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Kanno T, Chiou P, Wu MT, Lin WD, Matzke A, Matzke M. A GFP splicing reporter in a coilin mutant background reveals links between alternative splicing, siRNAs, and coilin function in Arabidopsis thaliana. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad175. [PMID: 37539868 PMCID: PMC10542627 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Coilin is a scaffold protein essential for the structure of Cajal bodies, which are nucleolar-associated, nonmembranous organelles that coordinate the assembly of nuclear ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) including spliceosomal snRNPs. To study coilin function in plants, we conducted a genetic suppressor screen using a coilin (coi1) mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana and performed an immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis on coilin protein. The coi1 mutations modify alternative splicing of a GFP reporter gene, resulting in a hyper-GFP phenotype in young coi1 seedlings relative to the intermediate wild-type level. As shown here, this hyper-GFP phenotype is extinguished in older coi1 seedlings by posttranscriptional gene silencing triggered by siRNAs derived from aberrant splice variants of GFP pre-mRNA. In the coi1 suppressor screen, we identified suppressor mutations in WRAP53, a putative coilin-interacting protein; SMU2, a predicted splicing factor; and ZCH1, an incompletely characterized zinc finger protein. These suppressor mutations return the hyper-GFP fluorescence of young coi1 seedlings to the intermediate wild-type level. Additionally, coi1 zch1 mutants display more extensive GFP silencing and elevated levels of GFP siRNAs, suggesting the involvement of wild-type ZCH1 in siRNA biogenesis or stability. The immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis reinforced the roles of coilin in pre-mRNA splicing, nucleolar chromatin structure, and rRNA processing. The participation of coilin in these processes, at least some of which incorporate small RNAs, supports the hypothesis that coilin provides a chaperone for small RNA trafficking. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of the GFP splicing reporter for investigating alternative splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and siRNA-mediated silencing in the context of coilin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanno
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Phebe Chiou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Genenet Technology (UK) Limited, 128 City Road, London EC1V 2NX, UK
| | - Wen-Dar Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Antonius Matzke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Marjori Matzke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
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2
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Basello DA, Matera AG, Staněk D. A point mutation in human coilin prevents Cajal body formation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274900. [PMID: 35356988 PMCID: PMC9080554 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coilin is a conserved protein essential for integrity of nuclear membrane-less inclusions called Cajal bodies. Here, we report an amino-acid substitution (p.K496E) found in a widely-used human EGFP-coilin construct that has a dominant negative effect on Cajal body formation. We show that this coilin-K496E variant fails to rescue Cajal bodies in cells lacking endogenous coilin, whereas the wild-type construct restores Cajal bodies in mouse and human coilin-knockout cells. In cells containing endogenous coilin, both the wild-type and K496E variant proteins accumulate in Cajal bodies. However, high-level overexpression of coilin-K496E causes Cajal body disintegration. Thus, a mutation in the C-terminal region of human coilin can disrupt Cajal body assembly. Caution should be used when interpreting data from coilin plasmids that are derived from this variant (currently deposited at Addgene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide A Basello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - David Staněk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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MAPK and Notch-Mediated Effects of Meso-Xanthin F199 Compounds on Proliferative Activity and Apoptosis of Human Melanocytes in Three-Dimensional Culture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8463161. [PMID: 34337053 PMCID: PMC8315846 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8463161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Meso-Xanthin (Meso-Xanthin F199™) is a highly active antiaging injection drug of the latest generation. The main acting compound is fucoxanthin, supplemented with several growth factors, vitamins, and hyaluronic acid. Previous examination of fucoxanthin on melanocytes showed its ability to inhibit skin pigmentation through different signaling pathways focused on suppression of melanogenic-stimulating receptors. In turn, the anticancer property of fucoxanthin is realized through MAPK and PI3K pathways. We aimed to evaluate the effect of fucoxanthin and supplemented growth factors on melanocyte growth and transformation at a proteomic level. The effect of fucoxanthin on melanocytes cultivated in three-dimensional (3D) condition was examined using high-throughput proteomic and system biology approaches to disclose key molecular events of the targeted action. Our results demonstrated significant inhibition of cell differentiation and ubiquitination processes. We found that the negative regulation of PSME1 and PTGIS largely determines the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK2. Besides, fucoxanthin selectively inhibits cell differentiation via negative regulation of Raf signaling and the upstream activation of IL-1 signaling. It is assumed that inhibition of Raf influences the Notch-4 signaling and switches off the MAPK/MAPK2 cascade. Blockage of MAPK/MAPK2 is feasible due to suppression of Ras and NF-κB by the addressed action of IKKB, IKK2, and TRAF6. Suggestively, Meso-Xanthin F199™ can manage processes of proliferative activity and inhibition of apoptosis due to composition of fucoxanthin and growth-stimulating factors, which may increase the risk of skin cancer development under certain condition.
