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Beeren IAO, Dos Santos G, Dijkstra PJ, Mota C, Bauer J, Ferreira H, Reis RL, Neves N, Camarero-Espinosa S, Baker MB, Moroni L. A facile strategy for tuning the density of surface-grafted biomolecules for melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing applications. Biodes Manuf 2024; 7:277-291. [PMID: 38818303 PMCID: PMC11133161 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-024-00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing (ME-AM) is a promising technique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. However, most synthetic semicrystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic biological activity required to control cell fate. Grafting of biomolecules on polymeric surfaces of AM scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of a construct; however, there are limited strategies available to control the surface density. Here, we report a strategy to tune the surface density of bioactive groups by blending a low molecular weight poly(ε-caprolactone)5k (PCL5k) containing orthogonally reactive azide groups with an unfunctionalized high molecular weight PCL75k at different ratios. Stable porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds were then fabricated using a high weight percentage (75 wt.%) of the low molecular weight PCL5k. As a proof-of-concept test, we prepared films of three different mass ratios of low and high molecular weight polymers with a thermopress and reacted with an alkynated fluorescent model compound on the surface, yielding a density of 201-561 pmol/cm2. Subsequently, a bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted onto the films comprising different blend compositions, and the effect of peptide surface density on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) was assessed. After two weeks of culturing in a basic medium, cells expressed higher levels of BMP receptor II (BMPRII) on films with the conjugated peptide. In addition, we found that alkaline phosphatase activity was only significantly enhanced on films containing the highest peptide density (i.e., 561 pmol/cm2), indicating the importance of the surface density. Taken together, these results emphasize that the density of surface peptides on cell differentiation must be considered at the cell-material interface. Moreover, we have presented a viable strategy for ME-AM community that desires to tune the bulk and surface functionality via blending of (modified) polymers. Furthermore, the use of alkyne-azide "click" chemistry enables spatial control over bioconjugation of many tissue-specific moieties, making this approach a versatile strategy for tissue engineering applications. Graphic abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42242-024-00286-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. A. O. Beeren
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Dos Santos
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - P. J. Dijkstra
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Bauer
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H. Ferreira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N. Neves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S. Camarero-Espinosa
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - M. B. Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Shiue SJ, Wu MS, Chiang YH, Lin HY. Bacteriophage-cocktail hydrogel dressing to prevent multiple bacterial infections and heal diabetic ulcers in mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 38706446 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) has been reported to reduce the bacterial infection in delayed-healing wounds and, as a result, aiding in the healing of said wounds. In this study we investigated whether the presence of phage itself could help repair delayed-healing wounds in diabetic mice. Three strains of phage that target Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used. To prevent the phage liquid from running off the wound, the mixture of phage (phage-cocktail) was encapsulated in a porous hydrogel dressing made with three-dimensional printing. The phage-cocktail dressing was tested for its phage preservation and release efficacy, bacterial reduction, cytotoxicity with 3T3 fibroblast, and performance in repairing a sterile full-thickness skin wound in diabetic mice. The phage-cocktail dressing released 1.7%-5.7% of the phages embedded in 24 h, and reduced between 37%-79% of the surface bacteria compared with the blank dressing (p <.05). The phage-cocktail dressing exhibited no sign of cytotoxicity after 3 days (p <.05). In vivo studies showed that 14 days after incision, the full-thickness wound treated with a phage-cocktail dressing had a higher wound healing ratio compared with the blank dressing and control (p <.01). Histological analysis showed that the structure of the skin layers in the group treated with phage-cocktail dressing was restored in an orderly fashion. Compared with the blank dressing and control, the repaired tissue in the phage-cocktail dressing group had new capillary vessels and no sign of inflammation in its dermis, and its epidermis had a higher degree of re-epithelialization (p <.05). The slow-released phage has demonstrated positive effects in repairing diabetic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Shiue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Chemical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chemical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Trifonov A, Shehzad A, Mukasheva F, Moazzam M, Akilbekova D. Reasoning on Pore Terminology in 3D Bioprinting. Gels 2024; 10:153. [PMID: 38391483 PMCID: PMC10887720 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Terminology is pivotal for facilitating clear communication and minimizing ambiguity, especially in specialized fields such as chemistry. In materials science, a subset of chemistry, the term "pore" is traditionally linked to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature, which categorizes pores into "micro", "meso", and "macro" based on size. However, applying this terminology in closely-related areas, such as 3D bioprinting, often leads to confusion owing to the lack of consensus on specific definitions and classifications tailored to each field. This review article critically examines the current use of pore terminology in the context of 3D bioprinting, highlighting the need for reassessment to avoid potential misunderstandings. We propose an alternative classification that aligns more closely with the specific requirements of bioprinting, suggesting a tentative size-based division of interconnected pores into 'parvo'-(d < 25 µm), 'medio'-(25 < d < 100 µm), and 'magno'-(d > 100 µm) pores, relying on the current understanding of the pore size role in tissue formation. The introduction of field-specific terminology for pore sizes in 3D bioprinting is essential to enhance the clarity and precision of research communication. This represents a step toward a more cohesive and specialized lexicon that aligns with the unique aspects of bioprinting and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Trifonov
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ahmer Shehzad
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Fariza Mukasheva
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Muhammad Moazzam
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dana Akilbekova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Thakur KK, Lekurwale R, Bansode S, Pansare R. 3D Bioprinting: A Systematic Review for Future Research Direction. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1949-1967. [PMID: 38009170 PMCID: PMC10673757 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-01000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose 3D bioprinting is capable of rapidly producing small-scale human-based tissue models, or organoids, for pathology modeling, diagnostics, and drug development. With the use of 3D bioprinting technology, 3D functional complex tissue can be created by combining biocompatible materials, cells, and growth factor. In today's world, 3D bioprinting may be the best solution for meeting the demand for organ transplantation. It is essential to examine the existing literature with the objective to identify the future trend in terms of application of 3D bioprinting, different bioprinting techniques, and selected tissues by the researchers, it is very important to examine the existing literature. To find trends in 3D bioprinting research, this work conducted an systematic literature review of 3D bioprinting. Methodology This literature provides a thorough study and analysis of research articles on bioprinting from 2000 to 2022 that were extracted from the Scopus database. The articles selected for analysis were classified according to the year of publication, articles and publishers, nation, authors who are working in bioprinting area, universities, biomaterial used, and targeted applications. Findings The top nations, universities, journals, publishers, and writers in this field were picked out after analyzing research publications on bioprinting. During this study, the research themes and research trends were also identified. Furthermore, it has been observed that there is a need for additional research in this domain for the development of bioink and their properties that can guide practitioners and researchers while selecting appropriate combinations of biomaterials to obtain bioink suitable for mimicking human tissue. Significance of the Research This research includes research findings, recommendations, and observations for bioprinting researchers and practitioners. This article lists significant research gaps, future research directions, and potential application areas for bioprinting. Novelty The review conducted here is mainly focused on the process of collecting, organizing, capturing, evaluating, and analyzing data to give a deeper understanding of bioprinting and to identify potential future research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumari Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Mumbai, Maharashtra 4000 77 India
| | - Ramesh Lekurwale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Mumbai, Maharashtra 4000 77 India
| | - Sangita Bansode
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Mumbai, Maharashtra 4000 77 India
| | - Rajesh Pansare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Mumbai, Maharashtra 4000 77 India
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Yoon J, Han H, Jang J. Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:52. [PMID: 37968379 PMCID: PMC10651626 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, various hydrogels derived from the extracellular matrix have been utilized for creating engineered tissues and implantable scaffolds. While these hydrogels hold immense promise in the healthcare landscape, conventional bioinks based on ECM hydrogels face several challenges, particularly in terms of lacking the necessary mechanical properties required for 3D bioprinting process. To address these limitations, researchers are actively exploring novel nanomaterial-reinforced ECM hydrogels for both mechanical and functional aspects. In this review, we focused on discussing recent advancements in the fabrication of engineered tissues and monitoring systems using nanobioinks and nanomaterials via 3D bioprinting technology. We highlighted the synergistic benefits of combining numerous nanomaterials into ECM hydrogels and imposing geometrical effects by 3D bioprinting technology. Furthermore, we also elaborated on critical issues remaining at the moment, such as the inhomogeneous dispersion of nanomaterials and consequent technical and practical issues, in the fabrication of complex 3D structures with nanobioinks and nanomaterials. Finally, we elaborated on plausible outlooks for facilitating the use of nanomaterials in biofabrication and advancing the function of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungbin Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hohyeon Han
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea.
