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Lai J, Liu Y, Lu G, Yung P, Wang X, Tuan RS, Li ZA. 4D bioprinting of programmed dynamic tissues. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:348-377. [PMID: 38694766 PMCID: PMC11061618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Setting time as the fourth dimension, 4D printing allows us to construct dynamic structures that can change their shape, property, or functionality over time under stimuli, leading to a wave of innovations in various fields. Recently, 4D printing of smart biomaterials, biological components, and living cells into dynamic living 3D constructs with 4D effects has led to an exciting field of 4D bioprinting. 4D bioprinting has gained increasing attention and is being applied to create programmed and dynamic cell-laden constructs such as bone, cartilage, and vasculature. This review presents an overview on 4D bioprinting for engineering dynamic tissues and organs, followed by a discussion on the approaches, bioprinting technologies, smart biomaterials and smart design, bioink requirements, and applications. While much progress has been achieved, 4D bioprinting as a complex process is facing challenges that need to be addressed by transdisciplinary strategies to unleash the full potential of this advanced biofabrication technology. Finally, we present future perspectives on the rapidly evolving field of 4D bioprinting, in view of its potential, increasingly important roles in the development of advanced dynamic tissues for basic research, pharmaceutics, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Yung
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Yarali E, Mirzaali MJ, Ghalayaniesfahani A, Accardo A, Diaz-Payno PJ, Zadpoor AA. 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402301. [PMID: 38580291 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
4D (bio-)printing endows 3D printed (bio-)materials with multiple functionalities and dynamic properties. 4D printed materials have been recently used in biomedical engineering for the design and fabrication of biomedical devices, such as stents, occluders, microneedles, smart 3D-cell engineered microenvironments, drug delivery systems, wound closures, and implantable medical devices. However, the success of 4D printing relies on the rational design of 4D printed objects, the selection of smart materials, and the availability of appropriate types of external (multi-)stimuli. Here, this work first highlights the different types of smart materials, external stimuli, and design strategies used in 4D (bio-)printing. Then, it presents a critical review of the biomedical applications of 4D printing and discusses the future directions of biomedical research in this exciting area, including in vivo tissue regeneration studies, the implementation of multiple materials with reversible shape memory behaviors, the creation of fast shape-transformation responses, the ability to operate at the microscale, untethered activation and control, and the application of (machine learning-based) modeling approaches to predict the structure-property and design-shape transformation relationships of 4D (bio)printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Yarali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ava Ghalayaniesfahani
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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Kalogeropoulou M, Díaz-Payno PJ, Mirzaali MJ, van Osch GJVM, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. 4D printed shape-shifting biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Biofabrication 2024; 16:022002. [PMID: 38224616 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1e6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The existing 3D printing methods exhibit certain fabrication-dependent limitations for printing curved constructs that are relevant for many tissues. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that is expected to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). 4D printing is based on 3D printing, featuring the introduction of time as the fourth dimension, in which there is a transition from a 3D printed scaffold to a new, distinct, and stable state, upon the application of one or more stimuli. Here, we present an overview of the current developments of the 4D printing technology for TERM, with a focus on approaches to achieve temporal changes of the shape of the printed constructs that would enable biofabrication of highly complex structures. To this aim, the printing methods, types of stimuli, shape-shifting mechanisms, and cell-incorporation strategies are critically reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges of this very recent biofabrication technology as well as the future research directions are discussed. Our findings show that the most common printing methods so far are stereolithography (SLA) and extrusion bioprinting, followed by fused deposition modelling, while the shape-shifting mechanisms used for TERM applications are shape-memory and differential swelling for 4D printing and 4D bioprinting, respectively. For shape-memory mechanism, there is a high prevalence of synthetic materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA), poly(glycerol dodecanoate) acrylate (PGDA), or polyurethanes. On the other hand, different acrylate combinations of alginate, hyaluronan, or gelatin have been used for differential swelling-based 4D transformations. TERM applications