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4
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Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Tang S, Feng C, Pan L, Lu Q, Tao Y, Xie Y, Wang Q, Tang Z. Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Networks Regulated by U11 Small Nuclear RNA in Bladder Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:695597. [PMID: 34276798 PMCID: PMC8283811 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.695597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nuclear RNA is a class of non-coding RNA that widely exist in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Accumulated evidences have shown that small nuclear RNAs are associated with the regulation of gene expression in various tumor types. To explore the gene expression changes and its potential effects mediated by U11 snRNA in bladder cancer cells, U11 snRNA knockout and overexpressed cell lines were constructed and further used to analyze the gene expression changes by RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed genes were found to be mainly enriched in tumor-related pathways both in the U11 knockout and overexpression cell lines, such as NF-kappa B signaling pathway, bladder cancer and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, alternative splicing events were proposed to participate in the potential regulatory mechanism induced by the U11 knockout or overexpression. In conclusion, U11 may be involved in the regulation of gene expression in bladder cancer cells, which may provide a potentially new biomarker for clinical diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yaobang Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shaomei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qinchen Lu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanliang Xie
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong Tang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,School of Information and Management, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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5
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Emenecker RJ, Holehouse AS, Strader LC. Biological Phase Separation and Biomolecular Condensates in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:17-46. [PMID: 33684296 PMCID: PMC8221409 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-015238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A surge in research focused on understanding the physical principles governing the formation, properties, and function of membraneless compartments has occurred over the past decade. Compartments such as the nucleolus, stress granules, and nuclear speckles have been designated as biomolecular condensates to describe their shared property of spatially concentrating biomolecules. Although this research has historically been carried out in animal and fungal systems, recent work has begun to explore whether these same principles are relevant in plants. Effectively understanding and studying biomolecular condensates require interdisciplinary expertise that spans cell biology, biochemistry, and condensed matter physics and biophysics. As such, some involved concepts may be unfamiliar to any given individual. This review focuses on introducing concepts essential to the study of biomolecular condensates and phase separation for biologists seeking to carry out research in this area and further examines aspects of biomolecular condensates that are relevant to plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Emenecker
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
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6
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de Lucas B, Pérez LM, Bernal A, Gálvez BG. Application of low-intensity pulsed therapeutic ultrasound on mesenchymal precursors does not affect their cell properties. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246261. [PMID: 33571276 PMCID: PMC7877602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is considered a safe and non-invasive tool in regenerative medicine and has been used in the clinic for more than twenty years for applications in bone healing after the approval of the Exogen device, also known as low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). Beyond its effects on bone health, LIPUS has also been investigated for wound healing of soft tissues, with positive results for various cell processes including cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. As LIPUS has the potential to treat chronic skin wounds, we sought to evaluate the effects produced by a conventional therapeutic ultrasound device at low intensities (also considered LIPUS) on the migration capacity of mouse and human skin mesenchymal precursors (s-MPs). Cells were stimulated for 3 days (20 minutes per day) using a traditional ultrasound device with the following parameters: 100 mW/cm2 with 20% duty cycle and frequency of 3 MHz. At the parameters used, ultrasound