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Nava AA, Arboleda VA. The omics era: a nexus of untapped potential for Mendelian chromatinopathies. Hum Genet 2024; 143:475-495. [PMID: 37115317 PMCID: PMC11078811 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The OMICs cascade describes the hierarchical flow of information through biological systems. The epigenome sits at the apex of the cascade, thereby regulating the RNA and protein expression of the human genome and governs cellular identity and function. Genes that regulate the epigenome, termed epigenes, orchestrate complex biological signaling programs that drive human development. The broad expression patterns of epigenes during human development mean that pathogenic germline mutations in epigenes can lead to clinically significant multi-system malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disabilities, and stem cell dysfunction. In this review, we refer to germline developmental disorders caused by epigene mutation as "chromatinopathies". We curated the largest number of human chromatinopathies to date and our expanded approach more than doubled the number of established chromatinopathies to 179 disorders caused by 148 epigenes. Our study revealed that 20.6% (148/720) of epigenes cause at least one chromatinopathy. In this review, we highlight key examples in which OMICs approaches have been applied to chromatinopathy patient biospecimens to identify underlying disease pathogenesis. The rapidly evolving OMICs technologies that couple molecular biology with high-throughput sequencing or proteomics allow us to dissect out the causal mechanisms driving temporal-, cellular-, and tissue-specific expression. Using the full repertoire of data generated by the OMICs cascade to study chromatinopathies will provide invaluable insight into the developmental impact of these epigenes and point toward future precision targets for these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen A Nava
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valerie A Arboleda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Pasqui A, Cicaloni V, Tinti L, Guiotto A, Tinti C, Mori A, Bruttini M, Hayek J, Pecorelli A, Salvini L, Valacchi G. A proteomic approach to investigate the role of the MECP2 gene mutation in Rett syndrome redox regulatory pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109860. [PMID: 38110111 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding 2 (MECP2) gene lead to Rett Syndrome (RTT; OMIM 312750), a devasting neurodevelopmental disorder. RTT clinical manifestations are complex and with different degrees of severity, going from autistic-like behavior to loss of acquired speech, motor skills and cardiac problems. Furthermore, the correlation between the type of MECP2 mutation and the clinical phenotype is still not fully understood. Contextually, different genotypes can differently affect the patient's phenotype and omics methodologies such as proteomics could be an important tool for a molecular characterization of genotype/phenotype correlation. The aim of our study was focused on evaluating RTT oxidative stress (OS) responses related to specific MECP2 gene mutations by using proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. Primary fibroblasts isolated from patients affected by R133C and R255× mutations were compared to healthy controls (HC). After clustering primary dermal fibroblasts based on their specific MECP2 mutations, fibroblast-derived protein samples were qualitative and quantitative analyzed, using a label free quantification (LFQ) analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), achieving a preliminary correlation for RTT genotype/phenotype. Among the identified proteins involved in redox regulation pathways, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) was found to be absent in R255× cells, while it was present in R133C and in HC fibroblasts. Moreover, NQO1 aberrant gene regulation was also confirmed when cells were challenged with 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In conclusion, by employing a multidisciplinary approach encompassing proteomics and bioinformatics analyses, as well as molecular biology assays, the study uncovered phenotypic responses linked to specific MECP2 gene mutations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of RTT molecular pathways, confirming the high heterogeneity among the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pasqui
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Siena, Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tinti
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Guiotto
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Mori
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena Italy; Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Science, Siena, Italy; Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Marco Bruttini
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena Italy; Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Science, Siena, Italy; Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Pascual-Alonso A, Xiol C, Smirnov D, Kopajtich R, Prokisch H, Armstrong J. Identification of molecular signatures and pathways involved in Rett syndrome using a multi-omics approach. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:85. [PMID: 37710353 PMCID: PMC10503149 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). MeCP2 is a multi-functional protein involved in many cellular processes, but the mechanisms by which its dysfunction causes disease are not fully understood. The duplication of the MECP2 gene causes a distinct disorder called MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), highlighting the importance of tightly regulating its dosage for proper cellular function. Additionally, some patients with mutations in genes other than MECP2 exhibit phenotypic similarities with RTT, indicating that these genes may also play a role in similar cellular functions. The purpose of this study was to characterise the molecular alterations in patients with RTT in order to identify potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for this disorder. METHODS We used a combination of transcriptomics (RNAseq) and proteomics (TMT mass spectrometry) to characterise the expression patterns in fibroblast cell lines from 22 patients with RTT and detected mutation