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Huang Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Bi S, Zhou K, Li H, Zhou C, Wang Y, Wu W, Peng B, Tang J, Pan B, Wang B, Chen Z, Li Z, Zhang Z. The application and progress of tissue engineering and biomaterial scaffolds for total auricular reconstruction in microtia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1089031. [PMID: 37811379 PMCID: PMC10556751 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1089031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital deformity of the ear with an incidence of about 0.8-4.2 per 10,000 births. Total auricular reconstruction is the preferred treatment of microtia at present, and one of the core technologies is the preparation of cartilage scaffolds. Autologous costal cartilage is recognized as the best material source for constructing scaffold platforms. However, costal cartilage harvest can lead to donor-site injuries such as pneumothorax, postoperative pain, chest wall scar and deformity. Therefore, with the need of alternative to autologous cartilage, in vitro and in vivo studies of biomaterial scaffolds and cartilage tissue engineering have gradually become novel research hot points in auricular reconstruction research. Tissue-engineered cartilage possesses obvious advantages including non-rejection, minimally invasive or non-invasive, the potential of large-scale production to ensure sufficient donors and controllable morphology. Exploration and advancements of tissue-engineered cartilaginous framework are also emerging in aspects including three-dimensional biomaterial scaffolds, acquisition of seed cells and chondrocytes, 3D printing techniques, inducing factors for chondrogenesis and so on, which has greatly promoted the research process of biomaterial substitute. This review discussed the development, current application and research progress of cartilage tissue engineering in auricular reconstruction, particularly the usage and creation of biomaterial scaffolds. The development and selection of various types of seed cells and inducing factors to stimulate chondrogenic differentiation in auricular cartilage were also highlighted. There are still confronted challenges before the clinical application becomes widely available for patients, and its long-term effect remains to be evaluated. We hope to provide guidance for future research directions of biomaterials as an alternative to autologous cartilage in ear reconstruction, and finally benefit the transformation and clinical application of cartilage tissue engineering and biomaterials in microtia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqian Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanxing Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixi Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siwei Bi
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hairui Li
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyun Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Tomasina C, Montalbano G, Fiorilli S, Quadros P, Azevedo A, Coelho C, Vitale-Brovarone C, Camarero-Espinosa S, Moroni L. Incorporation of strontium-containing bioactive particles into PEOT/PBT electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 149:213406. [PMID: 37054582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The combination of biomaterials and bioactive particles has shown to be a successful strategy to fabricate electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Among the range of bioactive particles, hydroxyapatite and mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) have been widely used for their osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Yet, the comparison between the chemical and mechanical characteristics as well as the biological performances of these particle-containing scaffolds have been characterized to a limited extent. In this work, we fabricated PEOT/PBT-based composite scaffolds incorporating either nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), strontium-containing nanohydroxyapatite (nHA_Sr) or MBGs doped with strontium ions up to 15 wt./vol% and 12,5 wt./vol% for nHA and MBG, respectively. The composite scaffolds presented a homogeneous particle distribution. Morphological, chemical and mechanical analysis revealed that the introduction of particles into the electrospun meshes caused a decrease in the fiber diameter and mechanical properties, yet maintaining the hydrophilic nature of the scaffolds. The Sr2+ release profile differed according to the considered system, observing a 35-day slowly decreasing release from strontium-containing nHA scaffolds, whereas MBG-based scaffolds showed a strong burst release in the first week. In vitro, culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) on composite scaffolds demonstrated excellent cell adhesion and proliferation. In maintenance and osteogenic media, all composite scaffolds showed high mineralization as well as expression of Col I and OCN compared to PEOT/PBT scaffolds, suggesting their ability to boost bone formation even without osteogenic factors. The presence of strontium led to an increase in collagen secretion and matrix mineralization in osteogenic medium, while gene expression analysis showed that hMSCs cultured on nHA-based scaffolds had a higher expression of OCN, ALP and RUNX2 compared to cells cultured on nHA_Sr scaffolds in osteogenic medium. Yet, cells cultured on MBGs-based scaffolds showed a higher gene expression of COL1, ALP, RUNX2 and BMP2 in osteogenic medium compared to nHA-based scaffolds, which is hypothesized to lead to high osteoinductivity in long term cultures.
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Blaudez F, Vaquette C, Ivanovski S. Cell Seeding on 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Disease Modeling Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2588:473-483. [PMID: 36418705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold cell seeding is a crucial step for the standardization and homogeneous maturation of tissue engineered constructs. This is particularly critical in the context of additively manufactured scaffolds whereby large pore size and high porosity usually impedes the retention of the seeding solution resulting in poor seeding efficacy and heterogeneous cell distribution. To circumvent this limitation, a simple yet efficient cell seeding technique is described in this chapter consisting of preincubating the scaffold in 100% serum for 1 h leading to reproducible seeding. A proof of concept is demonstrated using highly porous melt electrowritten polycaprolactone scaffolds as the cell carrier. As cell density, cell distribution, and differentiation within the scaffold are important parameters, various assays are proposed to validate the seeding and perform quality control of the cellularized construct using techniques such as alizarin red, Sirius red, and immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Blaudez
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia. .,The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation (COR3), Brisbane, Australia.
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Hrynevich A, Li Y, Cedillo-Servin G, Malda J, Castilho M. (Bio)fabrication of microfluidic devices and organs-on-a-chip. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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10
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Mekhileri NV, Major G, Lim K, Mutreja I, Chitcholtan K, Phillips E, Hooper G, Woodfield T. Biofabrication of Modular Spheroids as Tumor-Scale Microenvironments for Drug Screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2022:e2201581. [PMID: 36495232 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To streamline the drug discovery pipeline, there is a pressing need for preclinical models which replicate the complexity and scale of native tumors. While there have been advancements in the formation of microscale tumor units, these models are cell-line dependent, time-consuming and have not improved clinical trial success rates. In this study, two methods for generating 3D tumor microenvironments are compared, rapidly fabricated hydrogel microspheres and traditional cell-dense spheroids. These modules are then bioassembled into 3D printed thermoplastic scaffolds, using an automated biofabrication process, to form tumor-scale models. Modules are formed with SKOV3 and HFF cells as monocultures and cocultures, and the fabrication efficiency, cell architecture, and drug response profiles are characterized, both as single modules and as multimodular constructs. Cell-encapsulated Gel-MA microspheres are fabricated with high-reproducibility and dimensions necessary for automated tumor-scale bioassembly regardless of cell type, however, only cocultured spheroids form compact modules suitable for bioassembly. Chemosensitivity assays demonstrate the reduced potency of doxorubicin in coculture bioassembled constructs and a ≈five-fold increase in drug resistance of cocultured cells in 3D modules compared with 2D monolayers. This bioassembly system is efficient and tailorable so that a variety of relevant-sized tumor constructs could be developed to study tumorigenesis and modernize drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Vijayan Mekhileri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Gretel Major
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Khoon Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Isha Mutreja
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Kenny Chitcholtan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gynaecological Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Elisabeth Phillips
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Gary Hooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Tim Woodfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, New Zealand
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Page MI, Easley JT, Bonilla AF, Patel VV, Puttlitz CM. Biomechanical evaluation of a novel repair strategy for intervertebral disc herniation in an ovine lumbar spine model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1018257. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1018257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following herniation of the intervertebral disc, there is a need for advanced surgical strategies to protect the diseased tissue from further herniation and to minimize further degeneration. Accordingly, a novel tissue engineered implant for annulus fibrosus (AF) repair was fabricated via three-dimensional fiber deposition and evaluated in a large animal model. Specifically, lumbar spine kinetics were assessed for eight (n = 8) cadaveric ovine lumbar spines in three pure moment loading settings (flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation) and three clinical conditions (intact, with a defect in the AF, and with the defect treated using the AF repair implant). In ex vivo testing, seven of the fifteen evaluated biomechanical measures were significantly altered by the defect. In each of these cases, the treated spine more closely approximated the intact biomechanics and four of these cases were also significantly different to the defect. The same spinal kinetics were also assessed in a preliminary in vivo study of three (n = 3) ovine lumbar spines 12 weeks post-implantation. Similar to the ex vivo results, functional efficacy of the treatment was demonstrated as compared to the defect model at 12 weeks post-implantation. These promising results motivate a future large animal study cohort which will establish statistical power of these results further elucidate the observed outcomes, and provide a platform for clinical translation of this novel AF repair patch strategy. Ultimately, the developed approach to AF repair holds the potential to maintain the long-term biomechanical function of the spine and prevent symptomatic re-herniation.