failed to affect s-MP proliferation, with no evident changes in morphology or cell groupings, and no changes at the cytoskeletal level. Further, the migration and invasion ability of s-MPs were unaffected by the ultrasound protocol, and no major changes were detected in the gene/protein expression of ROCK1, integrin β1, laminin β1, type I collagen and transforming growth factor β1. Finally, RNA-seq analysis revealed that only 10 genes were differentially expressed after ultrasound stimulation. Among them, 5 encode for small nuclear RNAs and 2 encode for proteins belonging to the nuclear pore complex. Considering the results overall, while the viability of s-MPs was not affected by ultrasound stimulation and no changes were detected in proliferation/migration, RNA-seq analysis would suggest that s-MPs do respond to ultrasound. The use of 100 mW/cm2 intensity or conventional therapeutic ultrasound devices might not be optimal for the stimulation the properties of cell populations. Future studies should investigate the potential application of ultrasound using variations of the tested parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Lucas
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Emenecker RJ, Holehouse AS, Strader LC. Emerging Roles for Phase Separation in Plants. Dev Cell 2020; 55:69-83. [PMID: 33049212 PMCID: PMC7577370 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell internal environment is a dynamic, intricate landscape composed of many intracellular compartments. Cells organize some cellular components through formation of biomolecular condensates-non-stoichiometric assemblies of protein and/or nucleic acids. In many cases, phase separation appears to either underly or contribute to the formation of biomolecular condensates. Many canonical membraneless compartments within animal cells form in a manner that is at least consistent with phase separation, including nucleoli, stress granules, Cajal bodies, and numerous additional bodies, regulated by developmental and environmental stimuli. In this Review, we examine the emerging roles for phase separation in plants. Further, drawing on studies carried out in other organisms, we identify cellular phenomenon in plants that might also arise via phase separation. We propose that plants make use of phase separation to a much greater extent than has been previously appreciated, implicating phase separation as an evolutionarily ancient mechanism for cellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Emenecker
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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8
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Michel JB. Phylogenic Determinants of Cardiovascular Frailty, Focus on Hemodynamics and Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1779-1837. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the circulatory system from invertebrates to mammals has involved the passage from an open system to a closed in-parallel system via a closed in-series system, accompanying the increasing complexity and efficiency of life’s biological functions. The archaic heart enables pulsatile motion waves of hemolymph in invertebrates, and the in-series circulation in fish occurs with only an endothelium, whereas mural smooth muscle cells appear later. The present review focuses on evolution of the circulatory system. In particular, we address how and why this evolution took place from a closed, flowing, longitudinal conductance at low pressure to a flowing, highly pressurized and bifurcating arterial compartment. However, although arterial pressure was the latest acquired hemodynamic variable, the general teleonomy of the evolution of species is the differentiation of individual organ function, supported by specific fueling allowing and favoring partial metabolic autonomy. This was achieved via the establishment of an active contractile tone in resistance arteries, which permitted the regulation of blood supply to specific organ activities via its localized function-dependent inhibition (active vasodilation). The global resistance to viscous blood flow is the peripheral increase in frictional forces caused by the tonic change in arterial and arteriolar radius, which backscatter as systemic arterial blood pressure. Consequently, the arterial pressure gradient from circulating blood to the adventitial interstitium generates the unidirectional outward radial advective conductance of plasma solutes across the wall of conductance arteries. This hemodynamic evolution was accompanied by important changes in arterial wall structure, supported by smooth muscle cell functional plasticity, including contractility, matrix synthesis and proliferation, endocytosis and phagocytosis, etc. These adaptive phenotypic shifts are due to epigenetic regulation, mainly related to mechanotransduction. These paradigms actively participate in cardio-arterial pathologies such as atheroma, valve disease, heart failure, aneurysms, hypertension, and physiological aging.
