of coated (Ti and zirconia) dental implants without a cell sheet resulted in a well-osseointegrated implant at both healing intervals, which was confirmed with FESEM analysis and negative periostin expression. The mesenchymal tissue structured from PDLSCs only or co-cultured (BMMSCs and PDLSCs) could form a natural periodontal tissue with no significant difference between Ti and zirconia implants, consequently forming a biohybrid dental implant. Green fluorescence for periostin was clearly detected around the biohybrid implants after 45 and 90 days. FESEM showed the invasion of PDL-like fibres perpendicular to the cementum of the bio-hybrid implants. Conclusions β-TCP-coated (Ti and zirconia) implants generated periodontal tissue and formed biohybrid implants when mesenchymal-tissue-layered cell sheets were isolated from PDLSCs alone or co-cultured BMMSCs and PDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Nabeel Safi
- Prosthetics Department, Collage of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Ahmed Majeed Al-Shammari
- Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Graphene-Oxide Porous Biopolymer Hybrids Enhance In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation and Promote Ectopic Osteogenesis In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010491. [PMID: 35008918 PMCID: PMC8745160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, natural-based scaffolds have presented impressive results for bone tissue engineering (BTE) application. Further, outstanding interactions have been observed during the interaction of graphene oxide (GO)-reinforced biomaterials with both specific cell cultures and injured bone during in vivo experimental conditions. This research hereby addresses the potential of fish gelatin/chitosan (GCs) hybrids reinforced with GO to support in vitro osteogenic differentiation and, further, to investigate its behavior when implanted ectopically. Standard GCs formulation was referenced against genipin (Gp) crosslinked blend and 0.5 wt.% additivated GO composite (GCsGp/GO 0.5 wt.%). Pre-osteoblasts were put in contact with these composites and induced to differentiate in vitro towards mature osteoblasts for 28 days. Specific bone makers were investigated by qPCR and immunolabeling. Next, CD1 mice models were used to assess de novo osteogenic potential by ectopic implantation in the subcutaneous dorsum pocket of the animals. After 4 weeks, alkaline phosphate (ALP) and calcium deposits together with collagen synthesis were investigated by biochemical analysis and histology, respectively. Further, ex vivo materials were studied after surgery regarding biomineralization and morphological changes by means of qualitative and quantitative methods. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy underlined the newly fashioned material structuration by virtue of mineralized extracellular matrix. Specific bone markers determination stressed the osteogenic phenotype of the cells populating the material in vitro and successfully differentiated towards mature bone cells. In vivo results of specific histological staining assays highlighted collagen formation and calcium deposits, which were further validated by micro-CT. It was observed that the addition of 0.5 wt.% GO had an overall significant positive effect on both in vitro differentiation and in vivo bone cell recruitment in the subcutaneous region. These data support the GO bioactivity in osteogenesis mechanisms as being self-sufficient to elevate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in ectopic sites while lacking the most common osteoinductive agents.
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Schönweger F, Sprecher CM, Milz S, Dommann-Scherrer C, Meier C, Dommann A, Neels A, Wahl P. New Insights into Osteointegration and Delamination from a Multidisciplinary Investigation of a Failed Hydroxyapatite-Coated Hip Joint Replacement. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214713. [PMID: 33105759 PMCID: PMC7660088 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have become very popular in uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA). Analysis of retrievals and tissue samples from an HA-coated femoral stem, which failed within 14 months after THA, provides exceptional insights into the failure mechanism, as well as the process of osteointegration of such an implant. Methods: Retrievals were photo-documented. Samples were examined by micro-computed tomography, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate for histology. Results: The coating had partially delaminated. The sandblasted surface of the stem was partially polished by the delaminated HA coating, indicating failure before revision. In the tissue samples, the HA coating was well integrated by newly formed bone trabeculae. No adverse biological reaction was observed. XRD analysis showed that residues of the HA coating were still present and could clearly be differentiated from the surrounding bone. Preferential orientation of the HA crystallites could be identified within the newly formed bone, representing a potential mechanical weakness induced either by physiologic strain or by the coating. Conclusion: current HA coatings, relatively thick and made of high crystallinity HA, may be prone to delamination, as also seen in our study. Recent efforts have aimed towards thinner (<1 μm) coatings with nanocrystalline HA structures that possibly relate to lower delamination risks. However, the question arises if HA coatings are beneficial since sandblasted non-coated stems offer similar results without the risk of delamination. XRD not only permits differentiation between the HA from the coating and the HA of the ongrown bone, it also provides new insights into the microstructure of this newly formed bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schönweger
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland; (C.M.); (P.W.)
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Regional Hospital Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Stefan Milz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | | | - Christoph Meier
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland; (C.M.); (P.W.)
| | - Alex Dommann
- Centre for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (A.D.); (A.N.)
- ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Centre for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (A.D.); (A.N.)
| | - Peter Wahl
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland; (C.M.); (P.W.)