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12
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Xin YZ, Li X, Yang SJ, Lee J, Liu C, Fang Y. Calculation of stresses on 3D scaffolds fabricated using extrusion-based bioprinting using a semi-analytical approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105471. [PMID: 36166940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The scaffold is essential to tissue engineering. In particular, the mechanical property of scaffolds has a significant impact on the success rate of regeneration. While numerous techniques exist for measuring mechanical properties, Compression test, three-point bending test, and nano-indentation test are the most common. Nevertheless, the mechanical property of porous structures cannot be accurately measured by previous testing methods. Combining superposition principles with the Flamant solution, this study developed semi-analytical solutions. Through compression testing and FEM simulation, the semi-analytical solution was fully validated. The solution can calculate not only the maximum stress of layer-by-layer construction of complex 3D scaffolds, but also the maximum load-bearing capacity if the mechanical property of the material is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhu Xin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Seok-Jo Yang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, South Korea
| | - JunHee Lee
- Department of Nature-inspired System and Application, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34103, South Korea
| | - Chunbao Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China.
| | - Yuqiang Fang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China.
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13
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Dong X, Askinas C, Kim J, Sherman JE, Bonassar LJ, Spector J. Efficient engineering of human auricular cartilage through mesenchymal stem cell chaperoning. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:825-835. [PMID: 35689509 DOI: 10.1002/term.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge to the clinical translation of tissue-engineered ear scaffolds for ear reconstruction is the limited auricular chondrocyte (hAuC) yield available from patients. Starting with a relatively small number of chondrocytes in culture results in dedifferentiation and loss of phenotype with subsequent expansion. To significantly decrease the number of chondrocytes required for human elastic cartilage engineering, we co-cultured human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with HAuCs to promote healthy elastic cartilage formation. HAuCs along with human bone marrow-derived hMSCs were encapsulated into 1% Type I collagen at 25 million/mL total cell density with different ratios (HAuCs/hMSCs: 10/90, 25/75, 50/50) and then injected into customized 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) ridged external scaffolds, which simulate the shape of the auricular helical rim, and implanted subcutaneously in nude rats for 1, 3 and 6 months. The explanted constructs demonstrated near complete volume preservation and topography maintenance of the ridged "helical" feature after 6 months with all ratios. Cartilaginous appearing tissue formed within scaffolds by 3 months, verified by histologic analysis demonstrating mature elastic cartilage within the constructs with chondrocytes seen in lacunae within a Type II collagen and proteoglycan-enriched matrix, and surrounded by a neoperichondrial external layer. Compressive mechanical properties comparable to human elastic cartilage were achieved after 6 months. Co-implantation of hAuCs and hMSCs in collagen within an external scaffold efficiently produced shaped human elastic cartilage without volume loss even when hAuC comprised only 10% of the implanted cell population, marking a crucial step toward the clinical translation of auricular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carly Askinas
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jongkil Kim
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - John E Sherman
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jason Spector
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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14
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Koch F, Thaden O, Conrad S, Tröndle K, Finkenzeller G, Zengerle R, Kartmann S, Zimmermann S, Koltay P. Mechanical properties of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for hybrid 3D-bioprinting with alginate-gelatin hydrogel. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 130:105219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Rogkas N, Vakouftsis C, Spitas V, Lagaros ND, Georgantzinos SK. Design Aspects of Additive Manufacturing at Microscale: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050775. [PMID: 35630242 PMCID: PMC9147298 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been researched and developed for almost three decades. Microscale AM is one of the fastest-growing fields of research within the AM area. Considerable progress has been made in the development and commercialization of new and innovative microscale AM processes, as well as several practical applications in a variety of fields. However, there are still significant challenges that exist in terms of design, available materials, processes, and the ability to fabricate true three-dimensional structures and systems at a microscale. For instance, microscale AM fabrication technologies are associated with certain limitations and constraints due to the scale aspect, which may require the establishment and use of specialized design methodologies in order to overcome them. The aim of this paper is to review the main processes, materials, and applications of the current microscale AM technology, to present future research needs for this technology, and to discuss the need for the introduction of a design methodology. Thus, one of the primary concerns of the current paper is to present the design aspects describing the comparative advantages and AM limitations at the microscale, as well as the selection of processes and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Rogkas
- Laboratory of Machine Design, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Zografou, Greece; (N.R.); (C.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Christos Vakouftsis
- Laboratory of Machine Design, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Zografou, Greece; (N.R.); (C.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Vasilios Spitas
- Laboratory of Machine Design, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Zografou, Greece; (N.R.); (C.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Nikos D. Lagaros
- Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Zographou, Greece;
| | - Stelios K. Georgantzinos
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Structures and Digitalization, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evripus Campus, 34400 Psachna, Greece
- Correspondence:
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16
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Samat AA, Hamid ZAA, Yahaya BH. Tissue Engineering for Tracheal Replacement: Strategies and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022:137-163. [PMID: 35389199 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The critical feature in trachea replacement is to provide a hollow cylindrical framework that is laterally stable and longitudinally flexible, facilitating cartilage and epithelial tissue formation. Despite advanced techniques and sources of materials used, most inherent challenges are related to the complexity of its anatomy. Limited blood supply leads to insufficient regenerative capacity for cartilage and epithelium. Natural and synthetic scaffolds, different types of cells, and growth factors are part of tissue engineering approaches with varying outcomes. Pre-vascularization remains one of the crucial factors to expedite the regenerative process in tracheal reconstruction. This review discusses the challenges and strategies used in tracheal tissue engineering, focusing on scaffold implantation in clinical and preclinical studies conducted in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmak Abdul Samat
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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17
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Elídóttir KL, Scott L, Lewis R, Jurewicz I. Biomimetic approach to articular cartilage tissue engineering using carbon nanotube-coated and textured polydimethylsiloxane scaffolds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1513:48-64. [PMID: 35288951 PMCID: PMC9545810 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant need to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of articular cartilage to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for diseases such as osteoarthritis. Here, we show that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are excellent candidates as a material for synthetic scaffolds to support the growth of chondrocytes—the cells that produce and maintain cartilage. Chondrocyte morphology, proliferation, and alignment were investigated as nanoscale CNT networks were applied to macroscopically textured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds. The application of CNTs to the surface of PDMS‐based scaffolds resulted in an up to 10‐fold increase in cell adherence and 240% increase in proliferation, which is attributable to increased nanoscale roughness and hydrophilicity. The introduction of macroscale features to PDMS induced alignment of chondrocytes, successfully mimicking the cell behavior observed in the superficial layer of cartilage. Raman spectroscopy was used as a noninvasive, label‐free method to monitor extracellular matrix production and chondrocyte phenotype. Chondrocytes on these scaffolds successfully produced collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and aggrecan. This study demonstrates that introducing physical features at different length scales allows for a high level of control over tissue scaffold design and, thus, cell behavior. Ultimately, these textured scaffolds can serve as platforms to improve the understanding of osteoarthritis and for early‐stage therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrín Lind Elídóttir
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Louie Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Izabela Jurewicz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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18
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Influence of 3D Printing Parameters on the Mechanical Stability of PCL Scaffolds and the Proliferation Behavior of Bone Cells. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062091. [PMID: 35329543 PMCID: PMC8954149 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of scaffolds in tissue engineering is becoming increasingly important as solutions need to be found for the problem of preserving human tissue, such as bone or cartilage. In this work, scaffolds were printed from the biomaterial known as polycaprolactone (PCL) on a 3D Bioplotter. Both the external and internal geometry were varied to investigate their influence on mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Materials and Methods: An Envisiontec 3D Bioplotter was used to fabricate the scaffolds. First, square scaffolds were printed with variations in the strand width and strand spacing. Then, the filling structure was varied: either lines, waves, and honeycombs were used. This was followed by variation in the outer shape, produced as either a square, hexagon, octagon, or circle. Finally, the internal and external geometry was varied. To improve interaction with the cells, the printed PCL scaffolds were coated with type-I collagen. MG-63 cells were then cultured on the scaffolds and various tests were performed to investigate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Results: With increasing strand thickness and strand spacing, the compressive strengths decreased from 86.18 + 2.34 MPa (200 µm) to 46.38 + 0.52 MPa (600 µm). The circle was the outer shape with the highest compressive strength of 76.07 + 1.49 MPa, compared to the octagon, which had the lowest value of 52.96 ± 0.98 MPa. Varying the external shape (toward roundness) geometry, as well as the filling configuration, resulted in the highest values of compressive strength for the round specimens with honeycomb filling, which had a value of 91.4 + 1.4 MPa. In the biocompatibility tests, the round specimens with honeycomb filling also showed the highest cell count per mm², with 1591 ± 239 live cells/mm2 after 10 days and the highest value in cell proliferation, but with minimal cytotoxic effects (9.19 ± 2.47% after 3 days).
