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Huang Y, Bailey K, Wang S, Feng X. Silk fibroin films for potential applications in controlled release. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang YL, Gu XM, Kong Y, Feng QL, Yang YM. Electrospun and woven silk fibroin/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduits for repairing peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1635-42. [PMID: 26692862 PMCID: PMC4660758 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed a novel nerve guidance conduit (NGC) made from silk fibroin and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) through electrospinning and weaving (ESP-NGCs). Several physical and biological properties of the ESP-NGCs were assessed in order to evaluate their biocompatibility. The physical properties, including thickness, tensile stiffness, infrared spectroscopy, porosity, and water absorption were determined in vitro. To assess the biological properties, Schwann cells were cultured in ESP-NGC extracts and were assessed by morphological observation, the MTT assay, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, ESP-NGCs were subcutaneously implanted in the backs of rabbits to evaluate their biocompatibility in vivo. The results showed that ESP-NGCs have high porosity, strong hydrophilicity, and strong tensile stiffness. Schwann cells cultured in the ESP-NGC extract fluids showed no significant differences compared to control cells in their morphology or viability. Histological evaluation of the ESP-NGCs implanted in vivo indicated a mild inflammatory reaction and high biocompatibility. Together, these data suggest that these novel ESP-NGCs are biocompatible, and may thus provide a reliable scaffold for peripheral nerve repair in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China ; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Gu
- Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi-Lin Feng
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Annabi N, Tamayol A, Oklu R, Ghanem A, Khademhosseini A. Adenosine-associated delivery systems. J Drug Target 2015; 23:580-96. [PMID: 26453156 PMCID: PMC4863639 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1058803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside in every cell. Many critical treatments such as modulating irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias), regulation of central nervous system (CNS) activity and inhibiting seizural episodes can be carried out using adenosine. Despite the significant potential therapeutic impact of adenosine and its derivatives, the severe side effects caused by their systemic administration have significantly limited their clinical use. In addition, due to adenosine's extremely short half-life in human blood (<10 s), there is an unmet need for sustained delivery systems to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. In this article, various adenosine delivery techniques, including encapsulation into biodegradable polymers, cell-based delivery, implantable biomaterials and mechanical-based delivery systems, are critically reviewed and the existing challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston 02114, MA, USA
| | - Amyl Ghanem
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Chen W, Zeng W, Wu Y, Wen C, Li L, Liu G, Shen L, Yang M, Tan J, Zhu C. The construction of tissue-engineered blood vessels crosslinked with adenosine-loaded chitosan/β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles using a layer-by-layer assembly method. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1776-81. [PMID: 24947939 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Yangxiao Wu
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Can Wen
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Anatomy; Qiqihar Medical University; Qiqihar 161000 China
| | - Mingcan Yang
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Ju Tan
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering; Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
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Levin B, Rajkhowa R, Redmond SL, Atlas MD. Grafts in myringoplasty: utilizing a silk fibroin scaffold as a novel device. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 6:653-64. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.09.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Silk constructs for delivery of musculoskeletal therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1111-22. [PMID: 22522139 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a biopolymer with distinguishing features from many other bio- as well as synthetic polymers. From a biomechanical and drug delivery perspective, SF combines remarkable versatility for scaffolding (solid implants, hydrogels, threads, solutions), with advanced mechanical properties and good stabilization and controlled delivery of entrapped protein and small molecule drugs, respectively. It is this combination of mechanical and pharmaceutical features which renders SF so exciting for biomedical applications. This pattern along with the versatility of this biopolymer has been translated into progress for musculoskeletal applications. We review the use and potential of silk fibroin for systemic and localized delivery of therapeutics in diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system. We also present future directions for this biopolymer as well as the necessary research and development steps for their achievement.