include bone, vascular, and cardiac tissues as the main target of the 4D (bio)printing technology. The field has great potential for further development by considering the combination of multiple stimuli, the use of a wider range of 4D techniques, and the implementation of computational-assisted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalogeropoulou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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An C, Zhang S, Xu J, Zhang Y, Dou Z, Shao F, Long C, yang J, Wang H, Liu J. The microparticulate inks for bioprinting applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100930. [PMID: 38293631 PMCID: PMC10825055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a groundbreaking technology for fabricating intricate and functional tissue constructs. Central to this technology are the bioinks, which provide structural support and mimic the extracellular environment, which is crucial for cellular executive function. This review summarizes the latest developments in microparticulate inks for 3D bioprinting and presents their inherent challenges. We categorize micro-particulate materials, including polymeric microparticles, tissue-derived microparticles, and bioactive inorganic microparticles, and introduce the microparticle ink formulations, including granular microparticles inks consisting of densely packed microparticles and composite microparticle inks comprising microparticles and interstitial matrix. The formulations of these microparticle inks are also delved into highlighting their capabilities as modular entities in 3D bioprinting. Finally, existing challenges and prospective research trajectories for advancing the design of microparticle inks for bioprinting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng An
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiqing Xu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhenzhen Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Fei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Canling Long
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Jianhua yang
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Huanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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Chae S, Lee H, Ryu D, Kim G. Macroscale pseudo-spheroids fabricated using methacrylated collagen-coated cells. Theranostics 2024; 14:924-939. [PMID: 38250048 PMCID: PMC10797297 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Cell spheroids have shown great promise as tools for creating effective three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, facilitating tissue reconstruction and organoid development, due to their high cell density and efficient cellular interactions. However, a significant challenge persists in creating large-scale tissue structures with a 3D geometrical architecture using spheroids, due to the continual condensation and reorganization of cells and their environments. Methods: The spherical cell aggregates (pseudo-cell spheroids) or macroscale cell aggregates were obtained by coating each adipose-derived stem cell (hASC) with methacrylated collagen (Col-Ma). Subsequently, the coated cells were printed into an alginate supporting bath and photocrosslinked through exposure to UV light. To assess the effectiveness of this procedure on regenerative potential, the generated cell aggregates were compared with conventional cell spheroids and bioprinted cell constructs using immunofluorescent staining and quantification of myogenic-related gene expressions. Moreover, the bioconstructs were implanted into a mouse model with volumetric muscle loss to further elucidate their regenerative and functional recovery properties. Results: The use of Col-Ma as a cell-coating material enables the rapid and physical aggregation of cells within several hours, regardless of the cell type. Furthermore, Col-Ma-coated cell aggregates can provide relatively lower hypoxic conditions than cell spheroids fabricated using the hanging drop method owing to the thin porous Col-Ma layer coated on the cells. In addition, the resulting structures maintain their geometrical architecture following cell fusion and possess the potential for efficient scale-up and 3D complex shape formation, making them more suitable for clinical applications than conventional cell spheroids. Finally, the feasibility of the Col-Ma-coated cylindrical human adipose-derived stem cells aggregates was assessed through implantation in a mouse volumetric muscle loss model, showing a significantly higher regenerative ability of muscle tissue than the normally bioprinted cell construct. Conclusion: Our newly proposed method has meaningful potential for various tissue engineering applications, supported by the improved cellular activities and efficient muscle regeneration observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and organ-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- SooJung Chae
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM) Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM) Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Xie Z. 3D gradient printing based on digital light processing. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8883-8896. [PMID: 37694441 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