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Yao Y, Tan HW, Liang ZL, Wu GQ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. The Impact of Coilin Nonsynonymous SNP Variants E121K and V145I on Cell Growth and Cajal Body Formation: The First Characterization. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080895. [PMID: 32764415 PMCID: PMC7463897 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coilin is the main component of Cajal body (CB), a membraneless organelle that is involved in the biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins and telomerase, cell cycle, and cell growth. The disruption of CBs is linked to neurodegenerative diseases and potentially cancers. The coilin gene (COIL) contains two nonsynonymous SNPs: rs116022828 (E121K) and rs61731978 (V145I). Here, we investigated for the first time the functional impacts of these coilin SNPs on CB formation, coilin subcellular localization, microtubule formation, cell growth, and coilin expression and protein structure. We revealed that both E121K and V145I mutants could disrupt CB formation and result in various patterns of subcellular localization with survival motor neuron protein. Noteworthy, many of the E121K cells showed nucleolar coilin accumulation. The microtubule regrowth and cell cycle assays indicated that the E121K cells appeared to be trapped in the S and G2/M phases of cell cycle, resulting in reduced cell proliferation. In silico protein structure prediction suggested that the E121K mutation caused greater destabilization on the coilin structure than the V145I mutation. Additionally, clinical bioinformatic analysis indicated that coilin expression levels could be a risk factor for cancer, depending on the cancer types and races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (Y.Y.); (H.W.T.); (Z.-L.L.); (G.-Q.W.)
| | - Heng Wee Tan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (Y.Y.); (H.W.T.); (Z.-L.L.); (G.-Q.W.)
| | - Zhan-Ling Liang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (Y.Y.); (H.W.T.); (Z.-L.L.); (G.-Q.W.)
| | - Gao-Qi Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (Y.Y.); (H.W.T.); (Z.-L.L.); (G.-Q.W.)
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; (Y.Y.); (H.W.T.); (Z.-L.L.); (G.-Q.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
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10
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Law HCH, Lagundžin D, Clement EJ, Qiao F, Wagner ZS, Krieger KL, Costanzo-Garvey D, Caffrey TC, Grem JL, DiMaio DJ, Grandgenett PM, Cook LM, Fisher KW, Yu F, Hollingsworth MA, Woods NT. The Proteomic Landscape of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Liver Metastases Identifies Molecular Subtypes and Associations with Clinical Response. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:1065-1076. [PMID: 31848187 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly metastatic disease that can be separated into distinct subtypes based on molecular signatures. Identifying PDAC subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities is necessary to develop precision medicine approaches to treat PDAC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 56 PDAC liver metastases were obtained from the UNMC Rapid Autopsy Program and analyzed with quantitative proteomics. PDAC subtypes were identified by principal component analysis based on protein expression profiling. Proteomic subtypes were further characterized by the associated clinical information, including but not limited to survival analysis, drug treatment response, and smoking and drinking status. RESULTS Over 3,960 proteins were identified and used to delineate four distinct PDAC microenvironment subtypes: (i) metabolic; (ii) progenitor-like; (iii) proliferative; and (iv) inflammatory. PDAC risk factors of alcohol and tobacco consumption correlate with subtype classifications. Enhanced survival is observed in FOLFIRINOX treated metabolic and progenitor-like subtypes compared with the proliferative and inflammatory subtypes. In addition, TYMP, PDCD6IP, ERAP1, and STMN showed significant association with patient survival in a subtype-specific manner. Gemcitabine-induced alterations in the proteome identify proteins, such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1, associated with drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that proteomic analysis of clinical PDAC liver metastases can identify molecular signatures unique to disease subtypes and point to opportunities for therapeutic development to improve the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C-H Law
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dragana Lagundžin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Emalie J Clement
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Fangfang Qiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Zachary S Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kimiko L Krieger
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Diane Costanzo-Garvey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska
| | - Thomas C Caffrey
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jean L Grem
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska
| | - Dominick J DiMaio
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Leah M Cook
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska
| | - Kurt W Fisher
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha Nebraska
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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11