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Fan L, Wang H, Zhang K, He C, Cai Z, Mo X. Regenerated Silk Fibroin Nanofibrous Matrices Treated with 75% Ethanol Vapor for Tissue-Engineering Applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:497-508. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x552771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Fan
- a Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Kuihua Zhang
- c Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; College of Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing College, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Chuanglong He
- d Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zengxiao Cai
- e Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- f Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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Pritchard EM, Kaplan DL. Silk fibroin biomaterials for controlled release drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:797-811. [PMID: 21453189 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.568936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the benefits of polymer drug delivery implants over traditional periodic systemic administration, the development of biomaterial systems with the necessary properties (biocompatibility, degradation, stabilization, controllability) is paramount. Silk fibroin represents a promising, naturally derived polymer for local, controlled, sustained drug release from fully degrading implants and the polymer can be processed into a broad array of material formats. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of silk biomaterials for drug delivery, especially those that can function as long-term depots. Fundamentals of structure and assembly, processing options, control points and specific examples of implantable silk drug delivery systems (sponges, films) and injectable systems (microspheres, hydrogels) from the 1990s and onwards are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Owing to its unique material properties, stabilization effects and tight controllability, silk fibroin is a promising biomaterial for implantable and injectable drug delivery applications. Many promising control points have been identified, and characterization of the relationships between silk processing and/or material properties and the resulting drug loading and release kinetics will ultimately enhance the overall utility of this unique biomaterial. The ever-expanding biomaterial 'tool kit' that silk provides will eventually allow the simultaneous optimization of implant structure, material properties and drug release behavior that is needed to maximize the cost-efficiency, convenience, efficacy and safety of many new and existing therapeutics, especially those that cannot be delivered by means of traditional administration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Pritchard
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Hines DJ, Kaplan DL. Mechanisms of controlled release from silk fibroin films. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:804-12. [PMID: 21250666 DOI: 10.1021/bm101421r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of fluorescein-iso-thio-cyanate (FITC)-labeled dextrans from methanol-treated and untreated silk fibroin films was modeled to characterize the release kinetics and mechanisms. Silk films were prepared with FITC-dextrans of various molecular weights (4, 10, 20, 40 kDa). Methanol treatment was used to promote crystallinity. The release data were assessed with two different models, an empirical exponential equation commonly fit to release data and a mechanism-based semiempirical model derived from Fickian diffusion through a porous film. The FITC-dextran release kinetics were evaluated as a function of molecular weight and compared between the untreated- and methanol-treated films. For the empirical model, the estimated values of the model parameters decreased with the molecular weight of the analyte and showed no significant difference between untreated- and methanol-treated films. For the diffusion-based model, the estimated diffusion coefficient was smaller for the methanol-treated films than for the untreated films. Also, the diffusion coefficient was observed to decrease linearly with increasing molecular weight of the analyte. The percent of FITC-dextran loading entrapped and not released was less for the methanol-treated films than for untreated films and linearly increased with molecular weight. A linear regression was fit to the relationship between molecular weight and the percent of entrapped FITC-dextran particles. Using these defined linear relationships, we present an updated version of the diffusion model for simulating release of FITC-dextran of varied molecular weights from methanol-treated and untreated silk films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hines
- Department for Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Numata K, Kaplan DL. Silk-based delivery systems of bioactive molecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1497-508. [PMID: 20298729 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silks are biodegradable, biocompatible, self-assembling proteins that can also be tailored via genetic engineering to contain specific chemical features, offering utility for drug and gene delivery. Silkworm silk has been used in biomedical sutures for decades and has recently achieved Food and Drug Administration approval for expanded biomaterials device utility. With the diversity and control of size, structure and chemistry, modified or recombinant silk proteins can be designed and utilized in various biomedical application, such as for the delivery of bioactive molecules. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and applications of silk-based multi-block copolymer systems and related silk protein drug delivery systems. The utility of these systems for the delivery of small molecule drugs, proteins and genes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Abstract
In this study, regenerated silk fibroin (RSF, from Bombyx mori) nanofibers with smooth surface had been successfully prepared via electrospinning, as shown by SEM and then as-spun fibers were induced under 75% ethanol vapor. We aimed to investigate the morphology and structure change of 75% ethanol vapor-induced silk fibroin nanofibers. To determine any difference in surface topographies, the nanofibers were inspected using atomic force microscope (AFM) and the results showed that after inducement of 75% ethanol vapor for 24 h, the surface of fibers became rough. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that electrospun SF nanofibrous membranes typically took silk I form and 75% ethanol vapor-induced SF nanofibrous membranes took silk II structure. These results suggested that 75% ethanol vapor inducement could be an attractive alternative to expand the application of RSF.