3D gradient printing is a type of fabrication technique that builds three-dimensional objects with gradually changing properties. Gradient digital light processing based 3D printing has garnered considerable attention in recent years. This function-oriented technology precisely manipulates the performance of different positions of materials and prints them as a monolithic structure to realize specific functions. This review presents a conceptual understanding of gradient properties, covering an overview of current techniques and materials that can produce gradient structures, as well as their limitations and challenges. The principle of digital light processing (DLP) technology and feasible strategies for 3D gradient printing to overcome any barriers are also presented. Additionally, this review discusses the promising future of 4D bioprinting systems based on DLP printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Chien-Shiung Wu College, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211102, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Chien-Shiung Wu College, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211102, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Gugulothu S, Asthana S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Chatterjee K. Trends in Photopolymerizable Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Tumor Models. JACS AU 2023; 3:2086-2106. [PMID: 37654587 PMCID: PMC10466332 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies involving photopolymerizable bioinks (PBs) have attracted enormous attention in recent times owing to their ability to recreate complex structures with high resolution, mechanical stability, and favorable printing conditions that are suited for encapsulating cells. 3D bioprinted tissue constructs involving PBs can offer better insights into the tumor microenvironment and offer platforms for drug screening to advance cancer research. These bioinks enable the incorporation of physiologically relevant cell densities, tissue-mimetic stiffness, and vascularized channels and biochemical gradients in the 3D tumor models, unlike conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures or other 3D scaffold fabrication technologies. In this perspective, we present the emerging techniques of 3D bioprinting using PBs in the context of cancer research, with a specific focus on the efforts to recapitulate the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. We describe printing approaches and various PB formulations compatible with these techniques along with recent attempts to bioprint 3D tumor models for studying migration and metastasis, cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and drug screening relevant to cancer. We discuss the limitations and identify unexplored opportunities in this field for clinical and commercial translation of these emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram
Bharath Gugulothu
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sonal Asthana
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Department
of Hepatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplantation Surgery, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Shervanthi Homer-Vanniasinkam
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Surgery, University College, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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Tao Y, Lin L, Ren X, Wang X, Cao X, Gu H, Ye Y, Ren Y, Zhang Z. Four-Dimensional Micro/Nanorobots via Laser Photochemical Synthesis towards the Molecular Scale. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1656. [PMID: 37763819 PMCID: PMC10537291 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized four-dimensional (4D) micro/nanorobots denote a forerunning technique associated with interdisciplinary applications, such as in embeddable labs-on-chip, metamaterials, tissue engineering, cell manipulation, and tiny robotics. With emerging smart interactive materials, static micro/nanoscale architectures have upgraded to the fourth dimension, evincing time-dependent shape/property mutation. Molecular-level 4D robotics promises complex sensing, self-adaption, transformation, and responsiveness to stimuli for highly valued functionalities. To precisely control 4D behaviors, current-laser-induced photochemical additive manufacturing, such as digital light projection, stereolithography, and two-photon polymerization, is pursuing high-freeform shape-reconfigurable capacities and high-resolution spatiotemporal programming strategies, which challenge multi-field sciences while offering new opportunities. Herein, this review summarizes the recent development of micro/nano 4D laser photochemical manufacturing, incorporating active materials and shape-programming strategies to provide an envisioning of these miniaturized 4D micro/nanorobots. A comparison with other chemical/physical fabricated micro/nanorobots further explains the advantages and potential usage of laser-synthesized micro/nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tao
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Zhejiang Chuangge Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuji 311899, China
| | - Liansheng Lin
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xia Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Heng Gu
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunxia Ye
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunpeng Ren
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Zhejiang Chuangge Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuji 311899, China