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Berchtold D, Battich N, Pelkmans L. A Systems-Level Study Reveals Regulators of Membrane-less Organelles in Human Cells. Mol Cell 2018; 72:1035-1049.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Sánchez-Hernández N, Prieto-Sánchez S, Moreno-Castro C, Muñoz-Cobo JP, El Yousfi Y, Boyero-Corral S, Suñé-Pou M, Hernández-Munain C, Suñé C. Targeting proteins to RNA transcription and processing sites within the nucleus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Sawyer IA, Hager GL, Dundr M. Specific genomic cues regulate Cajal body assembly. RNA Biol 2017; 14:791-803. [PMID: 27715441 PMCID: PMC5519236 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1243648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of specialized sub-nuclear microenvironments known as nuclear bodies (NBs) is important for promoting efficient nuclear function. In particular, the Cajal body (CB), a prominent NB that facilitates spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis, assembles in response to genomic cues. Here, we detail the factors that regulate CB assembly and structural maintenance. These include the importance of transcription at nucleating gene loci, the grouping of these genes on human chromosomes 1, 6 and 17, as well as cell cycle and biochemical regulation of CB protein function. We also speculate on the correlation between CB formation and RNA splicing levels in neurons and cancer. The timing and location of these specific molecular events is critical to CB assembly and its contribution to genome function. However, further work is required to explore the emerging biophysical characteristics of CB assembly and the impact upon subsequent genome reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A. Sawyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gordon L. Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miroslav Dundr
- Department of Cell Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Hebert MD, Poole AR. Towards an understanding of regulating Cajal body activity by protein modification. RNA Biol 2016; 14:761-778. [PMID: 27819531 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1243649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), small Cajal body-specific RNPs (scaRNPs), small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs) and the telomerase RNP involves Cajal bodies (CBs). Although many components enriched in the CB contain post-translational modifications (PTMs), little is known about how these modifications impact individual protein function within the CB and, in concert with other modified factors, collectively regulate CB activity. Since all components of the CB also reside in other cellular locations, it is also important that we understand how PTMs affect the subcellular localization of CB components. In this review, we explore the current knowledge of PTMs on the activity of proteins known to enrich in CBs in an effort to highlight current progress as well as illuminate paths for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hebert
- a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson , MS , USA
| | - Aaron R Poole
- a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson , MS , USA
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15
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Abstract
Cajal is commonly regarded as the father of modern neuroscience in recognition of his fundamental work on the structure of the nervous system. But Cajal also made seminal contributions to the knowledge of nuclear structure in the early 1900s, including the discovery of the "accessory body" later renamed "Cajal body" (CB). This important nuclear structure has emerged as a center for the assembly of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) required for splicing, ribosome biogenesis and telomere maintenance. The modern era of CB research started in the 1990s with the discovery of coilin, now known as a scaffold protein of CBs, and specific probes for small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). In this review, we summarize what we have learned in the recent decades concerning CBs in post-mitotic neurons, thereby ruling out dynamic changes in CB functions during the cell cycle. We show that CBs are particularly prominent in neurons, where they frequently associate with the nucleolus. Neuronal CBs are transcription-dependent nuclear organelles. Indeed, their number dynamically accommodates to support the high neuronal demand for splicing and ribosome biogenesis required for sustaining metabolic and bioelectrical activity. Mature neurons have canonical CBs enriched in coilin, survival motor neuron protein and snRNPs. Disruption and loss of neuronal CBs associate with severe neuronal dysfunctions in several neurological disorders such as motor neuron diseases. In particular, CB depletion in motor neurons seems to reflect a perturbation of transcription and splicing in spinal muscular atrophy, the most common genetic cause of infant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lafarga
- a Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)" , Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL , Santander , Spain
| | - Olga Tapia
- a Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)" , Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL , Santander , Spain
| | - Ana M Romero
- a Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)" , Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL , Santander , Spain
| | - Maria T Berciano
- a Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)" , Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL , Santander , Spain
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16