in MECP2, 15 patients with MDS, 12 patients with RTT-like phenotypes and 13 healthy controls. Transcriptomics and proteomics data were used to identify differentially expressed genes at both RNA and protein levels, which were further inspected via enrichment and upstream regulator analyses and compared to find shared features in patients with RTT. RESULTS We identified molecular alterations in cellular functions and pathways that may contribute to the disease phenotype in patients with RTT, such as deregulated cytoskeletal components, vesicular transport elements, ribosomal subunits and mRNA processing machinery. We also compared RTT expression profiles with those of MDS seeking changes in opposite directions that could lead to the identification of MeCP2 direct targets. Some of the deregulated transcripts and proteins were consistently affected in patients with RTT-like phenotypes, revealing potentially relevant molecular processes in patients with overlapping traits and different genetic aetiology. CONCLUSIONS The integration of data in a multi-omics analysis has helped to interpret the molecular consequences of MECP2 dysfunction, contributing to the characterisation of the molecular landscape in patients with RTT. The comparison with MDS provides knowledge of MeCP2 direct targets, whilst the correlation with RTT-like phenotypes highlights processes potentially contributing to the pathomechanism leading these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Pascual-Alonso
- Fundació Per La Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Clara Xiol
- Fundació Per La Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Dmitrii Smirnov
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kopajtich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
- CIBER-ER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
- Genomic Unit, Molecular and Genetic Medicine Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sergi D, Zauli E, Tisato V, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Cervellati C. Lipids at the Nexus between Cerebrovascular Disease and Vascular Dementia: The Impact of HDL-Cholesterol and Ceramides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054403. [PMID: 36901834 PMCID: PMC10002119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases and the subsequent brain hypoperfusion are at the basis of vascular dementia. Dyslipidemia, marked by an increase in circulating levels of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol and a parallel decrease in HDL-cholesterol, in turn, is pivotal in promoting atherosclerosis which represents a common feature of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this regard, HDL-cholesterol has traditionally been considered as being protective from a cardiovascular and a cerebrovascular prospective. However, emerging evidence suggests that their quality and functionality play a more prominent role than their circulating levels in shaping cardiovascular health and possibly cognitive function. Furthermore, the quality of lipids embedded in circulating lipoproteins represents another key discriminant in modulating cardiovascular disease, with ceramides being proposed as a novel risk factor for atherosclerosis. This review highlights the role of HDL lipoprotein and ceramides in cerebrovascular diseases and the repercussion on vascular dementia. Additionally, the manuscript provides an up-to-date picture of the impact of saturated and omega-3 fatty acids on HDL circulating levels, functionality and ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Cordone V, Ferrara F, Pecorelli A, Guiotto A, Vitale A, Amicarelli F, Cervellati C, Hayek J, Valacchi G. The constitutive activation of TLR4-IRAK1- NFκB axis is involved in the early NLRP3 inflammasome response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Rett syndrome patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:1-13. [PMID: 35085773 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT), a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder, is caused in 95% of the cases by mutations in the X-chromosome-localized MECP2 gene. To date, RTT is considered a broad-spectrum disease, due to multisystem disturbances affecting patients, associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, subclinical inflammation and an overall OxInflammatory status. Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes crucially involved in innate immune responses against pathogens and oxidative stress mediators. The assembly of NLRP3:ASC inflammasome lead to pro-caspase 1 activation, maturation of interleukins (IL)-1β and 18 and proteolytic cleavage of Gasdermin D leading eventually to pyroptosis and systemic inflammation. The possible de-regulation of this system, in parallel with upstream nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 pathway, were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma isolated from RTT patients and matching controls. RTT PBMCs showed a constitutive activation of the axis TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4)-IRAK1 (interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1)-NF-κB p65, together with augmented ROS generation and enhanced IL-18 mRNA levels and NLRP3:ASC co-localization. The deregulation of inflammasome components was even found in THP-1 cells silenced for MECP2 and importantly, in plasma compartment of RTT subjects, from the earliest stages of the pathology or in correlation with the severity of MeCP2 mutations. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in RTT sub-clinical inflammatory status present in RTT patients, thus helping to reveal new targets for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cordone
- Dept. of Environment and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, N.C. Research Campus, North Carolina State University, 28081, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Anna Guiotto
- Dept. of Environment and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Vitale
- Paediatric Unit, "San Giuseppe Moscati" National Hospital (AORN), 83100, Avellino, Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Dept. of Environment and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy; Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, N.C. Research Campus, North Carolina State University, 28081, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, South Korea.