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Ramezani M, Mohd Ripin Z. 4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:347. [PMID: 37504842 PMCID: PMC10381284 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
4D printing has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of biomedical engineering, offering the potential for dynamic, stimuli-responsive structures with applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, medical devices, and diagnostics. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements, challenges, and future directions of 4D printing in biomedical engineering. We discuss the development of smart materials, including stimuli-responsive polymers, shape-memory materials, and bio-inks, as well as the various fabrication techniques employed, such as direct-write assembly, stereolithography, and multi-material jetting. Despite the promising advances, several challenges persist, including material limitations related to biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and degradation rates; fabrication complexities arising from the integration of multiple materials, resolution and accuracy, and scalability; and regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding safety and efficacy. As we explore the future directions for 4D printing, we emphasise the need for material innovations, fabrication advancements, and emerging applications such as personalised medicine, nanomedicine, and bioelectronic devices. Interdisciplinary research and collaboration between material science, biology, engineering, regulatory agencies, and industry are essential for overcoming challenges and realising the full potential of 4D printing in the biomedical engineering landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Ramezani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zaidi Mohd Ripin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia
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Noroozi R, Arif ZU, Taghvaei H, Khalid MY, Sahbafar H, Hadi A, Sadeghianmaryan A, Chen X. 3D and 4D Bioprinting Technologies: A Game Changer for the Biomedical Sector? Ann Biomed Eng 2023:10.1007/s10439-023-03243-9. [PMID: 37261588 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an innovative and emerging technology of additive manufacturing (AM) and has revolutionized the biomedical sector by printing three-dimensional (3D) cell-laden constructs in a precise and controlled manner for numerous clinical applications. This approach uses biomaterials and varying types of cells to print constructs for tissue regeneration, e.g., cardiac, bone, corneal, cartilage, neural, and skin. Furthermore, bioprinting technology helps to develop drug delivery and wound healing systems, bio-actuators, bio-robotics, and bio-sensors. More recently, the development of four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology and stimuli-responsive materials has transformed the biomedical sector with numerous innovations and revolutions. This issue also leads to the exponential growth of the bioprinting market, with a value over billions of dollars. The present study reviews the concepts and developments of 3D and 4D bioprinting technologies, surveys the applications of these technologies in the biomedical sector, and discusses their potential research topics for future works. It is also urged that collaborative and valiant efforts from clinicians, engineers, scientists, and regulatory bodies are needed for translating this technology into the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Sialkot Campus, Lahore, 51041, Pakistan
| | - Hadi Taghvaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hossein Sahbafar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghianmaryan
- Postdoctoral Researcher Fellow at Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada.
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A9, Canada
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11
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Tan J, Luo Y, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Liao X, Li D, Lai X, Liu Y. Development of alginate-based hydrogels: Crosslinking strategies and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124275. [PMID: 37011751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels have drawn much concern in the biomedical fields. Among them, alginate, a natural polyanionic polysaccharide, has become one of the research hotspots, because of its abundant source, biodegradability, biocompatibility, solubility, modification flexibility, and other characteristics or physiological functions. Recently, through adopting various physical or chemical crosslinking strategies, selecting suitable crosslinking or modification reagents, precisely controlling the reaction conditions, or introducing organic or inorganic functional materials, a variety of alginate-based hydrogels with excellent performance have been continuously developed, considerably expanding the breadth and depth of their applications. Here, various crosslinking strategies in the preparation of alginate-based hydrogels are comprehensively introduced. The representative application progress of alginate-based hydrogels in drug carrier, wound dressing and tissue engineering is also summarized. Meanwhile, the application prospects, challenges and development trends of alginate-based hydrogels are discussed. It is expected to provide guidance and reference for the further development of alginate-based hydrogels.