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Identification of Coilin Mutants in a Screen for Enhanced Expression of an Alternatively Spliced GFP Reporter Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2016; 203:1709-20. [PMID: 27317682 PMCID: PMC4981272 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coilin is a marker protein for subnuclear organelles known as Cajal bodies, which are sites of various RNA metabolic processes including the biogenesis of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Through self-associations and interactions with other proteins and RNA, coilin provides a structural scaffold for Cajal body formation. However, despite a conspicuous presence in Cajal bodies, most coilin is dispersed in the nucleoplasm and expressed in cell types that lack these organelles. The molecular function of coilin, particularly of the substantial nucleoplasmic fraction, remains uncertain. We identified coilin loss-of-function mutations in a genetic screen for mutants showing either reduced or enhanced expression of an alternatively spliced GFP reporter gene in Arabidopsis thaliana The coilin mutants feature enhanced GFP fluorescence and diminished Cajal bodies compared with wild-type plants. The amount of GFP protein is several-fold higher in the coilin mutants owing to elevated GFP transcript levels and more efficient splicing to produce a translatable GFP mRNA. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing data from two distinct coilin mutants revealed a small, shared subset of differentially expressed genes, many encoding stress-related proteins, and, unexpectedly, a trend toward increased splicing efficiency. These results suggest that coilin attenuates splicing and modulates transcription of a select group of genes. The transcriptional and splicing changes observed in coilin mutants are not accompanied by gross phenotypic abnormalities or dramatically altered stress responses, supporting a role for coilin in fine tuning gene expression. Our GFP reporter gene provides a sensitive monitor of coilin activity that will facilitate further investigations into the functions of this enigmatic protein.
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17
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Han KJ, Foster D, Harhaj EW, Dzieciatkowska M, Hansen K, Liu CW. Monoubiquitination of survival motor neuron regulates its cellular localization and Cajal body integrity. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1392-405. [PMID: 26908624 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein cause spinal muscular atrophy, the leading genetic disorder for infant mortality. SMN is ubiquitously expressed in various cell types and localizes in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, where it concentrates in two subnuclear structures termed Cajal body (CB) and gems. In addition, SMN can also be detected in the nucleolus of neurons. Mechanisms that control SMN sorting in the cell remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the ubiquitin (Ub) ligase Itch directly interacts with and monoubiquitinates SMN. Monoubiquitination of SMN has a mild effect on promoting proteasomal degradation of SMN. We generated two SMN mutants, SMN(K0), in which all lysines are mutated to arginines and thereby abolishing SMN ubiquitination, and Ub-SMN(K0), in which a single Ub moiety is fused at the N-terminus of SMN(K0) and thereby mimicking SMN monoubiquitination. Immunostaining assays showed that SMN(K0) mainly localizes in the nucleus, whereas Ub-SMN(K0) localizes in both the cytoplasm and the nucleolus in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Interestingly, canonical CB foci and coilin/small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) co-localization are significantly impaired in SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing SMN(K0) or Ub-SMN(K0). Thus, our studies discover that Itch monoubiquitinates SMN and monoubiquitination of SMN plays an important role in regulating its cellular localization. Moreover, mislocalization of SMN disrupts CB integrity and likely impairs snRNP maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jun Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80015, USA and
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80015, USA and
| | - Edward W Harhaj
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80015, USA and
| | - Kirk Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80015, USA and
| | - Chang-Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80015, USA and
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18
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Aredia F, Malatesta M, Veneroni P, Bottone MG. Analysis of ERK3 intracellular localization: dynamic distribution during mitosis and apoptosis. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2571. [PMID: 26708186 PMCID: PMC4698618 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1, 2 and 3 are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, and apoptosis; although ERK1/2 have been widely studied, limited knowledge on ERK3 is available. The present work aimed at investigating ERK3 distribution during cell cycle and apoptosis in human tumor HeLa cells. The analysis performed by double immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that during interphase ERK3 is mainly resident in the nucleoplasm in association with ribonuclear proteins involved in early pre-mRNA splicing, it undergoes cell cycle-dependent redistribution and, during apoptosis, it remains in the nucleus in the form of massive nuclear aggregates, then moves to the cytoplasm and is finally extruded.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aredia
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR; Università di Pavia.