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Benfenati V, Toffanin S, Capelli R, Camassa LMA, Ferroni S, Kaplan DL, Omenetto FG, Muccini M, Zamboni R. A silk platform that enables electrophysiology and targeted drug delivery in brain astroglial cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7883-91. [PMID: 20688390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astroglial cell survival and ion channel activity are relevant molecular targets for the mechanistic study of neural cell interactions with biomaterials and/or electronic interfaces. Astrogliosis is the most typical reaction to in vivo brain implants and needs to be avoided by developing biomaterials that preserve astroglial cell physiological function. This cellular phenomenon is characterized by a proliferative state and altered expression of astroglial potassium (K(+)) channels. Silk is a natural polymer with potential for new biomedical applications due to its ability to support in vitro growth and differentiation of many cell types. We report on silk interactions with cultured neocortical astroglial cells. Astrocytes survival is similar when plated on silk-coated glass and on poly-D-lysine (PDL), a well known polyionic substrate used to promote astroglial cell adhesion to glass surfaces. Comparative analyses of whole-cell patch-clamp experiments reveal that silk- and PDL-coated cells display depolarized resting membrane potentials (-40 mV), very high input resistance, and low specific conductance, with values similar to those of undifferentiated glial cells. Analysis of K(+) channel conductance reveals that silk-astrocytes express large outwardly delayed rectifying K(+) current (K(DR)). The magnitude of K(DR) in PDL- and silk-coated astrocytes is similar, indicating that silk does not alter the resting K(+) current. We also demonstrate that guanosine- (GUO) embedded silk enables the direct modulation of astroglial K(+) conductance in vitro. Astrocytes plated on GUO-embedded silk are more hyperpolarized and express inward rectifying K(+) conductance (K(ir)). The K(+) inward current increases and this is paralleled by upregulation and membrane polarization of K(ir)4.1 protein signal. Collectively these results indicate that silk is a suitable biomaterial platform for the in vitro studies of astroglial ion channel responses and related physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Bologna, Italy.
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Tang X, Ding F, Yang Y, Hu N, Wu H, Gu X. Evaluation onin vitrobiocompatibility of silk fibroin-based biomaterials with primarily cultured hippocampal neurons. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 91:166-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Uebersax L, Merkle HP, Meinel L. Biopolymer-Based Growth Factor Delivery for Tissue Repair: From Natural Concepts to Engineered Systems. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 15:263-89. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Uebersax
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans P. Merkle
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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Human mesenchymal stem cell grafts engineered to release adenosine reduce chronic seizures in a mouse model of CA3-selective epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res 2009; 84:238-41. [PMID: 19217263 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel generation of silk-based brain implants engineered to release adenosine was recently shown to provide robust seizure suppression in kindled rats. As a first step to develop stem cell-coated silk-based 3D-scaffolds for the therapeutic long-term delivery of adenosine we engineered human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to release adenosine. Here we demonstrate reduction of chronic seizures in a mouse model of CA3-selective epileptogenesis after infrahippocampal transplantation of adenosine-releasing hMSCs.