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Abstract
Emerging four-dimensional (4D) printing strategies offer improved alternatives to conventional three-dimensional (3D)-bioprinted structures for better compliance and simplicity of application for tissue engineering. Little is reported on simple 3D-bioprinted structures prepared by digital light processing (DLP) that can change shape-to-complex constructs (4D bioprinting) in response to cell-friendly stimuli, such as hydration. In the current research work, a bioink consisting of a blend of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) with a photoinitiator and a photoabsorber was developed and printed by DLP-based 3D bioprinting operated with visible light (405 nm). The 3D-bioprinted constructs combined with differential cross-linking due to photoabsorber-induced light attenuation were leveraged to realize structural anisotropy, which led to rapid shape deformation (as low as ≈30 min) upon hydration. The sheet thickness influenced the degree of curvature, whereas the incorporation of angled strands provided control of the deformation of the 3D-printed structure. The 4D-bioprinted gels supported the viability and proliferation of cells. Overall, this study introduces a cytocompatible bioink formulation for 4D bioprinting to yield shape-morphing, cell-laden hydrogels for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Bharath Gugulothu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012 India
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13
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Lee J, Lee H, Jin EJ, Ryu D, Kim GH. 3D bioprinting using a new photo-crosslinking method for muscle tissue restoration. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:18. [PMID: 37002225 PMCID: PMC10066283 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a highly effective technique for fabricating cell-loaded constructs in tissue engineering. However, the versatility of fabricating precise and complex cell-loaded hydrogels is limited owing to the poor crosslinking ability of cell-containing hydrogels. Herein, we propose an optic-fiber-assisted bioprinting (OAB) process to efficiently crosslink methacrylated hydrogels. By selecting appropriate processing conditions for the photo-crosslinking technique, we fabricated biofunctional cell-laden structures including methacrylated gelatin (Gelma), collagen, and decellularized extracellular matrix. To apply the method to skeletal muscle regeneration, cell-laden Gelma constructs were processed with a functional nozzle having a topographical cue and an OAB process that could induce a uniaxial alignment of C2C12 and human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Significantly higher degrees of cell alignment and myogenic activities in the cell-laden Gelma structure were observed compared with those in the cell construct that was printed using a conventional crosslinking method. Moreover, an in vivo regenerative potential was observed in volumetric muscle defects in a mouse model. The hASC-laden construct significantly induced greater muscle regeneration than the cell construct without topographical cues. Based on the results, the newly designed bioprinting process can prove to be highly effective in fabricating biofunctional cell-laden constructs for various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeYoon Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun Hyung Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Four-Dimensional Printing and Shape Memory Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010814. [PMID: 36614258 PMCID: PMC9821376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of severe bone defects is still a formidable clinical challenge, requiring the implantation of bone grafts or bone substitute materials. The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has received considerable attention in bone tissue engineering over the past decade. However, 3D printing has a limitation. It only takes into account the original form of the printed scaffold, which is inanimate and static, and is not suitable for dynamic organisms. With the emergence of stimuli-responsive materials, four-dimensional (4D) printing has become the next-generation solution for biological tissue engineering. It combines the concept of time with three-dimensional printing. Over time, 4D-printed scaffolds change their appearance or function in response to environmental stimuli (physical, chemical, and biological). In conclusion, 4D printing is the change of the fourth dimension (time) in 3D printing, which provides unprecedented potential for bone tissue repair. In this review, we will discuss the latest research on shape memory materials and 4D printing in bone tissue repair.
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Ghosh S, Chaudhuri S, Roy P, Lahiri D. 4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: a State-of-the-Art Review of Technologies, Biomaterials, and Application. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. 4D bioprinting of smart polymers for biomedical applications: recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Ding A, Lee SJ, Tang R, Gasvoda KL, He F, Alsberg E. 4D Cell-Condensate Bioprinting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202196. [PMID: 35973946 PMCID: PMC9463124 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
4D bioprinting techniques that facilitate formation of shape-changing scaffold-free cell condensates with prescribed geometries have yet been demonstrated. Here, a simple 4D bioprinting approach is presented that enables formation of a shape-morphing cell condensate-laden bilayer system. The strategy produces scaffold-free cell condensates which morph over time into predefined complex shapes. Cell condensate-laden bilayers with specific geometries are readily fabricated by bioprinting technologies. The bilayers have tunable deformability and microgel (MG) degradation, enabling controllable morphological transformations and on-demand liberation of deformed cell condensates. With this system, large cell condensate-laden constructs with various complex shapes are obtained. As a proof-of-concept study, the formation of the letter "C"- and helix-shaped robust cartilage-like tissues differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is demonstrated. This system brings about a versatile 4D bioprinting platform idea that is anticipated to broaden and facilitate the applications of cell condensation-based 4D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Rui Tang