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19
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Förthmann B, Aletta JM, Lee YW, Terranova C, Birkaya B, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK, Claus P. Coalition of Nuclear Receptors in the Nervous System. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2875-80. [PMID: 25966815 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A universal signaling module has been described which utilizes the nuclear form of Fibroblast growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) in a central role directing the post-mitotic development of neural cells through coordinated gene expression. In this review, we discuss in detail the current knowledge of FGFR1 nuclear interaction partners in three scenarios: (i) Engagement of FGFR1 in neuronal stem cells and regulation of neuronal differentiation; (ii) interaction with the orphan receptor Nurr1 in development of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons; (iii) modulation of nuclear FGFR1 interactions downstream of nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling. These coalitions demonstrate the versatility of non-canonical, nuclear tyrosine kinase signaling in diverse cellular differentiation programs of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M Aletta
- CH3 BioSystems LLC, New York State Center for Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yu-Wei Lee
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Western New York Stem Cells Culture and Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Chris Terranova
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Western New York Stem Cells Culture and Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Birkaya
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Western New York Stem Cells Culture and Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ewa K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Western New York Stem Cells Culture and Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michal K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Western New York Stem Cells Culture and Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Peter Claus
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Niedojadło J, Kubicka E, Kalich B, Smoliński DJ. Poly(A) RNAs including coding proteins RNAs occur in plant Cajal bodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111780. [PMID: 25369024 PMCID: PMC4219776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The localisation of poly(A) RNA in plant cells containing either reticular (Allium cepa) or chromocentric (Lupinus luteus, Arabidopsis thaliana) nuclei was studied through in situ hybridisation. In both types of nuclei, the amount of poly(A) RNA was much greater in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. In the nuclei, poly(A) RNA was present in structures resembling nuclear bodies. The molecular composition as well as the characteristic ultrastructure of the bodies containing poly(A) RNA demonstrated that they were Cajal bodies. We showed that some poly(A) RNAs in Cajal bodies code for proteins. However, examination of the localisation of active RNA polymerase II and in situ run-on transcription assays both demonstrated that CBs are not sites of transcription and that BrU-containing RNA accumulates in these structures long after synthesis. In addition, it was demonstrated that accumulation of poly(A) RNA occurs in the nuclei and CBs of hypoxia-treated cells. Our findings indicated that CBs may be involved in the later stages of poly(A) RNA metabolism, playing a role storage or retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ewa Kubicka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Beata Kalich
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Dariusz J. Smoliński
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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21
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Fan Y, Wu S, Yin Z, Fu BB. Cellular and molecular mechanism study of declined intestinal transit function in the cholesterol gallstone formation process of the guinea pig. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1518-1522. [PMID: 25289052 PMCID: PMC4186406 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of declined intestinal transit (IT) function in the cholesterol gallstone (CG) formation process. Forty guinea pigs were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CoG), and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for the analysis of c-kit and stem cell factor (scf) mRNA expression in the small bowel. In addition, immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser microscopy were performed for the observation of the changes in the number of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the terminal ileum of each group. RT-PCR showed that, compared with the CoG, the intestinal c-kit and scf mRNA expression levels in the EG were significantly decreased; the average positive area of ICCs in the ileum in the EG was also significantly reduced. During the diet-induced CG formation procedure, the c-kit and scf mRNA expression levels in the small intestine decreased and the number of ICCs decreased. Inhibition of the c-kit/scf pathway may be involved in the declined IT function during the CG formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of the Second General Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of the Second General Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- Department of the Second General Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Fu
- Department of the Second General Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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22
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Kaminski A, Fedorchak GR, Lammerding J. The cellular mastermind(?)-mechanotransduction and the nucleus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 126:157-203. [PMID: 25081618 PMCID: PMC4591053 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394624-9.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to mechanical stimulation by activation of specific signaling pathways and genes that allow the cell to adapt to its dynamic physical environment. How cells sense the various mechanical inputs and translate them into biochemical signals remains an area of active investigation. Recent reports suggest that the cell nucleus may be directly implicated in this cellular mechanotransduction process. Taken together, these findings paint a picture of the nucleus as a central hub in cellular mechanotransduction-both structurally and biochemically-with important implications in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kaminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gregory R Fedorchak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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