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Chiono V, Tonda-Turo C, Ciardelli G. Chapter 9: Artificial scaffolds for peripheral nerve reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:173-98. [PMID: 19682638 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic peripheral nerve repair is one of the major challenges in restorative medicine and microsurgery. Despite the recent progresses in the field of tissue engineering, functional recovery after severe nerve lesions is generally partial and unsatisfactory. Autograft is still the best method to treat peripheral nerve lesions, although it has several drawbacks and does not allow complete functional recovery. Full recovery of nerve functionality could ideally be achieved by proper guiding axon regeneration toward the original target tissues, through the use of purposely engineered artificial nerve guidance channels (NGCs). In the last decade, artificial NGCs have been produced using a variety of both natural and synthetic, biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers. Several techniques have been developed to obtain porous and nonporous NGCs and to realize and incorporate bioactive fillers for NGCs. Some of the developed products have been approved for clinical applications. Many other NGC typologies have been object of interest and are currently under investigation. The current trend of nerve tissue engineering is the realization of biomimetic NGCs, providing chemotactic, topological, and haptotactic signalling to cells, respectively by surface functionalization with cell binding domains, the use of internal-oriented matrices/fibres and the sustained release of neurotrophic factors. The present contribution provides a balanced integration of the most recent achievements of tissue engineering in the field of peripheral nerve repair. By an accurate evaluation of the status of research, the review delineates the most promising directions to which research should address for consistent progress in the field of peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Yang Y, Ding F, Wu J, Hu W, Liu W, Liu J, Gu X. Development and evaluation of silk fibroin-based nerve grafts used for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 2007; 28:5526-35. [PMID: 17884161 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF), derived from natural silk long used as a textile material, has recently become an important biomaterial for tissue engineering applications. We have previously reported on good in vitro biocompatibility of SF fibers with peripheral nerve tissues and cells. In the present study, we developed a novel biomimetic design of the SF-based nerve graft (SF graft) which was composed of a SF-nerve guidance conduit (NGC) inserted with oriented SF filaments. The SF-NGC prepared via well-established procedures exhibits an eggshell-like microstructure that is responsible for its superior mechanical and permeable properties beneficial to nerve regeneration. The SF graft was used for bridge implantation across a 10-mm long sciatic nerve defect in rats, and the outcome of peripheral nerve repair at 6 months post-implantation was evaluated by a combination of electrophysiological assessment, FluoroGold retrograde tracing and histological investigation. The examined functional and morphological parameters show that SF grafts could promote peripheral nerve regeneration with effects approaching those elicited by nerve autografts which are generally considered as the gold standard for treating large peripheral nerve defects, thus raising a potential possibility of using these newly developed nerve grafts as a promising alternative to nerve autografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, PR China
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Insulin-like growth factor I releasing silk fibroin scaffolds induce chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Control Release 2007; 127:12-21. [PMID: 18280603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor releasing scaffolds are an emerging alternative to autologous or allogenous implants, providing a biologically active template for tissue (re)-generation. The goal of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of controlled insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) releasing silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds in the context of cartilage repair. The impact of manufacturing parameters (pH, methanol treatment and drug load) was correlated with IGF-I release kinetics using ELISA and potency tests. Methanol treatment induced water insolubility of SF scaffolds, allowed the control of bioactive IGF-I delivery and did not affect IGF-I potency. The cumulative drug release correlated linearly with the IGF-I load. To evaluate the chondrogenic potential of the scaffolds, hMSC were seeded on unloaded and IGF-I loaded scaffolds in TGF-beta supplemented medium. Chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC was observed on IGF-I loaded scaffolds, starting after 2 weeks and more strongly after 3 weeks, whereas no chondrogenic responses were observed on unloaded control scaffolds. IGF-I loaded porous SF scaffolds have the potential to provide chondrogenic stimuli to hMSC. Evidence for in vivo cartilage (re)generation must be demonstrated by future, pre-clinical proof of concept studies.
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Yang Y, Chen X, Ding F, Zhang P, Liu J, Gu X. Biocompatibility evaluation of silk fibroin with peripheral nerve tissues and cells in vitro. Biomaterials 2007; 28:1643-52. [PMID: 17188747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Silk-based materials have been used in the field of bone or ligament tissue engineering. In order to explore the feasibility of using purified silk fibroin to construct artificial nerve grafts, it is necessary to evaluate the biocompatibility of silk fibroin material with peripheral nerve tissues and cells. We cultured rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) on the substrate made up of silk fibroin fibers and observed the cell outgrowth from DRG during culture by using light and electron microscopy coupled with immunocytochemistry. On the other hand, we cultured Schwann cells from rat sciatic nerves in the silk fibroin extract fluid and examined the changes of Schwann cells after different times of culture. The results of light microscopy, MTT test and cell cycle analysis showed that Schwann cells cultured in the silk fibroin extract fluid showed no significant difference in their morphology, cell viability and proliferation as compared to that in plain L15 medium. Furthermore, no significant difference was found in expression of the factors secreted by Schwann cells, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and S-100, between Schwann cells cultured in the silk fibroin extraction fluid and in plain L15 medium by the aid of immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and Western analysis. Collectively, these data indicate that silk fibroin has good biocompatibility with DRG and is also beneficial to the survival of Schwann cells without exerting any significant cytotoxic effects on their phenotype or functions, thus providing an experimental foundation for the development of silk fibroin as a candidate material for nerve tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 19 Qixiu Road, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
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