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Kaelyn L Gasvoda
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Felicia He
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
- Departments of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Orthopaedics, and Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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18
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Afzali Naniz M, Askari M, Zolfagharian A, Afzali Naniz M, Bodaghi M. 4D Printing: A Cutting-edge Platform for Biomedical Applications. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044881 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature's materials have evolved over time to be able to respond to environmental stimuli by generating complex structures that can change their functions in response to distance, time, and direction of stimuli. A number of technical efforts are currently being made to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed to mimic the structural design of natural materials with three-dimensional (3D) printing. Unfortunately, this technology is limited by the fact that printed objects are static and cannot be reshaped dynamically in response to stimuli. In recent years, several smart materials have been developed that can undergo dynamic morphing in response to a stimulus, thus resolving this issue. Four-dimensional (4D) printing refers to a manufacturing process involving additive manufacturing, smart materials, and specific geometries. It has become an essential technology for biomedical engineering and has the potential to create a wide range of useful biomedical products. This paper will discuss the concept of 4D bioprinting and the recent developments in smart matrials, which can be actuated by different stimuli and be exploited to develop biomimetic materials and structures, with significant implications for pharmaceutics and biomedical research, as well as prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
- University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mohsen Askari
- Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Manpus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mehrdad Afzali Naniz
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Zhang X, Chen G, Cai L, Fan L, Zhao Y. Dip-Printed Microneedle Motors for Oral Macromolecule Delivery. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9797482. [PMID: 35958112 PMCID: PMC9343079 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9797482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromotors have demonstrated values in drug delivery, and recent attempts focus on developing effective approaches to generate functional micromotors to improve this area. Here, with the integration of microfluidic droplet printing and wettability-induced drawing photolithography, we present an innovative spatiotemporal serial multistep dip-printing strategy to generate novel independent microneedle motors (IMNMs) for orally delivering macromolecular drugs. As the strategy combines the advantages of the hydrophilic wettability, extension effects, and capillary effects, the IMNMs with an oblate basement and a needle-shaped head or a core-shell structured multicomponent head can be created by simply printing pregel droplets layer by layer, following with simultaneous wiredrawing and solidification. Owing to the polarized magnetic particles in the bottom basement and the rapidly dissolvable polymers as the middle basement, the resultant IMNMs can respond to magnetic fields, move to desired places under a magnet, penetrate tissue-like substrates, induce head-basement separation, and leave only the needles for cargo release. Based on these features, we have demonstrated that these IMNMs can deliver insulin via intestinal tracts to realize effective blood glucose control of diabetic rabbit models. These results indicate the practical values and bright future of the dip-printing stratagem and these IMNMs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lu Fan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Amukarimi S, Rezvani Z, Eghtesadi N, Mozafari M. Smart biomaterials: From 3D printing to 4D bioprinting. Methods 2022; 205:191-199. [PMID: 35810960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This century is blessed with enhanced medical facilities on the grounds of the development of smart biomaterials. The rise of the four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology is a shining example. Using inert biomaterials as the bioinks for the three-dimensional (3D) printing process, static objects that might not be able to mimic the dynamic nature of tissues would be fabricated; by contrast, 4D bioprinting can be used for the fabrication of stimuli-responsive cell-laden structures that can evolve with time and enable engineered tissues to undergo morphological changes in a pre-planned way. For all the aptitude of 4D bioprinting technology in tissue engineering, it is imperative to select suitable stimuli-responsive biomaterials with cell-supporting functionalities and responsiveness; as a result, in this article, recent advances and challenges in smart biomaterials for 4D bioprinting are briefly discussed. An overview perspective concerning the latest developments in 4D-bioprinting is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukufe Amukarimi
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezvani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Neda Eghtesadi