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El-Ghannam A, Greenier M, Johnson M, Marriott I. Synthesis and characterization of porous bioactive SiC tissue engineering scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2162-2174. [PMID: 32319213 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is an inert material with excellent biocompatibility properties. A major issue that limits its use as a medical device is the difficult processing technique that requires hot pressing at a temperature (>2,000o C) and pressure (1,000-2,000 atm). In the present study, we developed a protocol to synthesize a porous SiC scaffold by pressing the powder at 50 MPa and heating at 900o C/2 hr. The surface of SiC was chemically modified by NaOH to facilitate sintering and induce bioactivity. Porous discs with 51.51 ± 3.17% porosity and interconnected pores in the size range from 1 to 1,000 μm were prepared using 40% PEG. The average compressive strength and Young's modulus of the scaffolds were 1.94 ± 0.70 and 169.2 ± 0.08 MPa, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of biomimetic hydroxyapatite layer after 2 hr of immersion in simulated body fluid. The Ca/P ratio was dependent on the concentration of the silanol groups created on the material surface. Increasing the atomic % of silicon on the SiC surface from 33.27 ± 9.53% to 45.13 ± 4.74% resulted in a 76% increase in the osteocalcin expression by MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on the material after 7 days. The cells colonized the entire thickness of the template and filled the pores with mineralized extracellular matrix after 14 days. Taken all together, the porous SiC scaffolds can serve as a bone graft for tissue reconstruction and cell delivery in trauma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Ghannam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madeline Greenier
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Johnson
- Department of Biological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Daltin AL, Beaufils S, Rouillon T, Millet P, Chopart JP. Calcium phosphate powder synthesis by out-of-phase pulsed sonoelectrochemistry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104662. [PMID: 31450292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High aspect ratio calcium phosphate (CaP) nanorods were achieved by out-of-phase pulsed sonoelectrodeposition from electrolytic aqueous bath composed of calcium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogenophosphate and surfactant at pH of 4.9. The nature of CaP phases was determined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results reveal the predominantly presence of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzes highlighted that the nanorods are polycristalline and have an aspect ratio up to 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Daltin
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Sciences des Matériaux (LISM), EA 4695, URCA, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France.
| | - S Beaufils
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Sciences des Matériaux (LISM), EA 4695, URCA, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France; Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France
| | - T Rouillon
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France
| | - P Millet
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Sciences des Matériaux (LISM), EA 4695, URCA, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, 51100 Reims, France
| | - J P Chopart
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Sciences des Matériaux (LISM), EA 4695, URCA, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
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Deng L, Li Y, Zhang H. In vitro and in vivo assessment of glucose cross-linked gelatin/zein nanofibrous scaffolds for cranial bone defects regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1505-1517. [PMID: 31609542 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the glucose cross-linked gelatin/zein scaffolds for bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited fast mineralization in the concentrated simulated body fluid with the deposited octacalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3e1 cells in a CCK-8 test. Additionally, scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that all the scaffolds were biocompatible and showed excellent support for MC3T3e1 cells. In the osteogenesis characterizations, Alizarin Red staining experiments indicated the improved calcium deposits on the cross-linked scaffolds, while the alkaline phosphatase activity showed no difference. Furthermore, the in vivo cranial bone regeneration results suggested that the cross-linked gelatin/zein scaffolds presented a strong positive effect on the cranial bone regeneration with the increased new bone volume and connective tissue formation, but the incorporation of zein in the gelatin scaffolds did not favor the bone regeneration. Moreover, the cross-linked gelatin scaffold retarded the bone resorption as indicated by the higher levels of IFN-γ and lower levels of IL-6, which restricted the differentiation of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Deng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Graziani G, Berni M, Gambardella A, De Carolis M, Maltarello MC, Boi M, Carnevale G, Bianchi M. Fabrication and characterization of biomimetic hydroxyapatite thin films for bone implants by direct ablation of a biogenic source. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:853-862. [PMID: 30889760 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic bone apatite coatings were realized for the first time by the novel Ionized Jet Deposition technique. Bone coatings were deposited on titanium alloy substrates by pulsed electron ablation of deproteinized bovine bone shafts in order to resemble bone apatite as closely as possible. The composition, morphology and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized by GI-XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, AFM, contact angle measurements, micro-scratch and screw-insertion tests. Different post-treatment annealing conditions (from 350 °C to 425 °C) were investigated. Bone apatite coatings exhibited a nanostructured surface morphology and a composition closely resembling that of the deposition target (i.e. natural bone apatite), also regarding the presence of magnesium and sodium ions. Crystallinity and composition of the coatings were strongly influenced by annealing temperature and duration; in particular, upon annealing at 400 °C and above, a crystallinity similar to that of bone was achieved. Finally, adhesion to the titanium substrate and hydrophilicity were significantly enhanced upon annealing, all characteristics being known to have a strong positive impact on promoting host cells attachment, proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Graziani
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Berni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gambardella
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica De Carolis
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Maltarello
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Boi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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