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19
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Luo K, Wang L, Chen X, Zeng X, Zhou S, Zhang P, Li J. Porous 3D polyurethane composite scaffolds with incorporation of highly mineralized calcium citrate for bone tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.2014483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiyang Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Peicong Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Li
- College of Materials, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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20
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Backes EH, Harb SV, Beatrice CAG, Shimomura KMB, Passador FR, Costa LC, Pessan LA. Polycaprolactone usage in additive manufacturing strategies for tissue engineering applications: A review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:1479-1503. [PMID: 34918463 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been extensively applied on tissue engineering because of its low-melting temperature, good processability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, mechanical resistance, and relatively low cost. The advance of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the past decade have boosted the fabrication of customized PCL products, with shorter processing time and absence of material waste. In this context, this review focuses on the use of AM techniques to produce PCL scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications, including bone, muscle, cartilage, skin, and cardiovascular tissue regeneration. The search for optimized geometry, porosity, interconnectivity, controlled degradation rate, and tailored mechanical properties are explored as a tool for enhancing PCL biocompatibility and bioactivity. In addition, rheological and thermal behavior is discussed in terms of filament and scaffold production. Finally, a roadmap for future research is outlined, including the combination of PCL struts with cell-laden hydrogels and 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Henrique Backes
- Materials Engineering Department, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Samarah Vargas Harb
- Materials Engineering Department, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cesar Augusto Gonçalves Beatrice
- Materials Engineering Department, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kawany Munique Boriolo Shimomura
- Materials Engineering Department, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Lidiane Cristina Costa
- Materials Engineering Department, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Pessan
- Materials Engineering Department, Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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21
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Zhao Z, Li J, Wei Y, Yu T. Design and properties of graded polyamide12/hydroxyapatite scaffolds based on primitive lattices using selective laser sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105052. [PMID: 34933156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds with favorable biological characteristics and controlled functional gradient architectures are preferable for the repair of damaged tissues in bone tissue engineering. In this study, the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) were introduced to design functional gradient porous scaffolds based on Primitive lattices which were then manufactured by selective laser sintering (SLS) using pure polyamide12 (PA12) material and PA12/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite material. The mechanical properties and permeability of the scaffolds were then evaluated by mechanical compression experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The radial-graded scaffold was found to have superior good mechanical properties and permeability and be favorable for the subsequent growth of bone tissue. Further, the optimal PA12/HA composition was determined by analyzing the effect of the addition of HA particles on the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the composite scaffold. Additionally, the cytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the effects of PA12/HA gradient scaffold on cell growth. The obtained results demonstrate that the radial gradient scaffold with 15% HA addition exhibits a feasible combination of comprehensive performance and biological activity, indicating a great application potential in the field of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Junchao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yuan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tianlin Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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22
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Abstract
AbstractThe multidisciplinary research field of bioprinting combines additive manufacturing, biology and material sciences to create bioconstructs with three-dimensional architectures mimicking natural living tissues. The high interest in the possibility of reproducing biological tissues and organs is further boosted by the ever-increasing need for personalized medicine, thus allowing bioprinting to establish itself in the field of biomedical research, and attracting extensive research efforts from companies, universities, and research institutes alike. In this context, this paper proposes a scientometric analysis and critical review of the current literature and the industrial landscape of bioprinting to provide a clear overview of its fast-changing and complex position. The scientific literature and patenting results for 2000–2020 are reviewed and critically analyzed by retrieving 9314 scientific papers and 309 international patents in order to draw a picture of the scientific and industrial landscape in terms of top research countries, institutions, journals, authors and topics, and identifying the technology hubs worldwide. This review paper thus offers a guide to researchers interested in this field or to those who simply want to understand the emerging trends in additive manufacturing and 3D bioprinting.
Graphic abstract
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23
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Izgordu MS, Uzgur EI, Ulag S, Sahin A, Karademir Yilmaz B, Kilic B, Ekren N, Oktar FN, Gunduz O. Investigation of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone-/Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Based Constructs. Cartilage 2021; 13:626S-635S. [PMID: 31893944 PMCID: PMC8804864 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519897302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and biological performance of cartilage-like constructs produced by 3D printing. During the investigation, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were used as a matrix polymer and low-molecular-weight chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and alginic acid sodium salt (SA) were integrated separately with the polymer matrix to fabricate the constructs. Thermal, mechanical, morphology, and chemical properties and swelling, degradation, and biocompatibility behaviors were evaluated in detail. With the addition of 3 fillers, the melting temperature of the matrix increased with the addition of fillers, and PCL/3wt.%PVP/1wt.%HA had the highest melting temperature value. Mechanical characterization results demonstrated that the printed PCL/3wt.%PVP/1wt.%CS displayed the highest compressive strength of around 9.51 MPa. The compressive strength difference between the PCL/3wt.%PVP and PCL/3wt.%PVP/1wt.%CS was 5.38 MPa. Biocompatibility properties of the constructs were tested by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, and in vitro studies showed that the PCL/3wt.%PVP/1wt.%HA composite construct had more cell viability than the other constructs by making use of the mesenchymal stem cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Sefa Izgordu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evren Isa Uzgur
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Songul Ulag
- Center for Nanotechnology &
Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul,
Turkey,Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Sahin
- Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research
Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir Yilmaz
- Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research
Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Kilic
- Center for Nanotechnology &
Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul,
Turkey,Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul,
Turkey
| | - Nazmi Ekren
- Center for Nanotechnology &
Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul,
Turkey,Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faik Nuzhet Oktar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey,Center for Nanotechnology &
Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul,
Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Center for Nanotechnology &
Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul,
Turkey,Department of Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul,
Turkey,Oguzhan Gunduz, Department of Metallurgical
and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Metalurji
ve Malzeme Müh. Göztepe Kampüsü, Kadıköy, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey.