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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High-Strength, Conductive, Antifouling, and Antibacterial Hydrogels for Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2624-2635. [PMID: 35512312 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have shown great potential in the field of flexible strain sensors. However, their application is greatly limited due to the poor antifouling and low mechanical strength. Unfortunately, it is still a challenge to improve these two distinct properties simultaneously. Herein, a hydrogel with high strength, good conductivity, and excellent antifouling and antibacterial properties was prepared through the synergistic effect of physical and chemical cross-linking. First, acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) monomers were polymerized in the presence of chitosan chains to form the hydrogel. Then, the prepared hydrogel was immersed in a ferric ion solution to further strengthen the hydrogel through ion coordination. The obtained CS-P(AM-MPC-AA0.2)-Fe0.13+ hydrogel showed outstanding tensile strength (1.03 MPa), excellent stretchability (1075%), good toughness (7.03 MJ/m3), and fatigue resistance. The CS-P(AM-MPC-AA0.2)-Fe0.13+ hydrogel also demonstrated good ion conductivity (0.42 S/m) and excellent antifouling and antibacterial properties. In addition, the strain sensor constructed by the CS-P(AM-MPC-AA0.2)-Fe0.13+ hydrogel showed high sensitivity and good stability. This work presented a facile method to construct a zwitterionic hydrogel with high-strength, conductive, antifouling, and antibacterial properties, which suggested a promising gel platform for flexible wearable sensors.
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22
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Stop-Flow Lithography for the Continuous Production of Degradable Hydrogel Achiral Crescent Microswimmers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050798. [PMID: 35630266 PMCID: PMC9144168 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The small size of robotic microswimmers makes them suitable for performing biomedical tasks in tiny, enclosed spaces. Considering the effects of potentially long-term retention of microswimmers in biological tissues and the environment, the degradability of microswimmers has become one of the pressing issues in this field. While degradable hydrogel was successfully used to prepare microswimmers in previous reports, most hydrogel microswimmers could only be fabricated using two-photon polymerization (TPP) due to their 3D structures, resulting in costly robotic microswimmers solution. This limits the potential of hydrogel microswimmers to be used in applications where a large number of microswimmers are needed. Here, we proposed a new type of preparation method for degradable hydrogel achiral crescent microswimmers using a custom-built stop-flow lithography (SFL) setup. The degradability of the hydrogel crescent microswimmers was quantitatively analyzed, and the degradation rate in sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) of different concentrations was investigated. Cytotoxicity assays showed the hydrogel crescent microswimmers had good biocompatibility. The hydrogel crescent microswimmers were magnetically actuated using a 3D Helmholtz coil system and were able to obtain a swimming efficiency on par with previously reported microswimmers. The results herein demonstrated the potential for the degradable hydrogel achiral microswimmers to become a candidate for microscale applications.
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23
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Pei Q, Han Q, Tang F, Wu J, Xu S, Zhang M, Ding A. Gallic‐Acid‐Modified Naphthalimide Containing Disulfide Bond as Reduction‐Responsive Supramolecular Organogelator. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Pei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Qingqing Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Fang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Shijie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China
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24
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In situ synthesis of reduction-responsive organogelators via oxidative coupling of tritylthio-terminated gallic acid derivatives. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Tang F, Wang Q, Gao YN, Zhang YS, Liang YX, Lu ZL, Liu R, Ding AX. A NIR Aggregation-Induced Emission Fluoroamphiphile as Visually Trackable and Serum-Tolerant Nonviral Gene Carrier. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:929-937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yi-Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ya-Xuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ai-Xiang Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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26
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Ding A, Jeon O, Cleveland D, Gasvoda KL, Wells D, Lee SJ, Alsberg E. Jammed Micro-Flake Hydrogel for Four-Dimensional Living Cell Bioprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109394. [PMID: 35065000 PMCID: PMC9012690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