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Marballi K, MacDonald JL. Proteomic and transcriptional changes associated with MeCP2 dysfunction reveal nodes for therapeutic intervention in Rett syndrome. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105076. [PMID: 34048843 PMCID: PMC8286335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene cause Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder predominantly impacting females. MECP2 is an epigenetic transcriptional regulator acting mainly to repress gene expression, though it plays multiple gene regulatory roles and has distinct molecular targets across different cell types and specific developmental stages. In this review, we summarize MECP2 loss-of-function associated transcriptome and proteome disruptions, delving deeper into the latter which have been comparatively severely understudied. These disruptions converge on multiple biochemical and cellular pathways, including those involved in synaptic function and neurodevelopment, NF-κB signaling and inflammation, and the vitamin D pathway. RTT is a complex neurological disorder characterized by myriad physiological disruptions, in both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. Thus, treating RTT will likely require a combinatorial approach, targeting multiple nodes within the interactomes of these cellular pathways. To this end, we discuss the use of dietary supplements and factors, namely, vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as possible partial therapeutic agents given their demonstrated benefit in RTT and their ability to restore homeostasis to multiple disrupted cellular pathways simultaneously. Further unravelling the complex molecular alterations induced by MECP2 loss-of-function, and contextualizing them at the level of proteome homeostasis, will identify new therapeutic avenues for this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Marballi
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jessica L MacDonald
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Single Administration of the T-Type Calcium Channel Enhancer SAK3 Reduces Oxidative Stress and Improves Cognition in Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020741. [PMID: 33451040 PMCID: PMC7828528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairments, is considered to be one of the most widespread chronic neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. We recently introduced a novel therapeutic agent for AD treatment, the T-type calcium channel enhancer ethyl-8-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2-(piperidin-1-yl)-2H-spiro[cyclopentane-1,3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin]-2-ene-3-carboxylate (SAK3). SAK3 enhances calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and proteasome activity, thereby promoting amyloid beta degradation in mice with AD. However, the antioxidative effects of SAK3 remain unclear. We investigated the antioxidative effects of SAK3 in olfactory bulbectomized mice (OBX mice), compared with the effects of donepezil as a positive control. As previously reported, single oral administration of both SAK3 (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) and donepezil (1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved cognitive and depressive behaviors in OBX mice. Single oral SAK3 administration markedly reduced 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and nitrotyrosine protein levels in the hippocampus of OBX mice, which persisted until 1 week after administration. These effects are similar to those observed with donepezil therapy. Increased protein levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in the microglial cells, which were significantly rescued by SAK3 and donepezil. SAK3 could ameliorate oxidative stress in OBX mice, like donepezil, suggesting that the antioxidative effects of SAK3 and donepezil are among the neuroprotective mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.