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24
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Wei W, Dai H. Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering techniques: Recent advances and challenges. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4830-4855. [PMID: 34136726 PMCID: PMC8175243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the considerable achievements in the field of regenerative medicine in the past several decades, osteochondral defect regeneration remains a challenging issue among diseases in the musculoskeletal system because of the spatial complexity of osteochondral units in composition, structure and functions. In order to repair the hierarchical tissue involving different layers of articular cartilage, cartilage-bone interface and subchondral bone, traditional clinical treatments including palliative and reparative methods have showed certain improvement in pain relief and defect filling. It is the development of tissue engineering that has provided more promising results in regenerating neo-tissues with comparable compositional, structural and functional characteristics to the native osteochondral tissues. Here in this review, some basic knowledge of the osteochondral units including the anatomical structure and composition, the defect classification and clinical treatments will be first introduced. Then we will highlight the recent progress in osteochondral tissue engineering from perspectives of scaffold design, cell encapsulation and signaling factor incorporation including bioreactor application. Clinical products for osteochondral defect repair will be analyzed and summarized later. Moreover, we will discuss the current obstacles and future directions to regenerate the damaged osteochondral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, China
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25
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Lin C, Wang Y, Huang Z, Wu T, Xu W, Wu W, Xu Z. Advances in Filament Structure of 3D Bioprinted Biodegradable Bone Repair Scaffolds. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:426. [PMID: 34805599 PMCID: PMC8600304 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i4.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional bone repair scaffolds can no longer meet the high standards and requirements of clinical applications in terms of preparation process and service performance. Studies have shown that the diversity of filament structures of implantable scaffolds is closely related to their overall properties (mechanical properties, degradation properties, and biological properties). To better elucidate the characteristics and advantages of different filament structures, this paper retrieves and summarizes the state of the art in the filament structure of the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted biodegradable bone repair scaffolds, mainly including single-layer structure, double-layer structure, hollow structure, core-shell structure and bionic structures. The eximious performance of the novel scaffolds was discussed from different aspects (material composition, ink configuration, printing parameters, etc.). Besides, the additional functions of the current bone repair scaffold, such as chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-bacteria, and anti-tumor, were also concluded. Finally, the paper prospects the future material selection, structural design, functional development, and performance optimization of bone repair scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiong Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Products, Guangdong Medical Device Research Institute, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Yaocheng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Products, Guangdong Medical Device Research Institute, Guangzhou 510500, China.,School of Railway Tracks and Transportation, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Zhengyu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Products, Guangdong Medical Device Research Institute, Guangzhou 510500, China.,School of Railway Tracks and Transportation, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Products, Guangdong Medical Device Research Institute, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Weikang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Products, Guangdong Medical Device Research Institute, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Wenming Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Polymer Products, Guangdong Medical Device Research Institute, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Zhibiao Xu
- School of Railway Tracks and Transportation, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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Chen YW, Shie MY, Chang WC, Shen YF. Approximate Optimization Study of Light Curing Waterborne Polyurethane Materials for the Construction of 3D Printed Cytocompatible Cartilage Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226804. [PMID: 34832205 PMCID: PMC8626041 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage, which is a white transparent tissue with 1–2 mm thickness, is located in the interface between the two hard bones. The main functions of articular cartilage are stress transmission, absorption, and friction reduction. The cartilage cannot be repaired and regenerated once it has been damaged, and it needs to be replaced by artificial joints. Many approaches, such as artificial joint replacement, hyaluronic acid injection, microfracture surgery and cartilage tissue engineering have been applied in clinical treatment. Basically, some of these approaches are foreign material implantation for joint replacement to reach the goal of pain reduction and mechanism support. This study demonstrated another frontier in the research of cartilage reconstruction by applying regeneration medicine additive manufacturing (3D Printing) and stem cell technology. Light curing materials have been modified and tested to be printable and cytocompatible for stem cells in this research. Design of experiments (DOE) is adapted in this investigation to search for the optimal manufacturing parameter for biocompatible scaffold fabrication and stem cell attachment and growth. Based on the results, an optimal working process of biocompatible and printable scaffolds for cartilage regeneration is reported. We expect this study will facilitate the development of cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (M.-Y.S.); (W.-C.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
| | - Ming-You Shie
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (M.-Y.S.); (W.-C.C.)
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Chang
- x-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan; (Y.-W.C.); (M.-Y.S.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Yu-Fang Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
- High Performance Materials Institute for xD Printing, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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27
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Lindberg GCJ, Cui X, Durham M, Veenendaal L, Schon BS, Hooper GJ, Lim KS, Woodfield TBF. Probing Multicellular Tissue Fusion of Cocultured Spheroids-A 3D-Bioassembly Model. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2103320. [PMID: 34632729 PMCID: PMC8596109 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While decades of research have enriched the knowledge of how to grow cells into mature tissues, little is yet known about the next phase: fusing of these engineered tissues into larger functional structures. The specific effect of multicellular interfaces on tissue fusion remains largely unexplored. Here, a facile 3D-bioassembly platform is introduced to primarily study fusion of cartilage-cartilage interfaces using spheroids formed from human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) and articular chondrocytes (hACs). 3D-bioassembly of two adjacent hMSCs spheroids displays coordinated migration and noteworthy matrix deposition while the interface between two hAC tissues lacks both cells and type-II collagen. Cocultures contribute to increased phenotypic stability in the fusion region while close initial contact between hMSCs and hACs (mixed) yields superior hyaline differentiation over more distant, indirect cocultures. This reduced ability of potent hMSCs to fuse with mature hAC tissue further underlines the major clinical challenge that is integration. Together, this data offer the first proof of an in vitro 3D-model to reliably study lateral fusion mechanisms between multicellular spheroids and mature cartilage tissues. Ultimately, this high-throughput 3D-bioassembly model provides a bridge between understanding cellular differentiation and tissue fusion and offers the potential to probe fundamental biological mechanisms that underpin organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella C. J. Lindberg
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Mitchell Durham
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Laura Veenendaal
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S. Schon
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Gary J. Hooper
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Khoon S. Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
| | - Tim B. F. Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Otago Christchurch2 Riccarton AvenueChristchurch8011New Zealand
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Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation for the Effective Design of Food 3D Printing (A Review). Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress of food 3D printing (3DP) applications demands a full understanding of the printing behavior of food materials. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation can help determine the optimum processing conditions for food 3DP such as layer height, deposit thickness, volume flow rate, and nozzle shape and diameter under varied material properties. This paper mainly discusses the application of CFD simulation for three core processes associated with 3DP: (1) flow fields in the nozzle during the extrusion process; (2) die swelling of materials at the die (the exit part of the nozzle); and (3) the residual stress of printed products. The major achievements of CFD simulation in food 3DP with varied food materials are discussed in detail. In addition, the problems and potential solutions that modelers encountered when utilizing CFD in food 3DP were explored.