4D bioprinting is promising to build cell-laden constructs (bioconstructs) with complex geometries and functions for tissue/organ regeneration applications. The development of hydrogel-based 4D bioinks, especially those allowing living cell printing, with easy preparation, defined composition, and controlled physical properties is critically important for 4D bioprinting. Here, a single-component jammed micro-flake hydrogel (MFH) system with heterogeneous size distribution, which differs from the conventional granular microgel, has been developed as a new cell-laden bioink for 4D bioprinting. This jammed cytocompatible MFH features scalable production and straightforward composition with shear-thinning, shear-yielding, and rapid self-healing properties. As such, it can be smoothly printed into stable 3D bioconstructs, which can be further cross-linked to form a gradient in cross-linking density when a photoinitiator and a UV absorber are incorporated. After being subject to shape morphing, a variety of complex bioconstructs with well-defined configurations and high cell viability are obtained. Based on this system, 4D cartilage-like tissue formation is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. The establishment of this versatile new 4D bioink system may open up a number of applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Ding
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David Cleveland
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kaelyn L Gasvoda
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Derrick Wells
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Departments of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Orthopaedics, and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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27
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The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for the Development of Polymer Matrix Composites by Stereolithographic 3D Printing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in graphene-based materials have facilitated the development of various composites structures in a diverse range of industry sectors. At present, the preparation of graphene-added materials is mainly developed through traditional methods. However, in recent years, additive manufacturing emerged as a promising approach that enables the printing of complex objects in a layer-by-layer fashion, without the need for moulds or machining equipment. This paper reviews the most recent reports on graphene-based photopolymerizable resins developed for stereolithography (SLA), with particular consideration for medical applications. The characteristics of the SLA technology, the most suitable raw materials and formulations and the properties of final 3D products are described. Throughout, a specific focus is placed on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the final 3D-printed object. Finally, remaining challenges and future directions are also discussed.
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Lee S, Bang D, Park JO, Choi E. Programmed Shape-Morphing Material Using Single-Layer 4D Printing System. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020243. [PMID: 35208367 PMCID: PMC8877839 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The single-layer 4D printing technology that can be controllable in response to external stimuli is a tremendous challenge in many areas, including smart materials, robotics, and drug delivery systems. The single-layer 4D printing technique was enabled by light-focusing, which results in the difference of mechanical properties such as the coefficient of thermal expansion or Young’s modulus between focused and unfocused regions. However, 4D printing to the desired shape using single-layered material is challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate the programmed shape morphing by patterning both the static and shape-morphing layers using a single-layer 4D printing system. A shape-morphing layer is formulated by short-time (<3 s) illumination in UV light. Then a static layer is formulated by longer-time (>3 s) illumination in UV light. We expect this technique to lead to the development of micro-scale soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonjin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Doyeon Bang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (J.-O.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (J.-O.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (J.-O.P.); (E.C.)
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Agarwal T, Hann SY, Chiesa I, Cui H, Celikkin N, Micalizzi S, Barbetta A, Costantini M, Esworthy T, Zhang LG, De Maria C, Maiti TK. 4D printing in biomedical applications: emerging trends and technologies. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7608-7632. [PMID: 34586145 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nature's material systems during evolution have developed the ability to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli through the generation of complex structures capable of varying their functions across direction, distances and time. 3D printing technologies can recapitulate structural motifs present in natural materials, and efforts are currently being made on the technological side to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed. However, an intrinsic limitation of this technology is that printed objects are static and thus inadequate to dynamically reshape when subjected to external stimuli. In recent years, this issue has been addressed with the design and precise deployment of smart materials that can undergo a programmed morphing in response to a stimulus. The term 4D printing was coined to indicate the combined use of additive manufacturing, smart materials, and careful design of appropriate geometries. In this review, we report the recent progress in the design and development of smart materials that are actuated by different stimuli and their exploitation within additive manufacturing to produce biomimetic structures with important repercussions in different but interrelated biomedical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal - 721302, India.
| | - Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Irene Chiesa
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Nehar Celikkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Simone Micalizzi
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Barbetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Carmelo De Maria
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal - 721302, India.
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