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Cicaloni V, Pecorelli A, Tinti L, Rossi M, Benedusi M, Cervellati C, Spiga O, Santucci A, Hayek J, Salvini L, Tinti C, Valacchi G. Proteomic profiling reveals mitochondrial alterations in Rett syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 155:37-48. [PMID: 32445864 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mutation in MECP2 gene. Despite a well-defined genetic cause, there is a growing consensus that a metabolic component could play a pivotal role in RTT pathophysiology. Indeed, perturbed redox homeostasis and inflammation, i.e. oxinflammation, with mitochondria dysfunction as the central hub between the two phenomena, appear as possible key contributing factors to RTT pathogenesis and its clinical features. While these RTT-related changes have been widely documented by transcriptomic profiling, proteomics studies supporting these evidences are still limited. Here, using primary dermal fibroblasts from control and patients, we perform a large-scale proteomic analysis that, together with data mining approaches, allow us to carry out the first comprehensive characterization of RTT cellular proteome, showing mainly changes in expression of proteins involved in the mitochondrial network. These findings parallel with an altered expression of key mediators of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy associated with abnormal mitochondrial morphology. In conclusion, our proteomic analysis confirms the pathological relevance of mitochondrial dysfunction in RTT pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cicaloni
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Laura Tinti
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Morphology and Experimental Medicine University of Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via Aldo Moro 2, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via Aldo Moro 2, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University General Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale M. Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Salvini
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristina Tinti
- Toscana Life Science Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Dept., NC Research Campus, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Kyung Hee University, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul, South Korea.
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Varderidou-Minasian S, Hinz L, Hagemans D, Posthuma D, Altelaar M, Heine VM. Quantitative proteomic analysis of Rett iPSC-derived neuronal progenitors. Mol Autism 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 32460858 PMCID: PMC7251722 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disease that is characterized by abnormalities in cognitive, social, and motor skills. RTT is often caused by mutations in the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). The mechanism by which impaired MeCP2 induces the pathological abnormalities in the brain is not understood. Both patients and mouse models have shown abnormalities at molecular and cellular level before typical RTT-associated symptoms appear. This implies that underlying mechanisms are already affected during neurodevelopmental stages. Methods To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in disease onset, we used an RTT patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model with isogenic controls and performed time-series of proteomic analysis using in-depth high-resolution quantitative mass spectrometry during early stages of neuronal development. Results We provide mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic data, depth of about 7000 proteins, at neuronal progenitor developmental stages of RTT patient cells and isogenic controls. Our data gives evidence of proteomic alteration at early neurodevelopmental stages, suggesting alterations long before the phase that symptoms of RTT syndrome become apparent. Significant changes are associated with the GO enrichment analysis in biological processes cell-cell adhesion, actin cytoskeleton organization, neuronal stem cell population maintenance, and pituitary gland development, next to protein changes previously associated with RTT, i.e., dendrite morphology and synaptic deficits. Differential expression increased from early to late neural stem cell phases, although proteins involved in immunity, metabolic processes, and calcium signaling were affected throughout all stages analyzed. Limitations The limitation of our study is the number of RTT patients analyzed. As the aim of our study was to investigate a large number of proteins, only one patient was considered, of which 3 different RTT iPSC clones and 3 isogenic control iPSC clones were included. Even though this approach allowed the study of mutation-induced alterations due to the usage of isogenic controls, results should be validated on different RTT patients to suggest common disease mechanisms. Conclusions During early neuronal differentiation, there are consistent and time-point specific proteomic alterations in RTT patient cells carrying exons 3–4 deletion in MECP2. We found changes in proteins involved in pathway associated with RTT phenotypes, including dendrite morphology and synaptogenesis. Our results provide a valuable resource of proteins and pathways for follow-up studies, investigating common mechanisms involved during early disease stages of RTT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Varderidou-Minasian
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hinz
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Hagemans