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Higuera GA, Ramos T, Gloria A, Ambrosio L, Di Luca A, Pechkov N, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. PEOT/PBT Polymeric Pastes to Fabricate Additive Manufactured Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:704185. [PMID: 34595158 PMCID: PMC8476768 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.704185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of additive manufactured scaffolds, as custom-shaped structures with a completely interconnected and accessible pore network from the micro- to the macroscale, are nowadays well established in tissue engineering. Pore volume and architecture can be designed in a controlled fashion, resulting in a modulation of scaffold’s mechanical properties and in an optimal nutrient perfusion determinant for cell survival. However, the success of an engineered tissue architecture is often linked to its surface properties as well. The aim of this study was to create a family of polymeric pastes comprised of poly(ethylene oxide therephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) microspheres and of a second biocompatible polymeric phase acting as a binder. By combining microspheres with additive manufacturing technologies, we produced 3D scaffolds possessing a tailorable surface roughness, which resulted in improved cell adhesion and increased metabolic activity. Furthermore, these scaffolds may offer the potential to act as drug delivery systems to steer tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Higuera
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Tiago Ramos
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Gloria
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Luca
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Pechkov
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Joost R de Wijn
- Institute for BioMedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Podder C, Gong X, Yu X, Shou W, Pan H. Submicron Metal 3D Printing by Ultrafast Laser Heating and Induced Ligand Transformation of Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42154-42163. [PMID: 34432433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing with submicron features is mainly developed based on photosensitive polymers or inorganic-polymer composite materials. To eliminate polymer/organic additives, a strategy for direct 3D assembly and printing of metallic nanocrystals without additives is presented. Ultrafast laser with intensity in the range of 1 × 1010 to 1 × 1012 W/cm2 is used to nonequilibrium heat nanocrystals and induce ligand transformation, which triggers the spontaneous fusion and localized assembly of nanocrystals. The process is due to the operation of hot electrons as confirmed by a strong dependence of the printing rate on laser pulse duration varied in the range of electron-phonon relaxation time. Using the developed laser-induced ligand transformation (LILT) process, direct printing of 3D metallic structures at micro and submicron scales is demonstrated. Facile integration with other microscale additive manufacturing for printing 3D devices containing multiscale features is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Podder
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xiangtao Gong
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Wan Shou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Heng Pan
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
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31
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Page MI, Linde PE, Puttlitz CM. High throughput computational evaluation of how scaffold architecture, material selection, and loading modality influence the cellular micromechanical environment in tissue engineering strategies. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1152. [PMID: 34611587 PMCID: PMC8479525 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In tissue engineering (TE) strategies, cell processes are regulated by mechanical stimuli. Although TE scaffolds have been developed to replicate tissue-level mechanical properties, it is intractable to experimentally measure and prescribe the cellular micromechanical environment (CME) generated within these constructs. Accordingly, this study aimed to fill this lack of understanding by modeling the CME in TE scaffolds using the finite element method. METHODS A repeating unit of composite fiber scaffold for annulus fibrosus (AF) repair with a fibrin hydrogel matrix was prescribed a series of loading, material, and architectural parameters. The distribution of CME in the scaffold was predicted and compared to proposed target mechanics based on anabolic responses of AF cells. RESULTS The multi-axial loading modality predicted the greatest percentage of cell volumes falling within the CME target envelope (%PTE) in the study (65 %PTE for 5.0% equibiaxial tensile strain with 50 kPa radial-direction compression; 7.6 %PTE without radial pressure). Additionally, the architectural scale had a moderate influence on the CME (maximum of 17 %PTE), with minimal change in the tissue-level properties of the scaffold. Scaffold materials and architectures had secondary influences on the predicted regeneration by modifying the tissue-level scaffold mechanics. CONCLUSIONS Scaffold loading modality was identified as the critical factor for TE the AF. Scaffold materials and architecture were also predicted to modulate the scaffold loading and, therefore, control the CME indirectly. This study facilitated an improved understanding of the relationship between tissue-level and cell-level mechanics to drive anabolic cell responses for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell I. Page
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFt CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Peter E. Linde
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFt CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Christian M. Puttlitz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFt CollinsColoradoUSA
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32
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Huang CC. New Designed Decellularized Scaffolds for Scaffold-based Gene Therapy from Elastic Cartilages via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid and Alkaline/Protease Treatments. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:162-167. [PMID: 34148537 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666210618151843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scaffold-based gene therapy provides a promising approach for tissue engineering, which is important and popular, that combines medical applications with engineering materials knowledge. OBJECTIVE The decellularization techniques were employed to remove the cellular components from porcine elastic cartilages, leaving a native decellularized extracellular matrix(dECM) composition and architecture integrity of largely insoluble collagen, elastin, and tightly bound glycosaminoglycans. For newly designed collagen scaffold samples, elastic cartilages was hydrolyzed by protease with different concentrations. In this way, it could gain state completely and clearly. METHODS An extraction process of supercritical carbon dioxide(ScCO2) was used to remove cellular components from porcine elastic cartilage. The dECM scaffolds with collagen must be characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope(SEM). RESULTS The study provided a new treatment combined with supercritical carbon dioxide and alkaline/protease to prepare dECM scaffolds with hole-scaffold microstructures and introduce into a potential application on osteochondral tissue engineering using scaffold-based gene therapy. The new process is simple and efficient. The pore-scaffold microstructures were observed in dECM scaffolds derived from porcine elastic cartilages. The Tdmax values of the resulting dECM scaffolds were observed over 330oC. CONCLUSION A series of new scaffolds were successfully obtained from porcine tissue by using ScCO2 and alkaline/enzyme treatments such as an aqueous mixing solution of NH4OH and papain. The dECM scaffolds with high thermal stability were obtained. The resulting scaffold with clean pore-scaffold microstructure could be a potential application for scaffold-based gene therapy.
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The bilayer skin substitute based on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and neonate keratinocytes on the 3D nanofibrous PCL-platelet gel scaffold. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen Y, Ma M, Teng Y, Cao H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Sun Y, Liang J, Fan Y, Zhang X. Efficient manufacturing of tissue engineered cartilage in vitro by a multiplexed 3D cultured method. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2082-2095. [PMID: 32068202 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01484e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture has become an indispensable tool to uncover fundamental biophysical and biomolecular mechanisms of cells assembling into tissues. An important advancement in cell culture techniques was the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. In this study, the mutual fusion of chondrocyte pellets was promoted in order to produce large-sized tissue-engineered cartilage by a multiplexed 3D hanging drop culture and agarose mold method to optimize the means of cultivation. Cell proliferation, aggregation, cell morphology maintenance as well as cartilage related gene expression and matrix secretion in vitro and subcutaneous implantation models were evaluated. These results indicated that the multiplexed 3D hanging drop culture involving the fusion of small pellets into a large structure enabled the efficient production of 3D tissue engineered cartilage that was closer to physiological cartilage tissue in comparison to that of the agarose mold method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Mengcheng Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yingying Teng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hongfu Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yuedi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Effects of slicing parameters on measured fill density for 3D printing of precision cylindrical constructs using Slic3r. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe goal of this research is to develop and verify an algorithm to predict the fill density of 3D printed cylindrical constructs as a function of critical slicing parameters. Open-source 3D printing is being applied to the pharmaceutical and biomedical domains where characteristics including drug release rate and compressive strength depend on fill density. Understanding how slicing parameters affect fill density in the printed construct is important to appropriately tailor these characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between slicing fill density (SFD), extrusion width (EW), layer height (LH), construct diameter and measured fill density (MFD). The developed algorithm provides novel insight into the effects of interconnects and rasters on the distribution of intra-matrix material. We analyze 27 combinations involving 3 levels of EW (0.40, 0.44, 0.48 mm), SFD (15, 25, 35%) and LH (0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mm). The SFD is smaller than and deviates from MFD with a maximum error of 18.62% and from predicted fill density (PFD) with a maximum error of 19.50% compared to the maximum error of 4.30% between PFD and MFD. The predicted interconnect contribution and error reduce with increasing SFD and cylinder diameter but are more prominent at lower values. Our work highlights the perils of employing open-source 3D printing without a sound understanding of the underlying parametric relationships. The proposed predictive model could be used in conjunction with Slic3r, an open-source slicing software, to predict fill density to a reasonable degree of accuracy (less than 5% error) for relatively smaller cylindrical constructs.
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Chinta ML, Velidandi A, Pabbathi NPP, Dahariya S, Parcha SR. Assessment of properties, applications and limitations of scaffolds based on cellulose and its derivatives for cartilage tissue engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:495-515. [PMID: 33539959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue, which is made up of ~80% of water. It is alymphatic, aneural and avascular with only one type of cells present, chondrocytes. They constitute about 1-5% of the entire cartilage tissue. It has a very limited capacity for spontaneous repair. Articular cartilage defects are quite common due to trauma, injury or aging and these defects eventually lead to osteoarthritis, affecting the daily activities. Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising strategy for the regeneration of articular cartilage when compared to the existing invasive treatment strategies. Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer and has desirable properties for the development of a scaffold, which can be used for the regeneration of cartilage. This review discusses about (i) the basic science behind cartilage TE and the study of cellulose properties that can be exploited for the construction of the engineered scaffold with desired properties for cartilage tissue regeneration, (ii) about the requirement of scaffolds properties, fabrication mechanisms and assessment of cellulose based scaffolds, (iii) details about the modification of cellulose surface by employing various chemical approaches for the production of cellulose derivatives with enhanced characteristics and (iv) limitations and future research prospects of cartilage TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Latha Chinta
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Aditya Velidandi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | | | - Swati Dahariya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Parcha
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India.
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Vanaei S, Parizi M, Vanaei S, Salemizadehparizi F, Vanaei H. An Overview on Materials and Techniques in 3D Bioprinting Toward Biomedical Application. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Li J, Sun H, Wang M. Phase Inversion-Based Technique for Fabricating Bijels and Bijels-Derived Structures with Tunable Microstructures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14644-14655. [PMID: 33233890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels ("bijels") are a new class of soft matter containing two interpenetrating continuous phases. They have great potential for applications in many areas. However, difficulties in fabricating bijels and controlling structural features of interest have posed severe barriers to their wide applications. In this study, a phase inversion-based technique was developed for fabricating bijels and bijels-derived structures. The effects of varying the composition of casting solutions for the fabrication of bijels on the porosity, oil-to-water percentage, and domain size of bijels were investigated. Composite bijels prepared from two organic monomers were also made, demonstrating the flexibility of the phase inversion-based technique for the fabrication of bijels. Interestingly, the incorporation of a second monomer into the casting solution also affected the porosity and domain size of bijels formed, which may provide a new strategy for the controlled fabrication of bijels. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX, as a model drug)-loaded bijels-derived hybrid hydrogels comprising two continuous phases were successfully made, with one phase being cross-linked alginate that carried the drug. Controlled release of DOX from the bijels-derived structures could be achieved. In vitro degradation study indicated that cross-linking of alginate in bijels-derived hybrid hydrogels controlled alginate degradation, thereby affecting the DOX release behavior. Our current work has provided a facile and reproducible protocol for the controlled fabrication of bijels and bijels-derived structures, which facilitates expanding their applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Nanoscience and nanotechnology in fabrication of scaffolds for tissue regeneration. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-020-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chung JJ, Im H, Kim SH, Park JW, Jung Y. Toward Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: 3D Printing Techniques in Regenerative Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:586406. [PMID: 33251199 PMCID: PMC7671964 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.586406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows fabricating complex and precise structures by stacking materials layer by layer. The fabrication method has a strong potential in the regenerative medicine field to produce customizable and defect-fillable scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Plus, biocompatible materials, bioactive molecules, and cells can be printed together or separately to enhance scaffolds, which can save patients who suffer from shortage of transplantable organs. There are various 3D printing techniques that depend on the types of materials, or inks, used. Here, different types of organs (bone, cartilage, heart valve, liver, and skin) that are aided by 3D printed scaffolds and printing methods that are applied in the biomedical fields are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Chung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heejung Im
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Woong Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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41
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The effect of diameter of fibre on formation of hydrogen bonds and mechanical properties of 3D-printed PCL. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:111072. [PMID: 32993993 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technique has been widely utilized in fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications. Surprisingly, although there are many publications devoted to the architectural features of the 3D scaffolds fabricated by the FDM, none of them give us evident information about the impact of the diameter of the fibres on material properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the effect of the diameter of 3D-printed PCL fibres on variations in their microstructure and resulting mechanical behaviour. The fibres made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were extruded through commonly used types of nozzles (inner diameter ranging from 0.18 mm to 1.07 mm) by means of FDM technique. Static tensile test and atomic force microscopy working in force spectroscopy mode revealed strong decrease in the Young's modulus and yield strength with increasing fibre diameter in the investigated range. To explain this phenomenon, we conducted differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray-scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, infrared and polarized light microscopy imaging. The obtained results clearly showed that the most prominent effect on the obtained microstructures and mechanical properties had different cooling and shear rates during fabrication process causing changes in supramolecular interactions of PCL. The observed fibre size-dependent formation of hydrogen bonds affected the crystalline structure and its stability. Summarising, this study clearly demonstrates that the diameter of 3D-printed fibres has a strong effect on obtained microstructure and mechanical properties, therefore should be taken into consideration during design of the 3D TE scaffolds.
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Pan H, Gao H, Li Q, Lin Z, Feng Q, Yu C, Zhang X, Dong H, Chen D, Cao X. Engineered macroporous hydrogel scaffolds via pickering emulsions stabilized by MgO nanoparticles promote bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6100-6114. [PMID: 32555907 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00901f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are appealing biomaterials for regenerative medicine since biomimetic modifications of their polymeric network can provide unique physical properties and emulate the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Meanwhile, therapeutic metal ions, such as magnesium ions (Mg2+), not only regulate cellular behaviours but also stimulate local bone formation and healing. However, the absence of a meaningful macroporous structure and the uncompromising mechanical strength are still challenges. Herein, we designed a macroporous composite hydrogel based on mild and fast thiol-ene click reactions. The Pickering emulsion method was adopted to form a macroporous structure and introduce MgO nanoparticles (NPs). The results show that the composite hydrogel possesses good mechanical strength and an evenly distributed macroporous structure. MgO NPs stabilized at the oil/water interface not only function as effective emulsion stabilizers, but also enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels and mediate the sustained release of Mg2+. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that the composite hydrogel displays good biocompatibility. More importantly, the release of Mg2+ ions from hydrogels can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, an in vivo study showed that macroporous hydrogels can provide a good extracellular matrix microenvironment for in situ osteogenesis and accelerate bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China.
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Blaudez F, Ivanovski S, Ipe D, Vaquette C. A comprehensive comparison of cell seeding methods using highly porous melt electrowriting scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111282. [PMID: 32919643 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell seeding is challenging in the case of additively manufactured 3-dimensional scaffolds, as the open macroscopic pore network impedes the retention of the seeding solution. The present study aimed at comparing several seeding conditions (no fetal bovine serum, 10% or 100% serum) and methods (Static seeding in Tissue Culture Treated plate (CT), Static seeding of the MES in non-Culture Treated plate (nCT), Seeding in nCT plate placed on an orbital shaker at 20 rpm (nCTR), Static seeding of the MES previously incubated with 100% FBS for 1 h to allow for protein adsorption (FBS)) commonly utilised in tissue engineering using highly porous melt electrowritten scaffolds, assessing their seeding efficacy, cell distribution homogeneity and reproducibility. Firstly, we demonstrated that the incubation in 100% serum was superior to the 10% serum pre-incubation and that 1 h only was sufficient to obtain enhanced cell attachment. We further compared this technique to the other methods and demonstrated significant and beneficial impact of the 100% serum pre-incubation, which resulted in enhanced efficacy, homogeneous cell distribution and high reproducibility, leading to accelerated colonisation/maturation of the tissue engineered constructs. We further showed the superior performance of this method using 3D-printed scaffolds also made of different polymers, demonstrating its capacity for up-scaling. Therefore, the pre-incubation of the scaffold in 100% serum is a simple yet highly effective method for enhancing cell adhesion and ensuring seeding reproducibility. This is crucial for tissue engineering applications, especially when cell availability is scarce, and for product standardisation from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Blaudez
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deepak Ipe
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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44
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Harris M, Potgieter J, Ray S, Archer R, Arif KM. Polylactic acid and high‐density polyethylene blend: Characterization and application in additive manufacturing. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Harris
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering SF&AT, Massey University Auckland New Zealand
- University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Johan Potgieter
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Sudip Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Richard Archer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering SF&AT, Massey University Auckland New Zealand
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Munir N, McDonald A, Callanan A. Integrational Technologies for the Development of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds as Platforms in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12623-12636. [PMID: 32548446 PMCID: PMC7288368 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of osteoarthritis is on the rise, and an effective treatment for cartilage defects is still being sought. Cartilage tissue in vivo encompasses complex structures and composition, both of which influence cells and many properties of the native cartilage. The extracellular matrix structure and components provides both morphological cues and the necessary signals to promote cell functions including metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation. In the present study, cryo-printing and electrospinning were combined to produce multizone scaffolds that consist of three distinctive zones. These scaffolds successfully mimic the collagen fiber orientation of the native cartilage. Moreover, in vitro analysis of chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds demonstrated the ability of multizone scaffolds to support long-term chondrocyte attachment and survival over a 5 week culture period. Moreover, multizone scaffolds were found to regulate the expression of key genes in comparison to the controls and allowed the detection of sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Evaluation of the compressive properties revealed that the multizone scaffolds possess more suitable mechanical properties, for the native cartilage, in comparison to the electrospun and phase-separated controls. Multizone scaffolds provide viable initial platforms that capture the complex structure and compressive properties of the native cartilage. They also maintain chondrocyte phenotype and function, highlighting their potential in cartilage tissue engineering applications.