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Child and Youth Psychiatry, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Child and Youth Psychiatry, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Cordone V, Pecorelli A, Amicarelli F, Hayek J, Valacchi G. The complexity of Rett syndrome models: Primary fibroblasts as a disease-in-a-dish reliable approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Pecorelli A, Cordone V, Messano N, Zhang C, Falone S, Amicarelli F, Hayek J, Valacchi G. Altered inflammasome machinery as a key player in the perpetuation of Rett syndrome oxinflammation. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101334. [PMID: 31606551 PMCID: PMC6812177 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene. RTT patients show multisystem disturbances associated with an oxinflammatory status. Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes, responsible for host immune responses against pathogen infections and redox-related cellular stress. Assembly of NLRP3/ASC inflammasome triggers pro-caspase-1 activation, thus, resulting in IL-1β and IL-18 maturation. However, an aberrant activation of inflammasome system has been implicated in several human diseases. Our aim was to investigate the possible role of inflammasome in the chronic subclinical inflammatory condition typical of RTT, by analyzing this complex in basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+ATP-stimulated primary fibroblasts, as well as in serum from RTT patients and healthy volunteers. RTT cells showed increased levels of nuclear p65 and ASC proteins, pro-IL-1β mRNA, and NLRP3/ASC interaction in basal condition, without any further response upon the LPS + ATP stimuli. Moreover, augmented levels of circulating ASC and IL-18 proteins were found in serum of RTT patients, which are likely able to amplify the inflammatory response. Taken together, our findings suggest that RTT patients exhibited a challenged inflammasome machinery at cellular and systemic level, which may contribute to the subclinical inflammatory state feedback observed in this pathology. RTT cell shows a constitutive NFκB activation. Aberrant activation of inflammasome system is evident in RTT. This new evidence can explain the demonstrated subclinical inflammation in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Animal Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Valeria Cordone
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Animal Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA; Dept. of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicolò Messano
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Animal Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Plant and Microbial Biology, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Stefano Falone
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University General Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Dept. of Animal Science, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA; Dept. of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy; Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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Gonos ES, Kapetanou M, Sereikaite J, Bartosz G, Naparło K, Grzesik M, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Origin and pathophysiology of protein carbonylation, nitration and chlorination in age-related brain diseases and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:868-901. [PMID: 29779015 PMCID: PMC5990388 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic protein modifications occur inevitably in all living systems. Products of such modifications accumulate during aging of cells and organisms and may contribute to their age-related functional deterioration. This review presents the formation of irreversible protein modifications such as carbonylation, nitration and chlorination, modifications by 4-hydroxynonenal, removal of modified proteins and accumulation of these protein modifications during aging of humans and model organisms, and their enhanced accumulation in age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens 11635, Greece.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15701, Greece
| | - Jolanta Sereikaite
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius 2040, Lithuania
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Naparło
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland
| | - Michalina Grzesik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland
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13
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Lipoxidation in cardiovascular diseases. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101119. [PMID: 30833142 PMCID: PMC6859589 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids can go through lipid peroxidation, an endogenous chain reaction that consists in the oxidative degradation of lipids leading to the generation of a wide variety of highly reactive carbonyl species (RCS), such as short-chain carbonyl derivatives and oxidized truncated phospholipids. RCS exert a wide range of biological effects due to their ability to interact and covalently bind to nucleophilic groups on other macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins, forming reversible and/or irreversible modifications and generating the so-called advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). Lipoxidation plays a relevant role in the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mainly in the atherosclerosis-based diseases in which oxidized lipids and their adducts have been extensively characterized and associated with several processes responsible for the onset and development of atherosclerosis, such as endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Herein we will review the current knowledge on the sources of lipids that undergo oxidation in the context of cardiovascular diseases, both from the bloodstream and tissues, and the methods for detection, characterization, and quantitation of their oxidative products and protein adducts. Moreover, lipoxidation and ALEs have been associated with many oxidative-based diseases, including CVD, not only as potential biomarkers but also as therapeutic targets. Indeed, several therapeutic strategies, acting at different levels of the ALEs cascade, have been proposed, essentially blocking ALEs formation, but also their catabolism or the resulting biological responses they induce. However, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of formation and targets of ALEs could expand the available therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Cordone V, Pecorelli A, Benedusi M, Santini S, Falone S, Hayek J, Amicarelli F, Valacchi G. Antiglycative Activity and RAGE Expression in Rett Syndrome. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020161. [PMID: 30781346 PMCID: PMC6406506 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a human neurodevelopmental disorder, whose pathogenesis has been linked to both oxidative stress and subclinical inflammatory status (OxInflammation). Methylglyoxal (MG), a glycolytic by-product with cytotoxic and pro-oxidant power, is the major precursor in vivo of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are known to exert their detrimental effect via receptor- (e.g., RAGE) or non-receptor-mediated mechanisms in several neurological diseases. On this basis, we aimed to compare fibroblasts from healthy subjects (CTR) with fibroblasts from RTT patients (N = 6 per group), by evaluating gene/protein expression patterns, and enzymatic activities of glyoxalases (GLOs), along with the levels of MG-dependent damage in both basal and MG-challenged conditions. Our results revealed that RTT is linked to an alteration of the GLOs system (specifically, increased GLO2 activity), that ensures unchanged MG-dependent damage levels. However, RTT cells underwent more pronounced cell death upon exogenous MG-treatment, as compared to CTR, and displayed lower RAGE levels than CTR, with no alterations following MG-treatment, thus suggesting that an adaptive response to dicarbonyl stress may occur. In conclusion, besides OxInflammation, RTT is associated with reshaping of the major defense systems against dicarbonyl stress, along with an altered cellular stress response towards pro-glycating insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cordone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, NC Research Campus, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvano Santini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Stefano Falone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University General Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale M. Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science Department, NC Research Campus, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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15
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Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Epigenetic Changes in Radiation-Induced Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4278658. [PMID: 30881591 PMCID: PMC6381575 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4278658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) develops months to years after initial radiation exposure. RIF occurs when normal fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts and lay down aberrant amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. One of the main drivers for developing RIF is reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated immediately after radiation exposure. Generation of ROS is known to induce epigenetic changes and cause differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Several antioxidant compounds have been shown to prevent radiation-induced epigenetic changes and the development of RIF. Therefore, reviewing the ROS-linked epigenetic changes in irradiated fibroblast cells is essential to understand the development and prevention of RIF.
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16
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Mass Spectrometry in Advancement of Redox Precision Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:327-358. [PMID: 31347057 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox (portmanteau of reduction-oxidation) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species in biological processes fundamental to life. It is of outmost importance that cells maintain a healthy redox state by balancing the action of oxidants and antioxidants; failure to do so leads to a multitude of diseases including cancer, diabetes, fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. From the perspective of precision medicine, it is therefore beneficial to interrogate the redox phenotype of the individual-similar to the use of genomic sequencing-in order to design tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment. This chapter provides an overview of redox metabolism and focuses on how mass spectrometry (MS) can be applied to advance our knowledge in redox biology and precision medicine.
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17
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Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complex Dysfunction in MeCP2 Knock-Down Astrocytes: Protective Effects of Quercetin Hydrate. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:16-27. [PMID: 30519865 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play the central role in CNS metabolism to support neuronal functions. Mehyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is the global transcription factor with differential expression in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. MeCP2 mutation and downstream detrimental effects have been reported in astrocytes also in MeCP2-associated neurodevelopmental disorder-Rett syndrome. Several studies have shown mitochondrial impairment linked to ROS production and reduced ATP synthesis in Rett patients and models, but consequences of MeCP2 deficiency on mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in astrocytes and effect of known antioxidant quercetin aglycone has not yet been reported. The present study aimed to investigate effect of quercetin on mitochondrial functioning in MeCP2-deficient astrocytes. Our data show onefold upregulated Uqcrc1 and Ndufv2 gene expression, subtle change in protein expression, and significantly reduced mitochondrial respiratory chain complex-II and complex-III enzyme activities in MeCP2 knock-down astrocytes. Intracellular calcium robustly increased and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, while no change in ROS was observed in MeCP2 knock-down astrocytes. Quercetin increased MeCP2 and normalized Uqcrc1 and Ndufv2 gene expression but did not modulate MeCP2 and Ndufv2 proteins expression. Interestingly, quercetin upregulated significantly the mitochondrial respiratory complex-II, complex-III, and complex-IV activities in dose-dependent manner. It also restored intracellular calcium level and mitochondrial membrane potential. In vitro observations suggest the beneficial effect of quercetin in mitochondrial functioning in MeCP2-deficient condition. There are no reports focusing on role of quercetin in mitochondrial function in MeCP2-deficient astrocytes, and these observations serve as preliminary data to evaluate quercetin's effects in vivo.
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18
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Gesslbauer B, Kuerzl D, Valpatic N, Bochkov VN. Unbiased Identification of Proteins Covalently Modified by Complex Mixtures of Peroxidized Lipids Using a Combination of Electrophoretic Mobility Band Shift with Mass Spectrometry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090116. [PMID: 30200198 PMCID: PMC6162613 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of functionally important cell proteins by lipid oxidation products (LOPs) is a known mechanism initiating pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Identification of new proteins covalently modified by electrophilic lipids can be performed by a combination of chemical, immunological, and mass spectrometry-based methods, but requires prior knowledge either on the exact molecular structure of LOPs (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal) or candidate protein targets. However, under the conditions of oxidative stress in vivo, a complex mixture of proteins (e.g., cytosolic proteome) reacts with a complex mixture of LOPs. Here we describe a method for detection of lipid-modified proteins that does not require an a priori knowledge on the chemical structure of LOPs or identity of target proteins. The method is based on the change of electrophoretic mobility of lipid-modified proteins, which is induced by conformational changes and cross-linking with other proteins. Abnormally migrating proteins are detected by mass spectrometry-based protein peptide sequencing. We applied this method to study effects of oxidized palmitoyl-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) on endothelial cells. Several known, but also many new, OxPAPC-binding proteins were identified. We expect that this technically relatively simple method can be widely applied for label-free analysis of lipid-protein interactions in complex protein samples treated with different LOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - David Kuerzl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Niko Valpatic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Valacchi G, Virgili F, Cervellati C, Pecorelli A. OxInflammation: From Subclinical Condition to Pathological Biomarker. Front Physiol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 30038581 PMCID: PMC6046448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex systemic response evolved to cope with cellular injury, either due to infectious agents or, in general, with sporadic events challenging tissue integrity and function. Researchers involved in different fields have the tendency to look at the inflammatory response with different angles, according to their specific interest. Established its complexity, one of the most evident features of the inflammatory response is the generation of a pro-oxidative environment due to the production of high fluxes of pro-oxidant species. This production begins locally, close to the sites of tissue damage or infection, but eventually becomes a chronic challenge for the organism, if the inflammatory response is not properly controlled. In this review, we focus on this specific aspect of chronic, low-level sub-clinical inflammatory response. We propose the term "OxInflammation" as a novel operative term describing a permanent pro-oxidative feature that interact, in a positive feed-back manner, to a not yet clinically detectable inflammatory process, leading in a long run (chronically) to a systemic/local damage, as a consequence of the cross talk between inflammatory, and oxidative stress mediators. Therefore, it could be useful to analyze inflammatory markers in pathologies where there is an alteration of the redox homeostasis, although an inflammatory status is not clinically evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.E.A.-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Valacchi G, Pecorelli A, Cervellati C, Hayek J. 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts: Key mediator in Rett syndrome oxinflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:270-280. [PMID: 28063942 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last 15 years a strong correlation between oxidative stress (OxS) and Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder known to be caused in 95% of the cases, by a mutation in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, has been well documented. Here, we revised, summarized and discussed the current knowledge on the role of lipid peroxidation byproducts, with special emphasis on 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), in RTT pathophysiology. The posttranslational modifications of proteins via 4HNE, known as 4HNE protein adducts (4NHE-PAs), causing detrimental effects on protein functions, appear to contribute to the clinical severity of the syndrome, since their levels increase significantly during the subsequent 4 clinical stages, reaching the maximum degree at stage 4, represented by a late motor deterioration. In addition, 4HNE-PA are only partially removed due to the compromised functionality of the proteasome activity, contributing therefore to the cellular damage in RTT. All this will lead to a characteristic subclinical inflammation, defined "OxInflammation", derived by a positive feedback loop between OxS byproducts and inflammatory mediators that in a long run further aggravates the clinical features of RTT patients. Therefore, in a pathology completely orphan of any therapy, aiming 4HNE as a therapeutic target could represent a coadjuvant treatment with some beneficial impact in these patients..
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC State University, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC State University, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital, AOUS, Viale Mario Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy
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