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Cao Y, Zhao H, Hu Z, Ma S. Cascade Pumping Overcomes Hydraulic Resistance and Moderates Shear Conditions for Slow Gelatin Fiber Shaping in Narrow Tubes. iScience 2020; 23:101228. [PMID: 32540773 PMCID: PMC7298654 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In microextrusion-based 3D bioprinting, shaping gel fibers online, i.e., in narrow tubes, benefits the structural maintenance after extrusion, but it is challenging for materials possessing slow sol-gel transition dynamics. Gelatin, for example, transforms into thermostable fibers via transglutaminase (TG) reaction in as much as 10 min. It causes dramatic flow resistance accumulation and shear stress increase in fluids moving along narrow tubes, resulting in channel clogging and cell detriments. In this study, we overcome the limitations by adopting cascade pumping and performing in a single peristaltic pump that comprises multi-channel pumping units. The pressure and shear stress reduction by over 1-fold are verified by finite element simulation; continuous gelatin fiber production and patterning in a substrate-free manner are achieved via slow online enzymatic cross-linking. The online fiber shaping can be scaled up by numbering up the pumping units and provides another paradigm for biomanufacturing. Cascade pumping overcomes hydraulic resistance and reduces shear stress significantly Cascade pumping suits online gelatin fiber shaping via slow enzymatic cross-linking Online fiber shaping enables substrate-free 3D printing Gelatin fibers are stronger when gelled via thermal and enzymatic dual cross-linking
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiong Cao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haoran Zhao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Słynarski K, de Jong WC, Snow M, Hendriks JAA, Wilson CE, Verdonk P. Single-Stage Autologous Chondrocyte-Based Treatment for the Repair of Knee Cartilage Lesions: Two-Year Follow-up of a Prospective Single-Arm Multicenter Study. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:1327-1337. [PMID: 32267734 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520912444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an unmet need for a single-stage cartilage repair treatment that is cost-effective and chondrocyte-based. PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of autologous freshly isolated primary chondrocytes and bone marrow mononucleated cells (MNCs) seeded into a PolyActive scaffold in patients with symptomatic cartilage lesions of the knee. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A total of 40 patients with symptomatic knee cartilage lesions were treated with freshly isolated autologous chondrocytes combined with bone marrow MNCs delivered in a biodegradable load-bearing scaffold. The treatment requires only 1 surgical intervention and is potentially a cost-effective alternative to autologous chondrocyte implantation. The primary chondrocytes and bone marrow MNCs were isolated, washed, counted, mixed, and seeded into a load-bearing scaffold in the operating room. Patients were followed up at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Primary endpoints were treatment-related adverse events up to 3 months, adverse implant effects between 3 and 24 months, and the implant success rate at 3 months as measured by lesion filling. RESULTS Successful lesion filling (≥67% on magnetic resonance imaging) was found in 40 patients at 3 months and in 32 of the 32 patients analyzed at 24 months. Significant improvement over baseline was found for visual analog scale for pain from 3 months onward; Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)-Pain and KOOS-Activities of Daily Living from 6 months onward; for KOOS-Symptoms and Stiffness, KOOS-Quality of Life and International Knee Documentation Committee from 12 months onward; and for KOOS-Sport and Recreation from 18 months onward. Hyaline-like repair tissue was found in 22 of 31 patients available for biopsy. Arthralgia and joint effusion were the most common adverse events. Scaffold delamination and adhesions led to removal of the implant in 2 patients. CONCLUSION The treatment of knee cartilage lesions with autologous primary chondrocytes and bone marrow MNCs, both isolated and seeded into a load-bearing PolyActive scaffold within a single surgical intervention, is safe and clinically effective. Good lesion fill and sustained clinically important and statistically significant improvement in all patient-reported outcome scores were found throughout the 24-month study. Hyaline-like cartilage was observed on biopsy specimen in at least 22 of the 40 patients. REGISTRATION NCT01041885 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willem Cornelis de Jong
- Cartilage Repair Systems, LLC, New York, New York, USA.,CellCoTec BV, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martyn Snow
- The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Clayton Ellis Wilson
- Cartilage Repair Systems, LLC, New York, New York, USA.,CellCoTec BV, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Verdonk
- Antwerp Orthopedic Center, AZ Monica, Antwerp, Belgium.,Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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48
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Ravi P. Understanding the relationship between slicing and measured fill density in material extrusion 3D printing towards precision porosity constructs for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. 3D Print Med 2020; 6:10. [PMID: 32335739 PMCID: PMC7183729 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-020-00063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fill density is a critical parameter affecting the functional performance of 3D printed porous constructs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical domain. Numerous studies have reported the impact of fill density on the mechanical properties, diffusion characteristics and content release rates of constructs. However, due to the way in which slicing toolpath calculations are performed, there is substantial deviation between the measured and slicing fill density for relatively small sized constructs printed at low fill densities (high porosities). The purpose of the current study was to investigate this discrepancy using a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental validation. Methods The open source slicer Slic3r was used to 3D print 20 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm constructs at three identified slicing fill density values, 9.58%, 20.36% and 32.33% (exact values entered into software), in triplicates. A mathematical model was proposed to accurately predict fill density, and the measured fill density was compared to both the predicted as well as the slicing fill density. The model was further validated at two additional slicing fill densities of 15% and 40%. The total material within the construct was analyzed from the perspective of material extruded within the beads as well as the bead to bead interconnects using the predictive model. Results The slicing fill density deviated substantially from measured fill density at low fill densities with absolute errors larger than 26% in certain instances. The proposed model was able to predict fill density to within 5% of the measured fill density in all cases. The average absolute error between predicted vs. measured fill density was 3.5%, whereas that between slicing vs. measured fill density was 13%. The material extruded in the beads varied from 86.5% to 95.9%, whereas that extruded in the interconnects varied from 13.5% to 4.1%. Conclusions The proposed model and approach was able to predict fill density to a reasonable degree of accuracy. Findings from the study could prove useful in applications where controlling construct fill density in relatively small sized constructs is important for achieving targeted levels of functional criteria such as mechanical strength, weight loss and content release rate.
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49
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Schipani R, Nolan DR, Lally C, Kelly DJ. Integrating finite element modelling and 3D printing to engineer biomimetic polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:174-189. [PMID: 31495233 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1656720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of a scaffold for tissue engineering is determined by a number of interrelated factors. The biomaterial should be biocompatible and cell instructive, with a porosity and pore interconnectivity that facilitates cellular migration and the transport of nutrients and waste products into and out of the scaffolds. For the engineering of load bearing tissues, the scaffold may also be required to possess specific mechanical properties and/or ensure the transfer of mechanical stimuli to cells to direct their differentiation. Achieving these design goals is challenging, but could potentially be realised by integrating computational tools such as finite element (FE) modelling with three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques to assess how scaffold architecture and material properties influence the performance of the implant. In this study we first use Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) to modulate the architecture of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, exploring the influence of varying fibre diameter, spacing and laydown pattern on the structural and mechanical properties of such scaffolds. We next demonstrate that a simple FE modelling strategy, which captures key aspects of the printed scaffold's actual geometry and material behaviour, can be used to accurately model the mechanical characteristics of such scaffolds. We then show the utility of this strategy by using FE modelling to help design 3D printed scaffolds with mechanical properties mimicking that of articular cartilage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a relatively simple FE modelling approach can be used to inform the design of 3D printed scaffolds to ensure their bulk mechanical properties mimic specific target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Schipani
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Nolan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitrίona Lally
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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50
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Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC. Hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting: A comprehensive review on cell-laden hydrogels, bioink formulations, and future perspectives. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2020; 18:100479. [PMID: 32775607 PMCID: PMC7414424 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel plays a vital role in cell-laden three dimensional (3D) bioprinting, whereas those hydrogels mimic the physical and biochemical characteristics of native extracellular matrix (ECM). The complex microenvironment of the ECM does not replicate from the traditional static microenvironment of the hydrogel, but the evolution of the 3D bioprinting facilitates to accommodate the dynamic modulation and spatial heterogeneity of the hydrogel system. Selection of hydrogel for 3D bioprinting depends on the printing techniques including microextrusion, inkjet, laser-assisted printing, and stereolithography. In this review, we specifically cover the 3D printable hydrogels where cells can be encapsulated without significant reduction in the cell viability. The recent research highlights of the most widely used hydrogel materials are elucidated in terms of stability of the hydrogel system, cross-linking method, support cell types and their post-printing cell viability. Also, the techniques used to improve the mechanical and biological properties of the hydrogels, such as adding various organic and inorganic materials and making microchannels, are discussed. Furthermore, the recent advances in vascularized tissue construct and scaffold-free bioprinting as a promising method for vascularization are covered in this review. The recent trends in four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting as a stimuli-responsive formation of new organs, and 3D bioprinting based organ-on-chip systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janitha M. Unagolla
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
| | - Ambalangodage C. Jayasuriya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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